GROUP

ASSIGNMENT #6
TRANSFORMATIONS
OF MATTER
I-ADCET Group 2
Bernardo, Adiel Joy Casas, Jeric
Borromeo, Rhea Delfin Joan Rose
Britan, Jo-Antonette Dolera, Keno
Cariño, Ronalyn
OBJECTIVES:
students should determine and understand the following:
1. DIFFERENT TYPES OF CHANGES THAT MATTER UNDERGOES
2. CHEMICAL REACTION
A. FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATES
B. EVIDENCES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
C. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
D. STOICHIOMETRY
D1. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
D2. LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANTS
D3. MOLE MASS RELATIONSHIPS
D4. MOLE VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS
D5. ACTUAL YIELD THEORETICAL YIELD AND PERCENT YIELD
MATTER
is anything that occupies
space and possesses
mass
can be felt by one or
more of our senses
all matter is composed of
discrete, tiny particles
called atoms
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CHANGES
THAT MATTER UNDERGOES
 TYPES OF A B

CHANGES PHYSICAL
CHANGE
It only involves a
CHEMICAL
CHANGE
it involves

THAT transformation
in the physical
formation and a
new substance

MATTER
properties of a through a
substance chemical
reaction

UNDERGOES
PHYSICAL CHANGE
A transformation that does not affect the
particles of a substance. The particles of the
substance are the same. It is only the appearance
of the substance which changes.

Ex. The water is always formed of water particles

in the solid-state (ice) , liquid ( water glass), or
gas ( water vapor)The physical changes are
reversible. The substance may return to its initial
state. Ex. The ice becomes liquid water when it
melts
 PHYSICAL CHANGE IS PRESENT there's a change in
color density
smell mass
taste volume
hardness malleability
state of matter solubility
boiling, freezing or meltingpoint

THESE PROPERTIES CAN BE DETERMINED BY

THE USED OF OUR 5 SENSES.
 The changes of state of
matter include:
Fusion (melting) solid to liquid
is a physical process that results in
the phase transition of a substance
from a solid to a liquid. This occurs
when the internal energy of the solid
increases, typically by the
application of heat or pressure,
which increases the substance's
temperature to the melting point.
Evaporation (boiling) liquid
Freezing liquid to solid
to gas
occurs when a liquid is
transitions from its liquid
cooled and turns to a solid.
state to its gaseous state
Eventually, the particles in a
below the temperature at
liquid stop moving about and
which it boils; in particular,
settle into a stable
the process by which liquid
arrangement, forming a
water enters the atmosphere
solid.
as water vapour.
 The changes of state of
matter include:
Condensation gas to liquid
the water in the air, a gas known
as water vapor, from your hot
shower cooled when it met the
surface of the cold mirror. This
caused the water vapor to
condense, or turn into its liquid
form.S
Deposition (solidification)
Sublimation solid to gas
gas to solid
sublimation is most often
n which gas transforms into
used to describe the process
solid without passing
of snow and ice changing
through the liquid phase. A
into water vapor in the air
deposition is a
without first melting into
thermodynamic process.
water.
CHEMICAL
CHANGE
CHEMICAL CHANGE
occur when bonds are broken and/or formed
between molecules or atoms. This means that one
substance with a certain set of properties (such as
melting point, color, taste, etc) is turned into a
different substance with different properties.
Chemical changes are frequently harder to reverse
than physical changes.

Ex. Burning paper

–Ash and carbon dioxide are formed.The paper is
white, but the ash is gray.The paper is solid, but the
carbon dioxide is a gas. Can not recombine the ash
and the carbon dioxide to form again the paper
(non-reversible)
 Temperature changes (either the temperature

Observations increases or decreases).

Light given off.

that help to Unexpected color changes (a substance with

a different color is made, rather than just

indicate
mixing the original colors together).
Bubbles are formed (but the substance is not
boiling—you made a substance that is a gas

chemical at the temperature of the beginning

materials, instead of a liquid).

change include: Different smell or taste (do not taste your

chemistry experiments, though!).
A solid forms if two clear liquids are mixed
(look for floaties—technically called a
precipitate).
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGE

Chemists make a distinction between two different types of changes

that they study—physical changes and chemical changes.
Physical changes are changes that do not alter the identity of a
substance.
Chemical changes are changes that occur when one substance
is turned into another substance.
Chemical changes are frequently harder to reverse than physical
changes. Observations that indicate a chemical change has
occurred include color change, temperature change, light given
off, formation of bubbles, formation of a precipitate, etc.
CHEMICAL REACTION
 A. FACTORS AFFECTING
REACTION RATES
There are four main factors that can affect the reaction rate of a chemical reaction:

1. Reactant concentration. 2. Physical state of the

Increasing the concentration
of one or more reactants will
often increase the rate of
reaction. This occurs because
a higher concentration of a
reactant will lead to more
collisions of that reactant in
a specific time period.
3. Temperature. An
reactants and surface
increase in temperature
area. If reactant molecules
typically increases the rate
exist in different phases, as in
of reaction. An increase in
a heterogeneous mixture, the
temperature will raise the
rate of reaction will be
average kinetic energy of
limited by the surface area of
the reactant molecules.
the phases that are in
contact.
 A. FACTORS AFFECTING
REACTION RATES
There are four main factors that can affect the reaction rate of a chemical reaction:

4. Presence of a catalyst. A
catalyst is a substance that
accelerates a reaction by
participating in it without being
consumed. Catalysts provide an
alternate reaction pathway to
obtain products. They are critical
to many biochemical reactions.
They will be examined further in
the section “Catalysis.”
 b. evidence of
chemical reaction
There are seven things that indicate a chemical reaction

2. Formation of precipitate 3. Color Change

1. Gas bubbles
Appears after a chemical
reaction has occurred and
the mixture becomes
saturated with gas. The
chemical change that creates
the gas is completed after
the gas bubbles leave the
mixture.
A solid, known as a precipitate,
that forms after two solutions
are mixed is also a sign of a
chemical change. The
precipitate will sometimes fall to
the bottom of the container or it
may remain suspended in the
mixture and make the mixture
cloudy.
Each chemical compound has a
characteristic color. When the
compound changes during a
chemical reaction, the color may
change as well. A color change
does not always indicate that a
chemical change has occurred
since there are other factors that
can contribute to a change in
color.
 b. evidence of
chemical reaction
There are seven things that indicate a chemical reaction
4. Temperature Change
Energy is required to break and
form chemical bonds. Chemical
reactions that involve bond-
breaking tend to absorb energy
from the surroundings, making the
surroundings cooler. Chemical
reactions that involve making
bonds release energy, which
makes the surroundings hotter.
5. Production of Light
When energy is released due
to a chemical change it
sometimes creates a light
source. This type of chemical
reaction tends to occur in
combustion reactions such as
a fire or burning process.
6. Volume Change
Each chemical compound has a
specific density. If the chemical
compound changes due to a
chemical reaction, the density
changes as well. This causes the
volume of the substance to recede
or expand during the reaction
process. If the volume changes too
rapidly, it may cause an explosion.
 b. evidence of
chemical reaction
There are seven things that indicate a chemical reaction

7. Change in Smell or
Taste
Each chemical compound
has its own distinct smell or
taste. When the compound
changes after a chemical
reaction, the taste or smell
of the compound changes as
well.
 C. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION

Synthesis Reactions Examples:

Two or more
reactants combine
C(s) + O2(g)→ CO2(g)
to make one new H2O(l) + SO3(g) →
product. H2SO4(aq)
A + B —> AB
 C. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION

Decomposition Examples:
Reactions
H2CO3(aq)→ H2O(l) +
A single reactant CO2(g)
breaks down to form
two or more products. CaCO3(s) →
CaO(s) +
AB —> A + B CO2(g)
 C. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION

Single-Displacement
Example:
Reactions
A single element
replaces a similar
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)→
ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
element of an adjacent
reactant compound
A + BC —> AC + B
 C. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION

Example:
Double-Displacement
Reactions NaCl(aq) AgNO3(aq) →
Two ionic compounds NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)
exchange ions,
producing two new ionic HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) →
compounds. NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
AB + CD —> AD + CB
 C. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION

Example:
Combustion Reactions
A single element or t C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
compound combines with + energy
oxygen gas releasing
energy. This rapid 2Mg(s) + O2(g) →
oxidation is called 2MgO(s) + energy
burning.
D. STOICHIOMETRY
 a term derived from the
Ancient Greek words stoicheion
("element") and metron
("measure")

A section of chemistry that

involves using relationships
between reactants and/or products
in a chemical reaction to determine
desired quantitative data.
In order to use stoichiometry
to run calculations about
chemical reactions, it is
important to first understand
the relationships that exist
between products and
reactants and why they exist,
which require understanding
how to balance reactions.
BALANCING
In chemistry, chemical reactions are frequently written
as an equation, using chemical symbols. The reactants
are displayed on the left side of the equation and the
products are shown on the right, with the separation
of either a single or double arrow that signifies the
direction of the reaction. The significance of single
and double arrow is important when discussing
solubility constants, but we will not go into detail
about it in this module. To balance an equation, it is
necessary that there are the same number of atoms
on the left side of the equation as the right. One can
do this by raising the coefficients.
REACTANTS TO
PRODUCTS
 A CHEMICAL EQUATION IS LIKE A RECIPE FOR A REACTION
SO IT DISPLAYS ALL THE INGREDIENTS OR TERMS OF A
CHEMICAL REACTION. IT INCLUDES THE ELEMENTS, MOLECULES,
OR IONS IN THE REACTANTS AND IN THE PRODUCTS AS WELL AS
THEIR STATES, AND THE PROPORTION FOR HOW MUCH OF EACH
PARTICLE IS CREATE RELATIVE TO ONE ANOTHER, THROUGH THE
STOICHIOMETRIC COEFFICIENT.
Stoichiometric
Coefficients
In a balanced reaction, both sides of the equation have the same
number of elements. The stoichiometric coefficient is the number
written in front of atoms, ion and molecules in a chemical reaction to
balance the number of each element on both the reactant and
product sides of the equation. Though the stoichiometric coefficients
can be fractions, whole numbers are frequently used and often
preferred. This stoichiometric coefficients are useful since they
establish the mole ratio between reactants and products.
MAP:
EXAMPLE:
D1. Chemical Equation
 A chemical equation is the symbolic
al representation of a chemical reaction in the
ic
em ? form of symbols and formulae, wherein the
h
C atio n
q u reactant entities are given on the left-hand
E side and the product entities on the right-hand
side with a plus sign between the entities in
both the reactants and the products and an
arrow that points towards the products, and
shows the direction of the reaction
Formation of Chemical Reaction

chemical equation consists of the chemical formulas of the

reactants (the starting substances) and the chemical formula
of the products (substances formed in the chemical reaction).
→
The two are separated by an arrow symbol ( , usually read
as "yields") and each individual substance's chemical formula
is separated from others by a plus sign
 Example of Chemical Equation

Reactants are converted to products, and the

process is symbolized by a chemical equation.
For example, iron (Fe) and sulfur (S) combine to
→
form iron sulfide (FeS). Fe(s) + S(s) FeS(s) The
plus sign indicates that iron reacts with sulfur.
 B. Limiting
and Excess
Reactants
 Introduction to the Story
Limiting Reactants
the reactant that will be consumed
completely. Once there is no more of
that reactant, the reaction cannot
proceed. Therefor it limits the
reaction from continuing.
The Theme or Main Idea
Excess Reactants
of the Story
is the reactant that could
keep reacting if the other
had not been consumed.
 Example:
Making a car is a lot more
complicated than four wheels
and a steering wheel, but Solution:
let's say that it’s all it takes.
You have 400 wheels and 125
steering wheels, which will
you run out of first? How
many of the other will be left
over? • The way that it is best
approached is finding out
how many cars would be
made based on each
“reactant.”
• Because there are only enough
wheels to create 100 cars, but Solution:
the
steering wheels can create 125
cars, the wheels are the limiting
reagent. It is important to notice • Thus, we need 100 steering
that the limiting reagent can be
the reactant, which had more in
wheels to use up all the
the beginning. To find the wheels.
amount of
the excess (steering wheels), we
need to find the amount needed
to
create the 100 cars
D3. MOLE MASS
RELATIONSHIPS
MOLE
Mole, also spelled mol, in
chemistry, a standard
scientific unit for measuring
large quantities of very small
entities such as atoms,
molecules, or other specified
particles.
MOLE
The mole designates an
extremely large number of
units, 6.02214076 × 1023. The
General Conference on Weights
and Measures defined the mole
as this number for the
International System of Units
(SI) effective from May 20,
2019.
MOLE
The mole was previously defined
as the number of atoms
determined experimentally to
be found in 12 grams of carbon-
12. The number of units in a mole
also bears the name Avogadro’s
number, or Avogadro’s constant,
in honour of the Italian physicist
Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856).
 MOLE MASS
RELATIONSHIP
Chemists generally use the mole as the unit for the
number of atoms or molecules of a material. One mole
(abbreviated mol) is equal to 6.022×1023 molecular
entities (Avogadro’s number), and each element has a
different molar mass depending on the weight of
6.022×1023 of its atoms (1 mole). The molar mass of
any element can be determined by finding the atomic
mass of the element on the periodic table. For
example, if the atomic mass of sulfer (S) is 32.066 amu,
then its molar mass is 32.066 g/mol.
D4.MOLE VOLUME
RELATIONSHIP
MOLE VOLUME RELATIONSHIP
Avogadro's Law

Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature

and pressure contain equal numbers of particles.

The volume of a gas varies with the temperature and pressure. Since
the variations, the volume of gas is usually measured at a standard
temperature and pressure (STP).

STP, 1 mol of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L is called molar

volume of a gas.
Example:
How many moles are in 44.8 liters of oxygen gas (O2) at STP?

It doesn't matter what type of gas we have

If a gas is at STP then 1 mole equivalent to 22.4 L.

1 mol
44.8L X = 2 moles
22.4 L
 D5. ACTUAL YEILD,
THEORETICAL YIELD AND
PERCENT YIELD
ACTUAL YIELD
The amount of product that actually forms
when the reaction is carried out in the
laboratory.

The actual yield is often lower than the

theoretical yield because not all reactions
go to completion.

Should be higher than theoretical yield.

D5.THEORETICAL YIELD
The maximum amount of product that could
be formed from given amounts of reactants.

It comes from stoichiometry.

Calculating the Theoretical Yield of a Reaction

Calcium carbonate is decomposed by heating. The balanced

equation for this reaction is:
CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
 What is the theoretical yield of CaO if 24.8 g CaCO3 is heated?

Analyze:
Mass of the calcium carbonate = 24.8 g CaCO3
Molar mass: 1 mol CaCO3 = 100.1 g CaCO3
Molar mass: 1 mol CaO = 56.1 g CaO
Theoretical Yield of calcium oxide = ? g CaO

Calculate the theoretical yield using the mass of the reactant:

g CaCO3 mol CaCO3 mol CaO g CaO

The appropriate mole ratio is 1 mol CaO/1 mol CaCO3.

 Calculate:

1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CaO 56.1 g CaO

24.8 g CaCO3 X X X
100.1 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CaO

= 13.9 CaO
D5. PERCENT YIELD

The measure of the efficiency of reaction carried

out in the laboratory.

Percent yield is the battling average.

The ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical

yield expressed as a percent.
Calculating the Percent Yield of a Reaction

What is the percent yield if 13.1 g CaO is actually produced when 24.8
g CaCO3 is heated?

CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

Analyze:
Actual yield is = 13.1 g CaO
Theoretical yield = 13.9 g CaO (sample problem 12.9)
Percent Yield
Percent yield = X 100%
Theoretical Yield
Percent yield = ? %
Calculate:

13. 1 g CaO
Percent Yield = X 100%
13.9 g CaO

= 94.2%
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