1.

1.1. POLYA'S FOUR STEPS IN

PROBLEM SOLVING
1.1.1. FOUR-STEP PROCESS FOR

SOLVING PROBLEMS
1.1.1.1. STEP 1. UNDERSTAND

THE PROBLEM
1.1.1.2. STEP 2. DEVISE A PLAN

1.1.1.3. STEP 3. CARRY OUT THE

PLAN
1.1.1.4. STEP 4. LOOK BACK

2.
2.1. IMPLICATIONS OF
PROBLEM SOLVING TO
MATHEMATICS
EDUCATION
2.1.1. APPROACHES TO

PROBLEM SOLVING
INSTRUCTION
2.1.1.1. TEACHING FOR PROBLEM
SOLVING
2.1.1.2. TEACHING THROUGH

PROBLEM SOLVING
2.1.1.3. TEACHING ABOUT

PROBLEM SOLVING
3.
3.1. THREE LEVELS OF
PROBLEM SOLVING
3.1.1. STRATEGY

3.1.2. TACTICS

3.1.3. TOOLS

4.
4.1. AN
INTRODUCTION TO
PROBLEM SOLVING
PROCESSES AND
STRATEGIES BASED ON THE
TYPES OF PROBLEMS
4.1.1. PROBLEM SOLVING
STRATEGIES
4.1.1.1. ALGORITHM

4.1.1.2. HEURISTIC

4.1.1.3. TRIAL-AND-ERROR

4.1.1.4. INSIGHT

5.
5.1. THE NATURE OF
PROBLEM AND PROBLEM
SOLVING
5.1.1. THE PROBLEM SOLVING

CYCLE
5.1.1.1. DEFINING OF PROBLEM

5.1.1.2. CONSTRUCTING A

STRATEGY FOR PROBLEM

SOLVING
5.1.1.3. PROBLEM

IDENTIFICATION
5.1.1.4. ORGANIZING
INFORMATION
5.1.1.5. ALLOCATION OF

RESOURCES
5.1.1.6. MONITORING PROGRESS

5.1.1.7. EVALUATING RESULTS