Riska a di

Juni 2023

Rahayu N. sini

Activity Book
i
 INTRODUCTION

Thank you, we pray to the presence of Allah, the Almighty God, for bestowing His
grace and gifts in the form of opportunities and knowledge in studying so that the textbook
containing the topic "Flat Shape Geometry" can be completed on time. Sholawat and
greetings are always bestowed upon your majesty. Prophet Muhammad SAW, who has
directed from the wrong path to a bright path. The book in front of this reader is a
Mathematics textbook entitled "Flat Shape Geometry" for Junior High Schools.

The existence of textbooks in their application in madrasas is very important, because

with textbooks, students and teachers can explore values independently, seek and find
inspiration, aspirations, motivation, or even with textbooks they will be able to foster a
spirit of innovation. and creative for the future. The main purpose of making this textbook
is to make it easier for students to understand Mathematics on the topic of Flat Geometry.
The book that is in front of this reader is the first printing, of course there are still
shortcomings and weaknesses. Therefore the author is very open to continuous
improvement and refinement. We look forward to various parties to provide suggestions,

Finally, we would like to thank all those who have provided support and assistance
during the process of writing this textbook, especially to Dayat Hidayat, S.Pd., M.Pd., M.Si
as the lecturer in the "English" course who has given us the trust to complete this task. We
also thank our friends who have contributed by providing their ideas regarding this material
so that this textbook can be structured properly. Hopefully this book can provide many
benefits for readers.

Surabaya, 23 May 2023

Compiler

Riska Rahayu Novitasari

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 LIST OF CONTENS

Cover Page...........................................................................................................
Introduction.........................................................................................................
List of Contens.....................................................................................................
Indikators and Competencies.............................................................................
A. Core Competency........................................................................................
B. Basic competeencies...................................................................................
C. Indicators of Competence Achievement.....................................................
Flate Shape Material...........................................................................................
1. Basic geometry terms..................................................................................
2. Triangle.......................................................................................................
3. Rectangle.....................................................................................................
4. Square..........................................................................................................
5. Parallelogram..............................................................................................
6. Trapezoid.....................................................................................................
7. Kite..............................................................................................................
8. Rhombus ....................................................................................................
9. Circle ..........................................................................................................
Bibliography.........................................................................................................

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 FLAT SHAPE GEOMETRY

A. Core Competency
B.
Mastering material, structure, concepts and scientific mindsets that support the subjects being taught.

B. Basic Competencies

Mastering the concepts of flat wake.

C. Indicators of Competence Achievement

1. Identify the types of flat wake.

2. Understand the formula for the area of a flat shape.

3. Applying formulas of types of plane shapes in problem solving.

4. Applying broad concepts of flat shapes in solving problems in everyday life

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A. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION

A flat shape is a wake in the form of a flat plane bounded by several line segments.
The number and model of the line segments that define the shape determine the name and
shape of the shape. For example, a shape bounded by three line segments is called a triangle
shape. A flat shape is a flat plane that has two dimensions of length and width but no
thickness and height.

1. Basic Geometry Terms

The dot is denoted by a small circle (dot), only has position/position and has no length,
width or thickness.

a. Line
The line is denoted as ⃡𝑃̅̅ Q→, has length but has no width or thickness, the line can be
extended in both directions (P or Q direction). Lines can be straight, curved or a
combination of the two. A straight line is formed by a point moving in the same direction,
while a curved line is a line formed by a point moving in an ever-changing direction.
Look at the following picture

Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1(a ) referred to as a ray PQ which is part of a straight line PQ which starts at a
point P and extends indefinitely towards Q. If the ends of P and Q are extended to a straight
line indefinitely, a straight line PQ is obtained (figure 1.1 (b)).

b. Corner
An angle is a combination of two rays that have the same starting point.

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 2. Triangle
A triangle is a closed flat shape bounded by sides which are straight line segments. A
triangle is a polygon that has three sides. The vertex is the point where two of the sides of
the triangle meet.

Figure 2.1
Figure 2.1 is an example of a triangle ABC with A, B and C being the vertices and the line
segments AB, BC and AC are the sides of triangle ABC.
a. Types of triangles based on the similarity of the lengths of the sides
1) Any Triangle
An arbitrary triangle is a triangle whose three sides are not the same length.

Figure 2.2
Figure 2.2 is an example of an arbitrary triangle PQR with the sides PQ, QR and PR not the
same length
2) Equilateral triangle
An equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides are the same length.

Figure 2.3

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 3) Isosceles triangle
An isosceles triangle is a triangle that has at least 2 sides that are the same length.

Figure 2.4
Figure 2.4 is an example of an isosceles triangle PQR with side PR equal tos ide QR.

b. Types of triangles based on the type of angles

1) Right triangle
A right triangle is a triangle with one of the angles is a right angle (Angle size: 90∘)

Figure 2.5
Figure 2.5 is an example of a right angled triangle ABC with angle B being a right angle with side b
opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse (hypotenuse.) In a right triangle the Pythagorean theorem
applies which reads the square of the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other sides or based on Figure 2.5, 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐2 is obtained.
2) Acute triangle
An acute triangle is a triangle in which all three angles are acute angles (Angles whose magnitude is
between 0 and 90∘)

Figure 2.6

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 Figure 2.6 is an example of an acute triangle PQR.
1) Blunt Triangle
An obtuse triangle is a triangle in which one of the angles is an obtuse angle (an angle whose magnitude
is between 90∘ and 180∘).

Figure 2.7
Figure 2.7 is an example of an obtuse triangle.

c. Properties - Properties of the Triangle

1. The sum of its two sides is longer than the other.
2. The difference in length of one side is less than the length of the other side
3. The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180∘

Example:
1). It is known that Δ𝑃𝑄𝑅 with ∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 75∘, ∠𝑅𝑃𝑄 = 65∘ Determine the size of ∠𝑄𝑅𝑃 and the
type of Δ𝑃𝑄𝑅.
Answer:
Suppose the angle 𝑅 is 𝑥°. Note that the sum of the angles in a triangle is 180∘, the result is:

75°+65°+𝑥° = 180°⇒ 𝑥° = 40°

Because each angle is between 0 and 90∘, so the type Δ𝑃𝑄𝑅 is a type of acute triangle.

2). For each side length below, determine and explain which can form a triangle.
a. 3cm , 4cm ,5cm.
b. 4cm, 5cm,9cm.
Answer:
a. Can form a triangle, because according to the nature of the sum of the two sides is longer than
the other side and the difference in length of the sides is less than the length of the other side.
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 3+ 4 > 5 , 4 + 5 > 4, 3 + 5 > 4 and 5 − 4 < 3, 4 − 3 < 5 , 5 − 4 < 4 .
b. Cannot form a triangle because it does not meet the nature of the sum of the two sides longer
than the other side 4 + 5 = 9 should be > 9 d.

d. The perimeter and area of the triangle

Area = ½ xaxt
Circumference = side A + side B + side C

Information :
a : the size of the base of the triangle
t : the height of the triangle

3. Rectangle

A rectangle is a quadrilateral with all four angles being right angles and opposite sides the same
length. A quadrilateral is a polygon that has 4 sides and 4 vertices.
The properties of a rectangle are as follows:
1. It has two pairs of parallel sides and the same length.
2. The four corners are right angles
3. It has two diagonals that are the same length
Area and Perimeter of Rectangle

Area = pxl
Circumference = 2 (p+l)
Information :
p : the length of the rectangle
l : the width of the rectangle

4. Square
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 A square is a quadrilateral whose angles are right angles and all sides are the same length.
The properties of the square are as follows.

1) It has four sides that are the same length (two pairs of parallel sides).

2) Has four right angles.

3) It has two diagonals that are perpendicular to each other.

Area and perimeter of a square

Area = sxs

Circumference = s + s + s + s

Information :
s : the size of the side of the square

5. Parallelogram

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral that has opposite sides that are equal in length and parallel, has two
pairs of angles each equal to the angle in front of it, the sum of the adjacent angles is 180° and the two
diagonals intersect in the middle of the parallelogram plane. .

The properties of a parallelogram are as follows.

1) It has two pairs of parallel and opposite sides that are the same length.
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 2) It has two pairs of opposite angles that are equal.

3) It has two diagonals that divide the parallelogram into two equal parts.

Area and Circumference of a Parallelogram

Area = axt

Circumference = 2 (a+t)

Information:
a : the size of the base of the parallelogram
t : the height of the parallelogram

6. Trapezoid

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with a pair of parallel sides opposite but not the same length.
The properties of the trapezoid are as follows.

1) Has a pair of parallel sides

2) It has two pairs of equal angles (isosceles trapezoid) or has two right angles (right trapezoid).

3) The sum of the adjacent angles between two parallel lines is 180 degrees.

Area and Perimeter of Trapezoid

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 Area = ½ x (a + b) xt

Circumference = s + s + s + s

Information :
a, b : the measures of the parallel sides of the
trapezium
t is the height of the trapezoid
S : side

7. Kite

A kite is a quadrilateral formed by 2 pairs of equal sides, a pair of opposite angles equal, one of the
diagonals bisects the other diagonal into two equal parts and the two diagonals are perpendicular to
each other .
The properties of kites are as follows:

1) Has a pair of equal angles.

2) Has two pairs of sides that are the same length.

Area and Circumference of the Kite

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 L = ½ x d1 x d2

Circumference = s + s + s + s

Information :
d1, d2 : the size of the diagonal of the kite
S : side

8. Rhombus

A rhombus is a parallelogram with all four sides of the same length and whose diagonals are
perpendicular to each other.
The properties of a rhombus are as follows.
1) It has four sides that are the same length.

2). It has two pairs of opposite angles that are equal.

3). The diagonals intersect at right angles.

Area and Circumference of a Rhombus

Area = ½ x d1 x d2
Circumference = s + s + s + s

Information :
d1, d2 : the size of the diagonal of the rhombus
S : side

9. Circle

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A circle is the set of all points that are parallel and equidistant from a given point.
Circle Parts:

a. Center Point (P): A point that is the center of the circle which is located inside the circle
(interior) and right in the middle of the circle.
b. Radius (r): The distance between the center point and the point on the circle
c. Diameter (d) : The chord that passes through the center of the circle
d. Sections: Areas bounded by circular arcs and chords
e. Chord: A line that connects two different points on a circle
f. Circle Arc: A curved line on the edge of the circle between points on the circle
g. Apothem : A line that connects the center point with a chord and is perpendicular to each
other
h. Sector: The area bounded by the arc and the two (interior) radii of the circle and right in
the middle of the circle.

Circle properties :

1) Has an infinite number of points

2) Has only one side Has a central point
3) One full circle angle is 360 degrees
4) It has infinite fold symmetry

Area and Circumference of a Circle

Area =π×r² or L= ½×π×d²

Circumference = 2×π×r or K = π×d
Information :
r : The radius of the circle
d : The diameter of the circle
π : (phi) is 22/7 or 3.14

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Bibliography

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