LA CONCEPCION COLLEGE, INC.

Teacher Education Division

History and Emerging

Trends in
Educational Technology
WEEK 3
EDUC 107. 1 – TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING
LORRIE MAE G. ENCABO, LPT
HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
 A place to start…
Educational technology as we know it today has roots
in in the following disciplines:
1. Instructional design
2. Educational media
3. Educational computing
1. Instructional Design
Defined as the systematic
selecting and arranging of
information, learning
experiences, student activities,
teaching strategies, and
instructional materials, that is
carefully crafted in a plan
 Instructional Design Roots
Lesson Planning

▪ The growing understanding of the process of education

across the centuries supported the notion that
instruction (teaching) could be systematically designed
to facilitate effective human learning;
▪ Paved the way to the development of effective
educational technologies from oral communication,
written, to visuals including the production of books,
use of chalkboards, and use of tactile objects.
2. Educational Media
Any type of media used to educate
someone on a topic;
Educational media can be used at
home or in the classroom to
supplement lessons and formal
education;
Some examples include primary documents,
documentaries, and music
 Educational Media Roots
Ancient Civilization
(Oral Communication)
▪ One of the earliest means of
formal teaching was oral – though
human speech;
▪ In ancient times, stories, folklore,
histories, and news were
transmitted and maintained
through oral communication;
▪ Accurate memorization a
necessary critical skill.
 Educational Media Roots
Ancient Civilization - Writing System

CUNIEFORM
▪ Earliest system of writing of
Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-
3000 BC
▪ Use of clay tablets with pointed
sticks / stones / knives to inscribe
signs and symbols on the leaves,
bark of trees, and stones
 Educational Media Roots
Ancient Civilization - Writing System

HIEROGLYPH
▪ A character of the ancient
Egyptian writing system.
▪ Logographic scripts that are
pictographic in form in a way
reminiscent of ancient
Egyptian.
 Educational Media Roots
Ancient Civilization - Writing (Books)

PAPYRUS
▪ A material similar to thick paper
that was used in ancient times as
a writing surface in 6th century
BC
▪ Made from papyrus plant
▪ Egyptians monopolized the
papyrus trade during this period
 Educational Media Roots
Ancient Civilization - Writing (Books)
 Educational Media Roots
Ancient Civilization - Writing (Books)

PARCHMENT
▪ From treated animal skins that were
scraped thin to create a flexible, even
surface.
▪ Durable, both sides could be written
on, sewn together with papyrus,
bonded between wooden covers -
CODEX
▪ Preferred form for early Christian texts
 Educational Media Roots
Ancient Civilization (Libraries)

1. The Library of Ashurbanipal

The world’s oldest known library was
founded sometime in the 7th century B.C.
for the “royal contemplation” of the
Assyrian ruler Ashurbanipal.

Located in Nineveh in modern day Iraq,

the site included a trove of some 30,000
cuneiform tablets organized according to
subject matter.

https://www.history.com/news/8-impressive-ancient-libraries
 Educational Media Roots
Ancient Civilization (Libraries)

2. The Library of Alexandria

Following Alexander the Great’s death in
323 B.C., control of Egypt fell to his former
general Ptolemy I Soter, who sought to
establish a center of learning in the city of
Alexandria.

In 48 BC, Julius Caesar accidentally set fire

to Alexandria’s harbor during a battle
against the Egyptian ruler Ptolemy XIII.

https://www.history.com/news/8-impressive-ancient-libraries
 Educational Media Roots
Ancient Civilization (Libraries)

3. The Library of Pergamum

Constructed in the third century B.C. by
members of the Attalid dynasty, the
Library of Pergamum, located in what is
now Turkey, was once home to a
treasure-trove of some 200,000 scrolls.

It was housed in a temple complex

devoted to Athena, the Greek goddess
of wisdom.

https://www.history.com/news/8-impressive-ancient-libraries
 Educational Media Roots
Renaissance - Writing (Books)

ILLUMINATION
▪ Manuscripts are
handwritten books that have
been decorated (illuminated)
with gold, silver, or brilliant
colors.
▪ Books denote power and
wealth
 Educational Media Roots
Industrial Revolution
(Printing / Publishing)
JOHANNES GUTENBERG
▪ Introduced printing to Europe
through mechanical movable
type printing
▪ Standardized books and soon
became a speculative business
 Educational Media Roots
Industrial Revolution
(Printing / Publishing)
▪ Martin Luther (1517)-- challenged
the church’s authority by insisting
that people had the right to read
the Bible in their own language.
▪ Was world-changing because it
opened literacy to all---it allowed
mass communication.
 Educational Media Roots
Rise of Books in the Vernacular

▪ Chapbooks or cheap books became

popular in 16th and 17th centuries —
mostly poetry, ballads, humorous
stories, or religious tracts.
▪ Books are not for the rich and no longer
be considered sacred objects.
▪ Libraries flourished--- not just a way of
displaying national power and wealth
but for increasing literacy interest of
the general public.
 Educational Media Roots
Impact of Printing
Mass Media
▪ Written communication was available to a much
larger portion of the population,
▪ Need for literacy among the lower and middle
classes grew - spread of literacy and education
▪ Dominant authorities—the Crown and the
Church— were now less able to control
communication and, therefore, the people.
▪ From printing came journalism and other forms
of mass communication.
 Educational Media Roots
Multimedia

Photography
▪ 1837 - In collaboration with Joseph
Nicephore Niepce, Louis Daguerre
invented the first practical
photographic process, which was
widely used in portraiture until the
mid 1850s.
 Educational Media Roots
Multimedia
Photography to Film
▪ 1878 - Eadweard Muybridge
successfully captured the
sequence of movement.
▪ It was this ground breaking
discovery and technique that
helped invented motion pictures.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CDyjMouQyc
 Educational Media Roots
World War II Period

▪ World War II (1940s) need to train

thousands of military personnel
rapidly to perform tasks critical to
their survival and the war effort.
▪ Response included training films
and mediated learning materials.
 Educational Media Roots
Noted People
Johann Amos Comenius:
▪ Developed the first picture book
known as Orbis Pictus (The World in
Pictures) Pioneered visual in
instructional materials
development
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
▪ Believed that teaching is more
effective if it proceeds from
concrete to abstract, hence the use
of actual and real objects that
involve most of the senses
Maria Montessori:
▪ Views the child as the one who is
naturally eager for knowledge and
capable of initiating learning in a
thoughtfully prepared learning
environment
Friedrich Froebel:
▪ Father of kindergarten, emphasized
the use of actual objects which
could be manipulated by the
learners, recommended the use of
play and songs
CLASSROOM TECHNOLOGIES
ACROSS GENERATIONS
3. Educational Computing
Educational computing is a
diversified area of study which is
concerned with the design,
implementation and assessment
of computer-based technologies
to enhance education and training
 Educational Computing
Historical Background

▪ Most developments in computing occurred in

about the last half of the 20th century.
▪ However, precedents were set earlier.
▪ Abacus, circa 3000 B.C.
▪ Blaise Pascal’s adding machine, 1642
▪ Jacquard’s loom, 1801
▪ Charles Babbage’s analytical engine, 1834
▪ Father of Modern Computer
▪ Hollerith’s electric tabulator, 1889
 Educational Computing
The 1990’s – The Web and Beyond

▪ Multimedia capabilities expanded possibilities

for education through designed learning
environments.
▪ Rise of new media or internet dependent means
of communication,
▪ Web becoming vehicle for self-paced, online
education.
TRENDS AND DIRECTION OF
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
 Educational Technology
Today (Present)
▪ Today, educational media, instructional
design, and educational computing are
robust fields of endeavor.
▪ They influence formal and informal
education, the training sector, and
segments of society.
 Where did we start?
Educational technology as we know it today has roots in
in the following disciplines:
▪ Instructional design ▪ (Process)
▪ Educational media ▪ (Tool)
▪ Educational computing (Computers)
Discipline Roots…

Instructional Educational
Design Media

Educational
Computing
Discipline Convergence…

Instructional Educational
Design Media

Educational
Computing
Discipline Convergence…

Educational…
Now…

Educational
Technology
 Educational Technology
Today (Present)
▪ multimedia resources and computers
in classrooms
▪ maintenance of an educational media
center (EMC) in schools
▪ revision and enrichment of curricular
offerings to include courses in
computer applications
▪ use of CAI (Computer Aided
Instruction)
Educational
Technology
Trends
Trends in Educational Technology
1. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)
▪ Online learning students at any level
experience the power of customized training,
24/7, on any device;
▪ Unlike with classroom-based teaching,
learners can train on their own time using
customized formats. Everyone can move at
their own pace, learning what they need to
know and exploring their own interests.
▪ https://www.coursera.org/
Trends in Educational Technology
2. Blended learning
▪ the way e-learning is being combined
with traditional classroom methods
and independent study to create a
new, hybrid teaching methodology.
▪ This approach helps to engage
students outside of the classroom as
well as in it.
https://www.khanacademy.org
 MODELS OF
BLENDED LEARNING
Rotation Model
Students cycle through a schedule of independent online study
and face-to-face classroom time.
 MODELS OF
BLENDED LEARNING
Flipped Classroom
form of blended learning where
students watch video lectures outside
of class to learn content online, and
then do their homework in class with
the guidance of teachers in person.
Trends in Educational Technology
3. Mobile Applications
▪ Through the power of mobile apps, the traditional
way of "going to school” changes – use of Learning
Management System (LMS)
▪ potentials of cloud-based technology, which would
allow students to log in to specific mobile apps in
order to access their school assignments, thereby
creating the framework for paperless homework.