YÖKDİL Sağlık Question Types

YÖKDİL Sağlık Question Types
2023 ilkbahar YÖKDİL Sağlık Bilimleri
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Before We Start
. . . . . . . . .Lists
Grammar . .▢
........................................................4 .
Question Types Set 1

Vocabulary . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 .
Preposition . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 .
. . . . . . . Verb
Phrasal . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 .
Tense . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 .
Verbal . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 .
Conditionals . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 .
Connectors . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 .
Relative
. . . . . . . Clause . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 .
Noun
. . . . . Clause . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 .
Other
. . . . . Grammar . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 .
Cloze
. . . . . .Test . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 .
Sentence
. . . . . . . . .Completion . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 .
Translation . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 .
Paragraph
. . . . . . . . . Completion . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 .
Irrelevant
. . . . . . . . Sentence . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .Comprehension . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 .

Vocabulary . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 .
Preposition . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 .
. . . . .Verb
Main . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 .
Clauses . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 .
Other
. . . . . Grammar . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 .
Connectors . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 .
Cloze
. . . . . .Test . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 .
Sentence
. . . . . . . . .Completion . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 .
Paragraph
. . . . . . . . . Completion . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 .
Irrelevant
. . . . . . . . Sentence . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .Comprehension . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 .

. . . . . . . . . .&. .Grammar
Vocabulary . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 .
Sentence
. . . . . . . . .Completion . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 .
. . . . . . . .&. Translation
Reading . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . .9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 .
Paragraph
. . . . . . . . . Completion . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .&. Translation
. . . . . . . . . .10 . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 .
Irrelevant
. . . . . . . . Sentence . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 .
Reading
. . . . . . . .Comprehension . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 .
Mini Denemeler
. . . . Denemeler
Mini . . . .▢
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 .
▢ Tamamladığınız alıştırmaları işaretleyebilirsiniz.
Bu dijital kaynak kullanıcının isteği üzerine ders notu olarak çoğaltılmıştır.
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Before We Start
• Grammar Lists
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Grammar Lists > List of Prepositions
of ...ın, ...in, ...un, ...ün, sessiz çeviri

1
İsim tamlaması kurarken kullanılır.
of (all) … arasında, ...içinde

2
Bir şeyin benzerleriyle karşılaştırma yaparken kullanılır.
(be) of …e sahip
3
Bazı isimlerle birlikte sahiplik anlamında kullanılır.
the fall of the Berlin Wall Berlin Duvarının düşüşü
the result of the experiment deneyin sonucu
lack of Vitamin C C vitamini eksikliği
of all the cities I have visited ziyaret ettiğim tüm şehirler arasında
Health is of vital importance. Sağlık hayati öneme sahiptir.
in
...de, ...da, ..deki, ...daki, ...nın içinde
(place)
1
Yer isimleriyle kullanılır.
in
...de, ...da, ..deki, ...daki
(place)
2
“belirli bir alanda” anlamı katar.
in
(time)
3
Zaman isimleriyle kullanılır.
in
…içerisinde, …de, …da
(time)
4
Bir şeyin ne kadar süre içerisinde olacağını ifade eder.
in …açısından, …bakımından
5
Bir şeyin hangi açıdan, hangi bakımdan olduğunu ifade eder.
in
…e, …a, …içine
(direction)
6
bir şeyin içine doğru yönelme
a tumour in the brain beyinde(ki) bir tümör
the information in the book kitapta(ki) bilgi
a PhD in chemistry kimyada bir doktora
improvements in agriculture tarımdaki gelişmeler
researchers in 19th century 19. yüzyıldaki araştırmacılar
the number of countries in World War II 2. Dünya Savaşındaki ülkelerin sayısı
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You must finish it in two days. Onu iki gün içerisinde bitirmelisin.
They are equal in weight. Ağırlık bakımından eşitler.
I threw him in the pool. Onu havuza attım.
at
(place)
1
Yer isimleriyle kullanılır.
at
(time)
2
Zaman isimleriyle kullanılır.
at
…e, …a
(direction)
3
Bazı fiillerin hangi yöne doğru yapıldığını belirtir.
a new play at the theatre tiyatroda yeni bir oyun
at a depth of 350 metres 350 metre bir derinlikte
to be free at lunchtime öğle yemeği vaktinde boş olmak
The plane will take off at 3 am. Uçak saat 3'te kalkacak.
Don't shout at the children! Çocuklara bağırma!
on
…de, …da, …deki, …daki, ....nın üzerinde
(place)
1
yüzeyine temas eden
on
…de, …da, …deki, …daki, sessiz çeviri
(time)
2
Günlerle birlikte kullanılır.
on …üzerine, …hakkında
3
about
on
…e, …a, …üzerine., …üstüne
(direction)
4
bir şeyin üstüne doğru yönelme
on
…den sonra, …nın üzerine
(time)
5
after, when
upon
…den sonra, …nın üzerine
(time)
6
after, when
broken glass on the ground yerdeki kırık bardak
no water on Mars Marsta hiç su (yok)
on 29th October, 1923 29 Ekim 1923'te
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Don't comment on this matter! Bu konu üzerine yorum yapma!
a debate on education system eğitim sistemi hakkında bir tartışma
an attack on personal liberty kişisel özgürlüğe bir saldırı
on retiring from politics siyasetten emekli olduktan sonra
They will visit us upon their return from

Belçika'dan döndükten sonra bizi ziyaret edecekler.
Belgium.
for ...için
1
purpose
for
…dır, …dir, …dur, …dür, sessiz çeviri
(time)
2
Bir şeyin ne kadar süredir devam ettiğini belirtir.
for + zaman dilimi | for + mesafe
He was arrested for murder. Cinayet sebebiyle tutuklandı.
very difficult for researchers araştrmacılar için çok zor
for almost 500 years neredeyse 500 yıldır
for the past three decades son 30 yıldır
Walk for 200 metres and it is on your right. 200 metre yürü ve sağında olacak.
by …tarafından, …nca
1
Edilgen anlam olan cümlelerde eylemi yapanı belirtir. (passive voice)
by
…e kadar, …e gelindiğinde
(time)
2
belirtilen zaman ifadesinden önce
by + Ving …erek, …arak

3
Sonrasında gerund geldiğinde bu şekilde çevrilir. (X without +Ving)
by ...ile
4
aracılığıyla, vasıtasıyla (by means of)
by
…yanında, …oralarda, …orada
(place)
5
yakınlarında bir yerde
examined by an experienced physician tecrübeli bir hekim tarafından muayene edildi
an invasion by the Normans Normanlar tarafınsan bir istila
by the end of the week haftanın sonuna kadar
by 2023 2023 yılına kadar / yılına gelindiğinde
to decide by flipping a coin yazı tura atarak karar vermek
cheated by copying from the girl in front öndeki kızdan bakarak kopya çekti
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to go to Rome by plane/air Roma'ya uçakla / hava yoluyla gitmek
He has a house by the harbour. Limana yakın bir bir evi var.
to
…e, …a
(direction)
1
yönelme
to + V1 …mek, …mek için

2
infinitive (to V1)
to …için
3
Bazı sıfatlarla birlikte için anlamında kullanılır.
She is transferred to a new hospital. Yeni bir hastaneye nakledildi.
to move to another city Başka bir şehre taşınmak
to achieve his goal amacını gerçekleştirmek
essential to liver function karaciğer fonksiyonu için gerekli
I want to go to Thailand to visit James Bond James Bond adasını ziyaret etmek için Taylant'a gitmek
island. istiyorum.
from …den, …dan

1
bir şeyin başlangıcı, çıkış noktası, sebebi
from… to…
…dan …ya
(place & time)
2
zaman veya mesafe aralığı
from… until…
from… till… …dan …ya kadar
3 (place & time)
zaman veya mesafe aralığı
from… on
from… onwards …dan itibaren
4 (time)
Bir şeyin başlangıç noktasını belirtir.
suffer from a chronic disease kronik bir hastalıktan muzdarip olmak
inherit money from his uncle dayısından para kalmak (miras)
threats from his competitors rakiplerinden tehditler
from August to December Ağustostan Aralığa kadar
from Italy to Greece İtalya'dan Yunanistan'a
from birth until/till death doğumdan ölüme kadar/dek
from January on Ocaktan itibaren
from 18th century onwards 18. yüzyıldan itibaren
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about …hakkında, …ile ilgili
1
on the subject of
about
yaklaşık ...
(adverb)
2
approximately
about to do
yapmak üzere
(adverb)
3
is going to do (+ to V1)
optimistic about the future gelecek hakkında iyimser
knowledge about the side effect of plastic

estetik ameliyatın yan etkileri hakkında bilgi
surgery
The pills must be taken at about the same time

Haplar her gün yaklaşık aynı saatte alınmalı.
every day.
They are about the same weight. Yaklaşık aynı kilodalar.
I think they are about to arrive. Sanırım varmak üzereler.
with …ile, ...ile birlikte

1
birlikte (together with)
with ...ile
2
aracılığıyla (using)
with …sı olan, …ya sahip, …lı, …li

3
sahiplik (who has, which has, having) (X without)
the border with Greece Yunanistan ile sınır
She likes to travel with her friends. Arkadaşlarıyla seyahat etmeyi seviyor.
to dig a hole with his hands elleriyle bir delik kazmak
to fix with a strong glue güçlü bir yapıştırıcı ile sabitlemek
patients with genetic disorder genetik bozukluğu olan hastalar
animals with four legs dört bacaklı hayvanlar / dört bacağı olan hayvanlar
over
…üzerinde, …üzerinden, …üzerine
(place)
1
yer isimleriyle
over
…içerisinde, …boyunca, …dır, …dir
(time)
2
zaman ifadeleriyle
3 over
…üzerinde, …dan fazla
(adverb)
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more than
over
bitti, sona erdi
(adverb)
4
finished
thick black smoke over the city şehrin üzerinde yoğun siyah duman
put your hands over your ears ellerini kulaklarının üzerine koy (elinle kulağını kapat)
over the last 50 years son 50 yıldır
over 80 percent of the population nüfusun yüzde 80'inden fazlası
women over the age of 40 40 yaşının üstündeki kadınlar
The party was over by midnight. Parti gece yarısı olmadan bitti.
under
…altında
(place)
1
yer isimleriyle
under ...altında
2
yer olarak değil; soyut olarak bir şeyin altında
under yapılmakta, devam etmekte

3
Belirli isimlerle kullanıldığında devam etmekte şeklinde çevrilebilir.
under
…altında, …dan az
(adverb)
4
less than
blood vessels under the skin cilt altındaki kan damarları
organisms under water su altındaki organizmalar
people under risk of heart attack kalp krizi riski altındaki kişiler
The proposal is now under negotiation. Teklif şuanda görüşülüyor.
to complete in under 30 seconds 30 saniye altında tamamlamak
without …sız, …siz, …olmasaydı

1
not having, lacking (X with)
without + Ving …meden, …madan

2
Sonrasında gerund geldiğinde bu şekilde çevrilir. (X by+Ving)
We won without much difficulty. Çok zorlanmadan kazandık.
You cannot leave without permission. İzinsiz ayrılamazsın.
We couldn't have done it without her help. Onun yardımı olmadan yapamazdın.
He can drive for five hours without taking a

Mola vermeden beş saat araba kullanabilir.
break.
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within
(time)
1
belirtilen zaman dilimi içerisinde
within
(place)
2
belirtilen yerin sınırları içerisinde
within two decades yirmi yıl içerisinde
The wound will heal within a week. Yara bir hafta içerisinde iyileşecek.
within the borders of this country bu ülkenin sınırları içerisinde
peace within the family aile içerisinde huzur
between
…arasında
(place & time)
1
belirli noktalar arasında
talks between management and unions yönetim ve sendikalar arasındaki konuşmalar
the distance between stars yıldızlar arasındaki
between Monday and Thursday Pazartesi ve Perşembe arasında
among
…arasında
(place)
1
Sonrasında çoğul isim veya topluluk ismi gelir.
to search among the wreckage enkazın arasında aramak
common among young adults genç yetişkinler arasında yaygın
during
…de, …da, …boyunca, …sırasında, ...esnasında
(time)
1
Sadece zaman ifadeleriyle kullanılır.
during the 19th century 19. yüzyılda
during teenage years ergenlik yıllarında
along
…boyunca
(place & direction)
1
Sadece yer isimleriyle kullanılır.
climate along the equator ekvator boyunca iklim
to drive along the road yol boyunca sürmek
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throughout
…nın her yerinde
(place)
1
in every part of it, everywhere in
throughout
…boyunca
(time)
2
from the beginning to the end of
common throughout the world dünyanın her yerinde yaygın
blood flow throughout the body vücudun her yerinde kan akışı
hibernate throughout the winter kış boyunca kış uykusuna yatmak
throughout his career kariyeri boyunca
through
…içinden, …den, …dan
(direction)
1
bir şeyin bir ucundan girip diğerinden çıkma
through …ile, …vasıtasıyla

2
using; by means of
to look through the key hole kapı deliğinden bakmak
to drive through the red light kırmızı ışıkta geçmek
through vitamin supplements vitamin takviyeleri aracılığıyla
to observe through a telescope teleskop vasıtasıyla gözlemek
towards
...e doğru
(direction)
1
yönelme
towards the end of March Martın sonuna doğru
towards the east doğuya doğru
into
…e, …a, …içine
(direction)
1
bir şeyin içine doğru yönelme
into …e, …a
2
Bir şeyin başka bir şeye dönüşümünü anlatır.
to flow into the ocean okyanusa akmak/dökülmek
to look into her eyes gözlerine (içine) bakmak
Kinetic energy is converted into electricity. Kinetik enerji elektriğe dönüştürülür.
onto
…e, …a, …üstüne
(direction)
1
bir şeyin üstüne doğru yönelme
onto the trucks kamyonlara (üstüne)
Put the plates onto the table. Tabakları masaya koy.
against ...e karşı

1
opposing
the fight against global warming küresel ısınmaya karşı savaş
to vote against the new institution yeni anayasaya karşı oy vermek
above
…üzerinde
(place)
1
seviye olarak üzerinde
above average ortalamanın üstünde
its height above the ground yerden yüksekliği
below
...altında
(place)
1
seviye olarak altında
20m below sea level deniz seviyesinin 20 metre altında
temperatures below zero sıfırın altındaki sıcaklıklar
around
...etrafında
(place & direction)
1
yer ve yönelme
around
yaklaşık ...
(adverb)
2
approximately
around
var, mevcut
(adverb)
3
exists
the civilizations around the Middle East Orta Doğu civarındaki uygarlıklar
electrons around the nuclear core atom çekirdeğinin etrafındaki elektronlar
around the same hour tomorrow yarın yaklaşık aynı saatte
If your sister's around, bring her too. Kız kardeşin buralardaysa (varsa) onu da getir.
across
karşıdan karşıya
(direction)
1
from one side to the other
across
…her yerinde
(place)
2
yer isimleriyle
the corn fields across the river Nehrin karşısındaki mısır tarlaları
to swim across the Bosphorus yüzerek boğazı geçmek
all across the Middle East Orta Doğunun her yerinde
outside
…dışında, …dışarısında
(place)
1
not in
outside the house evin dışarısında
outside my job description iş tanımımın dışında
inside
…içinde, …de, …da
(place)
1
in or into
inside
…içinde, …de, …da
(time)
2
(+ duration of time)
the clothes inside the cupboard dolabın içindeki kıyafetler
What is going on inside your head? Kafanda neler geçiyor?
inside three days üç saat içerisinde
beyond
…ötesinde
(place)
1
bir şeyden uzakta
beyond …ötesinde, …meyecek kadar

2
bir şeyin sınırlarının, kapasitenin dışarısında
The village is beyond that river. Köy, şu nehrin ötesinde. (nehri geçince)
beyond the solar system Güneş sisteminin ötesinde
Keep them beyond the reach of young children. Onları küçük çocukların erişemeyeceği yerde tutun.
away
(place & direction & ...dan uzak, uzağa
1 adverb)
somewhere else
40 km away from the nearest settlement en yakın yerleşim yerinden 40km uzakta
The police went after him, but he got away. Polis onun peşinden gitti, ama o kaçtı.
out
dışarı
(adverb)
1
not in
Don't go out with wet hair. Islak saça dışarı çıkma.
He leaned out the window. Pencereden sarktı. (dışarı eğildi)
out of
…dışında, …dan dışarı
(place & direction)
1
not in
out of …den, …dan

2
Bazı kelimelerle sebep anlamında kullanılır.
push air out of your lungs ciğerlerinden dışarı hava üfle
out of sadness üzüntüden
near
…yanında
(place)
1
close to
We want a house near the school. okulun yanında bir ev istiyoruz.
near the train station gara yakın
beside
…yanında
(place)
1
close to
Our school was built right beside a river. Okulumuz nehrin hemen yanına inşa edildi.
the couple standing beside a banana tree bir muz ağacının yanında dikilen çift
1 next to … bitişiğinde
(place)
very close to
the house next to ours bizimkinin bitişiğindeki ev
I want to sit next to the window. Cam kenarına oturmak istiyorum.
behind
...arkasında
(place)
1
in the back side of sth
a shopping mall behind his office İş yerinin arkasındaki alışveriş merkezi
the factor behind her success başarısının arkasındaki faktör
in front of
...nın önünde
(place)
1
in the front side of sth
Please don't swear in front of the children. Çocukların önünde küfretme lütfen!
the car in front of us önümüzdeki araba
opposite
…karşısında
(place)
1
facing
a modern-looking building opposite the train

garın karşısındaki modern görünen bina
station
the women sitting opposite us karşımızda oturan kadınlar
beneath
...altında
(place)
1
under
to hide beneath the leaves yaprakların altına saklanmak
bleeding beneath the skin cildin altındaki kanama
underneath
...altında
(place)
1
under
The mouse is underneath the fridge. Fare buzdolabın altında.
to hide the money underneath the aquarium parayı akvaryumun altına saklamak
up
yukarı
(direction)
1
towards higher position
up to …kadar, …varan
2
ya eşit ya da daha az; belirtilen miktarı geçmez
up to somebody birine kalmış, birine bağlı

3
onun sorumluluğunda
The sugar is up on that shelf behind you. Şeker arkadandaki rafta yukarda.
The fare of public transport has risen up. Toplu taşımanın ücreti yükselmiş durumda.
It supports up to four users at a time. Bir seferde dört kullanıcıya kadar destekler.
It is up to the parents to be parents. Ebeveyn olmak ebeveyn kalmıştır.
down
aşağı
(direction)
1
towards lower position
This box is really heavy – can we put it down

Bu kutu gerçekten ağır – bir dakikalığına yere koyabilir miyiz?
for a minute?
Why don't you lie down on the sofa for a

Neden bir süre kanepede uzanmıyorsun?
while?
off Belirli bir çevirisi yoktur. Kullanıldığı cümleye göre farklı şekillerde çevrilebilir.
1
uzaklaşma, uzak (away from)
off kapalı
2
kapalı, çalışmıyor, kapalı halde (not operating)
off izinli
3
izinli olmak, çalışmamak (not at work)
to give off an awful smell berbat bir koku yaymak
Someone had taken the mirror off the wall. Biri duvardan aynı kaldırmış.
Make sure all the lights are off. Tüm ışıkların kapalı olduğundan emin ol.
You look tired. Why don’t you take tomorrow

Yorgun görünüyorsun. Neden yarın izin almıyorsun?
off?
after
...dan sonra
(time)
1
later than
Her name came after mine on the list. Onun adı listede benimkinden sonra geliyordu.
After the war, many soldiers stayed in France. Savaştan sonra birçok asker Fransa'da kaldı.
following
...dan sonra
(time)
1
later than
the weeks following the riots ayaklanmalardan sonraki haftalar
He resigned following their 3-0 defeat last

Geçen Cumartesi 3-0 yenilgilerinden sonra istifa etti.
Saturday .
before
...dan önce
(time)
1
earlier than
before
daha önce
(adverb)
2
Bu anlamda genellikle cümle sonunda kullanılır.
before
…nın önünde
(place)
3
in front of something or somebody
I usually take a shower before having my

Kahvaltımı yapmadan önce genellikle duş alırım.
breakfast.
before his son’s birth oğlunun doğumundan önce
I've never been to this restaurant before. Daha önce hiç bu restorana gelmedim.
We have the whole weekend before us. Önümüzde koca bir hafta var.
until
...e kadar
(time)
1
up to the point
until approximately 9000 years ago yaklaşık 9000 yıl öncesine kadar
until the arrival of the Europeans Avrupalıların gelişine kadar
till
...e kadar
(time)
1
up to the point
We waited till half past six for you. Altı buçuğa kadar seni bekledik.
till the end of summer yaz sonuna kadar
1 since ...dan beri
(time)
from a particular time in the past
Sarah's been sick since Friday. Sarah Cumadan beri hasta.
Unemployment is now at its lowest point since İşsizlik şuanda 2. Dünya Savaşı'ndan bu yana en düşük
World War II. seviyede.
than ...den, ...dan, ...e göre

1
karşılaştırma (comparative)
She has woken even earlier than usual. Her zamankinden daha da erken kalktı.
less than I predicted tahmin ettiğimden daha az
as ...olarak
1
in the role, status or function of
It can be used as evidence against him. Ona karşı bir delil olarak kullanılabilir.
as an alternative to chemotherapy kemoterapiye bir alternatif olarak
like ...gibi
1
example (örnek)
like ...gibi
2
similar to (benzetme)
I prefer hard cheeses, like Cheddar. Çedar gibi sert peynirleri tercih ederim.
cholesterol in foods like eggs yumurta gibi yiyeceklerde kolesterol
She moves and talks exactly like her mother. Tıpkı annesi gibi hareket ediyor ve konuşuyor.
He eats like a pig! Domuz gibi yemek yiyor.
unlike ....nın aksine, …nın zıttına

1
İki şey arasındaki farklılığı ifade eder.
unlike other bird species diğer kuş türlerinin aksine
Unlike most people in the office, I come to work

Ofisteki diğer kişilerin aksine ben işe otobüsle geliyorum.
by bus.
despite ...e rağmen

1
zıtlık
despite constant control sürekli kontrol edilmesine rağmen
despite the increase in unemployment işsizlikteki artışa rağmen
notwithstanding …e rağmen
1
zıtlık
notwithstanding some members' objection bazı üyelerin itirazına rağmen
Notwithstanding injuries, he won the semi-final

Sakatlıklara rağmen yarı-final maçını kazandı.
match.
considering
…yı düşünürsek, …yı göz önüne alırsak
given
1
"…e rağmen" ile yakın anlamlıdır.
He looks young considering his age. Yaşına göre genç görünüyor. (yaşını göz önüne alırsak)
Given the circumstances, you’ve done really

Şartları düşünürsek gerçekten iyi iş çıkardın.
well.
besides ...nın yanı sıra, ...ya ek olarak

1
ekleme (addition)
He was a poet besides being a military genius. Askeri bir deha olmasının yanı sıra bir şairdi.
Besides being intelligent, he is handsome. Zeki olmasının yanı sıra yakışıklı.
concerning
…ile ilgili, …hakkında, …konusunda
regarding
1
about
information concerning the woman's

kadının nerede olduğu ile ilgili bilgi
whereabouts.
a variety of options regarding this issue bu konu ile ilgili çeşitli seçenekler
including …dahil
1
part of
Their new house has four storeys including the

Yeni evleri tavan arası dahil dört katlı.
attic.
You’ll need a variety of skills, including Liderlik ve müzakere dahil olmak üzere çeşitli yeteneklere
leadership and negotiating. ihtiyacın olacak.
1 excluding …hariç
except
excepting
not part of
The van seats 18 passengers excluding the

Minibüs şoför hariç 18 kişi alıyor.
driver
the computer does everything except talking bilgisayar konuşma hariç her şeyi yapıyor
It is a desert with no animals of any kind,

Birkaç kertenkele hariç hiçbir türde hayvan olmayan bir çöl.
excepting a few lizards.
via ...aracılığıyla, ...üzerinden

1
through; using
You can access our homepage via the Internet. ana sayfamıza internet aracılığıyla ulaşabilirsiniz.
The London-Addis flight goes via Rome. Londra-Addis uçuşu Roma üzerinden gider.
per …de, …da, her, …başına

1
each
How many calls do you make per day? Günde kaç arama yapıyorsun?
The meal cost $25 per head. Yemek kişi başı 25$ tutuyor.
versus ...e karşı

1
competing, fighting, compared
a match Banvit versus Efes Pilsen Banvit ve Efes Pilsen arasında bir maç (..e karşı maç)
working from home versus office evden çalışmak ve ofisten çalışmak (karşılaştırma)
plus artı
1
toplama
minus eksi
2
çıkarma
What is 88 plus 53? 88 artı 53 kaç
What is 73 minus 14? 73 eksi 14 kaç eder
Grammar Lists > Present Tenses
Table of Present Tenses
Active Voice
Simple Present Present Perfect

Continuous Continuous
am Ving
have V3 have been Ving
V1 is Ving
has V3 has been Ving
are Ving
yapar yapıyor yapmış durumda yapıyor
Passive Voice

am V3 am being V3
have been V3
is V3 is being V3
has been V3 Passive halde
are V3 are being V3
kullanılmaz.
yapılır yapılıyor yapılmış durumda
Grammar Lists > Past Tenses
Table of Past Tenses
Active Voice
Simple Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
was Ving
V2 had V3 had been Ving
were Ving
yaptı yapıyordu yapmış durumdaydı yapıyordu
Passive Voice
Simple Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
was V3 was being V3

had been V3
were V3 were being V3 Passive halde
kullanılmaz.
yapıldı yapılıyordu yapılmış durumdaydı
Grammar Lists > Future Tenses
Table of Future Tenses
Active Voice
Simple Future Future Perfect

will V1 will be Ving will have V3 will have been Ving
yapacak yapıyor olacak yapmış durumda olacak yapıyor olacak
Passive Voice

will be V3 will have been V3

Passive halde Passive halde
kullanılmaz. kullanılmaz.
yapılacak yapılmış durumda olacak
Grammar Lists > Simple Modals
modal TR time mood
must do yapmalı
present
zorunluluk
future
must be done yapılmalı
should do yapmalı
present
zorunluluk
future
should be done yapılmalı
ought to do yapmalı
present
zorunluluk
future
ought to be done yapılmalı
had better do yapsa iyi olur

present
zorunluluk
future
had better be done yapılsa iyi olur
have to do
yapmak zorunda
has to do
present
have to be done
yapılmak zorunda
has to be done
zorunluluk
had to do yapmak zorunda kaldı
past
had to be done yapılmak zorunda kaldı
will have to do yapmak zorunda kalacak

future
will have to be done yapılmak zorunda kalacak
need to do
yapmak zorunda
needs to do
present
need to be done
yapılmak zorunda
needs to be done
zorunluluk
needed to do yapmak zorunda kaldı
past
needed to be done yapılmak zorunda kaldı
will need to do yapmak zorunda kalacak

future
will need to be done yapılmak zorunda kalacak
may do yapabilir
present
ihtimal
future
may be done yapılabilir
might do yapabilir
present
ihtimal
future
might be done yapılabilir
can do yapabilir present yetenek
future
can be done yapılabilir
could do yapabilir
present
ihtimal
future
could be done yapılabilir
could do yapabiliyordu
past yetenek
could be done yapılabiliyordu
is able to do
yapabilir
are able to do
present
is able to be done
yapılabilir
are able to be done
was able to do
yapabiliyordu yetenek
were able to do
past
was able to be done
yapılabiliyordu
were able to be done
will be able to do yapabilecek

future
will be able to be done yapılabilecek
is going to do
yapacak
are going to do
future
is going to be done
yapılacak
are going to be done
gelecek zaman
was going to do
yapacaktı
were going to do
past
was going to be done
yapılacaktı
were going to be done
would do yapardı
present
unreal / type 2
future
would be done yapılırdı
would do yapacak
past gelecek zaman
would be done yapılacak
used to do yapardı
past alışkanlık
used to be done yapılırdı
Grammar Lists > Perfect Modals
modal TR time mood
should have done yapmalıydı

past azarlama
should have been done yapılmalıydı
ought to have done yapmalıydı

past azarlama
ought to have been done yapılmalıydı
must have done yapmış olmalı

past ihtimal
must have been done yapılmış olmalı
may have done yapmış olabilir

past ihtimal
may have been done yapılmış olabilir
might have done yapmış olabilir

past ihtimal
might have been done yapılmış olabilir
can't have done yapmış olamaz

past ihtimal
can’t have been done yapılmış olamaz
could have done yapmış olabilir / yapabilirdi

past ihtimal
could have been done yapılmış olabilir / yapılabilirdi
would have done yapmış olurdu

past unreal / type 3
would have been done yapılmış olurdu
Grammar Lists > Conditionals
type 0
real-present
yan cümle ana cümle
if simple present simple present
notlar
type 1
real-present
will V1
if simple present can V1
may V1
notlar
type 2
unreal-present
would V1
if simple past
could V1
notlar
type 3
unreal-past
would have V3
if past perfect
could have V3
notlar
mixed type 3/2
unreal-past / unreal-present
if past perfect would V1
could V1
notlar
mixed type 2/3
unreal-present / unreal-past
would have V3
if simple past
could have V3
notlar
inversion
will V1
type - 1 Should you do … can V1
may V1
would V1
type - 2 Were you to do …
could V1
would have V3
type - 3 Had you done …
could have V3
notlar
Grammar Lists > Gerund & Infinitive
gerund
active passive
zaman farkı yok Ving being V3
zaman farkı var having V3 having been V3
notlar
infinitive
active passive
zaman farkı yok to V1 to be V3
zaman farkı var to have V3 to have been V3
notlar
Grammar Lists > List of Transitions
so
therefore
bu yüzden
thus
hence
as a result
sonuç olarak
as a consequence
sonuç
thereby + Ving
dolayısıyla
thus + Ving
that’s why
which’s why bu sebeple
for this reason
in this way bu şekilde, böylece
but
however fakat, ama, ancak
yet
still yine de
even so öyle bile olsa
nevertheless
yine de
nonetheless zıtlık
on the contrary aksine
on the other hand öte yandan…
in/by contrast
contrarily
aksine, zıttına
conversely
to the contrary
for çünkü sebep
likewise
benzer şekilde benzetme
similarly
moreover ayrıca ekleme
in addition
furthermore
also
besides
additionally
what’s more
and ve
for example
for instance örneğin örnek
to illustrate
meanwhile
bu sırada
in the meantime
zaman
afterwards ardından, daha sonra, ve daha sonra
(and) then (ve) daha sonra
otherwise
or else yoksa, aksi takdirde koşul
or
or veya, ya da
nor ne de
instead bunun yerine, onun yerine
in fact
aslında
actually
diğer
indeed gerçekten
that is
in other words
yani, başka bir deyişle
namely
that’s to say
Grammar Lists > List of Conjunctions
when conj ...dığı zaman
whenever conj her ne zaman …se
conj
after ...den sonra
prep
as soon as conj … er...mez
once conj ...den sonra
conj
before ...den önce
prep
until
conj zaman
…e kadar
prep
till
by the time conj …e kadar
while
conj …iken
as
just as conj tam ...iken
as conj …dıkça, …dikçe
since
conj
...den beri
prep
ever since
if conj (eğer) …se
as long as
conj …dığı sürece
so long as
unless conj ...mezse, ...medikçe
even if conj …se bile
only if conj sadece/ancak …se
on condition that
koşul
providing (that) conj …mesi şartıyla
provided (that)
suppose (that)
conj farz et ki…
supposing (that)
if ever conj eğer olurda …se
if only conj keşke
what if? conj ya...se?
because conj ...dığı için |çünkü sebep
trans
as
since
now that
conj ...dığı için, ...den dolayı, çünkü
on grounds that
in that conj …mesi bakımından
inasmuch as conj ...dığı için, ...den dolayı
conj
although
trans
conj
though ...e rağmen | fakat
trans
conj
even though
trans
zıtlık
conj
while
trans
...e rağmen | oysa
conj
whereas
trans
however + adjective
conj her ne kadar … olsa da
however + adverb
as + SVO
as + prep conj …gibi
as + V3 benzetme
just as conj tıpkı…gibi…
as if
conj (sanki)...mış gibi diğer
as though
so that
conj ...sın diye, böylece amaç
in order that
in case conj ...r diye, ...rsa diye

tedbir
for fear that conj …korkusuyla
as far as
conj ...dığı kadarıyla, ...e göre
so far as
assuming that conj farz edelim ki

diğer
except that conj …hariç
in the hope that conj …mesi umuduyla
given that conj ...i düşünürsek
the moment conj ...er...mez, …dığı anda zaman
the instant
the minute
the second
Grammar Lists > List of Prepositional Phrases
because of PP
due to PP
...den dolayı
owing to PP
on account of PP
as a result of PP
...nın sonucu olarak sebep
as a consequence of PP
thanks to PP ...nın sayesinde
by means of PP …nın aracılığıyla
with the help of PP

…nın yardımıyla
with the aid of PP
such as PP … gibi, örneğin, mesela örnek
despite prep
in spite of PP …e rağmen zıtlık
notwithstanding prep
unlike prep
in contrast to/with PP ...nın aksine karşılaştırma
contrary to PP
like prep … gibi benzetme
as well as PP
in addition to PP ...e ilaveten, ...ın yanı sıra, ve ayrıca

ekleme
besides prep
along with PP ... ile birlikte
in order to + V1 PP amaç
...mek için
so as to + V1 PP
in an effort to + V1 PP
in an attempt to + V1 PP
for the purpose of PP ...mek için, ...mek amacıyla
with the intention of PP
with a view to PP
in case of PP tedbir
… durumunda, … halinde
in the event of PP
for fear of PP … korkusuyla
about prep
with/in regard to PP
as regards PP
concerning prep
regarding prep
as to PP
pertaining to PP … ile ilgili, ...nın hakkında, ...e dair ile ilgili
with respect to PP
in respect of PP
with reference to PP
in/with relation to PP
in association with PP
in connection with PP
in the aftermath of PP
...den sonra, ...nın sonrasında
following prep
prior to PP ...den önce, ...nın öncesinde zaman
as of PP
...den itibaren
as from PP
compared to/with PP karşılaştırma
when compared to/with PP karşılaştırma

… ile karşılaştırıldığında
as compared to/with PP karşılaştırma
in/by comparison with PP karşılaştırma
in terms of PP … açısından diğer
instead of PP
...nın yerine diğer
in place of PP
rather than PP …den ziyade diğer
according to PP …e göre diğer
in accord with PP
... ile uyum içinde, ...e uygun olarak diğer
in accordance with PP
in line with PP … ile uyumlu olarak diğer
including prep … dahil diğer
excluding prep … hariç diğer
except for PP
apart from PP
excepting PP
with the exception of PP
other than PP
regardless of PP
…e bakmaksızın diğer
irrespective of PP
no matter + NCl PP her … diğer
as a means of PP … aracı olarak diğer
on behalf of PP
...nın adına, ...i temsilen, ...nın namına diğer
in the name of PP
in the hope of PP …nın umuduyla diğer
as for PP
…e gelince, …i sorarsanız, söz konusu diğer
when it comes to PP
in view of PP ...den ötürü, … göz önünde tutarak diğer
considering prep … düşünüldüğünde, düşünürsek diğer
on the brink of PP
on the edge of PP
on the verge of PP ...nın eşiğinde, …mek üzere diğer
on the eve of PP
at the point of PP
ahead of PP ...nın önünde, ...nın ilerisinde diğer
in return for PP
in exchange for PP ...nın karşılığında, ...e karşılık olarak diğer
in response to PP
in search of PP
…nın peşinde, …nın arayışında diğer
in pursuit of PP
in favour of PP ...nın lehine, ...nın çıkarına diğer
in need of PP …e muhtaç diğer
in opposition to PP …e karşı olarak diğer
in the light of PP …nın ışığında diğer
on the basis of PP ...i temel alarak, …e dayanarak diğer
without prep ...sız, …siz; olmazsa, … olmasaydı diğer
but for PP
for the sake of PP ...nın hatırı için diğer
Grammar Lists > List of Correlatives
not only… but also… sadece… değil ayrıca...
both… and… hem… hem de… / gerek… gerek…
either… or… ya… ya da…
neither… nor… ne…ne de…
whether… or… ister…ister…
not… but… …değil…
the same… as… …ile aynı…
as… as… …kadar…
so… as… …kadar… (sadece olumsuz cümlede)
so… that… o kadar … ki …
such… that… o kadar … ki …
such… as… …gibi…, örneğin, mesela
the more… the more… ne kadar… o kadar…
more… than… …den daha fazla…
less… than… …den daha az…
just as… so … tıpkı … gibi …
Grammar Lists > Relative Clause Markers
Önüne ne gelir? marker Sonuna ne gelir?
insan who VO / SV
insan whom SV
insan hariç her şey which VO / SV
yer ismi where SVO
zaman ifadesi when SVO
reason why SVO
tüm isimler whose yalın isim
tüm isimler that VO / SV
process, means, mechanism ... whereby SVO
process, means, mechanism ... by which SVO
Grammar Lists > Noun Clause Markers
Question Words
who kim
whom kim / kimi / kime
what ne / şey
where nere, nerede, nereyi…
when ne zaman
why neden, niçin
how + SVO nasıl
how + adjective ne kadar / ne denli
how + adverb ne kadar / ne denli
which hangi
whose kimin
Question Word + ever
whoever her kim
whomever her kim/kimi/kime
whatever her ne
wherever her nere
whenever her ne zaman
however her nasıl / her ne kadar / ancak
whichever her hangi
Other Markers
that …dığını, ...dığına, …cağını, …cağına, …mesi
the fact that …gerçeği
whether …ıp …ıpmadığı
if …ıp …ıpmadığı
Grammar Lists > verb + that SVO
accept that kabul etmek
acknowledge that kabul etmek
add that ilave etmek
admit that kabul etmek
advise that öğütlemek, tavsiye etmek
allege that iddia etmek
announce that duyurmak
answer that cevaplamak
anticipate that önceden tahmin etmek
appear that … gibi görünmek
appreciate that takdir etmek
argue that iddia etmek
arrange that düzenlemek
assert that iddia etmek
assume that varsaymak
assure sb that güvence vermek
believe that inanmak
bet that bahse girmek
caution that uyarmak
certify that belgelemek
charge that suçlamak
claim that iddia etmek
command that talimat vermek
comment that yorumlamak
complain that şikâyet etmek
conclude that sonlandırmak
confess that itiraf etmek
confirm that onaylamak
consider that düşünmek, sanmak
contend that ileri sürmek
convince sb that ikna etmek
decide that karar vermek
declare that ilan etmek
deduce that çıkarsama yapmak
demand that talep etmek
deny that inkâr etmek
determine that belirlemek
discover that keşfetmek
doubt that şüphelenmek
dream that hayal kurmak
ensure that sağlamak
envisage that öngörmek
establish that belirlemek
estimate that tahmin etmek
expect that ummak
explain that açıklamak
fancy that hayal etmek
fear that korkmak
feel that hissetmek
figure out that anlamak
find out that öğrenmek
forecast that tahmin etmek
foresee that önceden tahmin
forget that unutmak
gather that anlamak
guarantee that garanti etmek
guess that tahmin etmek
it happens to me that bana öyle geliyor ki
hear that duymak
hint that ima etmek
hope that ummak
hypothesize that hipotezde bulunmak
imagine that hayal etmek
demonstrate that göstermek
imply that ima etmek
indicate that göstermek
infer that sonuç çıkarmak
inform sb that bilgilendirmek
insist that ısrar etmek
judge that yargılamak
know that bilmek
learn that öğrenmek
maintain that ileri sürmek
mean that demek istemek
mention that bahsetmek
notice that fark etmek
notify sb that işaret etmek
object that karşı çıkmak
observe that gözlemlemek
it occurs to me that bana öyle geliyor ki
order that emretmek
perceive that algılamak
pledge that söz vermek
point out that işaret etmek
postulate that ileri sürmek
predict that önceden tahmin
prefer that tercih etmek
presume that sanmak
presuppose that sanmak
pretend that rol yapmak
pretend that …mış gibi yapmak
promise that söz vermek
propose that teklif etmek
prove that ortaya çıkmak
rule that hükme varmak
reckon that düşünmek
realise that fark etmek
recall that hatırlamak
recollect that hatırlamak
recommend that tavsiye temek
reflect that yansıtmak
regret that pişman olmak
remark that işaret etmek
remember that hatırlamak
remind sb that hatırlatmak
reply that cevap vermek
report that rapor etmek
request that rica etmek
resolve that karar vermek
reveal that açığa çıkartmak
say that söylemek
see that anlamak
seem that …gibi görünmek
sense that hissetmek
show that göstermek
speculate that spekülasyon
state that ifade etmek
stipulate that ön şart koşmak
stress that vurgulamak
suggest that önermek
suppose that sanmak
surmise that özetlemek
suspect that şüphelenmek
tell sb that söylemek
think that düşünmek
threaten that tehdit etmek
trust that güvenmek
turn out that … olduğu ortaya çıkmak
understand that … olduğunu anlamak
urge that …-da ısrarla istemek
verify that … olduğunu doğrulamak
visualize that görselleştirmek
warn that uyarmak
wish that dilemek, istemek
wow that söz vermek
Grammar Lists > adjective + that SVO
to be absurd that saçma
to be afraid that korkmuş
to be amazed that şaşırmış
to be annoyed that kızgın
to be apparent that belli
to be ashamed that utanmış
to be aware that farkında
to be certain that emin
to be clear that açık
to be confident that emin
to be conscious that farkında
to be convinced that ikna olmuş
to be delighted that memnun
to be disappointed that hayal kırıklığına uğramış
to be evident that belli, açık
to be excited that heyecanlı
to be fortunate that şanslı
to be furious that kızgın
to be glad that memnun
to be happy that mutlu
to be impressed that etkilenmiş
to be incredible that inanılmaz
to be likely that olası
to be natural that doğal
to be obvious that açık
to be odd that tuhaf
to be optimistic that iyimser
to be pleased that memnun
to be positive that olumlu
to be possible that olası
to be proud that gururlu
to be recommendable that tavsiye verilebilir
to be sad that üzgün
to be shocked that şok olmuş
to be sorry that üzgün
to be strange that tuhaf
to be sure that emin
to be surprised that şaşırmış
to be terrified that ürkmüş
to be thrilled that çok korkmuş
to be unaware that farkında olmayan
to be unlikely that olası olmayan
to be upset that morali bozuk
to be worried that üzüntülü
Grammar Lists > noun + that SVO
the allegation that iddia
the argument that iddia
the assumption that varsayım
the belief that inanç
the chance that şans
the claim that iddia
the concern that endişe
the conclusion that sonuç
the doubt that şüphe
the evidence that kanıt
the expectation that beklenti
the explanation that açıklama
the fact that gerçek
the fear that korku
the hope that umut
the idea that fikir
the impression that izlenim
the indication that gösterge
the miracle that mucize
the news that haber
the notion that olgu
the observation that gözlem
the opinion that fikir
the pity that yazık
the possibility that olasılık
the prediction that önceden tahmin
the premise that iddia
the principle that prensip
the probability that olasılık
the proof that kanıt
the reason that neden
the recommendation that öneri
the relief that rahatlama
the rumour that dedikodu
the shame that ayıp, yazık
the stipulation that ön şart koşma
the suggestion that öneri
(a good) thing that iyi bir şey
the view that görüş
the wonder that şaşılacak olay
• Vocabulary
• Preposition
• Phrasal Verb
• Reading & Translation 1
• Tense
• Verbal
• Conditionals
• Connectors
• Relative Clause
• Noun Clause
• Other Grammar
• Cloze Test
• Sentence Completion
• Translation
• Paragraph Completion
• Irrelevant Sentence
• Reading Comprehension
Vocabulary > Introduction
1. ---- any organ, including the kidneys, lungs, 6. It has long been known that various
heart and brain, can be attacked by the microorganisms exist in the atmosphere,
immune system. but formerly scientists were not able to
identify them ----.
A) Closely
B) Virtually A) indirectly
C) Fortunately B) occasionally
D) Profoundly C) potentially
E) Extremely D) accurately
E) perpetually
2. When neurological issues like aphasia and

dyslexia arise, they often ---- themselves in 7. If you sleep for just six hours, you are likely
the things we say and how we say them. to be 59 percent more dehydrated as you
could be short of vasopressin, the hormone
A) alienate that ---- hydration, released later in the sleep
B) improve cycle.
C) manifest
A) threatens
D) diminish
B) destroys
E) receive
C) abandons
D) regulates
3. Alzheimer’s disease is the major form of E) resists
mental impairment in older people and is
characterized by the ---- of brain tissue over
an extended period of time. 8. ---- to carbon monoxide results in a wide
variety of potential adverse effects,
A) clarification particularly in individuals who have pre-
B) examination existing cardiac or long disease.
C) deterioration
A) Opposition
D) realisation
B) Solution
E) prevention
C) Exposure
D) Obstacle
4. Researchers have found that practising yoga E) Superiority
for just 25 minutes a day can be good for
you, ---- brain function due to the release of
endorphins and increased blood flow. 9. During the investigation of a lethal or an
easily transmitted disease, the necessary
A) disturbing precautions must be taken to protect health
B) allowing staff, because they are ---- to catching the
C) boosting disease in question.
D) resisting A) committed
E) measuring B) adaptable
C) entitled
5. Peanut may very well be the most common D) vulnerable
food allergy in some populations, but the ---- E) accessible
of a particular food allergy varies according
to age and group.
10. The relationship between smoking and
A) utilisation lung cancer has been heatedly discussed for
B) withdrawal many years, but until recently the evidence
C) precaution about it has been both ---- and conflicting.
D) termination A) exemplary
E) prevalence B) susceptible
C) compatible
D) fragmentary
E) confident
Vocabulary > Homework
1. Anaesthetics are drugs given to patients 6. Although the risks of ---- complications from
before undergoing surgery to ---- the sense general anaesthesia are very low, they can
of feeling either in a localized area or across include heart attack and even brain damage.
the whole body.
A) severe
A) attract B) beneficial
B) reflect C) precise
C) reduce D) intentional
D) approve E) accessible
E) evaluate
7. Antidepressants are diverse group of drugs

2. For the control of the deadly brain disease in that demonstrate a capacity to produce ---- in
cows (BSE), surveillance is being stepped the symptoms of clinical depression.
up in Canada, but the US claims to be testing
enough cattle already to ---- the risk. A) improvement
B) justification
A) assert
C) expansion
B) assess
D) sufficiency
C) consult
E) acquisition
D) exceed
E) discourage
8. The nervous systems of all animals have a
number of basic functions in common, most
3. If the Achilles tendon, which is the thickest ---- the control of movement and the analysis
and most powerful tendon in the body, is of sensation.
cut, the use of that leg for running or
jumping is lost ----; it can no longer perform A) notably
these actions. B) promptly
C) deniably
A) permanently
D) approximately
B) fairly
E) fairly
C) scarcely
D) initially
E) partially 9. Exposure to sunshine enables the
production of vitamin D in our skin, and this
---- the growth and maintenance of healthy
4. Research has found that increasing your bones and teeth.
emotional intelligence at work has many ----,
including the ability to better manage stress A) deteriorates
at work and be more productive. B) declares
C) promotes
A) coincidences
D) articulates
B) constraints
E) differentiates
C) benefits
D) failures
E) predictions 10. Cortisol, a hormone that increases in
response to stress, contributes to the fight-
or-flight reflex that helps the body to
5. The reaction between amino acids and respond to ---- situations.
sugars is ---- for the colour and flavour
of cooked food and occurs when other plant A) explicable
based foods are fried, baked, roasted B) challenging
or toasted. C) reversible
A) responsible D) fulfilling
B) dependent E) superfluous
C) convertible
D) avoidable
E) measurable
11. Many of the technological advances in 16. Roasting some green vegetables makes
medicine have been provided for us by the -- them as acidic as carbonated drinks, and ----
-- of engineers, physicists, biologists, and to dental erosion.
medical doctors.
A) maintains
A) suspension B) enables
B) hesitation C) prevents
C) recession D) contributes
D) elimination E) converts
E) collaboration
17. There are no asexual mammals in nature

12. Whatever your age and your circumstances because our growth and development have
are, the best way to minimize any health become ---- connected with the sexual
risks is to ---- healthy habits. process.
A) adopt A) closely
B) consume B) discreetly
C) withdraw C) cautiously
D) relieve D) scarcely
E) illustrate E) preventably
13. Chronic-pain sufferers can use creams 18. Only a few foods supply ---- amounts of
which are made with the same hot substance vitamin D, notably those derived from
that is in chilli peppers, but they have to use animals.
them daily as it takes about a week to feel
any ----. A) decisive
B) significant
A) weak
C) compulsive
B) necessity
D) previous
C) regret
E) alien
D) relief
E) complaint
19. The body loses large amounts of iron when
red blood cells are lost through bleeding,
14. The army psychologists ---- initiated and this causes a ---- of iron.
treatment, and so he soon regained his
confidence as a soldier. A) deficiency
B) display
A) promptly
C) failure
B) vaguely
D) supplement
C) obviously
E) recurrence
D) reluctantly
E) imminently
20. The surgeon was ---- embarrassed to learn
that a piece of bandage had been left inside
15. To meet expected demands, health the abdomen.
authorities must know what medical
supplies are ---- and how best to distribute A) outstandingly
them. B) nervously
C) sensitively
A) acceptable
D) loosely
B) exhaustive
E) extremely
C) inspiring
D) available
E) urgent
Preposition > Introduction
1. Dental Public Health is the non-clinical 6. An understanding of the link ----

specialty of preventing and controlling inflammation and cancer requires knowing
dental diseases, delivered ---- a target how the body reacts ---- invaders.
population or a community ---- a regional or
national basis. A) with / through
B) between / to
A) with / at
C) to / for
B) in / over
D) by / from
C) to / on
E) in / over
D) by / for
E) from / through
7. Depression could be one of the fastest
growing ailments of the 21st century ----
2. Dark leafy greens like spinach and kale are young, unmarried people most ---- risk.
famous ---- their nutritional superpowers, but
there is new insight ---- the best way to eat A) about / in
then: raw or in a smoothie. B) for / from
C) through / of
A) by / on
D) of / on
B) in / about
E) with / at
C) with / to
D) from / around
E) for / into 8. There are many negative effects of sleep
deprivation ---- workers; for example, it could
affect a person’s ability to work and deal ----
3. People with an avoidant personality are emergencies.
oversensitive ---- rejection, and they have a
strong desire ---- affection and acceptance. A) on / with
B) at / for
A) with / in
C) of / by
B) to / for
D) for / about
C) about / over
E) in / to
D) through / with
E) for / about
9. In biofeedback, biological responses are
measured ---- electronic instruments, and the
4. ---- 1992 and 1998, total lung cancer deaths status of those responses is immediately
in the United States declined 1.6% per year, available ---- the person being tested.
but almost all of this decline was due to a
decrease ---- 2.7% annually for men. A) with / at
B) by / to
A) During / in
C) in / about
B) Through / at
D) from / on
C) Over / about
E) through / with
D) Among / under
E) Between / of
10. Recent figures show an 80 percent rise ----
the number of young girls diagnosed ----
5. An intracerebral haemorrhage begins anorexia in England since 2004.
abruptly ---- a headache, followed ---- signs
of steadily increasing neurologic losses. A) with / on
B) on / by
A) at / through
C) in / with
B) from / in
D) at / of
C) after / on
E) for / off
D) in / up
E) with / by
Preposition > Homework
1. Much research suggests that ---- its core, 5. Scientists believe that there are several risk
Alzheimer’s disease may be a metabolic factors associated ---- Alzheimer's disease,
disorder, an irregularity in fuel use ---- the so they prescribe a regimen of exercise,
brain, a process that loses efficiency with methods to reduce stress and even
age. nutritional supplements to patients to
compensate ---- their deficits.
A) in / from
B) to / with A) to / in
C) on / for B) at / from
D) at / by C) with / for
E) under / against D) on / toward
E) by / about
2. A recent study carried out ---- twins has

revealed that 47 per cent of the differences -- 6. In Australia, the vaccine ---- rotavirus, the
-- sensitivity comes from our genes, with the most prevalent cause of severe diarrhoea ----
rest coming from environmental factors young children, was added to routine, early-
during childhood. childhood immunisations in 2007.
A) for / at A) against / among
B) on / in B) through / for
C) from / with C) in / by
D) between / by D) with / at
E) to / over E) to / from
3. A prominent research scientist claims that 7. Miners who inhale large quantities ----
limiting alcohol intake can improve the manganese dust ---- 'prolonged periods,
overall health ---- breast-cancer survivors, may show symptoms of a brain disease.
based on the belief that cancer risk may be
increased ---- alcohol’s action in raising A) out of / in
oestrogen metabolism. B) from / during
C) by / after
A) from / with
D) of / over
B) through / over
E) through / under
C) of / by
D) about / at
E) in / before 8. Water is essential ---- health as it helps
regulate body temperature, removes wastes,
and transports nutrients ---- the body.
4. ---- all the essential amino acids for health
and an excellent source of vitamin D, cheese A) with / from
is a highly nutritious food which should be B) in / over
included ---- any healthy diet. C) by / on
A) For / at D) to / throughout
B) Of / from E) beyond / under
C) Under / to
D) With / in 9. The best way to lose weight ---- exercise is to
E) Upon / by do high-intensity training combined with a
general increase ---- your overall level of
activity.
A) by / from
B) on / to
C) with / into
D) through / in
E) over / of
10. Swine flu is diagnosed clinically by means of 15. About 20 to 40 per cent of pancreatic cancer
the typical symptoms and the patient’s cases are cured ---- chemotherapy followed -
history ---- association ---- people known to --- radiation therapy or surgery.
have the disease.
A) about / over
A) for / around B) from / to
B) from / of C) with / by
C) through / by D) of / into
D) on / in E) at / through
E) of / with
16. ---- the problems of obesity and disordered

11. The works of the ancient Greek physician eating growing around the world, public
Hippocrates commonly known as the health professionals have focused research
'Hippocratic Collection', consist ---- about 70 efforts on identifying potential causes and
works, ---- which only a relatively treatments ---- these related problems.
small number are possible by him.
A) About / in
A) of / of B) On / towards
B) in / for C) With / for
C) for / in D) Through / from
D) at / about E) Among / at
E) by / within
17. Fluoride supplements are available by

12. LDL cholesterol, known as the bad one, can prescription and are recommended only ----
build up in the artery walls of the brain and children living in areas ---- low water fluoride
heart, narrowing the passageways ---- blood concentrations; rarely need by adults.
flow, the precursor ---- heart disease and
stroke. A) on / in
B) at / from
A) from / around
C) about / over
B) in / about
D) for / with
C) for / to
E) through / to
D) through / behind
E) with / at
18. The recent rise in drug addiction ----
young people has been given publicity in the
13. Experts and officials believe that an media ---- all proportion to the size of the
outbreak ---- epidemic diseases or severe problem.
climatic conditions could have an adverse
impact ---- the Anatolian wild sheep A) with / through
population. B) for / over out of all
C) in / above
A) in / of
D) among / out of
B) over / through
E) between / from
C) of / on
D) by / into
E) from / at 19. Excessive bleeding is the most common
cause of anaemia and the speed ---- which
blood loss occurs has a significant effect ----
14. Patients recovering ---- amputations often the severity of symptoms.
report that ---- healing, they feel pain or
itching from the lost limb. A) to / over
B) with / on
A) to / in
C) for / in
B) at / on
D) from / around
C) from / during
E) about / at
D) for / with
E) of / about
20. Traditionally, intelligence was considered
stable ---- our adult years, but new research
shows that it can rise and fall ---- time.
A) into / by
B) along / of
C) within / towards
D) for / upon
E) during / over
Phrasal Verb > Introduction
1. Our skin is one of the most wonderful germ- 6. Only after a great deal of pressure had been
proof surface layers in the world, thus very ---- the registrar did he agree to give up
few disease-germs can ---- its natural the recovery ward in favour of a second
protection as long as it remains unbroken. operating theatre.
A) get through A) weighed up
B) take after B) taken to
C) call for C) put on
D) back up D) brought down
E) carry on E) turned over
2. It is not necessary to eliminate all 7. Laboratories can ---- a variety of tests that
mosquitoes to ---- diseases like Zika and help doctors assess disorders of the liver
malaria because their numbers can be and other organs.
reduced to the point that these diseases fail
to get passed on at a sustainable rate. A) find out
B) put down
A) keep up with
C) keep on
B) get rid of
D) look into
C) make up for
E) carry out
D) put up with
E) run out of
8. Internet users are increasingly ----
cyberchondria, a mental condition in which
3. She's certainly recovering quite well from easy access to information on medical
the operation, but she doesn't ---- going back issues causes increased feelings of anxiety
to teaching a class of 8-year-olds! over health.
A) do well by A) making up for

B) look down on B) cutting down on
C) feel up to C) getting away with
D) make up for D) looking around for
E) find out about E) coming down with
4. Roughly one in a thousand of the three 9. The process of juicing removes many of the
billion DNA letters that ---- the human nutrients in fruit, particularly fibre, and ----
genome differs between any two given fructose, a type of sugar, so you are
individuals. essentially drinking water full of sugar.
A) break into A) wipes out
B) give in B) slows down
C) keep up C) leaves behind
D) make up D) puts on
E) put on E) stems from
5. People who think they are overweight try to - 10. Although mild symptoms such as social
--- the problem by giving up various foods. withdrawal may persist, parents with minor
psychological problems may want to ----
A) keep up children.
B) look after
A) pass out
C) put aside
B) sign off
D) deal with
C) take off
E) get off
D) come into
E) bring up
Phrasal Verb > Homework
1. Some studies have suggested that women 5. The main focus of the research to be ---- by
who take more than a year to conceive, even a multidisciplinary team will be the study of
those who ---- having babies naturally have a the genes and proteins of organisms in the
greater than normal risk of giving birth context of their informational pathways or
prematurely or needing a caesarean section. networks.
A) give in A) looked after
B) make out B) carried out
C) put off C) made out
D) end up D) settled down
E) keep off E) brought about
2. If patients in the US tell their doctors they 6. Fat can be ---- for energy only by
cannot afford their medication, the doctors aerobic metabolism.
will work to ---- viable strategies so that they
can get their drugs. A) brought up
B) cut out
A) come up with
C) put down
B) get along with
D) broken down
C) cut down on
E) turned on
D) run out of
E) fall behind with
7. When someone chokes on food, it is
because the food has slipped into the air
3. When you cook meat, a chemical reaction passage and ---- breathing.
turns creatine into a group of compounds
called heterocyclic amines and there is some A) given in
evidence that these compounds ---- cancer B) kept on
in high concentrations. C) set out
A) rely on D) switched off
B) break into E) cut off
C) pass for
D) call off 8. A wise vegetarian does not solely ---- the
E) lead to products made of textured vegetable protein,
but learns to use a variety of whole foods
instead.
4. People with pollen allergy are recommended
to ---- their outdoor clothing as soon as they A) set out
come indoors and wash their faces, arms, B) take along
and hands. C) draw up
A) take off D) rely on
B) move on E) make for
C) call off
D) pull out 9. With the increasingly ageing population in
E) turn back the UK "home telecare" now ---- on the list of
priorities.
A) lights up
B) looks up
C) makes do
D) points out
E) ranks high
10. The air at the top of Mount Everest, which is 15. The challenge in vaccine development
the world’s highest peak, is so low in oxygen consists in devising a vaccine strong
that most people would instantly ---- if they enough to ---- infection without making the
were exposed to it. individual seriously ill.
A) pass out A) use up
B) come back B) look after
C) get off C) pull through
D) set out D) ward off
E) move off E) set out
11. The article gives a lucid account of the 16. How a person ---- stress is more important
measures being taken to deal with SARS and than the number of stressors in that
it is ---- useful graphs and maps. person’s life.
A) taken up with A) copes with
B) backed up with B) relies on
C) set down to C) leads to
D) made out to D) puts aside
E) brought up with E) pertains to
12. Artificial sweeteners permit people to ---- 17. The major component of most gallstones is
their sugar and energy intake, yet still enjoy cholesterol, though some are ---- of calcium
the delicious sweet tastes of their favourite salts.
foods and beverages.
A) swept away
A) get over B) kept away
B) keep down C) broken down
C) lose out D) looked after
D) put into E) made up
E) use up
18. This recent scientific breakthrough exposes

13. The findings could also help researchers to - every genetic mutation acquired by cancer
--- ways to improve the brain's recovery patients over their life times that eventually
after other kinds of damage. caused healthy cells in their bodies to ----
tumours.
A) work out
B) put out A) turn into
C) turn in B) break up
D) bring through C) go over
E) take over D) wear out
E) pass up
14. Children’s power to understand and reflect

on their experiences ---- their ability to use 19. Serotonin is responsible for maintaining
verbal symbols. appetite, sleep, and mood balance, but a
deficit of it ---- depression.
A) depends on
B) looks into A) brings about
C) complies with B) takes over
D) brings about C) keeps on
E) sends out D) turns down
E) gives off
20. Short-term memory records the information
in front of us right now, though a portion of
this seems to evaporate soon afterward; the
remainder ---- a process in the brain called
consolidation, which makes it permanent.
A) goes through
B) gives off
C) gets away with
D) puts off
E) comes up with
Reading & Translation 1 > Translation
1: Medical nanotechnology is a branch of 5: So long as the proper dose of insulin is

nanotechnology which applies principles in this field administered on a regular basis, diabetics can
to health care issues. generally lead normal lives.
TR: TR:
2: The physical and psychological effects of stress 6: Studies are being done to determine whether
vary from person to person depending upon factors olives have probiotic benefits. Because of their high
such as age and mental health. fiber content, it is likely that they do contribute to
TR: healthy gut bacteria.
TR:
3: Heart failure is a condition in which the heart can

not pump enough blood throughout the body.
TR:
7: In the early days, a person with AIDS had only a

few years to live, whereas now those people are
living longer.
TR:
4: A 2017 study showed short-term sunscreen

usage doesn’t affect circulating vitamin D levels and
therefore does not increase the risk for
osteoporosis.
TR:
8: Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which a 10: Finishing the prescription is important because
person has an overly negative view of himself or even though the symptoms disappear, the infection
herself and as a result refuses to ingest enough might not be clear yet.
food to remain healthy. TR:
TR:
9: Although hepatitis A infection is usually transient

and not deadly, symptoms of this infection are very
uncomfortable.
TR:
Reading & Translation 1 > Reading
An ulcer is an erosion of the top layer of cells from an 3. As is explained in the passage, the treatment
area, such as the wall of the stomach or duodenum. of an ulcer ----.
This erosion leaves the underlying layers of cells
unprotected and exposed to gastric juices. The A) can best be effected by strict adherence to a
erosion may proceed until the gastric juices reach the diet
capillaries that feed the area, leading to bleeding, and B) is largely a matter of relieving pain
reach the nerves, causing pain. If Gl bleeding is C) is generally straightforward as long as there
excessive, iron deficiency may develop. If the erosion is no infection
penetrates all the way through the Gl lining, a life-
D) can easily be effected by a wide range of
threatening infection can develop. Many people
antibiotics
naively believe that an ulcer is caused by stress or
spicy foods, but this is not the case - at least not at E) varies according to its cause
first. The stomach lining in a healthy person is well
protected by its mucous coat. What, then, causes
ulcers to form? Three major causes of ulcers have
been identified: bacterial infection with Helicobacter
pylori, the use of certain anti-inflammatory drugs such
as ibuprofen and naproxen, and disorders that cause
excessive gastric acid secretion. The cause of the
ulcer dictates the type of drug treatment. For
example, people with ulcers caused by infection
receive antibiotics, whereas those with ulcers caused
by drugs discontinue their use. In addition, all
treatment plans aim to relieve pain, heal the ulcer,
and prevent recurrence.
1. It is clear from the passage that ulcer ----.

A) can be the result of the excessive secretion
ofgastric acid
B) are an extremely common condition but
people are not aware of them unless they
become infected
C) respond well to treatment with anti-
inflammatory drugs
D) may cause discomfort but need not be taken
seriously
E) appear more often in the lining of the
duodenum than anywhere else
2. We learn from the passage that, in a

healthy person, the stomach lining is well
protected ----.
A) but can nevertheless be harmed by
antibiotics
B) so food prepared with a lot of spices will not
lead to ulcers
C) so bacterial infection is very rare indeed
D) but once erosion has occurred the damage
can never be repaired
E) so bacterial infection cannot occur
The causes of schizophrenia are unknown, although Although the origins of nursing predate the mid-19th
the disease has a strong genetic component. Studies century, the history of professional nursing
of identical twins show that if one twin has traditionally begins with Florence Nightingale. In
schizophrenia, there is a 50% chance that the other Nightingale’s era, the nursing of strangers, either in
twin will have it, too. Since identical twins share hospitals or in their homes, was not seen as a
identical genes, this indicates that schizophrenia has respectable career for well-bred ladies, who, if they
an equally strong environmental component, the wished to nurse, were expected to do so only for sick
nature of which has not been identified. Current family members and intimate friends. In a radical
treatments for schizophrenia focus on brain pathways departure from these views, Nightingale believed that
that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter. Despite well-educated women, using scientific principles and
their ability to alleviate symptoms, many of the drugs informed education about healthy lifestyles, could
used to treat schizophrenia have such negative side dramatically improve the care of sick patients.
effects that patients frequently stop taking them. Now Moreover, she believed that nursing provided an ideal
that the human genome has been sequenced, there independent calling full of intellectual and social
is a vigorous effort under way to find the mutant freedom for women, who at that time had few other
genes that predispose a person to the disease. This career options. For centuries, most nursing of the
effort includes sequencing DNA from families with a sick had taken place at home and had been the
high incidence of schizophrenia. responsibility of families, friends, and respected
community members with reputations as effective
4. As one understands from the passage, healers. On the other hand, during epidemics, such
identification of genetic mutations that as cholera, typhus, and smallpox, men took on active
contribute to schizophrenia ----. nursing roles. For example, Stephen Girard, a
wealthy French-born banker, won the hearts of his
A) can only be useful in the treatment of the fellow citizens for his compassionate nursing of the
disease if the use of drugs is also continued victims of the 1793 yellow fever epidemic.
B) will take a very long time before an effective
treatment for the disease can be developed 7. We understand from the text that ----.
C) is being actively pursued
A) Florence Nightingale followed and
D) is not a solution since there are different encouraged traditional nursing practices
forms of the disease
B) Florence Nightingale and Stephen Girard
E) has led to a wide range of new therapies that worked together to promote nursing as a
are particularly effective for the disease profession
C) thanks to Florence Nightingale’s efforts,
5. It is suggested in the passage that an women started to nurse sick family members
environmental influence ----. D) nursing began in the mid-19th century and
soon became a respectable career
A) is not of primary importance in understanding
the type of schizophrenia a patient has E) Florence Nightingale played a key role in the
development of nursing as a profession
B) must be completely ruled out in the diagnosis
of schizophrenia
C) need not be taken into account in a genetic 8. According to the text, ----.
study of schizophrenia
A) nursing was just one of the many job
D) is also considered to be as significant as the opportunities available to women in the 19th
genetic factor in schizophrenia century
E) has a very minimal share in a patient’s B) Nightingale believed nursing would help
predisposition to schizophrenia women become economically independent
individuals
6. It is clear from the passage that the C) scientific principles played as important a
treatment of schizophrenia through the use role as traditional family values did in nursing
of drugs ----. D) in the 19th century, there appeared many
institutions throughout Europe to train
A) is most suitable especially in the case of
women as professional nurses
twins with identical genes
E) at the time of Florence Nightingale, women
B) is the most effective therapy which is
were not allowed to work with strangers
commonly practised in the medical world
anywhere
C) has serious drawbacks and, hence, is often
disrupted
D) also has to take into account the patient’s
social environment
E) is least concerned with the role of dopamine
in the brain
9. According to the text, Stephen Girard ----.
A) was one of the first wealthy businessmen
who invested in the healthcare sector
B) donated large sums of money to fight
epidemics, such as cholera, typhus, and
smallpox
C) was a respected community member who
helped people in need of healthcare
D) financially supported Nightingale’s projects to
train young women as professional nurses
E) decided to help the sick after the 1793 yellow
fever epidemic claimed many lives in his
home town
Tense > Introduction
1. Health Watch, which, initially at least, ---- by 6. In 2014, the US confirmed 125 cases of
pharmaceutical companies, ---- an measles and declared that nearly half of the
aggressive campaign against natural victims ---- against measles, so it seems the
medicines. reason of the outbreak ---- America's
growing anti-vaccination movement.
A) was financed / is waging
B) had financed / was waging A) have not been vaccinated / is
C) has been financed / had waged B) had not been vaccinated / was
D) was being financed / had been waging C) were not vaccinated / will be
E) will be financed / would wage D) will not be vaccinated / has been
E) are not vaccinated / had been
2. Scientists ---- various methods over the

years to search for genes that ---- to the 7. Scientists ---- genetically modified hens
development of human intelligence. whose eggs carry proteins that the human
immune system ---- to fight disease – the
A) have used / may have contributed same proteins used to make types of drugs,
B) use / will contribute including cancer medication.
C) used / have contributed
A) will produce / used
D) had used / contribute
B) have produced / uses
E) are using / should contribute
C) had been producing / was using
D) had produced / is using
3. Infertility is a problem that ---- more and E) produced / had used
more couples than ever before, as people ----
longer to have children.
8. Although the concept of evolution ---- by
A) had affected / could wait philosophers and naturalists through the
B) was affecting / waited ages, it was Charles Darwin who first ---- the
C) has affected / will wait theory of evolution to the notice of the
general public.
D) is affecting / wait
E) will be affecting / were waiting A) was discussed / had brought
B) had been discussed / brought
4. Genetic tests for certain types of cancer ---- C) was being discussed / has brought
a long way since they ---- clinics in 1995. D) has been discussed / brings
E) might be discussed / had to bring
A) will come / have entered
B) came / might enter
C) have come / entered 9. Alcohol ---- every organ of the body, but the
most dramatic evidence of its disruptive
D) come / had entered
behaviour ---- in the liver.
E) will be coming / were entering
A) affected / has appeared
B) affects / appears
5. In a study carried out over a period of six
months, researchers ---- that smoking ---- far C) is affecting / appeared
more heart attacks than haemochromatosis. D) had affected / would appear
E) has affected / had appeared
A) have found / had caused
B) had found / has caused
C) found / caused
D) find / could have caused
E) would have found / causes
10. Although constipation usually ---- lifestyle
habits, in some cases it may be a side effect
of medication or may reflect a medical
problem such as tumours that ---- the
passage of waste.
A) had reflected / obstruct
B) has reflected / obstructed
C) reflected / had obstructed
D) will reflect / have obstructed
E) reflects / are obstructing
Tense > Homework
1. A British scientific agency ---- that all red 6. Many neuroscientists share the hope that
blood cells given as transfusions to children the new understanding of brain organization
under the age of 13 ---- to remove any which ---- possible by brain-imaging
microbes that cause serious diseases. techniques ---- light on children's
educational difficulties.
A) used to state / would be filtered
B) has stated / should be filtered A) would be made / throws
C) stated / will have been filtered B) had been made / has thrown
D) will state / were filtered C) has been made / will throw
E) would state / have been filtered D) will be made / will have thrown
E) was made / was throwing
2. Although allergic disease itself ----

around throughout history, real advances in 7. By the end of the week, he ---- the first stage
treating it ---- along until the late of the treatment, and, we’ll know then if he ---
19th century. - well to it.
A) is being / aren't coming A) would have completed / responded
B) is / don't come B) has completed / was responding
C) was / weren't coming C) will have completed / is responding
D) had been / wouldn't come D) is completing / has responded
E) has been / didn't come E) will complete / will respond
3. Physical training ---- muscles in several 8. Until quite recently, no one ---- the deadly
ways and ---- the functioning of the heart and germ that causes anthrax ---- outside a living
the respiratory system. host.
A) is altering / has improved A) had thought / would have thrived
B) alters / improves B) thinks / is thriving
C) had altered / would improve C) has thought / will thrive
D) altered / must have improved D) would think / had thrived
E) has been altering / will improve E) thought / could thrive
4. You ---- stretching many times, but you ---- of 9. Even with the newly-announced policy, US
it as a key part of your workout, as scientists who ---- to study human embryos
stretching for 10-15 minutes post-workout to learn more about infertility and genetic
relieves sore muscles. anomalies ---- government funding to do so.
A) must have skipped / could have thought A) want / cannot use
B) should have skipped / have to think B) would have wanted / had not used
C) might have skipped / would have thought C) will want / did not use
D) may have skipped / should think D) had wanted / should not have used
E) could have skipped / used to think E) wanted / must not have used
5. Health experts emphasise that people ---- 10. During the past 40 years, research ---- to
vitamins and minerals from their food unless support the hypothesis that physical activity
they require an amount that ---- through diet ---- with both cardiovascular health and
and their doctors recommend certain improved psychological functioning.
supplements.
A) is accumulating / has been associated
A) used to get / might not be reached B) accumulates / will be associated
B) should get / cannot be reached C) accumulated / had been associated
C) are able to get / need not be reached D) has been accumulating / would be
D) may get / must not be reached associated
E) have to get / should not be reached E) has accumulated / is associated
11. By the time Halsted died in 1922, surgeons 16. An ideal anticancer drug ---- cancer cells
he ---- at Johns Hopkins ---- his ideas and without harming normal cells, but no such
techniques right across the country. drug ----.
A) was training / would be disseminating A) would destroy / exists

B) has trained / disseminated B) destroyed / existed
C) trained / have disseminated C) may have destroyed / has existed
D) had trained / were disseminating D) has destroyed / had existed
E) would have trained / will disseminate E) had destroyed / would exist
12. Scientists conducting research to shed light 17. Insomnia ---- chronic when someone ----
on the possible causes of several mental difficulty in either getting to sleep or staying
disorders ---- a link between lack of normal asleep for at least three months.
gut bacteria and brain development changes
that ---- schizophrenia. A) became / is going to have
B) becomes / has had
A) had observed / used to cause
C) was becoming / is having
B) have observed / could cause
D) has become / was having
C) will observe / should cause
E) had become / will have
D) observed / should have caused
E) are observing / had to cause
18. It ---- a mistake to think that all bacteria are
harmful, for, without some species, we ----
13. Before Alexander Fleming ---- penicillin, for long.
a great many people ---- of meningitis.
A) is / had not survived
A) has discovered / would die B) would be / could not survive
B) discovered / died C) will be / have not survived
C) will discover / have died D) has been / would not have survived
D) would discover / died E) had been / did not survive
E) was discovering / were dying
19. Recently DNA molecules ---- to solve a

14. Diet therapy ---- a major role in ulcer particular problem in computing, leading to
treatment, but it no longer ----. speculation that one day DNA-based
computers ----.
A) would have played / is doing
B) has played / has done A) are used / are developed
C) was playing / has been doing B) were used / are being developed
D) had played / did C) are being used / could have been
E) used to play / does D) had been used / may have been
E) have been used / may be developed
15. In general, the body ---- nutrients best from

foods in which the nutrients are diluted and 20. One hundred years ago, 30% of the energy
dispersed among other ingredients that ---- used in farm and factory work ---- from
their absorption. muscle power; today only 1% ----.
A) can absorb / would have facilitated A) had come / did

B) absorbs / may facilitate B) was coming / has done
C) were to absorb / would facilitate C) would have come / is doing
D) has absorbed / used to facilitate D) came / does
E) might absorb / must have facilitated E) would come / will do
Verbal > Introduction
1. Mechanical injuries to the skin ---- into those 6. Age is a key factor ---- what ---- to people
caused by a blunt force, such as a punch who have angina.
from a fist, and those ---- from a sharp force,
such as a knife. A) in predicting / may happen
B) to predict / might have happened
A) have been divided / to have resulted
C) to have predicted / is happening
B) had been divided / having resulted
D) as predicting / has happened
C) were divided / to be resulting
E) for having predicted / will have happened
D) are divided / resulting
E) would be divided / to result
7. Cancerous cells ---- dormant in a person's
lungs for decades, ---- to diversify and
2. Scientists ---- the common cold as ---- by a spread.
family of over 200 viruses.
A) should lie / to wait
A) were regarded / having been caused B) must lie / having waited
B) are regarded / having caused C) can lie / waiting
C) regard / being caused D) could lie / wait
D) have regarded / to have caused E) may lie / to have waited
E) regarded / to have been caused
8. The essential oil ---- from the lavender flower

3. Tomatoes are so widely consumed that they is used aromatherapy ---- anxiety, insomnia,
represent a vehicle ---- beneficial nutrients to nervousness, and restlessness.
those who ---- expensive seasonal berries.
A) deriving / to have treated
A) having introduced / would not afford B) derived / to treat
B) introducing / could not afford C) to have derived / treated
C) to have introduced / may not afford D) to be derived / treat
D) to introduce / cannot afford E) to be deriving / treating
E) being introduced / might not afford
9. Long ---- as a rat poison, arsenic ---- to halt a

4. Though vitamin and mineral supplements --- deadly blood cancer called acute
-, the preferred course of action is ---- food promyelocytic leukaemia.
choices and eating habits.
A) being used / can be shown
A) might be warranted / to have improved B) using / was shown
B) might have been warranted / having C) used / has been shown
improved
D) to be used / is shown
C) might warrant / being improved
E) having used / had been shown
D) may have been warranted / to have been
improved
E) may be warranted / to improve 10. On a submarine what wears you down is the
relentless responsibility of ---- part of a small
team where everyone ---- total trust in
5. ---- drugs to healthy people to prevent everyone else.
disease ---- before, but has never been tried
on a large scale. A) being / has to put
B) to have been / had to put
A) To be given / would be proposed
C) having been / is to put
B) To give / is being proposed
D) to be / is putting
C) To have given / was being proposed
E) having to be / had to put
D) Having given / was proposed
E) Giving / has been proposed
Verbal > Homework
1. Ultrasound beams could make it possible ---- 6. Disease or injury ---- nerves from sending
brain disease with gene therapy without ---- a appropriate signals or force them ----
single incision. inappropriate ones.
A) to be treated / having made A) should prevent / being sent
B) to treat / making B) might prevent / to have sent
C) being treated / to have been made C) could prevent / sending
D) having treated / being made D) must prevent / having sent
E) to have treated / having been made E) may prevent / to send
2. Any drug development effort ---- 7. The successful education of children with
neurodegenerative disorders ---- carefully speech defects involves ---- all means of
any possible side effects. approach.
A) combating / would have examined A) to explore
B) to combat / will have to examine B) exploring
C) to have combated / will examine C) having explored
D) having combated / had examined D) having been explored
E) to be combated / would have to examine E) to have explored
3. During pregnancy, lead ingested by the 8. Celiac disease is a form of food sensitivity in
mother ---- across the placenta, ---- severe which people ---- any form of gluten, and the
damage on the developing foetal nervous symptoms, ---- abdominal pain, vomiting,
system. and diarrhoea or poor growth in young
children, are usually quite severe
A) has moved / to have inflicted
B) moves / inflicting A) do not have to tolerate / include
C) had moved / having inflicted B) cannot tolerate / including
D) would move / to be inflicted C) may not tolerate / to include
E) moved / having been inflicted D) had better not tolerate / included
E) should not tolerate / being included
4. There is now a real possibility of

tropical diseases, such as malaria, ---- into 9. As long as he ---- reasonable care of himself
northern countries by stow away he has every chance of ---- a complete
mosquitoes. recovery.
A) to have been carried A) will take / being made
B) having carried B) took / having made
C) to be carried C) has taken / having been made
D) being carried D) takes / making
E) having been carried E) was taking / having to make
5. It would be foolish of them not ---- 10. According to a 2013 study, when ---- on
genetic advice as their first child was athletes after intense physical exercise,
abnormal. participants who ---- 3.1 gr of ginger per day
experienced significantly reduced muscle
A) to seek soreness.
B) having sought
A) tested / received
C) to have sought
B) to have tested / would have received
D) seeking
C) having been tested / were received
E) being sought
D) having tested / have received
E) to test / had received
11. The use of aspirin in children ---- with the 16. A drug already on the market for a
risk of Reye's syndrome, a potentially deadly completely unrelated condition ---- to treat a
disease that affects the internal organs, ---- form of mental retardation ---- to autism.
the brain and the liver.
A) is used / linking
A) was associated / to include B) has used / being linked
B) is associated / include C) had been used / to be linked
C) has been associated / including D) might be used / linked
D) can be associated / being included E) could have used / to link
E) had been associated / included
17. Sugar can cause two blood proteins –

12. In order ---- an architectural designer, an albumin and lipoproteins – ---- less
individual ---- an architectural design effectively, which ---- the body’s ability to
program at college or university. handle fat and cholesterol.
A) becoming / will have studied A) functioning / reduced
B) to have become / may have studied B) to have functioned / has reduced
C) having become / should have studied C) functions / is reduced
D) to become / must have studied D) to function / may reduce
E) become / could have studied E) functioned / had reduced
13. New York City ---- the first ban on trans fats - 18. Working properly, the body's stress
--- in restaurant chains in the city. response ---- a person's ability ---- well under
pressure.
A) is approving / having been sold
B) approved / to be sold A) is enhancing / to have been performed
C) was approving / having sold B) has enhanced / performing
D) approves / to have been sold C) enhances / to perform
E) has approved / being sold D) enhanced / performed
E) will enhance / to be performed
14. Vitamins and minerals serve as the cofactors

---- by the human body ---- properly. 19. Autism appears ---- anywhere from one in
166 births to one in 500 births; it was earlier
A) require / functioning thought ---- only once in every 10,000 births.
B) to require / to have functioned
A) having been / occurring
C) required / to function
B) to be / to have occurred
D) being required / being functioned
C) to have been / occurred
E) having required / functioned
D) being / to occur
E) be / having occurred
15. The human genome project was originally
scheduled ---- 15 years, but technological
advances ---- in its early completion in 2003. 20. Different species of bacteria, plants, and
animals ---- somewhat different enzymes ----
A) to last / resulted their needed amino acids.
B) having lasted / had resulted
A) are utilising / to be manufactured
C) lasting / have resulted
B) could utilise / to be manufacturing
D) to have lasted / will result
C) utilise / to manufacture
E) last / result
D) are utilised / manufactured
E) must utilise / having manufactured
Conditionals > Introduction
1. If women of childbearing age ---- just 6. The healthy individual possesses means
0,4 milligram of folic acid per day of arresting minor haemorrhages; if this ----
before becoming pregnant, the incidence of so, trivial cuts ---- to a fatal loss of blood.
spina bifida ---- by 50 to 75 per cent.
A) was not / have led
A) have taken / might be reduced B) were not / would lead
B) take / will have been reduced C) is not / led
C) had taken / had been reduced D) will not be / would have led
D) took / could be reduced E) would not be / had led
E) will take / is reduced
7. If the prevalence of obesity ---- to rise at

2. If they ---- the child to the hospital a little the present rate, some experts predict that
earlier, these complications ----. by the year 2030, every adult in the US ---
- overweight.
A) would have brought / wouldn't develop
B) would bring / won't develop A) continues / will be
C) have brought / haven't developed B) has continued / is
D) brought / hadn't developed C) continued / could have been
E) had brought / would not have developed D) is continuing / must be
E) had continued / would have been
3. The doctors are of the opinion that if the

disorder ---- a few months earlier, it ---- 8. If she ---- energy-spending activities into her
treated successfully. daily routine when she was younger, she ----
a weight control programme today.
A) had been diagnosed / could have been
B) were diagnosed / would be A) could incorporate / doesn’t have to attend
C) has been diagnosed / will be B) incorporated / didn’t have to attend
D) is being diagnosed / is being C) would incorporate / wouldn’t have had to
attend
E) were to be diagnosed / has been
D) had incorporated / wouldn’t have to attend
E) was able to incorporate / hadn’t had to attend
4. If the doctor ---- for additional tests to be
performed, then this illustrates that he ----
other problems. 9. If there ---- any delay in getting him to
hospital the outcome ---- fatal.
A) had asked / suspects
B) would ask / may suspect A) had been / could have proved
C) asks / suspects B) is / would have proved
D) has asked / had suspected C) were / will have proved
E) asked / will suspect D) has been / is proving
E) will be / would prove
5. If Julie ---- herself like that while we

were away, she ---- from anorexia nervosa 10. If such a treatment for tuberculosis ---
today. - available centuries ago, it ---- the course
of history.
A) hasn't starved / wouldn't suffer
B) didn't starve / isn't suffering A) had been / will have changed
C) hadn't starved / wouldn't be suffering B) was / could have changed
D) wouldn't starve / won't be suffering C) would have been / might change
E) wasn't starving / isn't suffering D) had been / might have changed
E) has been / should have changed
Conditionals > Homework
1. If the prevalence of obesity ---- its current 6. If the medication a diabetic is given to
trajectory, almost half of the world's adult regulate blood sugar ---- in excessive doses,
population ---- overweight or obese by 2030. a hypoglycaemic condition ----.
A) has continued / is A) is taken / may occur

B) continued / could have been B) was taken / occurred
C) is continuing / must be C) had been taken / would occur
D) continues / will be D) has been taken / has occurred
E) had continued / would have been E) may be taken / might occur
2. If your job ---- to create the world's 7. If you ---- one new fact every second, it ----
unhealthiest food product, you ---- well to you more than 3 million years to challenge
duplicate trans fat, otherwise known as trans the capacity of your brain.
fatty acids.
A) are learning / has to take
A) is / would do B) learned / would take
B) will be / can do C) had learned / will have taken
C) have been / could have done D) could learn / took
D) were / might do E) have learned / takes
E) can be / must have done
8. Acute bronchitis ---- with antibiotics unless

3. If sinus congestion ---- for more than two microscopic examination ---- large numbers
weeks, one most likely ---- a sinus infection of bacteria.
or allergies.
A) cannot be treated / revealed
A) has lasted / would have had B) should not be treated / reveals
B) lasts / has C) is not treated / is revealing
C) had lasted / may have D) would not be treated / had revealed
D) is lasting / was having E) may not be treating / has revealed
E) lasted / will have
9. Up to 59 per cent of deaths from injury ----

4. A doctor once ---- that if physical exercise had first aid been carried out before the
could be packed into a pill, it ---- the single arrival of the emergency medical services.
most widely prescribed, and beneficial
medicine in the world. A) was prevented
B) had to be prevented
A) had noted / was
C) would be preventing
B) may note / is
D) may have prevented
C) has noted / would have been
E) could have been prevented
D) notes / could be
E) noted / would be
10. If the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA) ---- all animal and animal
5. If more than 25% of a person's total body product imports from high-risk areas in
weight ---- fat, then he ---- as being obese. 2001, the US ---- the same consequences of
foot-and-mouth disease as the UK did that
A) was / would classify year.
B) might be / could be classified
A) didn’t ban / would suffer
C) is / is classified
B) had not banned / would have suffered
D) had been / was classified
C) weren’t banned / would have been suffered
E) has been / will have been classified
D) hadn’t been banned / suffered
E) shouldn’t have banned / hadn’t suffered
11. If all the blood vessels in the human body ---- 16. If you had followed the doctor's advice, you -
end to end, they ---- a string capable of going --- a complete recovery by this time.
around the planet.
A) would make
A) have been stretched / have been formed B) would have made
B) were stretched / would form C) had made
C) are stretched / formed D) will make
D) had been stretched / must have formed E) were making
E) would be stretched / had formed
17. If a nursing mother ---- several alcoholic

12. If you consistently ---- an addictive drug for a beverages, it ---- serious permanent harm to
long period of time, the chemicals in the an infant.
drug ---- your body and brain function.
A) has consumed / may have caused
A) should use / would affect B) should consume / causes
B) used / had better affect C) would have consumed / had caused
C) will use / may affect D) can consume / has caused
D) had used / will have affected E) were to consume / could cause
E) use / can affect
18. Doses of morphine are usually measured in

13. Had the disease been diagnosed within the milligrams or tens of milligrams, while the
first year of Taylor's life, she ---- an same quantity of fentanyl ---- a lethal
opportunity to live a normal life. overdose if they ---- all at once.
A) would have had A) will cause / had been taken
B) will have had B) would cause / were taken
C) may have had C) causes / will be taken
D) was having D) could have caused / are being taken
E) may have E) should cause / are taken
14. ---- muscle pain or any other adverse effect 19. If he ---- with this rare congenital disorder at
be experienced, medical advice should be this early age, treatment ---- less successful.
sought immediately.
A) hasn't been diagnosed / had been
A) Were B) weren't diagnosed / was
B) Have C) wouldn't be diagnosed / will be
C) Had D) hadn't been diagnosed / would been
D) Could E) isn't diagnosed / has been
E) Should
20. If a person ---- by an malaria-infected

15. While green tea ---- safe for consumption by mosquito, symptoms usually ---- 3 to 6 days
everyone, if a heart condition or other illness later.
is present, herbs that increase heart rate ----
harmful side effects. A) will be bitten / have developed
B) is bitten / develop
A) was considered / could cause
C) has been bitten / would develop
B) is considered / may cause
D) had been bitten / developed
C) has been considered / might have caused
E) was bitten / will develop
D) will be considered / cause
E) can be considered / have caused
1: It's long been known that eating right can prevent 5: Dry ice may pose a hazard unless handled
heart disease and related problems such as Type 2 carefully, as its very low temperature can cause
diabetes. damage to the skin.
TR: TR:
2: Radiation therapy works by damaging the DNA of 6: Being pregnant, especially for the first time is one
cancerous cells so that they cannot continue to of the most surreal experiences a woman can have
multiply. in her lifetime.
TR: TR:
3: For some people with sinusitis, the pressure

builds up to such an extent that it causes pain, or a 7: Thanks to vaccinations, many of the infectious
sinus headache. diseases such as polio, measles, and tetanus are
TR: rarely seen anymore.
TR:
4: Red cells carry oxygen throughout the body while

white cells fight infection. 8: Humans have been using medicinal trees for
TR: thousands of years, and new uses are still found
thanks to medical research and development.
TR:
9: It is estimated that more than 1.7 million new 10: Insulin is a hormone that helps turn glucose into
cases of breast cancer occurred among women usable energy, thereby reducing the levels of sugar
worldwide in 2012. in the bloodstream.
TR: TR:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is 3. According to the passage, ADHD can be
diagnosed in 2 to 5 percent of children between the diagnosed more accurately ----.
ages of 6 and 16; approximately 80 percent are boys.
The typical symptoms of distractibility, hyperactivity A) after the child reaches the age of 3
and agitation occur at all ages, even in adults who B) if physical restlessness observed in children
have the condition, but with considerable disparity. becomes unbearable
Children often seem forgetful or impatient, tend to C) when parents notice aggressive actions
disturb others and have a hard time observing limits.
D) once precursor behaviours have begun to
Poor impulse control manifests itself in rash decision-
threaten other children
making, irrational actions and rapid mood swings.
The child acts before thinking. And yet, ADHD E) providing that the symptoms are still
children often behave perfectly normally in new traceable in adulthood
situations, particularly in those of short duration that
involve direct contact with individuals or are
pleasurable or exciting, like watching TV or playing
games. Precursor behaviours such as a difficult
temperament or sleep and appetite disorders have
often been found in children younger than 3 who
were later detected to have ADHD, but no definite
diagnosis can be made in those first three years.
Physical restlessness often diminishes in teenagers,
but attention failure continues and can often become
associated with aggressive or anti-social behaviour
and emotional problems, as well as a tendency
towards drug abuse.
1. According to the statistics on ADHD, ----.
A) 80 percent of boys are diagnosed in the very

early years of childhood
B) typical symptoms in children are easier to be
diagnosed than in adults
C) adults with ADHD reflect typical symptoms in
higher percentages
D) appetite disorders are more common than
sleep disorders in people with ADHD
E) boys are more prone to ADHD compared to
girls
2. It is stated in the passage that children with

ADHD have a hard time ----.
A) showing perfectly normal actions and
behaviours in familiar situations
B) controlling themselves, their actions and their
mood
C) resisting the desire to watch TV or play
games most of the time
D) interacting with strangers in new situations
as they feel lonely
E) making carefully-thought decisions in
situations requiring much physical effort
Virologist Robert Webster thinks that the H5N1 strain General levels of health in developed societies have
of the avian influenza virus poses the most serious steadily improved over the last hundred years or so,
public health threat since the Spanish flu pandemic of largely because of the introduction of public health
1918, which killed an estimated 40 million to 100 services, and, indeed, the welfare state. This
million people worldwide. Although the H5N1 strain progress, however, seems to bear little relationship to
has so far shown no signs that it has acquired the the delivery of medicine. While scientific medicine
ability to transmit easily from person to person, has generated some solutions, it has also produced
Webster says that it is only a matter of time before it deadly problems. Crucially, it has led to a virtual
does. For that to happen, Webster and others believe takeover of healthcare by pharmaceutical
that a version of the human flu virus, which is easily corporations and an acceptance that pharmaceutical
transmittable between people, and the H5N1 avian medicine is primary and best. Yet the extent of the
virus would have to infect the same mammalian cell damage done by drugs is enormous. In the US in
at the same time and re-combine their DNA. If H5N1 2000it was estimated that there were over two million
picks up those genes from the human flu virus that severe adverse drug reactions, of which 106,000
enable it to spread from person to person, Webster were fatal. Similar calculations suggest that in
says that virtually nobody will have immunity to it, and England, adverse drug reactions are the third most
many deaths may ensue. common cause of death. Drug companies have
always supported clinical medicine. Medicine's high-
4. We see from the passage that although the ranking professional bodies were themselves set up
H5N1strain of the avian flu virus is not easily with help from pharmaceutical companies, and still
transmitted from person to person at receive grants for running costs, hospitality, building
present, ----. and printing. Given this funding, is it surprising that
reports sponsored by such bodies so often criticize
A) the human flu virus is also not easily the use of vitamins, food supplements, nutritional and
transmittable between people alternative medicine? Today, however, the
B) neither was the Spanish flu virus in 1918 corporatization of medicine is gaining speed and
C) it will probably acquire the ability to do so in reaches far beyond the professional institutions of
the near future medicine.
D) most people already have immunity to it
7. According to the passage, the use of drugs -
E) it is not a serious public health threat ---.
A) no longer produces as many adverse effects
5. It is clear from the passage that if the human
as formerly
flu virus and the H5N1 strain were to infect
the same mammalian cell at the same time, -- B) has become much safer over the last
--. hundred years
C) is being universally promoted so that there
A) the H5N1 strain would probably gain the can be more financial aid for medical
ability to spread between people research
B) mammals would become immune to both flu D) contributes substantially to the present
strains decline in general health in developed
C) this could prove dangerous but will almost societies
certainly never happen E) can be beneficial, but can also lead to
D) it would pose no danger to the public serious health problems
E) the H5N1 strain would be destroyed
8. The point is made in the passage that, for
6. As we can infer from the passage, virologist over a century, improvements in health
Robert Webster thinks that ----. generally ----.
A) most humans are immune to the H5N1 avian A) owe a great deal to healthcare schemes and
influenza strain as it exists at present the welfare state
B) the H5N1 strain is unlikely ever to be B) have been disappointingly slow
transmitted between humans C) are the result of advances in medical
C) the H5N1 strain and the human flu virus techniques rather than in pharmaceutical
could never combine to create a stronger developments
virus D) have been aided enormously by the
D) the avian influenza virus will soon pose a widespread use of food supplements
huge threat to humans E) have been more noticeable in the US than in
E) many human deaths could result from a England
resurgence of the Spanish flu
9. It is pointed out in the passage that drug
companies ----.
A) in England are seeking to get even more

control over medical research
B) rarely show any serious interest in medical
research
C) in the US regard themselves as the primary
agents in the improvement of the nation's
health
D) play a leading role in the medical world since
they provide funding
E) refuse to admit that drugs can have adverse
effects
Connectors > Introduction
1. ---- the evidence suggesting that allergies 6. The causes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
are inherited, many studies have also shown Disorder (ADHD) are not known; ----, it
that growing up in an excessively clean appears that heredity plays a major role in
environment can trigger them. the development of the disorder.
A) By means of A) similarly
B) Due to B) for instance
C) Despite C) however
D) Similar to D) therefore
E) Thanks to E) accordingly
2. There are viruses that are unfamiliar to our 7. In immunodeficiency disorders, the immune
immune system, which means that ---- our system doesn’t function adequately, ----
natural defences ---- existing vaccines can infections are more common, recur more
protect us against them. frequently and last longer than usual.
A) if / then A) so
B) as / well B) but
C) rather / than C) even if
D) neither / nor D) although
E) such / that E) as if
3. ---- the so-called swine flu turns out to be 8. Exercise is recommended by many
less frightening than first feared, it is only a therapists and physicians ---- it can provide
matter of time before a deadlier one comes relief and improve mobility.
along.
A) although
A) Unless B) because
B) Even if C) even if
C) Whether D) unless
D) While E) until
E) When
9. Women are ---- likely ---- men to discuss

4. ---- great advances are being made in mental health problems with their general
the treatment and prevention of practice physician.
neurological conditions, there is still a long
way to go. A) so / much
B) also / as
A) Until
C) more / than
B) Although
D) too / for
C) However
E) as / that
D) Whether
E) Since
10. Ear disorders prevent you from detecting
certain sounds from your environment ----
5. Menopause occurs naturally between the affecting your sense of balance.
ages of 42 and 58, ---- it is caused
prematurely by surgery, chemotherapy or A) as well as
pelvic radiation. B) as if
C) much as
A) because
D) with regard to
B) despite
E) due to
C) unless
D) before
E) whatever
Connectors > Homework
1. The presence of cataracts can mask 6. At room temperature, unsaturated fats, such
additional eye problems, such as retinal as those found in oil, are usually liquid, ---
damage, that ---- doctors ---- patients are - saturated fats, such as those found in
aware of prior surgery. butter, are solid.
A) whether / or A) whereas
B) the more / the more B) indeed
C) so / that C) moreover
D) neither / nor D) whether
E) as / as E) so far as
2. ---- their uses in medicine, antibiotics have 7. Lycopene is an important part of the body’s
also had important veterinary applications cell protection system which neutralizes free
and are used as animal feed supplements to radicals and ---- decreases the risk of
promote growth in livestock. cardiovascular disease.
A) By means of A) on the contrary
B) Contrary to B) on the way
C) Instead of C) as well
D) Unlike D) yet
E) In addition to E) in this way
3. The inquiry into the foot and mouth 8. ---- the flavours of tea, coffee, and cocoa are
epidemic will bring together veterinary so different, they all depend for stimulating
scientists, virologists and epidemiologists --- effect upon a spicy-tasting substance called
- the representatives of farming and caffeine.
consumer groups.
A) Only if
A) as well as B) Even though
B) such as C) Because
C) especially D) Until
D) as to E) Unless
E) but for
9. ---- lack of support, mental health conditions

4. The capacity of the kidneys to alter their experienced by children and adolescents
excretion of sodium, ---- changes in sodium can lead to school failure, including poor
intake, is enormous. academic performance and higher drop-out
rates.
A) apart from
B) in addition to A) Due to
C) with reference to B) In comparison with
D) in response to C) In spite of
E) so far as D) Unlike
E) With the help of
5. One of the best ways to battle Parkinson's

symptoms is with physical activity, ---- self- 10. Many teenagers suffer from acne, which is
guided such as yoga and walking ---- under a triggered by hormonal changes at puberty, --
physiotherapist's supervision. -- it usually clears up as they reach their 20s.
A) either / or A) thereby
B) neither / nor B) but
C) the more / the more C) if
D) as / as D) because
E) so / that E) once
11. The basic principles of good diets are ---- 16. Much of the immune system‘s machinery is
simple ---- one can summarize them in just geared towards killing or eliminating
ten words: eat less, move more, eat lots of invading microbes ---- they have been
fruits and vegetables. recognized.
A) neither / nor A) once

B) the more / the less B) although
C) whether / or C) even if
D) such / as D) in case
E) so / that E) whereby
12. Doctors are encouraging their patients to 17. Hyaluronic acid occurs naturally in the body
spend time in the countryside as recent and helps draw moisture to the skin, ----
studies suggest that people have improved hyaluronic acid supplements are especially
mood and wellness ---- they spend more time helpful if you are prone to dehydration.
in an oxygen-rich environment.
A) whereas
A) until B) instead
B) when C) after
C) before D) so
D) unless E) but
E) even though
18. Aromatherapy is the use, for health

13. ---- bacteria were discovered in the 17th purposes, of oils and essences from certain
century, infectious diseases were thought to flowers and herbs which are chosen ---- their
be caused by sickly smells. various beneficial effects.
A) Once A) contrary to
B) Given that B) as well as
C) Since C) mostly from
D) Until D) on account of
E) Even if E) rather than
14. Millions of children in these third 19. Scientists wondered ---- Dolly, the cloned
world countries will suffer and die ---- sheep would live a normal life span ----
these infectious diseases remain simply live out the remaining years of the
uncontrolled. sheep from which she had been cloned.
A) if A) more / than
B) unless B) so / that
C) as soon as C) whether / or
D) however D) neither / nor
E) so as E) just / as
15. ---- most people who commit suicide are 20. ---- testosterone has long been thought to be
depressed, having depression correctly directly related to physical aggression,
diagnosed and treated is the most important recent studies show that the relation
step towards preventing suicide. between this hormone and physical fighting
is complex and indirect.
A) As long as
B) Although A) Since
C) Because B) In case
D) Even if C) When
E) Unless D) Although
E) Because
Relative Clause > Introduction
1. A study by the US Substance Abuse and 6. UV rays are quite damaging to our health, so
Mental Health Services Administration found experts recommend outdoor activities for
that, among those ---- were seeking earlier in the morning or during the
treatment for drug and alcohol addiction, the afternoon ---- the exposure is lower.
number of cannabis addicts rose from 12%
in 1997 to 16% in 2007. A) what
B) when
A) whose
C) where
B) whom
D) which
C) who
E) why
D) which
E) what
7. PTSD sufferers may experience flashbacks --
-- they feel they are going through the
2. Vegetarians ---- consume enough eggs and ordeal.
dairy products generally receive enough
B12, unless their bodies have difficulty A) in which
absorbing vitamin B12. B) in whose
C) where
A) whomever
D) how
B) whose
E) what
C) what
D) where
E) that 8. When a blood sample is taken, the skin
around the vein ---- the needle will be
inserted is cleaned with antiseptic.
3. Water, indispensable and abundant,
provides the environment ---- nearly all the A) what
body’s internal activities are conducted. B) whose
C) where
A) in which
D) why
B) whose
E) how
C) wherever
D) by what
E) however 9. Having supportive people in your life with ----
you can share your feelings or concerns can
help relieve stress.
4. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs ----
the lungs fill with fluid, leading to difficulty A) why
in breathing. B) whoever
C) when
A) which
D) whom
B) in which
E) how
C) why
D) whereas
E) whether 10. Many surgeons believe that a patient ---- face
bears a calm expression immediately before
an operation is likely to require less
5. The development of each organ of the body anaesthesia during the procedure.
is regulated by a large number of genes ----
interact in complex ways. A) what
B) which
A) that
C) whatever
B) when
D) that
C) as
E) whose
D) so that
E) even though
Relative Clause > Homework
1. Smokers are urged to take their habit 6. Factitious disorders are a group of mental
outdoors, and those ---- do not smoke are disturbances ---- patients intentionally act
advised to stay away from smoky areas like physically or mentally ill without obvious
the smoking section of restaurants. benefits.
A) which A) in which
B) whose B) that
C) by which C) what
D) where D) how
E) who E) whose
2. The heart is a hollow organ ---- interior 7. Zinc, ---- is largely found in oysters and red
contains two muscular and membranous meat, can obviously be in short supply in a
tissue walls, one vertical and one horizontal. vegan or vegetarian diet.
A) whenever A) whose
B) which B) how
C) where C) which
D) whose D) when
E) that E) where
3. Elastin and collagen are proteins ---- form 8. Withdrawal symptoms are common in
the spongy material that lies under our skin patients ---- suddenly stop taking certain
and gives it bounce and flexibility. drugs.
A) in which A) who
B) which B) which
C) whose C) what
D) whichever D) whom
E) whatever E) whose
4. We are so lucky to live in a country ---- the 9. A person who has red green colour
cost of medical care is largely supported by blindness will have trouble seeing any
the government through medical insurance. colours ---- contain red or green elements.
A) that A) whereas
B) where B) that
C) which C) who
D) who D) as
E) wherever E) whereby
5. In developing countries, ---- nutritional 10. AIDS is a disease ---- has given rise to
concerns override the risk of HIV much speculation.
transmission, breast feeding may still be
desirable. A) whom
B) whose
A) where
C) what
B) what
D) which
C) that
E) who
D) which
E) whether
11. There are several types of acquired dyslexia 16. Molecular pathology is based on the
(a language disorder), ---- adults find emergence of new techniques ---- greatly
themselves unable to read or find difficulty enhance the diagnostic accuracy when
with certain types of words as a result of facing with challenging differential
brain damage. diagnoses.
A) that A) who
B) in which B) when
C) wherever C) whose
D) what D) what
E) whenever E) that
12. Stress is linked to the development of many 17. Women are especially prone to iron
diseases, and it is also a common reason ---- deficiency anaemia during pregnancy, ----
people tend to eat or binge eat, often without they must have enough iron available for
being hungry in the first place. themselves and a fetus.
A) who A) even if
B) whose B) while
C) how C) when
D) where D) whom
E) why E) because of
13. There are situations ---- the best way to heal 18. People who travel to tropical regions ----
the patient is to help him die peacefully. community sanitation is generally poor may
suffer from parasitic infections.
A) from where
B) in that A) why
C) whence B) where
D) for whom C) what
E) in which D) who
E) how
14. Vegans have a lower chance of developing

health conditions such as diabetes and 19. The brain is a part of the body ---- very little
certain allergies than those ---- consume is known and even less is understood.
animal products on a regular basis.
A) which
A) which B) from what
B) who C) where
C) when D) of whose
D) of whom E) about which
E) whichever
20. Patients ---- chemotherapy is inappropriate

15. Given the frequency ---- the heart beats typically receive supportive care to help
everyday of our lives, it is a wonder that we alleviate some negative effects of cancer.
don’t experience palpitations more often.
A) for whom
A) whose B) that
B) that C) by which
C) whereby D) who
D) with which E) of whose
E) whom
Noun Clause > Introduction
1. A stroke will often cause numbness in some 6. Most patients want to know even bad
part of the body, depending on ---- parts of prognoses, but ---- a physician tells a given
the brain were affected by the lack of patient should be determined primarily by
oxygen. the patient, not the physician.
A) who A) how long
B) why B) how many
C) when C) how often
D) which D) how much
E) where E) how few
2. Many scientific studies support the notion --- 7. It can be difficult to pinpoint ---- causes a
- ingesting high levels of lutein vitamins help person to have developmental and
protect the eye from disease, most intellectual disabilities.
specifically age-related macular
degeneration and cataracts. A) who
B) why
A) why
C) when
B) that
D) what
C) which
E) where
D) what
E) whether
8. Anyone who wonders ---- the new-born baby
senses touch or experiences pain should
3. In the developing world, the public-sector watch the baby’s reaction to a heel prick for
healthcare infrastructure is typically a blood sample.
overwhelmed, which is not surprising
considering ---- national governments spend A) whereby
on health as a share of national income. B) whether
C) until
A) how little
D) in case
B) few
E) what
C) so much
D) just as much
E) how many 9. In the past, it was not clear ---- proteins
might be associated with membranes.
4. The production of a single calorie of meat, A) even if

depending on ---- it is beef or chicken, B) how
requires four to ten calories in animal feed. C) in case
A) which D) whereby
B) if E) while
C) whatever
D) how 10. Autism seems to interfere with ---- a child
E) whether processes sensory information.
A) which
5. The radioactive iodine acts as a form of B) how
chemotherapy and invades thyroid cells no C) who
matter ---- they are located in the body.
D) that
A) whose E) whereby
B) what
C) that
D) who
E) where
Noun Clause > Homework
1. Anaesthesia can be dangerous for some 6. Scientists are investigating ---- cell phones
patients and careful screening is conducted may cause brain tumours.
before surgery to confirm ---- a patient is a
good candidate for anaesthesia. A) whether
B) who
A) how
C) as if
B) what
D) what
C) which
E) whose
D) when
E) that
7. Nutritionists recommend ---- the daily
allowance of dietary protein be spread out
2. It is not known exactly ---- kidney stones over four to six small meals per day.
arise, but the chances of getting one are
thought to rise if dehydration occurs. A) whose
B) how
A) where
C) that
B) who
D) for which
C) whenever
E) whether
D) why
E) whose
8. Nanomedicine's promise is to take
humankind a giant step forward in ---- health
3. Some people believe that a regular fitness is maintained and illness is treated.
routine gives them a free pass to eat ---- they
want, but this is not true. A) whom
B) how
A) whatever
C) why
B) which
D) what
C) who
E) whereby
D) that
E) whoever
9. While most people are aware that exercise is
good for health, many do not know exactly --
4. Some recent tests have identified a -- getting physical boosts one’s well-being.
possibility ---- excess consumption of the
plant could trigger problems with the A) that
kidneys or the liver. B) what
C) who
A) that
D) which
B) what
E) why
C) such
D) rather
E) which 10. Before a patient undergoes surgery, a nurse
explains the procedure and provides
information about ---- to expect.
5. A few studies have even suggested ---- very
high chromium levels can cause DNA A) what
damage and may cause cancer. B) who
C) that
A) whose
D) where
B) where
E) how
C) to which
D) that
E) whenever
11. Participants commented that compared with 16. Cigarette companies know how to market
other health problems, it is more difficult to their product, so it is likely ---- young
appreciate ---- important the calcium is. children don’t know about nicotine and how
addictive it can be.
A) just
B) why A) that
C) what B) why
D) that C) what
E) how D) which
E) how
12. Usually, the most common way the common

cold virus is spread is ---- a person touches 17. Treatment methods depend upon the type of
his or her mouth, eyes or nose after disease and ---- far the condition has
touching a surface that the virus has progressed.
contaminated.
A) wherever
A) why B) how
B) when C) which
C) whether D) whatever
D) whatever E) that
E) which
18. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment that

13. Many doctors and nutritionists advise ---- attacks cancer cells ---- they may exist in the
taking multi-vitamins isn't a good substitute body.
for getting nutrition from food sources.
A) however
A) how B) when
B) that C) that
C) why D) which
D) if E) wherever
E) unless
19. Eating lots of natural fruits and vegetables

14. Studies in humans and other mammals show helps to assure ---- you are gaining
that mothers produce different breast milk important vitamins and minerals, which are
'recipes' depending on ---- baby is a boy or helpful to the overall healing process.
girl.
A) when
A) which B) how
B) if C) where
C) whatever D) that
D) how E) why
E) whether
20. Although there are genetic tests that can be

15. Drugs have been developed that can carried out during pregnancy to check ----
pinpoint a molecule and affect ---- it reacts in your child will have any genetic disorders,
the body. most cases are diagnosed using tests after
birth.
A) whenever
B) what A) what
C) since B) where
D) how C) how
E) unless D) if
E) that
1: Babies can get all the nutrients they need from 5: In 1918, there was a worldwide influenza
breast milk or infant formula until they are around pandemic nicknamed the Spanish flu that killed over
six months old. 50 million people.
TR: TR:
2: Lung cancer is the most common cause of death 6: The brain of a patient in a vegetative state is not
on account of cancer in both men and women dead, as the brain stem is still fully functioning.
around the world. TR:
TR:
7: Dietary copper aids in the function of the

cardiovascular system, as well as promoting a
3: Over-eating and the diseases resulting from this healthy immune system and healthy bones.
are increasingly common especially in developed TR:
countries.
TR:
4: While the immune system is busy with fighting 8: People who have a skin disease or skin cancer
the virus, opportunistic infections may set in usually should not attempt to increase vitamin D
throughout the body. absorption because of the detrimental effect
TR: sunlight could have on their skin.
TR:
9: There is no cure for asthma, but it can be treated 10: Patients may want to discuss possible treatment
and managed so that the patient can lead a normal outcomes so that they have an idea about what to
life. expect.
TR: TR:
Doctors suspect vitamin K deficiency when abnormal 3. One can conclude from the passage that ----.
bleeding occurs in people with conditions that put
them at risk. Blood tests to measure how well blood A) vitamin K deficiency can be the main cause
clots are done to help confirm the diagnosis. Knowing of liver disorders
how much vitamin K people consume helps doctors B) severe liver disorders are mostly
interpret results of their blood tests. Meanwhile, a accompanied by vitamin K deficiency
vitamin K injection in the muscle is recommended C) mothers can increase the amount o f vitamin
fora ll newborns to reduce the risk of bleeding within K in their milk with an appropriate diet
the brain after delivery. Breastfed infants, who have
D) breastfeeding does not provide any
not received this injection at birth are especially
protection for babies against bleeding risk
susceptible to vitamin K deficiency in adulthood
because breast milk contains only small amounts of E) vitamin K injections can fall short of being
vitamin K. Otherwise, vitamin K is usually taken by useful if the liver is not functioning properly
mouth or given by injection under the skin. If a drug is
the cause of the deficiency, the dose of the drug is
adjusted or extra vitamin K is given. Vitamin K
deficiency may also weaken bones. People who have
vitamin K deficiency and liver disorder may also need
blood transfusions to replenish the clotting factors. A
damaged liver may be unable to synthesise clotting
factors even after vitamin K injections are given.
1. It can be understood from passage that ----.
A) vitamin K injections may have negative

effects on bones if the dose cannot be
adjusted carefully
B) vitamin K deficiency is experienced
especially after the loss of excessive
amounts of blood
C) doctors may need multiple sources of
information before they diagnose whether a
patient has vitamin K deficiency
D) people should give an account of their daily
vitamin K intake for doctors to decide
whether a blood transfusion is necessary
E) blood tests run on blood clots may not
always provide doctors with reliable results
2. It is pointed out in the passage that ----.
A) newborns diagnosed with vitamin K

deficiency after they are born are especially
susceptible to liver dysfunction
B) the only way of providing extra vitamin K for
babies is through injection in the muscle
since other methods are not effective
C) breastfeeding is very important for newborns
since it is extremely rich in vitamin K
D) if doctors suspect a drug of causing vitamin
K deficiency in adults, they recommend that
extra vitamin K be taken
E) adults prefer to take vitamin K by mouth
rather than injections since the first one is
more practical
Headache, like backache, is one of the commonest Statistics show that significant percentages of the
types of pain with which mankind is afflicted. It may populations of developed countries use
arise under a diversity of circumstances. A blow to complementary and alternative medicine. In the
the head causes pain, and after a severe head injury United States, according to a 2004 National Institutes
with concussion, headaches may continue for weeks of Health survey, 36 percent of Americans used
or months. The coverings of the brain, or meninges, complementary and alternative medicine as a form of
are sensitive structures and, when inflamed, as in therapy. Women are more likely than men to use
cases of meningitis, or irritated (as with meningeal complementary and alternative medicine. The trend
haemorrhage), headache may be a prominent toward using complementary and alternative
feature. The arteries of the brain are also sensitive, medicine and natural compounds has significantly
and many kinds of headache are referable to arterial increased in past decades. An important reason for
disease, more especially to influences which distend this trend is the belief that these therapies will have
the lumen of the arteries, or which distend and then fewer side effects. Another important factor is a vision
contract the arterial walls. But the brain itself is of health as a state of complete physical, mental, and
insensitive and lacerations or gunshot wounds of the social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
cerebral substance may produce headache only in so In contrast to conventional medicine, which treats the
far as the bony skull and the meninges are at the body like a highly complex machine, alternative
same time damaged. Tumours of the brain produce medicine emphasises the importance of the balance
headache, not because the brain tissue is involved, of mental, physical, and spiritual aspects. Simplicity,
but because the raised intracranial tension alters the availability, and lower prices compared to modern
diameter of the intracranial arteries. medications also contribute to the use of alternative
medicine.
4. According to the passage, a headache ----.
7. Which of the following is true about
A) often occurs without any reason at all alternative medicine in the US?
B) is a common type of pain and, as such, need
not be taken seriously A) Americans are using alternative medicine
more than any other nations.
C) is never a symptom of a brain tumour
B) People are turning to alternative medicine
D) is a prevalent complaint but not as prevalent
mainly because it is cheaper.
as backache
C) The side effects of alternative medicine are
E) can be caused by a wide variety of situations
still being researched.
or conditions
D) Most people still believe that conventional
medicine has fewer side effects.
5. It is pointed out in the passage that
E) The use of alternative medicine has been
the meninges ----.
increasing lately.
A) are not easily irritated except by a severe
head injury 8. It is understood from the passage that
B) are the primary immediate cause of all the alternative medicine deals with not only the
headaches mankind suffers disease itself, but also ----.
C) are sensitive, and they may be the reason
A) how much the treatment will cost
why we experience a headache
B) an overall well-being of the body and mind
D) prevent the brain from receiving any damage
C) the elimination of side effects
E) cannot become inflamed unless the skull is
seriously damaged D) women's health in particular
E) the advancement of conventional medicine
6. It is stressed in the passage that the
headache caused by a brain tumour ----. 9. One can infer from the passage that
conventional medicine ----.
A) is by far the worst type of headache known to
man A) has fewer side effects than alternative
B) is a sign that the skull has also been affected medicine
C) arises from lacerations of the brain tissue B) is generally applied in certain serious
diseases
D) bears no relation to any change in the
diameter of the intercranial arteries C) views health primarily as absence of disease
E) does not proceed from the brain itself D) is not the most preferred type of treatment
E) adopts an oversimplistic approach to human
health
Other Grammar > Introduction
1. It may have something to do with the 6. ---- are moods more under the spotlight than
rising price of medicines, but certainly ---- in our most intimate relationships.
people are beginning to show an interest in
natural remedies. A) No sooner
B) Neither
A) as many more
C) Not only
B) the more
D) Not once
C) the most
E) Nowhere
D) as many
E) more and more
7. ---- knows for certain, but it is believed by ----
scientists that during sleep the brain
2. A drug of this kind is ---- dangerous to organises, processes and stores
be sold without a prescription. information, and produces memories.
A) as A) Anyone / some
B) just B) No one / most
C) too C) Someone / plenty of
D) so D) Another / all
E) enough E) One / a number of
3. Certain plants can help some conditions 8. Compared with their body size, mammals
more effectively than medical drugs, and and birds have much larger brains than ----.
with significantly ---- side-effects.
A) are other vertebrates
A) little B) that other vertebrates have
B) more C) other vertebrates do
C) much D) other vertebrates are
D) fewer E) another vertebrate would
E) any
9. Unfortunately, adults don't usually offer

4. According to Vietnamese researchers, the early adolescents ---- warm indulgence and
bird flu virus may have affected hundreds of social protection that they provided a
people, who have not ---- been diagnosed. decade earlier.
A) also A) too
B) or B) as much
C) so C) more
D) yet D) the same
E) just E) such as
5. Any injury forceful ---- to fracture the jaw 10. The body is composed of many different
may also injure the cervical vertebrae. types of cells, ---- with its own structure
and function.
A) so as
B) as if A) each
C) even B) the one
D) too C) all
E) enough D) many
E) both
Other Grammar > Homework
1. Perhaps these people are ---- ignorant to 6. Many human characteristics are quantitative
realize ---- serious a threat these fertilizers traits; ----, they represent some measurable
are to their health. quantity ---- height.
A) more / than A) for example / just as
B) so / why B) on the other hand / like
C) as much / as C) moreover / as
D) too / just how D) that is / such as
E) not only / but also E) in other words / as regards
2. ---- two-thirds of the energy the average 7. When blood enters a capillary network, it is
person spends in a day supports the body's under ---- high pressure, ---- some plasma is
metabolic activities. forced out of the capillaries and into the
tissues.
A) Already
B) As A) as / that
C) At least B) quite / in case
D) Such as C) rather / so
E) So D) such / so as
E) so / hence
3. Toxic amblyopic, usually involving only one

eye, is a condition ---- retrobulbar neuritis, 8. Certain drugs and some molecules found in
which usually affects both eyes. dust are ---- small to be antigenic, ---- they do
stimulate immune responses.
A) the same as
B) similar to A) both / and
C) as regards B) rather / even
D) according to C) enough / thus
E) as well as D) neither / nor
E) too / yet
4. Of all the drugs that have been prescribed so

far, this has proved to be ---- effective one. 9. Because individual genes are ---- small ----
be seen microscopically, standard
A) most chromosome analysis generally is not
B) the most helpful.
C) more
A) so / that
D) just as
B) too / to
E) the more
C) as well / as
D) such / as
5. The term “health illiteracy” refers to the E) less / than
condition where a person knows ---- about
medical information and how to use it that it
negatively affects his or her access to the 10. A lot of my colleagues work with radiation,
health-care system. but they don't seem to have been
adversely affected by it, and ----.
A) few
B) as such A) neither do I
C) many B) I have, too
D) so little C) neither was I
E) a few D) nor was I
E) nor did I
11. In hay fever, the symptoms vary from 16. A lot of people want to become surgeons but
one patient ----, and treatment will also vary. ---- make the grade.
A) and to others A) few
B) to the others B) not much
C) and to another C) very little
D) to another D) any
E) to others E) all
12. All cells, whether they come from animals, 17. Bacteria are ---- small that they can ---- be
plants or bacteria, contain ---- elements in seen under a microscope.
very nearly ---- proportions.
A) very / rather
A) more / all B) too / hardly
B) some / more C) as / thus
C) any / the most D) so / only
D) the same / the same E) much / just
E) the other / some
18. Dizziness is a distressing symptom in

13. The problem with antiseptics is that ---- advanced old age, and alarms relatives ----
killing germs they ---- kill the surrounding the patient.
tissues.
A) no less than
A) far / from B) as little as
B) so far as / too C) in accordance with
C) as much as / both D) consentient on
D) besides / as well E) in case of
E) as well as / also
19. Of all the medicines we have tested, this is

14. Apparently, the talks held between the two obviously ---- effective.
governments concerning the prevention of
drug-trafficking have not been constructive - A) much
--- to produce any positive results. B) more
C) less
A) just
D) a little
B) as well
E) the most
C) also
D) enough
E) so that 20. A number of distinguished physicians were
invited to give ---- opinions on family
planning.
15. Mountaineering can kill brain cells, ----
among climbers who do not suffer from A) ours
altitude sickness. B) its
C) it’s
A) further
D) their
B) just as
E) own
C) almost
D) even
E) moreover
Cloze Test > Introduction
It has been nearly two years since the last cases of Stretch marks are a type of scar. When skin is
SARS were reported in China. (1) ----,a new affliction stretched or wounded, new collagen fibres form at
has risen to take its place as a more deadly the stressed spots as part of the healing process,
pandemic – avian flu. Also known asH5N1, this leaving marks behind. There is no definite way to
influenza virus is endemic to waterfowl and has prevent these marks and scars, and they are difficult
shown a disturbing propensity (2) ---- the past nine to get rid of (6) ----. Some remedies, (7) ----, promise
years to infect chickens and human beings. Avian flu to reduce their size or appearance or to erase them
is the Ebola of the poultry world, a haemorrhagic altogether. The makers of creams, body oils and
fever that (3) ---- much bleeding from every orifice of serums claim that their active ingredients will shrink
its winged victims. It leads to extensive destruction of scars or prevent and fade stretch marks. (8) ---- more
these animals in (4) ---- two days. When the virus severe cases, plastic surgery can be the only
jumps to humans, it (5) ---- very noticeable at first, but solution. Plastic surgeons cut out an old scar, leaving
in fact, has a fatality rate as high as 33 per cent. a new, neater scar that (9) ---- with a treatment like
laser therapy later on. There are numerous patients
1. who have managed to get rid of their scars (10) ----
plastic surgery.
A) As a result
B) Accordingly 6.
C) Moreover
A) poorly
D) Likewise
B) severely
E) Since then
C) entirely
D) previously
2.
E) vividly
A) over
B) through 7.
C) at
A) similarly
D) by
B) however
E) from
C) in other words
D) in short
3.
E) for instance
A) upholds
B) spreads 8.
C) causes
A) From
D) implements
B) On
E) consists
C) Over
D) In
4.
E) To
A) just
B) any 9.
C) most
A) must have been eliminated
D) several
B) had to be eliminated
E) still
C) used to be eliminated
D) should have been eliminated
5.
E) can be eliminated
A) was not
B) has not been 10.
C) must not be
A) in terms of
D) is not
B) similar to
E) ought not to be
C) such as
D) thanks to
E) as well as
Cloze Test > Homework
Mental and social health are just as important as Older people suffer more broken bones than younger
physical health for elderly women. (1) ---- longer life people because the mass and strength of bones
expectancies for women than men, and the tendency decrease with age. There is no single reason why
for many women to marry men who are older, most this occurs, or why some individuals and populations
women can expect to spend some of their later years are more (6) ---- than others. Like other complex
as singles. (2) ----, 'single' should not mean 'alone'. traits, age-related changes in bones result (7) ----
Actually, there are a number of options for women (3) interactions between environmental and genetic
---- their 70s to prevent this isolation. For example, factors. Scientists have linked changes in bone
they may (4) ---- new hobbies, such as joining clubs strength to (8) ---- in physical activity, the levels of
and taking classes, or they can work part-time. In dietary calcium and vitamin D, and alcohol and
addition, recent studies (5) ---- that women who tobacco use. However, among (9) ----, physical
become socially isolated are three times more likely activity is the variable (10) ---- likely to account for the
yo die from cancer. geographic heterogeneity in the incidence of
fractures.
1.
6.
A) Regardless of
B) In contrast with A) considerate
C) Compared to B) equal
D) Because of C) sensible
E) In addition to D) negligible
E) vulnerable
2.
7.
A) Similarly
B) Yet A) to
C) Thus B) of
D) Otherwise C) from
E) For example D) over
E) at
3.
8.
A) for
B) along A) circulations
C) from B) settlements
D) on C) variations
E) in D) tendencies
E) similarities
4.
9.
A) put off
B) cope with A) these
C) take up B) that
D) bring about C) which
E) turn down D) whom
E) this
5.
10.
A) will show
B) would show A) how
C) were showing B) as
D) had shown C) such
E) have shown D) so
E) most
Fear of flying refers to a level of anxiety so great that For the purpose of diagnosis, analysis and
a person refuses to travel (11) ---- air or finds doing experimentation, academic physicians tend to focus
so extremely distressing. Experts estimate that at on disease at a particular point in time. But disease
least 10% of Americans have such a phobia. They needs (16) ---- as a process that evolves over time
worry that they will crash or even die of their own through the (17) ---- of genetic, environmental and
fear. In extreme cases, an individual suffers a panic lifestyle factors. This view puts a premium (18) ----
attack: a sudden feeling of intense anxiety that is understanding the complex history of a patient, and it
often (12) ---- by shortness of breath, chest pain, (19) ---- that most disease cannot be tied to a (20) ----
nausea and dizziness. (13) ---- intense fear may cause.
prevent a person from travelling to distant
destinations on vacation. Also, it (14) ---- with the 16.
careers of those who have to travel for their jobs.
Fortunately, fear of flying can usually be helped by A) to have been treated
treatments such as hypnosis. (15) ----, the most B) to have treated
effective technique involves forcing a patient to face C) to treat
what he or she fears the most flying in a plane.
D) being treated
11. E) to be treated
A) at
17.
B) upon
C) into A) availability
D) towards B) discovery
E) by C) interaction
D) compatibility
12. E) reliability
A) neglected
18.
B) weakened
C) separated A) against
D) accompanied B) to
E) improved C) over
D) towards
13. E) on
A) Less
19.
B) So
C) Such A) conducts
D) Little B) rejects
E) All C) disputes
D) acknowledges
14. E) denies
A) used to interfere
20.
B) ought to interfere
C) had to interfere A) single
D) must interfere B) multiple
E) can interfere C) reliable
D) subsequent
15. E) persistent
A) Therefore
B) Similarly
C) Otherwise
D) Accordingly
E) However
1: A significant rise in number of people suffering 5: Cancer describes a class of diseases

from insomnia is noticed every year. characterized by the uncontrolled growth of
TR: abnormal cells.
TR:
2: When a heart attack occurs and the heart stops

beating, risk of total brain death increases at a rate
of about 10 per minute. 6: Because leukemia affects blood cells and blood
TR: clotting, those affected may bruise more easily and
bleed excessively when injured.
TR:
3: While bananas do have a number of important

nutrients and minerals, they don’t contain
everything a person needs to stay healthy.
7: It is not surprising to see that developments in
TR:
immunology have been closely intertwined with
major breakthroughs in microbiology over the last
century.
TR:
4: Only a few diseases are treatable with stem cell

therapies because scientists can only regenerate a
few types of tissues.
TR:
8: Only about 3% of Japanese people are thought

to be obese, whereas almost 70% of Americans are
obese or overweight.
TR:
9: Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds 10: Although microwaves emit radiation, it is not
occurring worldwide, which is caused by influenza dangerous or cancer-causing because the
viruses. microwaves are non-ionizing.
TR: TR:
We already know that repeated knocks to the head, 3. Which of the following can be concluded
like those sustained in boxing and American football, based on the study?
can cause cognitive decline years later. This
condition, known as chronic traumatic A) The outer layers of the brain are severely
encephalopathy (CTE), is associated with gradual affected by head injuries, and it is the same
build-up of a protein called tau in the brain. A case in its inner layers.
research team wondered if similar changes can occur B) High levels of tau protein can be a result of
after just one severe head injury and lead to repeated head injuries, but not of a single
progressive brain deterioration. They scanned the severe injury.
brains of 21 patients, including both men and women, C) Those who suffered a severe brain injury
who had a single major head injury 18 to 51 years many years ago may later exhibit abnormally
ago, mostly as a result of car accidents. They all abundant tau protein, which can be held
experienced severe initial symptoms like loss of accountable for brain deterioration.
consciousness for more than 30 minutes. Many later
D) Former athletes who had repeated head
experienced progressive brain deterioration and
injuries are more likely to suffer from
developed problems with thinking, memory and
cognitive problems than patients who had a
motivation. The scans showed that 15 of them have
single head injury decades earlier.
unusually high levels of tau in their brains, particularly
in the outer layers. That may be because outer layers E) The level of tau protein and where it is
are more vulnerable to external impacts than inner generally accumulated in the brain changes
layers. High levels of tau have also been found in the from patient to patient.
outer brain layers of former athletes with CTE,
particularly in those who have had the most head
blows. The team reports that this is consistent with
the idea that long-term cognitive decline can result
from either several relatively minor brain injuries or
from a single severe one.
1. What was the aim of the study conducted by

the research team?
A) To make certain that repeated brain injuries

cause progressive brain deterioration
B) To spot the differences between men and
women in terms of tau production in their
brains
C) To detect specific brain layers where the
protein tau is particularly found
D) To find out if a single severe head injury can
trigger long-term cognitive decline
E) To clearly describe the initial and chronic
symptoms of CTE
2. Who were the participants of the study

mentioned in the passage?
A) Former athletes with a single major head
injury
B) Those who have had repeated head injuries
over a few years
C) Those who were diagnosed with CTE many
years ago
D) Former athletes with varying levels of tau in
outer layers of their brains
E) Those who suffered a single severe head
injury in the past
Cancer is one of the most invasive and destructive For some people, living in an affluent area can
diseases of our civilization. It is hard to treat because actually be a health hazard. This is the provocative
it spreads rapidly, and the number of cancer types is conclusion of a study of the death records of more
still increasing. Currently, 11 million people yearly are than 8,000 people living in four major US cities. The
diagnosed with cancer, and this number will increase ill effects of being poor or living in economically
to 16 million yearly in 2020. Early diagnosis and disadvantaged areas have been demonstrated
effective treatment may save cancer patients from before, but it is unusual to consider that poor people
death. The treatment varies but is usually a living in richer areas may be no better off. Marilyn
combination of surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, Winkleby, a researcher at Stanford University in
hormonal therapy, and biological therapies, as well as California, decided to look into this and was surprised
targeted therapy. The choice of therapy depends on to find that the death rates in four Californian cities
the type of cancer, its location and grade, the stage of were actually highest for poor people living in the
the disease, and the general state of a patient. richest neighbourhoods. Her study offers two
Among these treatments, chemotherapy plays an possible explanations: Poorer people living in rich
important role. The most frequently used areas may have to pay proportionally more for
chemotherapeutic agents are 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, housing, intensifying the effect of poverty;
paclitaxel, and docetaxel. These molecules typically alternatively, their health may suffer from the stress
induce apoptosis in cancer cells, but they may also caused by continually being reminded that they are at
be toxic to normal human cells and cause many side the bottom of the pile. Another researcher, Richard
effects. Therefore, it is imperative that we develop Wilkinson, from the University of Nottingham in the
new and more advanced molecules with anticancer UK, also suspects that stress is largely to blame. He
properties. reviewed more than 150 studies and concluded that
health is generally poorer when differences in income
4. It is stated in the text that ----. are larger.
A) it is the patients who choose the treatment 7. The study is referred to as provocative as it -
strategy ---.
B) early diagnosis has saved the lives of 11
million cancer patients so far A) is based on the use of confidential death
records
C) new therapies help decrease the number of
annual cancer patients B) has introduced a new perspective regarding
the problem of poverty
D) the treatment of cancer involves a blend of
distinct medical practices C) blames the rich for some of the worst
aspects of poverty
E) new cancer types are relatively easier to
treat D) has shown that poverty in the US is far worse
than people had imagined
E) puts forward the claim that poor people
5. According to the text, ----.
create health hazards
A) we need to find a single treatment strategy if
we want to win the war against cancer 8. Winkleby’s study is different from other
B) most patients avoid chemotherapy because it studies of poverty in that she ----.
is the most painful treatment method
A) studied cities that other studies had failed to
C) the molecules currently used in
include
chemotherapy may cause damage to healthy
cells as well B) focused entirely on the state of California,
ignoring other states
D) cancer research is on the verge of stopping
due to the lack of reliable data C) compared the death records in both rich and
poor neighbourhoods
E) some doctors provide alternative therapies
for their cancer patients, even though it is D) considered income to be the primary variable
banned E) looked at an aspect that had previously been
ignored
6. The text is mainly about ----.
9. The common feature of Winkleby and
A) the current methods of cancer treatment Wilkinson’s studies is that both ----.
B) the types of diagnosis regarding cancer
patients A) concluded that stress is a major factor
C) the current and future figures regarding B) reviewed the death records of poor people
cancer C) blamed the inequalities in society for poverty
D) the importance of clinical chemotherapy D) agreed that poverty was more noticeable in
E) a comparison of modern cancer treatments poor areas
E) accepted there were two possible
explanations
Sentence Completion > Introduction
1. Medications that boost red blood cells 4. When the gene responsible for certain
become necessary to prevent anaemia from speech defects was detected, ----.
progressing; ----.
A) the remarkable human talent for speech
A) in other words, the decrease in red blood developed as the need for communication
cells may be caused by a genetic disorder emerged
B) that is why doctors prescribe iron pills to B) it provided conclusive evidence that the
increase patients’ red blood cells ability to speak is encoded in our DNA
C) so, low iron levels impair the body’s ability to C) a few species like parrots were able to learn
produce hemoglobin vocal patterns by imitating their parents or
D) for example, one must be careful about owners
getting plastic surgery D) many children have initial problems in
E) that is to say, vitamin B12 is normally found reproducing certain sounds
in many meats and vegetables E) its role in normal speech development needs
to be clarified
2. Even though there are eight recognised

types of measles, ----. 5. Many people think that if they have a good
night’s sleep, ----.
A) the same vaccine can be used as protection
against all of them A) they will wake up without an alarm and feel
B) those who have not been immunised can rested and refreshed
suffer more severe symptoms B) sleeping seven hours a night is associated
C) many viruses live in animals and can easily with the lowest mortality risk
be transmitted to humans C) they are usually drowsy early in the morning
D) campaigns against vaccination proved even after a full night’s sleep
misleading as they led to a surge in measles D) they would have had no trouble remaining
cases awake during the day
E) there is a very high chance of catching any of E) medications for insomnia can’t be effective,
them during a travel to a third-world country compared with nonpharmacological
approaches
3. Support systems for people with

developmental disabilities are often based 6. A bite from a rabid animal does not
on the idea of helping them to attain the guarantee that one will get rabies ----.
greatest level of independence possible ----.
A) while rabies is caused by a number of
A) since many adults with developmental different viruses that vary depending on
disabilities live with family members or geographic area and species
roommates who can provide assistance B) since only about 50 per cent of people who
B) so that they can maintain quality of life and are bitten and do not receive treatment ever
make positive contributions to the society in develop the disease
which they live C) as the transmission of rabies is almost
C) although recent research has shown that always through the bite of an infected animal
early intervention has a positive effect for D) even if treatment of the rabies virtually
many disabilities ensures that one will not come down with the
D) even if the support programme of one with a disease
developmental disability is at the appropriate E) given that the disease has become more
level for him or her prevalent among dogs, foxes, and racoons
E) while these systems help those with
developmental disabilities perform their daily
activities with ease
7. Regular physical exercise is a major part of 9. The availability of a wide variety of tasty
weight management ----. food could produce widespread obesity, ----.
A) even though it is possible to be overweight A) although eating disorders of many different
without being obese kinds are on the increase
B) even though traditional Chinese medicine B) as long as a stable weight is maintained
may cause such heart conditions C) which is exactly the situation that exists in
C) before they are given antidepressant many industrialized countries today
medications to treat psychosis D) since starvation exists in many parts of the
D) as researchers believe advertising may lead world
to unhealthy eating styles E) unless families had agreed to eat at home
E) because it increases the number of calories
burnt by the body
10. Even after a drug has been approved by the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ----.
8. Although the diaphragm is the major muscle
of breathing, ----. A) such drugs are occasionally studied first in a
small number of healthy volunteers
A) early inspiratory neurons trigger the B) comprehensive premarketing studies
augmenting discharge of inspiratory neurons detected adverse reactions about once in
B) the use of these different muscle groups every 1,000 doses
adds to the flexibility of the breathing act C) many drugs are rejected at this stage, too
C) the expiratory medullary neurons are D) the manufacturer must conduct post
connected to projections from higher brain marketing surveillance and report any
centers previously undetected adverse drug
D) its respiratory action is assisted by a complex reactions
assembly of other muscle groups E) it was 3 years before the drug came onto the
E) input into the respiratory control system from market
higher brain centers may help them
Sentence Completion > Homework
1. As long as the victims are dry and 4. ---- your body will be supplied with higher
reasonably well clothed, ----. levels of energy and become more resistant
to diseases.
A) even natural disasters in cold countries could
have been avoided A) Just as a number of supplements can be
B) the health hazards of having no place to used to make up for calcium deficiency
shelter after an earthquake are small B) Even if you change your eating habits and
C) the need to provide emergency shelter after avoid living a stressful life
a disaster naturally varied greatly C) Although you have routine blood-pressure or
D) food shortages in the immediate aftermath of cholesterol level checks
a disaster are almost unavoidable D) Once you get used to consuming vitamin-rich
E) the distribution systems may seriously vegetables like broccoli and cabbage
reduce the absolute amount of food available E) Unless you strengthen your muscles and
after a flood bones through regular exercise
2. Fat digestion starts off slowly in the mouth, 5. ----, but the question of its effect on health is
with some hard fats beginning to melt ----. less clear.
A) as far as enzymes have access to fat A) Some early research indicated that cycles of
droplets weight loss and gain presented risks for
B) when they reach body temperature blood pressure and cardiovascular disease
C) until bile has entered the intestine and B) The very thinnest and the very heaviest
emulsified fat people seem to be at greatest risk for all-
cause mortality
D) because in the stomach, fat floats as a layer
above the other components of swallowed C) Gaining weight is a risk for health
food D) Being severely obese places a person at an
E) in that the goal of fat digestion is to dismantle elevated risk for several types of health
triglycerides into small molecules problems and premature death
E) Obesity is undesirable from a social point of
view
3. ----, all cells of the body require cholesterol
because it is an essential constituent of all
cell membranes. 6. ----, since its symptoms are obvious even to
an untrained person.
A) While cholesterol forms hormones that
regulate water and electrolyte balance A) Diagnosing choking due to mechanical
B) Although cholesterol has the reputation of obstruction is straightforward
being an unwanted, even dangerous B) Incidences of choking is more common in
substance children compared to adults
C) Given that transportation of cholesterol in the C) Smoking, heavy alcohol use and lung
blood is a complex process diseases all increase the risk of choking
D) Since too much cholesterol in your body may during sleep
cause heart disease D) The risk of choking due to obstructive sleep
E) Just as increased dietary cholesterol tends to apnoea can be reduced by avoiding smoking
raise cholesterol levels in the body E) Patients who suffer airway obstruction during
sleep are treated with a specialised
equipment
7. Haematocrit is commonly used to diagnose 11. In addition to immunologists working to
iron deficiency ----. develop a successful vaccine and effective
drugs to treat HIV-infected patients, ----.
A) in case anaemia is characterized by a
reduced number of red blood cells A) developing a vaccine against HIV has also
B) even though it is an inconclusive measure of been a most daunting challenge for them
iron status B) other barriers to the development of a
C) even if low haemoglobin values signal vaccine include the difficulties in finding
depleted iron stores human volunteers for testing
D) so long as the body cannot synthesize C) HIV often infects the central nervous system
haemoglobin because an effective drug must cross the
blood brain barrier
E) in view of the fact that other tests are more
specific in detecting early deficiencies D) massive educational programmes are being
developed to block the increase of AIDS
E) a vaccine would not be effective against new
8. Because a single gene is only a small part of antigens and so would quickly become
the total DNA in an organism, ----. obsolete
A) the first step is to cut the DNA with a
restriction enzyme 12. ---- how the brain works by modelling
B) recombinant DNA can be introduced into its workings with conventional
cells of complex organisms computer software.
C) isolating the piece of DNA containing a
A) Communication between neurons and silicon
particular gene is like finding a needle in a
is feasible
haystack
B) Some researchers are attempting to find out
D) a cloned piece of DNA can be used as a
research tool for a wide variety of C) In the brain, single neurons are not nearly so
applications important as groups
E) the potential applications seem virtually D) The human brain is a highly complex organ
limitless E) The technology might well be more useful for
medical implants
9. ----, the risk of developing the disease

increases as people grow older. 13. When the concept of the polypill was first
made known, ----.
A) Although Alzheimer’s disease is not a normal
part of the aging process A) people just didn't know how to react
B) Since patients have no difficulty B) it seems like a revolutionary step forward
remembering what day or month it is C) risk factors will only pick out those at highest
C) If medical specialists were able to find an risk
absolute cure for such diseases D) the results of proper trials may tell a different
D) Unless families of Alzheimer’s patients learn story
to cope with the stress E) it certainly deserves to be given the chance
E) Thanks to several advances in the field of of a clinical trial
progressive brain disorders
14. ----, scientists wondered if they might

10. Common bacterial infections have evolved likewise benefit the retina, which has an
to become a nightmare for hospitals embryologic association with the brain.
worldwide ----.
A) Unless patients suffering from neurological
A) because they have developed resistance to diseases object to their inclusion
overused antibiotics B) Since hormones are known to benefit brain
B) despite the fact that hygiene levels are not as health
high as they should be C) Only if hormones naturally occurring in the
C) if the staff within them don’t continue to body are taken into consideration
follow proper sterilization procedures D) Although the restoration of optimal hormone
D) that are struggling with ever-increasing balance may well support eye health
surgical and administrative costs E) Whereas the human brain is greatly affected
E) before antibiotics came into widespread use by a variety of hormones
after the Second World War
15. When the body is not given enough essential 18. You will no longer need iron in your
nutrients over a period of time, ----. multivitamin supplements ----.
A) digestion begins in the mouth by the action of A) while mineral supplements help you get the
chewing essential components that you lack
B) it can also result from such problems as B) unless your doctor tells you otherwise
eating disorders C) if it is necessary to take some so as to
C) foods like fruits and vegetables are sources backup your body
of water, too D) even though your diet gives you enough
D) water has no caloric value and is not an calcium
energy source E) whether herbal remedies are thought to be
E) it becomes weak and less able to fight effective
infection
19. ---- whether the prostate gland is enlarged.

16. Most researchers find the new method of
generating human embryonic stem cells A) Routine urine analysis includes chemical
promising, ----. analysis to detect protein, sugar and ketones
B) Proteinuria is usually a sign of kidney
A) even if they held the possibility of disease
regenerating body parts
C) Blood in the urine is detectable by
B) as it might lead to new and possibly better examination under a microscope
stem cell lines
D) The doctor performs a rectal examination in
C) so that stem cells can become any other a man to feel
kind of cell
E) Pain in the bladder is most often caused by a
D) if this had led to healthier children bacterial infection
E) since this procedure was introduced more
than a decade ago
20. Anyone with a physical disability should
visit a doctor ----.
17. Parasites live on or inside other living
beings ----. A) though chronic conditions may limit physical
abilities
A) and there are more than 1,000 types that can B) on condition that fitness facilities have
live inside humans special programs
B) so some animals prefer to spend most of C) although certain activities may cause
their time alone disabilities
C) although animals are the only living things D) while endurance is an important element of
with muscles and nerves for movement and overall physical fitness
sensation
E) before beginning a new physical activity or
D) because defensive animals have avoidance exercise plan
methods such as speed and colour
E) but the heat of cold-blooded animals comes
from outside the body
Translation > Introduction
1. Brain activity can be studied by measuring 3. Tip 1 diyabet hastalığı, vücut yanlışlıkla
and recording the “brain waves” given off by pankreastaki insülin hormonunu üreten
various parts of the brain when they are hücreleri yok ettiğinde ortaya çıkar.
active.
A) Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body
A) Beyin faaliyetini tetkik etmek için ölçülen ve accidentally destroys the cells in the
kaydedilen “beyin dalgaları”, beynin çeşitli pancreas that produce the hormone insulin.
bölümleri tarafından faal oldukları zaman B) When the cells in the pancreas producing the
yayılır. hormone insulin are accidentally damaged by
B) Beynin faal olan çeşitli bölümlerinden the body, Type 1 diabetes develops.
yayılan “beyin dalgaları”nı ölçerek ve C) The body’s accidental destruction of the cells
kaydederek, beyin faaliyetlerini tetkik etme in the pancreas that release the hormone
olanağı vardır. insulin results in Type 1 diabetes.
C) Beyin faaliyetlerinin tetkik edilmesi demek, D) If the body accidentally damages the cells in
beynin o an faal olan bölümlerinin yaydığı the pancreas that release the hormone
“beyin dalgaları”nın ölçülüp kaydedilmesi insulin, it is very likely that Type 1 diabetes
demektir. arises.
D) Beyin faaliyetini, beynin çeşitli bölümlerince E) Type 1 diabetes manifests itself after the
faal durumda iken yayılan “beyin dalgaları”nı cells in the pancreas producing the hormone
hem ölçerek hem de kaydederek tetkik insulin are accidentally destroyed by the
etmek mümkündür. body.
E) Beyin faaliyeti, beynin çeşitli bölümleri
tarafından faal oldukları zaman yayılan
“beyin dalgaları”nı ölçerek ve kaydederek 4. Kemoterapinin yan etkileri, ilaçların, hızla
tetkik edilebilir. bölünen normal hücreler üzerindeki
etkilerinden ileri gelmektedir.
2. The dosage of hypertension drugs varies A) It is the adverse effects drugs have on
with the patient, the severity of the disease, rapidly divided normal cells that lead to the
and whether the drug is taken alone or side effects of chemotherapy.
together with other medications. B) Since drugs have adverse effects on normal
cells that divide very fast, this leads to the
A) Hastanın aldığı yüksek tansiyon ilacının side effects of chemotherapy.
dozunu, hastalığın şiddeti, hastanın sağlık
C) The side effects of chemotherapy are closely
durumu ve ilacın tek başına mı yoksa diğer
related to the effects that drugs have on
ilaçlarla mı alınacağı belirler.
rapidly divided normal cells.
B) Yüksek tansiyon ilaçlarının dozu, hastaya,
D) The side effects of chemotherapy are due to
hastalığın şiddetine ve ilacın tek başına mı
the drugs’ effects on normal cells that rapidly
yoksa diğer ilaçlarla beraber mi alındığına
divide.
bağlı olarak değişir.
E) Due to the rapid division of normal cells,
C) Yüksek tansiyon ilaçlarının dozu, hastaya,
brought about by the effects of drugs,
hastalığın şiddetine ve ilacın hangi ilaçlarla
chemotherapy has side effects.
birlikte alınması gerektiğine bağlı olarak
belirlenebilir.
D) Yüksek tansiyon ilaçlarının dozu, ilacın tek
başına mı yoksa diğer ilaçlarla birlikte mi
alınacağına, hastanın durumuna ve
hastalığın şiddetine göre belirlenmelidir.
E) Yüksek tansiyon ilaçlarının dozu, hastalığın
şiddetine ve ilacın tek başına mı yoksa diğer
ilaçlarla mı alınması gerektiğine bağlı olarak
değişebilir.
5. New research has revealed why the efforts to 7. Can sıkıntısı, esnemeye yol açar ve bu da
create an effective vaccine for malaria have akciğerleri çevreleyen kasları gererek veya
so far failed. beyne daha fazla oksijen taşıyarak uyanık
kalmamızı sağlar.
A) Sıtma için etkili bir aşının neden
bulunamadığı konusundaki yeni araştırmalar A) When boredom causes us to yawn, the
bugüne kadar sonuç vermemiştir. muscles around the lungs stretch or more
B) Yeni araştırmalar, sıtma için etkili bir aşı oxygen is brought to the brain, which makes
bulunması çabalarının neden bugüne kadar us feel awake.
başarısız olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. B) Yawning, which may be caused by boredom,
C) Sıtma için etkili bir aşının bulunması makes us feel awake by stretching the
amacıyla yeni araştırmalar yapılması için muscles surrounding the lungs or bringing
bugüne kadar yeterli çaba gösterilmemiştir. more oxygen to the brain.
D) Bugüne kadarki araştırmalar, sıtma için yeni C) Boredom leads to yawning, and this makes
bir aşı bulunmasına yönelik çabaların etkili us feel awake by stretching the muscles
olmadığını ortaya koymuştur. surrounding the lungs or bringing more
oxygen to the brain.
E) Sıtma için bugüne kadar neden etkili bir aşı
bulunmadığını ortaya koymak için yeni D) Stretching the muscles around the lungs or
araştırmalar yapılıyor. bringing more oxygen to the brain; yawning,
if caused by boredom, makes us feel awake.
E) When bored, yawning makes us feel awake
6. Sleep deprivation can be linked to obesity by stretching the muscles surrounding the
due to hormonal changes that slow down lungs or bringing more oxygen to the brain.
metabolism and increase appetite.
A) Metabolizmayı yavaşlatırken iştahı da artıran 8. Çoğumuz D vitamini ihtiyacımızı karşılamak
hormonal değişiklikler yüzünden uykusuzluk için güneş ışığına bağımlıyız ve yeterli
obezite ile işkillendirilir. miktarda güneş ışığı, besin takviyesi
B) Uykusuzluğun obezite ile işkillendirilmesinin olmadan bütün ihtiyacımızı karşılayabilir.
sebebi, hormonal değişiklikler ile
metabolizmayı yavaşlatması ve iştahı A) The sunlight can be sufficient for our need of
artırmasıdır. vitamin D, so most of us depend on it other
than dietary supplements to supply our entire
C) Uykusuzluk, metabolizmayı yavaşlatan ve
requirement.
iştahı artıran hormonal değişikliklere yol
açtığı için obezite ile ilişkilendirilebilir. B) Most of us depend on sunlight for meeting
our vitamin D needs and sufficient sunlight
D) Uykusuzluk, metabolizmayı yavaşlatan ve
can supply our entire requirement without
iştahı artıran hormonal değişikliklerden dolayı
dietary supplements.
obezite ile ilişkilendirilebilir.
C) For the majority of us, sunlight is enough for
E) Metabolizmayı yavaşlattığı ve iştahı artırdığı
meeting our vitamin D needs and we can
için hormonal değişiklikler, uykusuzluk ve
depend on it to supply our entire requirement
obezite ile ilişkilendirilebilir.
without dietary supplements.
D) In order to meet our entire vitamin D
requirement, most of us depend on sunlight
that can supply it sufficiently and do not take
any dietary supplements.
E) All of us depend on sunlight to get our
vitamin D and enough exposure to sunlight
can supply our entire requirement so there is
no need for dietary supplements.
9. A number of imaging studies suggest that 10. Patates büyük miktarlarda ve düzenli olarak
brain's frontal areas can dampen the activity yendiği ülkelerde önemli bir C vitamini
of the hippocampus, a crucial structure for kaynağıdır, fakat bu Türkiye için doğru
memory. değildir.
A) Birçok görüntüleme çalışması, hafıza için çok A) The potato is an important source of vitamin
önemli bir yapı olan beynin frontal C in countries where it is eaten regularly and
bölgelerinin, hipokampüsün faaliyetini in large quantities, but this is not true for
zayıflatabileceğini göstermektedir. Turkey.
B) Birçok görüntüleme çalışmasına göre, beynin B) Though the potato provides an adequate
frontal bölgeleri, hafıza için çok önemli bir amount of vitamin C in countries where it is
yapı olan hipokampüsün etkinliğini eaten frequently and in large amounts, this is
zayıflatmaktadır. not what happens in Turkey.
C) Hafıza için çok önemli bir yapı olan C) In these countries, where people eat
hipokampüs, birçok görüntüleme çalışmasına potatoes on a regular basis and in large
göre, beynin frontal bölgeleri tarafından amounts, they are an important source of
zayıflatılmaktadır. vitamin C, but unfortunately this is not the
D) Beynin frontal bölgelerinin, hafıza için çok case in Turkey.
önemli bir yapı olan hipokampüsün etkinliğini D) Only when potatoes are eaten regularly and
zayıflatabildiği, birçok görüntüleme in large quantities can one regard them as a
çalışmasıyla bulunmuştur. good source of vitamin C, but not in Turkey.
E) Birçok görüntüleme çalışması beynin frontal E) In Turkey, only a negligible amount of vitamin
bölgelerinin, hafıza için çok önemli bir yapı C comes from potatoes, but in countries
olan hipokampüsün faaliyetini where they are eaten on a regular basis and
zayıflatabildiğini göstermektedir. in large quantities the amount is significant.
Translation > Homework
1. Alternative medicine has become 3. It is difficult to find the most suitable dose of
increasingly popular in the Western world drugs to be used to treat illnesses, and
since about 1975, and has been the subject virtually all drugs will produce undesirable
of much research ever since. side effects if too high a dose is given.
A) Yaklaşık 1975'ten beri Batı dünyasında A) Hastalıkları tedavi etmede kullanılacak
gittikçe yaygınlaşan alternatif tıp, bu tarihten ilaçların en uygun dozunu bulmak zordur ve
itibaren birçok araştırmanın konusu olmuştur. aşırı yüksek doz verilirse neredeyse bütün
B) Alternatif tıp, Batı dünyasında yaklaşık ilaçlar istenmeyen yan etkiler doğuracaktır.
1975'ten beri gittikçe popüler hâle gelmiştir B) Hastalıkları tedavi ederken kullanılacak
ve bu tarihten itibaren pek çok araştırmanın ilaçların en uygun dozunu bulmak zordur
konusu olmuştur. çünkü aşırı yüksek dozda verildiğinde
C) Alternatif tıp, Batı dünyasında yaklaşık neredeyse bütün ilaçlar istenmeyen yan
1975'ten beri gitgide yaygınlaşarak bu etkilere sebep olmaktadır.
tarihten itibaren çok sayıda araştırmanın C) Hastalıkları tedavi ederken kullanılacak
konusu olmuştur. ilaçların en uygun dozunu bulmak zordur
D) Yaklaşık 1975'ten beri Batı dünyasında çünkü aşırı yüksek doz verilirse neredeyse
gittikçe artan bir popülerliğe sahip olan bütün ilaçlar istenmeyen yan etkiler ortaya
alternatif tıp, bu tarihten itibaren birçok çıkarmaktadır.
araştırmaya konu olmuştur. D) Hastalıkları tedavi etmede kullanılacak
E) Alternatif tıp, yaklaşık 1975'ten beri Batı ilaçların en uygun dozunu bulmak zordur ve
dünyasında gitgide tanındığı için bu tarihten aşırı yüksek doz kullanımında istenmeyen
itibaren birçok araştırmanın konusu olmuştur. yan etkilerin ortaya çıkması kaçınılmazdır.
E) İstenmeyen yan etkiler neredeyse bütün
ilaçlar aşırı yüksek dozda kullanıldığında
2. Although sleep disorder has negative effects ortaya çıkar, bu yüzden hastalıkları tedavi
on almost all of the occupations throughout etmede kullanılacak ilaçların en uygun
the world, it is a particular source of concern dozunu bulmak zordur.
for those who work the night shift.
A) Gece vardiyasında çalışanlar için özel bir 4. Bireyler, reçetesiz alınan ilaçlara başlamadan
endişe kaynağı olan uyku bozukluğu, artık önce, diğer ilaçlarla pek çok olası
tüm dünyada hemen hemen bütün meslekler etkileşiminden dolayı bir doktora veya
üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yaratmaktadır. eczacıya danışmalıdır.
B) Uyku bozukluğu, gece vardiyasında
çalışanlar için özel bir endişe kaynağı A) Individuals should consult with a doctor or
oluştursa da dünya çapındaki hemen hemen pharmacist before they decide to take
bütün meslekler üzerinde olumsuz etkilere medications they have bought over the
sahiptir. counter since these drugs have the potential
to have many interactions with other drugs.
C) Uyku bozukluğu, tüm dünyada neredeyse
bütün meslekler üzerinde olumsuz etkilere B) Because drugs have the potential of many
sahip olmasına rağmen, en çok gece interactions with other drugs, individuals who
vardiyasında çalışanlar için özel bir endişe consider taking drugs bought over the
kaynağı oluşturmaktadır. counter should consult with a physician or a
pharmacist first.
D) Uyku bozukluğu, dünya genelinde hemen
hemen bütün meslekler üzerinde olumsuz C) Due to many possible interactions with other
etkiler oluşturmaktadır ancak gece drugs, individuals should consult with a
vardiyasında çalışanlar için özel bir endişe physician or pharmacist prior to starting any
kaynağıdır. new medications bought over the counter.
E) Uyku bozukluğu, dünya çapında neredeyse D) Individuals ought to consult with a doctor or a
bütün meslekler üzerinde olumsuz etkilere pharmacist if they are considering taking
sahip olsa da gece vardiyasında çalışanlar certain over-the-counter drugs in case these
için özel bir endişe kaynağıdır. drugs have the potential to interact with other
drugs.
E) Because of the likelihood of many
interactions with other drugs, individuals who
are planning to take certain over-the-counter
drugs ought to consult with a physician or
pharmacist before doing so.
5. Most drugs used for the treatment of 7. As immune function weakens with age, so
bacterial infections can be categorised does the body's ability to protect itself
according to their principal mechanism of against problems such as cancer.
action.
A) Yaş ilerledikçe bağışıklık işlevi zayıflar ve
A) Çoğu ilaç başlıca etki mekanizmalarına göre vücut kendisini kanser gibi hastalıklara karşı
sınıflandırılıp bakteriyel enfeksiyonların koruyamaz hâle gelir.
tedavisinde kullanılır. B) Vücudun kendini hastalıklara karşı koruma
B) Bakteriyel enfeksiyonların tedavisinde becerisinin azalması yaşlandıkça zayıflayan
kullanılan çoğu ilaç başlıca etki bağışıklık işlevinden kaynaklanır.
mekanizmalarına göre sınıflandırılabilir. C) Bağışıklık işlevinin yaş ile birlikte
C) Başlıca etki mekanizmalrına göre yavaşlaması vücudun kanser gibi sağlık
sınıflandırılan çoğu ilaç bakteriyel sorunlarıyla baş edebilmesini engeller.
enfeksiyonların tedavisinde kullanılır. D) Yaşın ilerlemesi bağışıklık işlevini zayıflattığı
D) Bakteriyel enfeksiyonları tedavi ederken için vücut kendini kanser gibi hastalıklara
çoğu ilacı başlıca etki mekanizmalarına göre karşı korumada yetersiz kalır.
sınıflandırmak gerekir. E) Bağışıklık işlevi yaşla birlikte zayıfladıkça
E) Çoğu ilaç başlıca etki mekanizmalarına göre vücudun kendisini kanser gibi sağlık
sınıflandırıldıktan sonra bakteriyel sorunlarına karşı koruma yetisi de azalır.
enfeksiyonları tedavi etmek için kullanılabilir.
8. Enfekte olan bir kişiye maruz kaldıktan sonra

6. Bazı araştırmacılar kahve tüketimi ile bile su çiçeği aşısı, aşıyı 72 saat içinde
insanların belirli sağlık sorunlarına karşı olursanız, sizi koruyabilir.
direnç geliştirmesi arasında bir bağlantı
olduğunu öne sürmektedir. A) Even if you receive the shot within 72 hours,
the chicken pox vaccine will protect you after
A) A link between coffee consumption and you have been exposed to an infected
people’s developing resistance to particular person.
health problems is proposed by some B) You will be protected against even the
researchers. chicken pox if you are vaccinated within 72
B) Some researchers suggest that there is a link hours after exposure to an infected person.
between coffee consumption and people’s C) The chicken pox vaccine can protect you
developing resistance to certain health even if you receive the shot after 72 hours of
problems. exposure to an infected person.
C) Coffee consumption leads to people’s D) Only if you receive the shot within 72 hours,
developing resistance to certain health will the chicken pox vaccine protect you even
problems, as proposed by some researchers. when you have been exposed to to an
D) According to some researchers, there is a infected person.
link between coffee consumption and E) Even after you have been exposed to an
people’s developing resistance to particular infected person, the chicken pox vaccine can
health problems. protect you if you receive the shot within 72
E) Some researchers suggest that people’s hours.
developing resistance to certain health
problems is linked to coffee consumption.
9. Bir depresyon çeşidi olan bipolar bozukluk 11. If the food you eat is not good quality or it is
muhtemelen, beyindeki genetik miras olması not consumed in the proper quantities, you
mümkün bir kimyasal dengesizlikten are likely to experience fatigue.
kaynaklanmaktadır.
A) Yediğiniz yiyeceklerin kalitesine veya
A) Bipolar disorder, which is a form of miktarına dikkat etmezseniz, yorgunluk
depression, stems from the imbalance of yaşamanız muhtemeldir.
certain chemicals in the brain and is probably B) Yorgunluk yaşamanız, yiyeceklerinizin kaliteli
a genetic inheritance. olmamasıyla veya uygun miktarlarda
B) Bipolar disorder, a form of depression, is tüketilmemesiyle ilgilidir.
probably caused by an imbalance in brain C) Yediğiniz yiyeceklerin kalitesi veya miktarı
chemicals, which is genetically inherited. yorgunluk yaşamamıza neden olabilecek
C) Bipolar disorder, which is likely to be a sebepler arasında yer alır.
genetic inheritance and a form of depression, D) Kaliteli veya uygun miktarlarda besin
probably results from a chemical imbalance tüketemezseniz, yorgunluk yaşama
in the brain. ihtimaliniz kaçınılmazdır.
D) Bipolar disorder, a form of depression, most E) Eğer yediğiniz yiyecekler kaliteli değilse veya
likely stems from a genetic inheritance that uygun miktarlarda tüketilmiyorsa, yorgunluk
leads to a chemical imbalance in the brain. yaşamanız muhtemeldir.
E) Bipolar disorder, a form of depression, is
probably caused by a chemical imbalance in
the brain that is likely to be a genetic 12. The rise in drug-resistant bacteria is usually
inheritance. associated with the overuse of antibiotics in
medicine and farming.
10. İnsan vücudu, her biri, yaşamı sürdürmek A) Genelde antibiyotiğin tıpta ve tarımda aşırı
için gerekli olan bir işlevi yerine getiren ayrı kullanımı, ilaca karşı dirençli bakterilerin
ayrı organ ve dokulardan oluşmuş son artmasında oldukça etkilidir.
derece karmaşık bir sistemdir. B) Antibiyotiğin tıpta ve tarımda kullanımı ile
ilaca karşı dirençli bakterilerin artması
A) The human body is a highly complex system arasında bir ilişki söz konusudur.
made up of separate organs and tissues,
C) Antibiyotiğin tıpta ve tarımda aşırı kullanımı,
each performing a function essential to
genellikle ilaca karşı dirençli bakterilerin
maintaining life.
artmasındaki ana nedendir.
B) Since the human body consists of many
D) İlaca karşı dirençli bakterilerdeki artış,
different organs and tissues, each of which
genellikle antibiyotiğin tıpta ve tarımda aşırı
has a function essential for the maintenance
kullanımı ile ilişkilendirilir.
of life, it is to be compared to an extremely
complex system. E) İlaca karşı dirençli bakterilerin artışı ile
antibiyotiğin tıpta ve tarımda kullanımı
C) The human body, which is an extremely
arasında bir bağ olduğu düşünülür.
complex system, is made up of innumerable
organs and tissues which have separate
functions essential for the maintenance of
life.
D) The presence of many different organs and
tissues, each of which performs a function
necessary for maintaining life, makes the
human body a very complicated system.
E) The human body is so complicated a system
that each of the organs and tissues it
consists of performs a function vital for
maintaining life.
13. The lungs are particularly prone to allergic 15. İnsan vücudunda en büyük organlardan biri
reactions because they are exposed to large olan karaciğer, pek çok metabolik görevi
quantities of airborne antigens, including yerine getirir ve vücudun filtresi olarak
dusts, pollens, and chemicals. çalışır.
A) Akciğerler, toz, polen ve kimyasallar dahil A) The liver, which is one of the largest organs
havadan gelen çeşitli antijenlere fazlasıyla in the human body, performs numerous
açık oldukları için alerjik reaksiyonlardan çok metabolic functions and works as the body’s
etkilenirler. filter.
B) Toz, polen ve kimyasallar gibi hava ile gelen B) Being one of the largest organs of the body,
pek çok antijene açık olan akciğerler, alerjik the liver performs certain functions and
reaksiyonlara oldukça yatkındırlar. cleans the whole body properly as a filter.
C) Alerjik reaksiyonlara fazlasıyla yatkın olan C) Because it is the largest organ and the only
akciğerler, hava ile taşınan toz, polen ve filter in the human body, numerous metabolic
kimyasalların da arasında bulunduğu çok functions are performed by the liver.
sayıda antijene açıktırlar. D) Although it is one of the largest organs in the
D) Akciğerler alerjik reaksiyonlara özellikle human body, the liver only performs a couple
yatkındır, çünkü toz, polen ve kimyasallar of metabolic functions.
dahil hava ile taşınan büyük miktardaki E) The liver is the largest organ in the human
antijenlere açıktırlar. body and it can perform a few metabolic
E) Toz, polen ve kimyasallar gibi hava ile functions, such as filtering the body.
taşınan pek çok antijen, daima bunlara açık
olan akciğerlerde alerjik reaksiyonlara yol
açar. 16. Eğer orijinali kanser nedeniyle aşırı derecede
hasar görmüşse bir hastanın organının
kopyasını geliştirmek hemen hemen
14. Yıllar boyunca yapılan birçok araştırma anne imkânsızdır ama kök hücre bankası, bu gibi
sütü ile beslenen çocukların IQ testlerinde hastalar için bir çözüm olabilir.
daha yüksek not aldıklarını ve okulda daha
iyi performans sergilediklerini göstermiştir. A) Developing a copy of a patient’s organ
seems to be impossible when the original is
A) Numerous studies all along the years have badly damaged by cancer, thus the only
shown that it is the children who were solution for such patients is the stem cell
breastfed that got high scores on IQ tests bank.
and perform better in school. B) Although the stem cell bank may be a
B) Various studies along the years have solution for a patient with cancer, developing
indicated that children who get higher scores a copy of his or her organ is impossible if the
on IQ tests and in schools are the ones who original is too damaged because of cancer.
are breastfed. C) If the original is severely damaged by cancer,
C) A lot of studies throughout the years have developing a copy of a patient’s organ
shown that children who score high on IQ becomes hard, which leads such patients to
tests perform better in school as they were the stem cell bank for a solution.
breastfed. D) Developing a copy of a patient’s organ is
D) Many studies over the years have shown that almost impossible if the original is too
children who were breastfed scored higher damaged due to cancer, but a stem cell bank
on IQ tests and performed better in school. may be a solution for such patients.
E) Multiple studies throughout the years have E) The stem cell bank may be a solution for a
proven that children who were breastfed got patient whose organ is severely damaged
the highest marks on IQ tests and performed due to cancer, as developing its copy is
better in school. almost impossible.
17. It is estimated that over half a billion people 19. Even though embryos used are at an
consume insufficient calories to maintain immature stage of development, some
normal growth and health. people are opposed to stem cell research,
since they are destroyed during the stem cell
A) Yarım milyar kadar kişinin, sağlıklı gelişimini production process.
sürdürürken, yetersiz kalori kullandığı
belirlenmiştir. A) Kök hücre araştırmalarına karşı olan bazı
B) Yarım milyara yakın insanın, normal insanlar bulunsa da kullanılan gelişmemiş
gelişimini devam ettirirken, yetersiz kalori evredeki embriyolar kök hücre üretimi
harcadığı varsayılmaktadır. sürecinde yok ediliyor.
C) Yarım milyar kişinin, normal gelişimini ve B) Her ne kadar bazı insanlar kök hücre
sağlığını sürdürürken, yetersiz kalori aldığı araştırmalarına karşı olsalar da kök hücre
bildirilmiştir. üretimi sürecinde gelişmemiş evredeki
embriyolar yok ediliyor.
D) Yarım milyardan fazla insanın, normal
gelişimini ve sağlığını sürdürmek için yetersiz C) Embriyolar kök hücre üretimi sürecinde
kalori tükettiği tahmin edilmektedir. kullanılarak yok edildikleri için bazı insanlar
kök hücre araştırmalarının karşısında olabilir.
E) Yaklaşık yarım milyar insanın, normal
gelişimi ve sağlığı için yetersiz kalori D) Kök hücre üretimi sürecinde sadece
harcadığı belirlenmiştir. gelişmemiş embriyoların kullanılarak yok
edilmesine rağmen bazı insanlar kök hücre
araştırmalarına karşı çıkıyor.
18. Alerjiler sadece uyku düzenini ve verimliliği E) Kullanılan embriyolar gelişmemiş bir evrede
etkilemekle kalmaz, aynı zamanda solunum olsalar da kök hücre üretimi sürecinde yok
yolu enfeksiyonu riskini de artırabilir. edildikleri için bazı insanlar kök hücre
araştırmalarına karşıdır.
A) Allergies can not only affect sleep patterns
and productivity, but also increase the risk of
respiratory infections. 20. Altın parçacıkları içeren virüsler, canlı
B) Affecting sleep patterns and productivity and hücrelerin içinde resim çekmek için minik
increasing the risk of respiratory infections kameralar olarak kullanılabilir.
are among the effects of allergies.
A) With the help of viruses containing gold
C) Allergies may affect sleep patterns and
particles that can be used as tiny cameras, it
productivity, but they certainly increase the
is possible to take photographs within living
risk of respiratory infections.
cells.
D) There are many consequences of having
B) As viruses contain gold particles, they have
allergies, some of which are related to sleep
been employed as minute cameras and
patterns, productivity, and the risk of
taken pictures of living cells.
respiratory infections.
C) The presence of gold particles in viruses
E) Allergies can cause respiratory infections,
means they can be used as minute cameras
affect sleep patterns negatively and
to take photographs of the insides of living
decrease productivity.
cells.
D) It is only the viruses that contain gold
particles that can be employed as minute
cameras to take photographs inside living
cells.
E) Viruses containing gold particles could be
employed as tiny cameras to take
photographs within living cells.
1: Persons travelling to countries such as India are 5: Aloe vera is a plant whose extract is well known
strongly advised to have smallpox and cholera for its ability to cool and soothe irritated skin.
vaccinations. TR:
TR:
6: One of the main benefits of quitting smoking is

that it helps in maintaining a healthy heart.
2: A cough is the body's defense mechanism TR:
developed in an attempt to clear the airways.
TR:
7: We don’t know if a certain amount of fat in the

3: Food doesn't break down completely in the diet is essential to human health or not.
stomach. In fact, only the first part of digestion TR:
happens in the stomach; most of it happens in the
small intestines.
TR:
8: In humans, eye colour is an inherited

characteristic, which individuals can inherit from one
of their parents.
TR:
4: If a patient miss a dose, whether it is a pill or an

eye solution, he or she should take the missed dose
as soon as possible, as long as the next dose is not
imminent.
TR:
9: Obesity causes many severe diseases, besides
hampering our normal personal and social activities.
TR:
10: It can be dangerous and usually also illegal to
intentionally share prescription drugs with people for
whom they were not prescribed, particularly
children.
TR:
Every year in the US, doctor’s offices and hospitals Patients are admitted to critical care units from a
order billions of laboratory tests to measure variety of settings, including the emergency
everything from cholesterol levels in the blood to the department, medical or surgical service, or operating
presence of a gene that is thought to increase the room. Most critical care patients are acutely and
risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Physicians severely ill, commonly with dysfunction or failure of
and patients typically assume that they can trust the more than one organ system. The initial assessment
results of these tests, and most of the time they can. must be rapid and focus on real or potentially life
But not all lab tests are equally reliable, and faulty threatening processes that require immediate
ones can have serious consequences. Sometimes intervention. An example is the resuscitation of a
they fail to determine life threatening conditions. patient with cardiopulmonary arrest. The pace of
Other times they indicate a problem that does not resuscitation is necessarily quick; physical
exist, which can lead to unnecessary, perhaps even examination may be restricted initially to the central
dangerous treatments. The US Food and Drug nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems,
Administration (FDA) is now taking steps to restore and interventions may be limited to the essential
confidence in the reliability of these tests. In 2017, ABCs of airway, breathing, and circulation. Later,
the agency released proposed guidelines that will continuous electrocardiographic monitoring,
subject these tests, for the first time, to federal measurement of blood pressure, and other standard
oversight. Several industry sources believe the final procedures should start. In general, management of
rulings may begin taking effect soon, whereas some the critically ill patient should be based on an
lab directors say that the requirements could increase understanding of physiology and pathophysiology.
costs and affect medical practice. Indeed, although the contributions of cell and
molecular biology to critical care medicine are
1. It is clear from the text that physicians and substantial, the critical care unit more resembles a
patients ----. physiology laboratory, since the effects of its
interventions can be directly observed.
A) are misled by most laboratory tests
B) are satisfied with the decision made by FDA 4. The passage explains that initial assessment
C) often presume that laboratory tests are in the critical care unit ----.
reliable
A) aims to resuscitate patients with
D) believe that laboratories should be monitored cardiopulmonary arrest
E) agree on the faulty results of ordered tests B) is only done for patients who are suffering
from various diseases
2. It is clear from the text that laboratory tests - C) can itself become a life-threatening process if
---. the ABCs are not limited
D) must be immediate and centre on saving life
A) may sometimes fail to provide accurate
results E) determines the ultimate survival of patients
suffering from heart disease
B) used to cost more than they do now
C) are now controlled by federal officials in the
US 5. We learn from the passage that critical care
medicine ----.
D) are largely conducted by the FDA in the US
E) have been disputed and monitored by the A) rests primarily on the underlying disciplines
FDA for a long time of physiology and pathophysiology
B) has received the greatest amount of support
3. We understand from the text that ----. from emergency departments
C) often must be based within an actual
A) patients are willing to pay the cost of the test physiology laboratory
themselves
D) revolves around the essential ABCs of
B) there are disagreements about the measures airway, breathing, and circulation
taken by the FDA
E) is necessarily concerned with the pace of
C) patients demand that medications should be resuscitation in cardiopulmonary arrest
regulated strictly
D) laboratory tests have been questioned by
physicians since 2016
E) the guidelines that the FDA issued have
already taken effect in hospitals
6. According to the passage, standard The pirate look is a time-honoured way to fix
procedures in a critical care unit ----. children’s 'lazy eye'. The patch over the good eye
forces the weak one to work, thereby preventing its
A) must be carried out as soon as a patient is deterioration. Playing video games helps, too. The
admitted neural cells corresponding to both eyes then learn to
B) are primarily restricted to patients with fire in synchrony so that the brain wires itself for the
cardiopulmonary arrest stereo vision required for depth perception. Left
C) can begin only after the immediate initial untreated past a critical age, lazy eye, or amblyopia,
assessment has been completed can result in permanently impaired vision. New
studies are now showing that this condition, which
D) should never be limited even though the
affects up to 5 per cent of the population, could be
patient is receiving immediate intervention
repaired even past the critical age. What is more,
E) should be clearly defined before the patient’s amblyopia may provide insights into brain plasticity
case is fully specified that could help treat a variety of other disorders
related to faulty wiring, including schizophrenia,
epilepsy, autism, anxiety, and addiction. These
ailments are not neurodegenerative diseases that
destroy part of the neural circuitry. So, if the defective
circuits could be stimulated in the right way, the brain
could develop normally.
7. According to the passage, the pirate look ---

-.
A) has been a disorder common in the world
B) is a video game for children
C) is a neurodegenerative disease
D) cannot be a cure as it cannot be detected at
an early age
E) is the treatment of amblyopia in children
8. According to the passage, the writer ----.
A) does not believe that new studies on

amblyopia make any contribution to the
treatment of this disorder
B) points out that through the new studies on
amblyopia, other mental disorders could be
understood
C) strongly believes that schizophrenia,
epilepsy, autism, anxiety, and addiction in
children cannot be treated past the critical
age
D) suggests that pirate look speeds up the loss
of vision in children
E) argues that the neural circuitry is completely
ruined by mental diseases
9. According to the passage, the lazy eye ----.

A) is enabled by the pirate look to work harder
B) is a disorder that results from
neurodegenerative diseases
C) is observed in a large amount of the world
population
D) becomes much worse when a child plays
video games most of the time
E) has been a major medical concern among
physicians
Paragraph Completion > Introduction
1. Like many other activities, global health has 3. For thousands of years, man and wolf have
fashions. ---- Recently, though, the focus has been together as allies and companions. A
shifted to malaria. This tropical disease kills natural instinct that bonds them still exists.
a million people a year, most of them Drawing on human interactions with, wolves,
children, and debilitates hundreds of a team of doctors came up with wolf therapy
millions more. That is why researchers are to work towards repairing the empathy and
racing against one another to be the first to self – esteem deficits among young adults. --
devise an effective vaccine. -- The progress they wake builds their
motivation to complete the program and
A) However, not all developing countries are reduces the risk of reverting back to old
struggling with health-related issues. harmful habits.
B) Before Jonas Salk came up with his polio
vaccine, many parents lived in fear of their A) Wolves have been rescued from dire
children being struck down by the disease. circumstances, including abuse, neglect and
abandonment.
C) In Eastern Europe, for example, there has
been much concern about illicit drug use B) Treatment centres are technologically
since the Cold War ended. advanced and have perfect facilities.
D) For the past couple of decades, AIDS has C) The treatment centres are technologically
captured both the imagination and the advanced and have perfect facilities.
research dollars. D) One of the challenges that therapists face is
E) In contrast, tropical diseases have not the difficulty in obtaining permission to
always received the attention they deserve capture wild animals.
from either national governments or E) A wolf has a unique capacity for engaging
international organizations. people’s emotions and breaking through their
defense mechanisms.
2. The body's tendency to reject organ

transplants, attacking them as if they were 4. Sleep is a period of intense neurological
dangerous foreign invaders, is a well known activity, especially when we have dreams. ----
process. However, more prevalent are auto Many researchers think that dreams could
immune diseases, in which the body's be an unintended consequence of these and
immune cells attack its own tissues. Auto other underlying neurological processes.
immune diseases can affect a variety of Harvard psychiatrists propose that as brain
organs. ---- According to statistics, circuits become active during the night, they
conditions like these affect more than 50 trigger sensations, emotions and memories,
million people in the United States. all of which are essentially random. But our
meaning-making brains still assemble all of
A) A healthy person's immune system is able to this underlying activity into a story, often a
draw a clear line between the body's own strange or illogical one.
tissues and the invaders!
B) These malfunctions can result in one of more A) One of its main functions may be to allow the
than 80 known conditions including lupus, brain to consolidate and organise our
multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel memories.
disease. B) Deciphering nocturnal symbols may be
C) The perfect immune-modulating drug would enjoyable, but in reality, it is much more
target only the part of the system causing the complicated than it seems.
problem. C) Scientific theories are more sceptical than
D) The ability to reprogram the immune system dream dictionaries about how much dreams
is one of the most sought-after goals in actually reveal.
medicine. D) Dreaming has recently been seen as
E) Immune researchers have been working on a something that opens a window to the
biological defence system that's comparable working of the mind.
to the world's greatest military. E) Dream interpretations seem relevant to our
lives because they apply equally well to
almost everybody.
5. A virus is an infectious organism that is 7. The consequences of famine are physical,
much smaller than a fungus or bacterium, psychological, social, and economic.
and it needs a living cell in order to Malnutrition results from food shortage
reproduce. The virus attaches to a cell, often within weeks. Children fail to grow and
a specific type of cell. Once inside the cell, cannot learn in school, and both adults and
the virus releases its DNA or RNA, which children experience weight loss, lack of
contains the information needed to create energy, and decreased work ability.
new virus particles, and takes control of Permanent blindness can result from
some aspects of the cell’s metabolism. ---- Vitamin A deficiency that accompanies a
deterioration of dietary quality. ---- Diseases
A) The body has a number of specific and such as measles, malaria, pneumonia, and
nonspecific defences against these viruses diarrhoea are the most common causes of
of animal origin. death during famine.
B) Bacteria-caused diseases, however, are
treatable through simple antibiotics. A) An example of the chain of events that leads
to a natural famine is a poor harvest due to a
C) The components of the virus are then
drought or flood.
manufactured inside the cell.
B) The immediate causes of famine are
D) The most common viral infections are
inadequate food production or market
probably those of the lungs and airways.
availability.
E) Vaccines resembling the virus can be given
C) Access to food is such a basic human need
to people to help them overcome the
that control of the food supply translates into
infection.
direct political and economic power.
D) Losing land ownership and selling valuable
6. Striving to eat healthily can, ironically, assets can prevent families from recovering
become an unhealthy obsession. People financially after a famine.
with the condition known as ‘orthorexia E) Malnutrition also puts people at a high risk of
nervosa’ are fixated on consuming food in a dying from common infectious illnesses.
way that they consider pure, clean or healthy
to the point where their well-being suffers.
They can, for example, become 8. Infertility is a problem that is affecting more
malnourished. ---- Some cut out entire food couples than ever before, as people wait
groups like fats or carbs. Orthorexia is not longer and longer to have children. One in
yet listed in psychiatric manuals, but it is ten couples older than 30 has trouble
described in scientific journals. conceiving. After age 35, the ratio is one in
five. ---- Some women reportedly get
A) The term ‘orthorexia nervosa’, which refers to pregnant even in their 50s. But face it:
a pathological fixation on eating only healthy Spontaneous pregnancy in a woman’s late
foods, was coined by Steven Bratman, a 40s and 50s is rare.
Colorado physician.
B) Experts generally link orthorexia with A) Also, some had many serious miscarriages.
perfectionism, dieting, obsessive-compulsive B) Reproductive technologies will become more
traits and mental health struggles. sophisticated.
C) That is because, as the disorder progresses, C) Of course, age isn’t a problem for everyone.
patients often become increasingly restrictive D) The number of women that have abortion is
in what they will eat. increasing day by day.
D) If people cannot deal with such problems in a E) In fact, many women follow a similar pattern.
proper way, then it could be of high
importance for them to talk to a mental health
professional.
E) Interestingly, and in contrast to many other
eating disorders, gender does not seem to
reduce the risk of getting orthorexia.
9. The shelf life of donated blood is short, just 10. ---- The food we ingest activates these
42 days, and during emergencies, even a bacteria in different locations in the gut.
large supply can quickly run out. To prolong Complex carbohydrates that are fermented
blood's useful life, hospitals can freeze it, by these bacteria produce short chain fatty
but they rarely do so because technicians acids that we use as a source of energy.
need to add glycerol, which prevents ice Some of the main by-products of this
from ripping the red blood cells apart. ---- process are certain gases and vapours of
Therefore, in order to keep stocks high, volatile organic compounds. The main
hospitals must rely on a constant stream of fermentation gas is carbon dioxide.
donors - a system that is less than reliable. Hydrogen producing bacteria in both the
small and large intestines generates
A) The trouble is that it is toxic and must be hydrogen (H2), while methanogens found
removed before the blood is used, a process mainly in the large intestine produce
that can take several days. methane (CH4).
B) A recently found ingredient used in eyedrops
can protect frozen blood cells for a very short A) Gases and volatile vapours are directly
time. associated with the state of our health.
C) Not all hospitals approve of defrosting as it is B) Our gut houses a large number of bacteria
time consuming for patients who need that colonise various parts of it.
emergency treatment. C) Our human gas capsule can give information
D) Allowing hospitals to stockpile huge amounts about the most suitable diet for us.
of blood is becoming a highly controversial D) The overuse of antibiotics may cause some
issue. serious health problems.
E) The important thing is that hospitals must E) Kidney diseases can cause diarrhoea and
decide on the most effective way of freezing other gastrointestinal symptoms.
cells to boost blood supplies.
Paragraph Completion > Homework
1. Some simple measures can eliminate the 3. ---- Advances in genetics, for example, offer
risk of food poisoning. Hands should always hope of new treatments to cure serious
be washed before food is touched. Fresh diseases such as cancer, eliminate genetic
fruit and vegetables should be washed in defects from families, and possibly even
clean water. Cutting boards and implements slow the aging process. Recent studies also
that have been used for raw meat should be suggest that it may soon be possible to grow
washed with hot water before being used for replacement organs. However, none of these
other foods. Meat, poultry, and eggs must be anticipated breakthroughs would be
cooked sufficiently. ---- possible – even thinkable – without the
pioneering medical discoveries of the last
A) Raw and cooked foods should be stored 1,000 years.
separately in the refrigerator.
B) The beginning of symptoms depends on the A) Smallpox was once a much dreaded and
cause of poisoning. common fatal viral infection.
C) The protozoan parasite affects farm animals B) Many of the important inventions of the past
as well as humans. three decades have only increased the rate
of consumption.
D) Unfortunately, people in certain rural areas
do not have refrigerators in their houses. C) Medical breakthroughs during the next
millennium will probably bring longer and
E) Mild cases can be dealt with at home by
healthier lives.
consuming extra fluids.
D) Therefore, diseases and infections have
claimed many lives across the world in the
2. Since a large number of people with high last century.
cholesterol are overweight, a healthy diet E) Latest developments have created a new
and regular exercise are probably the most market for such child care products.
beneficial natural ways to control cholesterol
levels. ---- These include meat, shellfish,
eggs and diary products. Several specific 4. ---- Infants as young as 6 months show
diet options are beneficial for those who interest in and positive behaviours towards
have high cholesterol. One is vegetarian other babies, and as infants develop, their
diet, as vegetarians typically get up to 100 interactions with peers become more
percent more fiber and up to 50 percent less frequent and more complex. During the
cholesterol from food than non-vegetarians. preschool years, peer interactions continue
to grow in frequency and complexity.
A) The goal, in general, is to substantially Relations with peers become more
reduce or eliminate foods high in animal fat. differentiated, and symbolic forms of
B) A wide variety of prescription medicines are interaction begin to predominate over
available to treat cholesterol problems. physical ones.
C) Currently, there are few studies on the
A) Children’s peer relations undergo dramatic
effectiveness of some existing anti-
changes with development.
cholesterol drugs.
B) Children’s interactions are affected neither by
D) This forms plague in the heart's blood
age nor by experience.
vessels, which may block the supply of blood
to the heart. C) Social context proves to be an important
source of variations in play across different
E) It is often diagnosed and treated by general
cultures.
practitioners.
D) Unlike older children, infants cannot
spontaneously seek their peers for
companionship or pleasure.
E) Social-learning theories put forward that
children learn behaviours within particular
situations.
5. ---- A baby was born with a small head 7. Memory refers to the storage of information
caused by incomplete brain development. that is necessary for the performance of
The mother likely caught the virus in Brazil. many cognitive tasks. Working memory (also
Meanwhile, the US Centers for Disease known as short-term memory) is the memory
Control and Prevention have advised one uses, for example, to remember a
pregnant women against travel to countries telephone number after looking it up in a
affected by the Zika virus. directory and while dialing. The capacity of
working memory is limited, and it decreases
A) It is foreseen that the US will have to face if not exercised. On the other hand, long-
deaths caused by the Zika virus in the near term memory, also called secondary or
future. reference memory, stores information for
B) The first case of brain damage linked to the longer periods. ----
Zika virus on the US soil has been reported
in Hawaii. A) Memory is stored over wide areas of the
brain rather than in any single location.
C) The effects of the Zika virus have diminished
dramatically in the recent years. B) As a result, short-term memory is the one
you will definitely need most.
D) Brain damages caused by the Zika virus
cannot be treated for the time being. C) The capacity of long-term memory is
unlimited, and it can endure indefinitely.
E) Scientists have estimated that the Zika virus
may spread across Europe besides the US. D) In other words, the longer memory lasts, the
less effective it becomes.
E) These three memory types define how you
6. Posture is the position and carriage of the recall stored information.
limbs and the body as a whole. Except when
lying down, the first postural requirement is
to apply a counterforce against gravity, 8. Although skin cancer is associated with a
which is pulling the body toward the ground. behavioural risk (voluntary exposure to the
---- However, the muscles are not kept sun over a long period of time), it also has a
contracted all the time. As the posture strong genetic component. Light-skinned,
changes and the center of gravity shifts, fair-haired, blue-eyed individuals, compared
different muscles are stretched and with dark-skinned people, are more likely to
contracted. develop skin cancer, and much of their
damage occurs with sun exposure during
A) Movements may be carried out by the childhood. ---- They must take protective
muscles of the trunk and body cavity. measures, including using sunscreen and
B) The back should be carefully examined for wearing protective clothing while exposed to
posture, spinal curves, or asymmetries. the sun.
C) Microscopic endodontics improve posture
A) Not all skin cancers are innocuous; one form,
and reduce neck and back fatigue.
malignant melanoma, can be deadly.
D) Every movement of the body has to be
B) Twenty-five per cent of adults in the US
correct for speed and position.
sunbathe frequently, and one-fourth of those
E) This force causes stretch reflexes to keep do not use sunscreens at the recommended
the lower limbs extended and the back levels.
upright.
C) Skin cancer is the most common form of
cancer, but most types of skin cancer are
curable.
D) During the past 50 years, the relationship
between skin cancer mortality rates and
geographic latitude has gradually decreased.
E) These people should avoid prolonged and
frequent exposure to the sun.
9. Health food stores and popular magazine 11. A Belgian doctor, who gave a man a new life
articles advertise a variety of protein after he was wrongly believed to be in a
supplements, and people take these coma for 23 years, has begun to re-examine
supplements for many different reasons. ---- dozens of other cases. He reports that he
Dieters take them to maintain their bodies’ has discovered some degree of
protein while losing weight. Women take consciousness in other patients but will not
them to strengthen their finger nails. say how many. ---- 'It is unbelievably difficult
to tell the difference, ' he says.
A) The “liquid protein” diet, advocated some
years ago for weight loss, caused deaths in A) Not wanting to believe the Belgian doctors,
many users. the coma patient’s mother had taken him on
B) Protein and amino acid supplements don’t five separate trips to the US for neurological
work these miracles. testing.
C) Athletes do not need protein supplements B) In the case of the coma patient, the man was
because muscle work builds muscle. put through a PET scan, which revealed his
fully conscious mental state.
D) Protein supplements are expensive and less
completely digested than protein-rich foods. C) Long before his intervention in the case three
years ago, his patient had been declared by
E) Athletes take them to build muscle.
other doctors to be in a vegetative state
following a car crash.
10. Women are roughly twice as likely as men to D) He sees around 50 cases a year, most of
suffer from stress-related psychiatric which focus on identifying the fine distinction
disorders, according to epidemiological between a vegetative state and minimal
analyses. The big question has always been: consciousness.
Why? Some experts argue that cultural E) Since what he describes as his “rebirth” three
factors are at least partly responsible. For years ago, the coma patient has been able to
instance, women may be more willing than visit his father’s grave to witness the planting
men to seek help for mental illness, making of a tree.
their cases more likely to be counted. ----
Scientists are uncovering telling differences
in the ways that male and female brains 12. Insulin plays a major role in the storage of all
react and adapt to stress. the breakdown products of food that are
absorbed into the bloodstream.Glucose
A) But new evidence from research suggests (carbohydrates), triglycerides (fats), and
that biology may also play an important role. amino acids (proteins) are all pushed into
B) However, scientists have studied more males storage forms in the cells of the body by
than females – even when investigating insulin. Obese people generally have higher
disorders. insulin levels than people who are not
C) Also, it is not only the stress-related obese, and any food they eat is more likely
disorders that are more prevalent among to proceed directly into storage as fat in the
women than men. presence of this increased amount of
insulin. ----
D) Similarly, animal studies have revealed
significant differences in stress responses. A) Dieticians, in fact, have succeeded in
E) In fact, research has linked uncontrolled explaining the dynamics of weight gain and
stress to a wide range of mental health loss.
problems. B) However, many studies revealed that the
faster glucose is dumped into the
bloodstream, the more insulin is released.
C) This is one of the reasons why obese people
can eat very little and still not lose weight.
D) Also, metabolic syndrome results in such
manifestations as obesity and late-onset
diabetes.
E) Fructose, the major sugar in most fruits, has
much less of an effect on insulin production.
13. The vitamins are powerful substances as 15. ---- This, we are assured, will enable it to
their absence proves. Vitamin A deficiency become more 'efficient'. All affiliated sectors
can cause blindness, and lack of Vitamin D are targeted: hospital care and other care
can retard bone growth. ---- In particular one services, ambulance services, care for the
should not put too much trust in vitamin aged, social benefits, and the highly
supplements as they do not offer the many lucrative area of plastic surgery. Patients
benefits that come from vitamin rich foods. would henceforth become customers, and
hospitals health-care supermarkets.
A) A well-balanced diet is far more important.
B) A diet that includes plenty of vegetables, A) The medico-pharmaceutical industry is one
fruits and grain products is low in fat and rich of the world’s leading business sectors and
in vitamins. one with an enormous potential for growth
and profits in the new century.
C) The role of vitamins in supporting a strong
immune system should not be B) In fact, to subject healthcare to the laws of
underestimated. the market can only lead to increased
inequality and tension in the country.
D) Vitamins are organic and so they can easily
be destroyed. C) After the privatisation of telecommunications
and postal services, it is now the turn of the
E) Even so, vitamins should not be regarded as
health sector to be opened up to competition
a cure for all kinds of health problems.
and eventual take-over by corporations.
D) The service sector, in which health-care is
14. There is a popular theory that suggests we included, is as vast as it is undefined.
only use 10 per cent of our brain, and that if E) For over fifty years, access to health-care for
we could just find a way to tap the other 90 all has come to be regarded as a
per cent it might be employed in the fundamental human right in many countries.
important question of how it works. ---- A
recent spate of studies shows that all areas
of the brain are active when performing day- 16. Many people choose to take a daily
today functions and there is no 90 per multivitamin as a form of nutritional health
cent that remains untapped. insurance. Many refined and processed
foods often lack nutritional value. In these
A) There are countless other ways in which the situations, a multivitamin can initially make
human brain is unique. up for any possible shortfall in your diet. ----
B) Unfortunately, this theory has turned out to For example, a recent study showed that a
be wrong. regular multivitamin and mineral supplement
C) We should also remember that other animals improved the immune system and reduced
are clever too, though in different ways. the risk of infections in a group of elderly
people.
D) Another theory tries to account for the fact
that we are suspicious of others motives. A) Even a well balanced diet cannot always
E) This explains why, unlike other animals, we provide all the vitamins and minerals the
are able to ignore the selfish dictates of our body requires for its special needs.
genes. B) The vitamin A is usually synthesized from
vegetable sources and therefore is suitable
for vegetarians.
C) Multivitamin intake may also help to boost
your body's defences against infections and
other minor illnesses.
D) Nutrition plays an important role in the
development of the brain, but supplements
will not enhance intelligence.
E) Most children's multivitamins normally
include sugars or sweeteners, sometimes as
a high proportion of the chewable tablet.
17. Uncooked dough can lead to, of all things, 19. Bone is one of the hardest substances found
alcohol poisoning in pets. ---- Process can in the human body, second only to the
continue in the warm, damp stomachs of enamel of the teeth. However, bone is also a
dogs and cats. This can turn into gastric living tissue, undergoing constant change. --
dilatation-volvulus (GDV), or twisted -- The two principal components of this
stomach, causing vomiting, excessive material, collagen and calcium phosphate,
drooling, and even death. You should call distinguish bone from other hard tissues.
your vet immediately if your pet has Bone tissue makes up the individual bones
consumed raw dough or anything containing of the human skeletal system, as well as the
alcohol. skeletons of other vertebrates.
A) Some veterinarians believe calorie-free A) However, compact bone is dense and has a
sweeteners might also make your pet crave bony matrix.
more sweets. B) It consists of cells embedded in an abundant,
B) That is because yeast in dough produces hard intercellular material.
carbon dioxide and ethanol as it ferments. C) In spite of this, they may resist a certain
C) Even in small quantities, raisins and currants, amount of compressive force.
and grapes can cause kidney failure. D) Therefore, long bones exhibit a number of
D) Symptoms of this problem may include common structural features.
vomiting, weakness, and dehydration. E) In addition to this, mature compact bone is
E) Not only dogs, but also cats and other pets lamellar, or layered, in structure.
should not be fed uncooked dough.
20. Almost all newborn children have some sort

18. If you find it hard to remember alarm codes, of birthmark, which could be any size or
hotel rooms, birthdays, or PINs, do not shape and have different colours, such as
worry: it is normal, because numbers are black, brown, red, pink, or purple. In some
hard. They are abstract, confusing, often cases, they can be related to specific
arbitrary, and you have got to get them conditions caused by a gene mutation,
exactly right. They are essential to so many though not a mutation passed on from a
aspects of everyday life but they are not parent; they are not hereditary. ---- Clusters
easily memorable. ---- The first step might be of overgrown pigmented cells may also
to make numbers easy to say aloud, account for the existence of birthmarks.
activating your memory's auditory loop. Do
what many companies do when choosing A) Treatment options depend on several
their telephone numbers and chunk digits factors, including the location and severity of
into groups; use rhythm and make the most the birthmark.
of patterns. B) They generally appear because of abnormal
blood vessels or the nerves controlling the
A) However, there are things you can do to widening or narrowing of the blood vessels.
boost your chances but first, you have to
C) They are often present at birth or develop
practise holding numbers in your short-term
soon afterwards, and some remain the same,
memory.
while others get bigger over time.
B) For example, 2 4 7 1 2 3 1 0 6 6 is easier to
D) Many folk tales and myths exist about the
hold in your short-term memory if you chunk
causes of birthmarks, but none of these
it as 2 4 7-1 2 3-1 0 6 6.
stories have been proven to explain the true
C) Short-term memory capacity varies from causes of birthmarks.
individual to individual, so if you have greater
E) The vast majority of birthmarks pose no long-
capacity than others, you will memorise
term health problems to the child; many of
things faster.
them eventually fade away.
D) Psychological studies have become
remarkably successful in enhancing short-
term memory thanks to various therapies.
E) From dates to barcodes, numbers are
everywhere, but you do not have to
remember them by heart, and you can simply
try taking notes.
Irrelevant Sentence > Introduction
1. (I) Researchers are trying to understand better 4. (I) The most significant health risk the nervous
who gets rheumatoid arthritis and why. (II) They system faces occur long before birth. (II) The
have discovered a genetic marker that is often most vulnerable period in nervous system
associated with the earliest onset and most development takes place before most women
severe forms of the disease. (III) Yet not all have missed a menstrual period or suspect they
rheumatoid arthritis sufferers have the marker are pregnant. (III) Within the first three weeks
(and vice versa) which makes scientists wonder after conception, the rudimentary nervous
whether rheumatoid arthritis is really a single system, the neural tube, forms and rapidly
disease. (IV) The most visible symptoms of differentiates into the brain and spinal cord. (IV)
rheumatoid arthritis are swollen joints and Numerous factors, environmental and genetic,
crippling stiffness, particularly of the hands and can disrupt this process to cause structural
feet. (V) Environmental factors may also play a defects of the brain or the spinal cord. (V) Folic
role, although no one knows whether the trigger acid, prescribed in the first trimester of
is a virus, a bacterium or something else. pregnancy, supports the development of the
fetus.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
2. (I) The impressionist painters Monet and Degas

drastically changed their styles late in their lives, 5. (I) A new electronic tattoo listens to the sounds
each becoming uncharacteristically abstract with of the human body, including the heart and
visible brush strokes and darker colours. (II) muscles. (II) The sensor-loaded skin patch
This abrupt change was probably not a could be used for medical monitoring, like to
coincidence. (III) According to a recent study detect irregular heartbeats, for example. (III)
made by ophthalmologist M Marmor, this Electronic tattoos are a controversial issue as
change was not an artistic choice; instead, some people believe that they may harm the
cataracts and retinal disease affected how these body because of the chemicals they include.
artists saw their own work. (IV) Bright colours (IV) Placed on the throat, it could also act as a
and lines were not used by these artists. (V) Dr human-machine interface by picking up the
Marmor created a computer stimulation to vibrations of your voice, even in noisy
reproduce how the painters' diseases would conditions. (V) In one demonstration, people
have dulled colour and blurred lines, used it to play games by voice control at a
demonstrating how these transformations might crowded party.
explain their stylistic changes.
6. (I) Malaria is an ancient disease that led to the

3. (I) If you consume too much sugar, it could be fall of empires. (II) The malaria drug guanine
disrupting your sleep even if you don't realise it. came from the bark of cinchona tree. (III) It was
(II) A study by Columbia University found that a leading cause of death in the tropics and one
participants with diets high in sugar experienced of the greatest health problems faced by would
much poorer sleep, shifting from deep sleep or be colonizers, like the British. (IV) In India alone,
waking up completely, than those who ate fewer it affected more than 25 million people. (V) It
sweets. (III) Therefore, it is important for people killed around two million people a year.
to keep an eye on their sugar intake during the
day. (IV) Thus, if you are faced with a snack A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
attack before bed, prefer a low-sugar treat like
lightly salted popcorn. (V) As popcorn is a
delicious snack, its popularity has increased in
recent years.
7. (I) One essential requirement of healthy 9. (I) Obesity, diabetes, and heart disease seem to
nourishment is that a meal must be complete. be the curse of the world today. (II) It is easy to
(II) In other words, it must supply all types of take good health for granted, but if you don’t
nutrients, those used for structural purposes take care of yourself you won’t be able to take
(protein), those used for energy purposes care of anyone else. (III) Doctors refer to these
(carbohydrates and fats), and those used for conditions as 'multifactorial', which simply
regulatory functions (minerals and vitamins). (III) means that lots of different things can put us at
Only consuming a variety of products from risk of developing them. (IV) Some, like
different food groups will guarantee the supply genetics, we can’t do much about, but most of
of diverse nutrients that the body needs. (IV) the risk factors for these and lots of other
One should not take up even a standard diet conditions are entirely in our own hands. (V)
without consulting with a doctor. (V) That is to How we live our lives, what we eat and drink,
say, only a varied diet containing different types and how we handle stress all play a part in how
of food can provide the body with the range of healthy we are, and even how we will live.
nutrients that it requires.
10. (I) Vitamin B12 deficiency is difficult to diagnose

8. (I) Touch is our very first sense connection to because symptoms can be subtle. (II) In babies
the world from birth and a fundamental human and young children, a lack of vitamin B12
need throughout our entire life span. (II) It is a usually manifests itself as lethargy or
powerful form of nourishment that goes right to developmental delays. (III) Too little B12 can
the core of the parts of ourselves where only also disrupt a child's attention span, reduce
that ‘silent’ language can fully express what we motivation and hinder learning. (IV) The vitamin
are feeling. (III) In this digital age, it seems we B12, which occurs naturally only in animal
are out of touch with this vital non-verbal products, helps maintain nerve and blood cells.
connection. (IV) Whether we receive a pleasant (V) In adults, vitamin B12 deficiency signs can
caress, a pat on the back, a massage or just a range from mild confusion and irritability to more
handshake, being touched by another human serious problems such as hallucinations,
being can evoke positive emotions, healing depression, memory loss and paranoia.
physical sensations, and spiritual growth. (V)
When this happens, the sensation we receive A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
can play a role in putting us back on our feet in
terms of trust, relaxation, and deep connection.
Irrelevant Sentence > Homework
1. (I) It is the accuracy of laser surgery that makes 5. (I) Zebrafish could become a powerful tool for
it so efficient. (II) The laser beam can also identifying the best chemotherapy to kill a
remove bone which makes it invaluable in ear particular patient's cancer. (II) Biologists Rita
surgery. (III) This accuracy can be increased by Fior and Miguel Godinho-Ferreira injected
sending the beam along fibres of glass finer tumour cells from cancer patients into zebrafish
than a human hair. (IV) These can carry a beam larvae and tested them with the same
around corners and direct it precisely at a tiny chemotherapy used on the patients. (III) Mice
area. (V) Thus there is virtually, no risk of bred with human tumours have also been used
damaging healthy cells. for similar tests, but this process is more
expensive and can take months. (IV) The results
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V correctly predicted whether the drugs would
work in four of the five patents. (V) Fior and
Godinho-Ferreira have recently expanded the
2. (I) The government of Botswana, knowing that study to include more patients and other types
up to a third of its population had HIV or AIDS, of cancers.
announced in 2001 that it would offer free
antiretroviral treatment to every citizen with A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
AIDS. (II) It was a major medical step forward
for sub-Saharan Africa. (III) By the time the HIV
drugs had hit the shelves, just about everybody 6. (I) Seasonal Affective Disorder is a subtype of
in Botswana knew of it. (IV) And yet, on the last depression usually characterized by the onset of
day of 2003, more than two years after the depression in autumn or winter. (II) Seasonal
launch of the programme, only about 15,000 Affective Disorder is twice as common in women
people had come forward for treatment. (V) Due as in men and is associated with psychomotor
to widespread starvation and disease, the retardation, hypersomnia, overeating, and
African continent will always be a risky place to weight gain. (III) To establish the diagnosis, this
raise children. type of depression must recur for three or more
consecutive years. (IV) The treatment of
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V Seasonal Affective Disorder relies primarily on
phototherapy, using a full-spectrum light source
of 10,000 lux for a minimum of 30 minutes a
3. (I) The popular belief that coffee is bad for the day. (V) Every year about 10 million Americans
teeth is apparently wrong. (II) It may, in fact, do have a depressive episode linked to
some good. (III) New research indicates that unemployment, but about only 20 percent
coffee might help to prevent cavities thanks to usually seek treatment.
antibacterial elements that work against certain
microorganisms. (IV) The method of roasting A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
the beans, however, may affect them adversely.
(V) Among these is Streptococcus mutens, a
major cause of dental caries. 7. (I) Drugs cause rashes in several ways. (II) As
with severe burns, the skin loss is life
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V threatening. (III) Most drug rashes are allergic
reactions to medications. (IV) After taking the
first dose of a particular drug, a person may
4. (I) Bacteria are important pathogens in man. (II) become sensitized to the drug. (V) Later
A wide variety of them normally inhabit various exposure to the drug may trigger an allergic
parts of the human body, including the throat reaction.
and the intestine. (III) Most of these residents
are harmless bacteria and often prevent harmful A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
microorganisms from flourishing. (IV)
Pathogens can enter the body in food or air or
through damaged skin. (V) Some, however, are
opportunist pathogens and can cause disease
when, for instance, one's immune system is
compromised.
8. (I) The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, 11. (I) One of the most popular alternative therapies
and Malaria in Geneva channels money in Britain, aromatherapy is based on the use of
donated by affluent governments, including the essential oils, that is, those forming the odorous
UK and the US, to poor nations. (II) But in principles of plants. (II) Aromatherapy has its
Uganda, in 2005, it all went wrong. (III) The roots in ancient Egypt, but the 20th century
money that most African governments set aside promoter of its use was a French chemist, René
for buying and distributing medicines is too little. Gattefosse, who essentially discovered its
(IV) The Fund suspended all its grants to the therapeutic uses. (III) These are extracted and
country for two-and-a-half months after used to promote health and relaxation, to
discovering that money was being stolen by combat infection and to treat a range of
officials in the Ministry of Health. (V) Future ailments. (IV) Massage is one of several ways in
grants were made conditional on annual audit which the oils can be effectively applied. (V)
reports being produced by the government, Practitioners undergo a certified training course
which took three years to emerge. which includes the study of anatomy and
physiology.
9. (I) Because of the need for the early

development of a transport system within the 12. (I) Foodborne illnesses are diseases that result
embryo, the organs of the vascular system are from the consumption of foods contaminated
among the first to appear and to assume their with pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, or
functional role. (II) In fact, this system is viruses. (II) Common sources include
established in its basic form by the fourth week undercooked meats and cooked foods that
of embryonic life. (III) At approximately the 18th remain at room temperature for longer than two
day of gestation, cells begin to group together hours. (III) In most cases of food poisoning, the
between the outer and inner skin of the embryo. person fully recovers without much medical
(IV) In the human body, there exist discrete treatment. (IV) However, it is often impossible to
systems of vessels with specific functions tell from taste, smell, or appearance whether a
contributing to the overall circulation of blood. food contains pathogens. (V) There are several
(V) These cells soon become rearranged so that hundred known foodborne illnesses, most of
the more peripheral ones join to form a which trigger mild to moderate gastrointestinal
continuous flattened sheet enclosing more symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, and
centrally placed cells. diarrhea.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
10. (I) Parkinson’s disease is the second most 13. (I) When a person eats too much, metabolism
common neurological degenerative disease favours fat formation. (II) The human body can
after Alzheimer’s disease. (II) Parkinson’s digest a wide variety of plant and animal tissues,
disease is a chronic condition that usually converting these foods into usable proteins, fats,
affects older people, although it can occur in carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. (III) The
younger people in some cases. (III) While there digestive system takes in food, processes it into
is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, there are particles that can be absorbed, and excretes the
treatments to control symptoms. (IV) Sufferers, undigested wastes. (IV) The particles that are
however, often do not swing their arms while absorbed through the digestive system are
walking and have reduced facial movements, transported through the bloodstream so as to be
which makes them look depressed. (V) Drugs, available to the whole body. (V) This provides
in particular, can help with sleep disturbances, the energy for activity as well as the materials
mood disorders and bladder problems. for body growth, maintenance and repair.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
14. (I) Small kidney stones pass into the bladder 17. (I) A leading pharmaceutical company recently
without causing any pain or symptoms. (II) The announced that it had tested 13,500 molecules
main function of the kidneys is to remove against the parasite that causes malaria. (II)
excess fluid and wastes from your blood in the Malaria has been known about since ancient
form of urine. (III) However, in some cases, times and has gone under many names. (III)
these stones can be, large and cause Today, it kills over a million people a year, most
excruciating pain and bleeding in the urine, and of them young children. (IV) Where it originally
even permanent damage. (IV) Fortunately, there came from, though, has been a matter of
are a number of medical interventions and scientific debate for half a century. (V) It was in
natural products that can help eliminate kidney 1958 that a noted anthropologist first suggested
stones. (V) Some lifestyle measures can also be that Plasmodium falciparum (the deadliest of the
undertaken to prevent them from occurring. four or five parasites that cause human malaria)
had jumped into people from chimpanzees
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 10,000 years ago.
15. (I) Most episodes of illness with a fever in
children are caused by viral infections, although
bacterial infections can also produce a fever. (II) 18. (I) For most people, spring, with all the flowers it
The first symptom of a severe eye infection is brings, is a very welcome season. (II) For some,
usually swollen and red eyelids. (III) In fact, it is however, spring means pollen, which brings on
often hard to distinguish a bacterial infection fits of sneezing and watering eyes. (III) Actually,
from a viral infection. (IV) Though bacterial most people are allergic to something or
infections can be serious, they usually respond another. (IV) These reactions to pollen are
readily to antibiotics. (V) Prompt diagnosis of a caused by an allergy. (V) Medical treatment can
bacterial infection is thus important to ensure usually bring some relief but rarely a cure.
prompt treatment.
19. (I) Staring at the Sun without sunglasses hurts,

16. (I) One of the drawbacks of drugs in general is which is reason enough to avoid doing it. (II) Too
that they have a variety of adverse side effects. little sunshine leads to low vitamin D levels,
(II) Treatment of vertigo can be divided into which put you at higher risk of certain cancers.
three general categories: specific, symptomatic, (III) But direct exposure to the ultraviolet
and rehabilitive. (III) In the first category are radiation in intense sunlight can also damage
included antibiotics, anticoagulants, and the eye and increase the likelihood of a cataract
surgery. (IV) In fact, many different classes of developing. (IV) Cataracts affect the part of the
drugs have been found to have antivertiginous eye that focuses light - the lens - gradually
properties. (V) However, all of these drugs can clouding vision and leading to blindness. (V)
cause metabolic complications, so the decision Surgery to restore vision involves making tiny
on which drug or combination to use is based on cuts in the eye to remove the cataract and
their known properties and on the severity and replace the lens.
duration of the vertigo.
20. (I) The heart is one of the most vital organs in

the human body. (II) Its function is to circulate
the blood by acting as a pump. (III) With each
heartbeat, blood is pushed into the arteries and
through the veins. (IV) It then courses around
the body in a one-way circuit so that it
eventually returns to the heart to repeat the
process. (V) With the exception of some
invertebrates, the heart is an anatomical feature
common to members of the animal kingdom.
Reading Comprehension > Homework
Medical treatment today primarily takes the form of Essentially, memory is the process of learning
drugs and therapy. But a third option is slowly information, storing it, and then having the ability to
emerging on-body, digital devices that can treat both recall it when needed – whether to solve problems,
mental and physical conditions. Such 'wearable' tell stories, or save yourself on the witness stand.
therapy offers unique advantages in that it is often Learning begins with those power connections in
more targeted, can be more affordable, personalised your brain: neurons firing messages to one another.
and has fewer negative side effects. Mobile and Your ability to process information is determined by
wearable devices such as phones or fitness trackers the junctions between those neurons, called
are now routinely used for preventive health. They “synapses”. The ability of brain cells to speak to one
monitor physiological data and behaviour, increase another is strengthened or weakened as you use
self-awareness and encourage habitual change. them. Essentially, the more you use those synapses,
They are also starting to be used by medical the stronger they get and the more rapidly they
professionals to diagnose and monitor diseases. So increase. That’s why you may have strong neural
far, the use of these devices for intervention and pathways for your family history or weak ones for
treatment has been limited to apps that have 1980s music trivia. That also gives you a little insight
reminders to exercise, guide people through into how you remember things. If something is
meditation and mindfulness, or provide support for exciting to you, then you learn it faster – and train
cognitive behavioural therapy. In the future, those synapses to make stronger connections.
especially in the USA, this technology will expand
into a bigger world. 4. According to the passage, memory is used
to ----.
1. According to the passage, digital devices on
the body ----. A) receive, retain and remember information
B) learn how to save yourself on the witness
A) may have various usages and advantages stand
B) are effective in treating exclusively physical C) find out whether problems can be solved or
conditions not
C) work best when they are used with drugs D) tell stories in order to make others laugh
D) are likely to eliminate drug therapy E) provide someone with the ability to memorize
E) might be less efficient in diagnosing rare
disorders
5. The term “synapses” refers to ----.
2. Which of the following is not true about A) the process of being able to speak to one
'wearable' devices? another
B) the messages sent from one part of the body
A) They are highly recommended by medical to another
professionals in the USA.
C) the ability of the brain to heal itself
B) They can be personally adapted for the user.
D) processes that take place outside the brain
C) They have fewer side effects than other
E) the connections between message-firing
methods of treatment.
neurons
D) They are within a reasonable price range.
E) They are now used to detect and monitor
6. We can learn from the passage that ----.
illnesses.
A) the ability of brain cells to send messages to
3. According to the passage, in the future, ----. one another hardly ever changes
B) the more you use synapses, the weaker they
A) the use of mobile and wearable devices will become
be extended to different areas
C) you tend to remember your family history as
B) cognitive behavioural therapy will be the first equally as things you find uninteresting
field to make use of wearable devices
D) there is a correlation between the frequency
C) digital health technologies will place more of using junctions and recalling information
emphasis on mental health
E) the ability to process information is
D) wearable devices will take the place of determined by the physical size of the brain
medical professionals
E) wearable devices will focus on optimising
treatment rather than prevention
Artificial sweeteners permit people to keep their
sugar and energy intakes down, yet still enjoy the
delicious sweet tastes of their favourite foods and
beverages. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
has approved the use of four artificial sweeteners -
saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium
(acesulfame-K) and sucralose. Two others have
petitioned the FDA and are awaiting approval -
alitame and cyclamate. Saccharin, acesulfame-K and
sucralose are not metabolised in the body; they pass
through the kidneys unchanged. In contrast, the body
digests aspartame as a protein. In fact, aspartame is
technically classified as a nutritive sweetener
because it yields energy, but for all practical
purposes, that energy is negligible. Some consumers
have challenged the safety of using artificial
sweeteners. Considering that all compounds are toxic
at some dose, it is hardly surprising that large doses
of artificial sweeteners (or their components or
metabolic by products) have toxic effects. The
question to ask is whether their ingestion is safe for
human beings in quantities people normally use (and
potentially abuse). The answer is yes, except in the
case of aspartame, which may present a problem for
certain people and so carries a warning on its label.
7. One difference between saccharin

and aspartame that is pointed out in the
passage, is that the former ----.
A) is not metabolized in the body whereas the
latter is
B) has been approved by the FDA but the latter
hasn't
C) is digested in the body, the latter is not
D) is more often taken in large quantities than
the latter is
E) carries a warning label, but the latter does
not
8. We understand from the passage that

artificial sweeteners ----.
A) are not likely to get the approval of the FDA
B) produce fewer toxic effects than the majority
of other compounds
C) have toxic effects if taken in extremely large
amounts
D) have a considerable nutritive value
E) should always be used alongside the natural
sugars
9. It is clear from the passage that the

production and sale of artificial sweeteners -
---.
A) actually induces people to eat far more than
they should
B) is rapidly increasing
C) is frequently regarded as a threat to the
health of us all
D) should be discouraged
E) is carefully controlled
Patients with fibromyalgia must endure chronic pain, 12. Which could be inferred from the passage?
and it is still not known exactly why. But Swedish and
US scientists might find out how the disease is A) New treatments cannot still provide help for
caused. Fibromyalgia is characterised by chronic fibromyalgia sufferers, contrary to what most
pain in several parts of the body, concentration scientists think.
problems, fatigue, and headache. Around 2% of the B) The common perception is that fibromyalgia
adult population has the disease, and 90% of does not have a physiological cause.
sufferers are women. New studies indicate that the C) Fibromyalgia has been proved to be
disease is caused by an inflammatory reaction in the completely psychosomatic condition by a
brain that involves the support cells of the nervous recent study.
system: glial cells. Scientists studied the activity of
D) More research into glial cells is necessary to
two types of glial cells – microglial cells and
better understand them.
astrocytes – in 31 patients, discovering that
particularly microglial cells were extra active. E) Fibromyalgia is difficult to diagnose due to
Microglial cells play a central role for the brain's the variety of possible symptoms.
immune system, removing alien microorganisms, and
more. In the case of fibromyalgia, it seems that
microglial cells overreact, causing unnecessary
inflammation. Apparently, this can make nerve paths
that carry pain signals more sensitive, so patients
receive more frequent and stronger pain signals from
their own nerves. A physiological explanation could
pave the way for new treatments and most of all
eliminate the prevailing suspicion that the condition is
purely psychosomatic, caused by mental problems.
10. According to the passage, which of the

following is true about fibromyalgia?
A) Its causes are well researched and
documented.
B) Concentration problems are its top symptom.
C) Ninety per cent of the females studied had
some variation of the disease.
D) Fibromyalgia affects women more often than
men.
E) It is more common in Sweden and the US.
11. According to the passage, microglial cells ---

-.
A) were overactive in only 31 of the patients

observed in recent studies
B) are a vital part of the brain's immune system
C) are only responsible for removing alien
microorganisms
D) are found more abundantly in women than
men
E) are less active than astrocytes in the case of
fibromyalgia, causing patents to receive
stronger pain signals
Despite extensive study, understanding of depression 15. Which could be inferred from the passage?
is so elusive that there is no traditional biomedical
approach to it yet. The concept is a broad spectrum A) Depression has always been a topic of
of types, subtypes, and severity. Its origins are also discussion, about which many people have
intricate, with evidence for many possible roots such put forward their ideas.
as genetics, gut bacteria, diet, hormones, childhood B) Patients who are afraid of mentioning their
trauma, and yes, brain chemistry, among others. The illnesses for fear that other people may easily
answer is likely to be a complex interaction of factors label them are criticised by bloggers.
and different for everyone. One thing we do know is C) Those who have recently started treatment
that, globally, depression affects 300 million people are advised to remain silent until it is known
and rising. The standard clinical approach is some whether the treatment is effective.
combination of behavioural interventions, plus
D) All people who have something to say about
counselling and medication. Due to the individual
depression should make their voices heard
nature of depression, treatment is a set of trials,
to help clinicians to come up with an effective
errors, and adjustments. We also know that treatment
treatment.
may fail in up to 50 percent of cases. With so many
people experiencing this crippling disorder, often E) Patients should be encouraged to break their
without relief, depression has never been something silence in order to encourage other people to
to be quiet about thanks to credible voices on the seek help for depression.
topic. Though some people tend to hide themselves
at the initial phases of the treatment or even keep
themselves from seeking help with the fear of being
labelled, there have been always many others such
as bloggers, researchers, clinicians and brave
patients speaking their truth about this disease.
13. According to the passage, factors causing

depression ----.
A) have been precisely detected thanks to
detailed studies conducted in the field
B) have mainly originated from biological roots
which can be detected via genetics studies
C) are basically categorised according to the
severity of the impact they create
D) can be related to more than one type of
source and may differ from one patent to
other
E) have been thought to be extremely severe if
they are rooted in brain chemistry
14. Which of the following can be understood

from the passage about the treatment of
depression?
A) Treatment of depression can be offered in
different forms with varying success rates.
B) Behavioural intervention precedes the other
two kinds of treatment since it has proven to
be more effective.
C) More than half of the treatment attempts
appear to be successful thanks to
appropriate personal adjustments.
D) The most challenging point about depression
is to identify its source rather than the best
treatment options.
E) There has been an increase in the number of
people being treated through medication.
Asthma may be defined as a malady characterized Oral hygiene is a self-care method for maintaining the
by attacks of breathlessness due to paroxysmal health of the teeth, gums, and mouth. Oral healthcare
narrowing of the small bronchi and bronchioles. providers recommend brushing the teeth at least
Asthma may start at any age, but most commonly in twice daily and flossing or using an interdental device
childhood. The typical attack starts suddenly with to clean between the teeth once daily. People who
breathlessness and wheezing, the difficulty being snack throughout the day should brush more
mainly in expiration. A small amount of viscid mucus frequently to clear away food debris and bacteria that
is usually expectorated towards the end of the attack. accumulate after eating. Appropriate oral hygiene
Attacks may occur at any time, but especially during helps maintain the health of the teeth, gums, and
the night or in the early morning. Their duration is other structures of the mouth and also reduces the
variable, some ending in an hour or so, others, risk of infection in people who have tongue, lip, or
especially if complicated by bronchitis, continuing for other oral piercings. Tooth decay and gum disease
days. The frequency of the attacks varies from one or develop more rapidly in people who have diminished
two a year to several daily. During attacks the lungs saliva production, have diabetes, or who smoke.
become over-distended with air, since the obstruction Further preventive care measures include regular
to respiration is greater in expiration than in visits to the dentist and dental hygienist for cleaning
inspiration and the muscles of forced inspiration, and examination to detect oral health problems such
which are brought into action, are stronger than the as gingivitis, periodontal disease, and oral cancer.
expiratory muscles.
19. The text is mainly about ----.
asthma ----. A) why people tend to neglect keeping their
teeth clean
A) leads to a narrowing of the smaller bronchi B) the relationship between eating snacks and
B) is a respiratory disorder oral hygiene
C) is relatively rare in childhood C) the methods used by dentists to ensure oral
D) is commonly found among people with hygiene
distended lungs D) the harmful effects of snacking throughout
E) is a condition that can cause serious damage the day
to the lungs E) things that we should do to ensure oral
hygiene
17. It is clear from the passage that, when
an asthmatic patient contacts bronchitis, ----. 20. We understand from the text that ----.
A) attacks of breathlessness may last as long A) periodontal diseases are more common in
as an hour children than adults
B) he may start to expectorate a small amount B) people with the habit of snacking have higher
of viscid mucus risk of tooth decay
C) he will find inspiration more difficult than C) snacks must never be consumed in order to
expiration have a clean mouth
D) the expiratory muscles will be weakened D) diabetes can surprisingly help people
E) the attacks are likely to be of long duration maintain oral hygiene
E) gum disease develops more rapidly in people
with diabetes than in those who smoke
18. It is pointed out in the passage that, during
an attack of asthma, ----.
21. It can be understood from the text that ----.
A) it is breathing out that is the real problem
B) a condition of breathlessness will very A) oral healthcare products usually fail to
gradually develop remove food debris
C) the recommended treatment varies B) eating snacks throughout the day is worse
according to the age of the patient than smoking
D) the cause of the respiratory obstruction can C) the level of saliva production is related to oral
easily be observed health
E) people automatically start to breath more D) people with tongue, lip or oral piercings will
rapidly be infected at some point
E) bacteria that accumulate after eating cause
diabetes and other risks
• Vocabulary
• Preposition
• Main Verb
• Clauses
• Other Grammar
• Connectors
• Cloze Test
• Translation
Vocabulary > Homework
1. Reduction in cholesterol body fat and 6. In their later years, people have significantly
oxidation is believed to help slow the ageing less muscle tissue and bone structure,
process ----. which increases ---- to injury from falls and
other accidents.
A) doubtfully
B) reflectively A) convenience
C) externally B) intervention
D) obscurely C) commitment
E) considerably D) susceptibility
E) reinforcement
2. Sterilization in hospitals is done in an

autoclave that subjects the items to moist 7. Normal dietary iron intake cannot usually ----
heat under pressure, with a drying time of 15 for iron loss from chronic bleeding.
to 30 minutes to prevent condensation from -
--- on the surgical instruments. A) compensate
B) account
A) building up
C) request
B) keeping off
D) ensure
C) making out
E) exchange
D) moving off
E) setting out
8. There is a link between sunlight and the
chemical serotonin, which ---- our mood and
3. As their pregnancy ----, most women become is important in reducing anxiety disorders.
increasingly short of breath because of the
effect of the hormone progesterone on the A) initiates
central breathing system. B) detects
C) reveals
A) expands
D) hinders
B) progresses
E) boosts
C) persuades
D) differs
E) boosts 9. Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, which
enables them to carry oxygen from the lungs
and ---- it to all parts of the body.
4. It has been known for many years that
bacterial infection or exposure to certain A) contribute
toxins can ---- pathological bone disorders. B) organize
C) deliver
A) carry out
D) transform
B) give off
E) guide
C) put away
D) lead to
E) rely on 10. The classification of schizophrenia remains
complex because of the ---- of symptoms.
5. Most multiple-sclerosis patients suffer A) preservation

weakness and visual problems, and they B) accuracy
become ---- more disabled. C) objectivity
A) hardly D) diversity
B) progressively E) decline
C) absolutely
D) solely
E) plausibly
11. Osteoclasts are cells that ---- bone in 16. Studies on the locations of schizophrenia
the normal course of bone replenishment. around the world have long recognised that
the condition is more ---- in urban areas than
A) show off rural ones.
B) pull through
A) intricate
C) break down
B) prevalent
D) put out
C) susceptible
E) cut off
D) inhumane
E) precise
12. Carbon monoxide is a relatively toxic gas
because it combines strongly with the
haemoglobin of blood, thereby restricting 17. The study of the genetic causes of mental
the ability of the circulation system to disorders involves the statistical analysis of
transport an ---- supply of oxygen to the the frequency of a particular disorder’s ----
various parts of the body to function among individuals who share related genes,
properly. such as siblings and twins.
A) abrupt A) occurrence
B) adequate B) falsehood
C) excessive C) disturbance
D) implicit D) ignorance
E) eligible E) negligence
13. Medical science is advancing at such a pace 18. Because the functions and disturbances of
that it is virtually impossible to ---- all the smell and taste are nearly ----, disturbances
latest developments even within one's own on one affect the other.
specialist field.
A) inconvenient
A) take up B) unremarkable
B) keep up with C) inexplicable
C) carry out D) unsophisticated
D) pull out of E) inseparable
E) look down on
19. Disorders and dysfunctions of the ears,

14. Health risks from pesticide exposure are nose, and mouth range from structural ----
probably small for healthy adults, but present at birth to infections or diseases,
children, the elderly, and people with such as cancer.
compromised immune systems may be ----
to some types of pesticide poisoning. A) images
B) defects
A) hostile
C) cures
B) substantial
D) purposes
C) severe
E) capacities
D) reversible
E) vulnerable
20. Age ---- causes a physical decline and our
risk of developing certain diseases such as
15. Today, contagious diseases rarely kill in heart disease and osteoporosis increases.
developed countries, where improvements in
sanitation and nutrition have ---- reduced A) uncommonly
premature deaths. B) irrationally
C) inevitably
A) favourably
D) unpredictably
B) separately
E) inappropriately
C) significantly
D) dangerously
E) cautiously
Preposition > Homework
1. Malaria is caused ---- a single-celled 6. ---- some cancers, the best therapy is a
parasite that invades the red blood cells ---- combination ---- surgery, radiation, and
its host. chemotherapy.
A) through / from A) With / through
B) from / in B) About / in
C) of / to C) For / of
D) out of / around D) At / within
E) by / of E) On / to
2. Fever as a symptom provides important 7. Infectious diseases are those which are
information ---- the presence of illness and caused ---- an invasion of the body ----
changes ---- the clinical status of the patient. organisms from outside.
A) at / by A) through / with
B) about / in B) by / by
C) above / through C) over / through
D) under / on D) in / without
E) over / from E) upon / within
3. Severity of autism ranges ---- those who are 8. While dialysis is an option ---- people
mute and have no functional behaviour ---- suffering from kidney disease, no similar
individuals with high IQ scores. treatment is available for people ---- severe
liver disease.
A) into / among
B) in / about A) in / without
C) between / of B) with / at
D) through / for C) for / with
E) from / to D) of / within
E) over / on
4. The findings that emerged ---- a

survey conducted by The Sunday Times ---- 9. Evidence clearly shows there is a preventive
eating habits were most disturbing. effect ---- aspirin and other anti-inflammatory
drugs ---- colorectal cancer.
A) Into / over
B) through / for A) after / with
C) out of / from B) on / to
D) over / into C) of / on
E) from / on D) without / by
E) between / beside
5. Scientists estimate that an individual bone

has a one ---- three per cent life time risk of 10. Water sources ---- factories may contain
fracture, based on data ---- a variety of numerous bacteria and parasites that can
species. cause illness ---- contact or consumption.
A) by / of A) in / for
B) for / on B) of / at
C) to / from C) from / against
D) from / over D) around / with
E) of / about E) along / about
11. Low-dose aspirin is often recommended ---- 16. ---- anxiety, depression is the most common
patients ---- risk of heart attack. psychiatric disorder and typically begins ----
the 20s, 30s or 40s.
A) towards / off
B) to / at A) in / through
C) by / to B) Over / during
D) with / for C) After / in
E) in / from D) Through / by
E) By / for
12. The degree ---- age-related wrinkling varies

considerably ---- person to person, partly 17. Advances ---- the understanding of
due to the amount of exposure to the sun. brain structure have placed novel treatments
for brain disorders ---- reach.
A) of / from
B) for / between A) with / on
C) to / among B) of / at
D) about / by C) in / within
E) towards / with D) through / in
E) on / off
13. The objective ---- a proper diet is to achieve

and maintain a desirable body composition 18. As regards breast changes, our definition ----
and a large capacity ---- physical and mental “normal” varies ---- age and experience.
work.
A) of / with
A) through / through B) for / from
B) on / within C) at / over
C) at / across D) in / for
D) of / for E) with / by
E) after / between
19. Sports drinks’ main claim is that they

14. Bleeding after oral surgery can usually be improve athletic performance and recovery --
stopped ---- keeping steady pressure ---- the -- replacing fluid and energy lost ----
surgical site for the first hour. exercise.
A) for / to A) into / through
B) in / to B) by / during
C) with / up C) on / in
D) by / on D) under / from
E) from / of E) along / with
15. If salt consumption is high, the body retains 20. Lung cancer is the most common cause of
water to dilute the high concentration of death ---- cancer ---- both men and women.
sodium, which in turn increases the volume
of blood ---- the bloodstream and puts more A) about / with
pressure ---- the heart and blood vessels. B) from / in
C) with / for
A) over / by
D) in / over
B) in / on
E) through / about
C) at / about
D) from / along
E) to / for
Main Verb > Homework
1. Recently, nutritional scientists ---- strong 6. Breast cancer patients using chemotherapy -
evidence that the eating, drinking and --- extra precautions to avoid ---- themselves
exercise habits of the Mediterranean people - to infections or other illnesses.
--- a major role in their low risk for heart
disease. A) will be taking / to be exposed
B) have taken / being exposed
A) uncover / are playing
C) are to take / to have exposed
B) are uncovering / had been playing
D) are taking / exposed
C) have uncovered / play
E) must take / exposing
D) may uncover / have played
E) uncovered / had played
7. Some 400 years after Hippocrates ----,
Claudius Galenus of Pergamum ---- the most
2. In the US, endemic malaria, meaning malaria influential physician of his time.
---- by local mosquito populations, ---- in the
early 1950s. A) was dying / will have become
B) will die / had become
A) to transmit / has been eliminated
C) dies / would become
B) transmitted / was eliminated
D) had died / has become
C) to be transmit / would be eliminate
E) died / became
D) having transmitted / had eliminated
E) transmitting / eliminated
8. The use of general anesthesia in dentistry ---
- in 1844, when Horace Wells first ---- the
3. Doctors who had been studying longevity ---- chemical compound nitrous oxide during a
an assortment of genes that ---- life span in dental procedure.
different organisms.
A) had begun / used
A) will identify / had influenced B) began / used
B) have identified / will be influencing C) has begun / was using
C) identified / will have influenced D) begins / had used
D) had identified / could influence E) was beginning / has used
E) identify / could have influenced
9. A person ---- from bubonic plague in the

4. Before the nationwide vaccination campaign Middle Ages ---- a 60% chance of dying
----, the infant mortality rate ---- to an within two to five days of being infected.
alarming extent.
A) to suffer / has had
A) is being introduced / would rise B) being suffered / had had
B) will be introduced / rose C) having suffered / may have
C) had been introduced / has risen D) to be suffered / could have
D) will be introduced / was rising E) suffering / had
E) was introduced / had risen
10. If white cell levels ---- too low, patients ----

5. If eyes ---- to direct laser light, permanent vulnerable to infection, with potentially fatal
eye damage ----. results.
A) will be subjected / could have resulted A) had fallen / became
B) were subjected / would result B) fall / become
C) may be subjected / should result C) would fall / are becoming
D) are subjected / would result D) fell / would have become
E) had been subjected / resulted E) have fallen / will become
11. If you ---- through a stressful time at work or 16. Usually the result of smoking, emphysema --
in your life, your exhausted brain ---- unable -- when the air sacs at the ends of a person’s
to shut down and let you sleep. air passages (the bronchioles) ----.
A) go / could have seemed A) had occurred / were gradually being
B) were going / should seem destroyed
C) had gone / might seem B) occurred / have been gradually destroyed
D) had to go / would have seemed C) has been occurring / had gradually been
destroyed
E) are going / may seem
D) occurs / are gradually destroyed
E) was to occur / would gradually be destroyed
12. According to a study led by a group of
researchers in Britain, breast screening ----
the number of breast cancer deaths by 30 17. In an article published in 1990, scientists of
per cent since the national campaign ---- in the National Institute of Medical Research ----
1989. more than 300 biological theories that ---- to
account for senescence – the progressive
A) reduced / has been introduced and general deterioration that accompanies
B) has reduced / was introduced aging in humans.
C) reduces / is introduced
A) were reviewing / attempted
D) may reduce / should be introduced
B) have reviewed / should attempt
E) was reducing / had been introduced
C) reviewed / had attempted
D) would review / have attempted
13. Researchers ---- that a drug marketed ---- the E) may have reviewed / attempt
progression of memory loss in Alzheimer's
disease may prevent brain damage in as
many as 35 percent of premature infants. 18. There are some people who ---- objects from
6 metres away with the same sharpness that
A) discover / slowing a normal-sighted person ---- in to 4.5 metres
B) discovered / slowed to achieve.
C) had discovered / to have slowed
A) may view / had to move
D) have discovered / to slow
B) must view / could move
E) will discover / to be slowing
C) can view / would have to move
D) ought to view / should have moved
14. Since the function of adaptive immune E) might view / can move
system ---- the body against invading
microorganisms, it is essential that these
organisms ---- as soon as they invade the 19. Native Americans are believed ---- echinacea
body. ---- a variety of ailments since at least the
1600s.
A) was defending / would be recognized
B) must defend / should be recognized A) to have used / to treat
C) is to defend / be recognized B) having used / having treated
D) has defended / will be recognized C) used / treating
E) defends / recognize D) to be used / treated
E) using / to have been treated
15. The most effective way ---- the spread of

germs is ---- your hands frequently and 20. If the prevalence of obesity ---- its current
thoroughly. trajectory, almost half of the world's adult
population ---- overweight or obese by 2050.
A) having prevented / washed
B) to be prevented / washing A) would continue / would be
C) preventing / to be washed B) continued / will have been
D) to prevent / to wash C) has continued / would have been
E) prevented / wash D) continues / will be
E) will continue / could be
1: Researchers have found that about 25 percent of 5: Red ear syndrome is a condition in which one or
American children and adolescents are overweight. both ears become extremely red and hot to the
TR: touch, with the appearance of the redness occurring
within seconds.
TR:
2: Whoever finds the reason of the disease will

prove his or her name in the field of medicine.
TR:
6: Pain is a reaction which the body produces in

response to any stimulus intense enough to cause
tissue damage.
TR:
3: Nutritional deficiency, especially vitamin A
deficiency is a common cause reported for the
formation of poor eyesight.
TR:
7: Diets that are high in saturated fat and

cholesterol tend to clog up our arteries, thereby
reducing the blood flow to our hearts and brains.
TR:
4: Endoscopy is a way of looking inside the body
using a flexible tube that has a small camera on the
end of it.
TR:
8: The skull protects the brain just as other bones of

the body protect other vital organs.
TR:
9: While underlying causes are responsible for a
disease, triggers are factors that worsen symptoms.
TR:
10: Being colour blind doesn't mean you can't see;

it means that you may have trouble telling the
difference between colours.
TR:
Viral infections of the respiratory tract are certainly

the most common cause of infectious illness in most
countries. People in all age groups are susceptible,
but for those at the extremes of life these illnesses
are particularly hazardous. Viral respiratory infections
are more common in children under the age of five
years, but in the first year of life, they are more
severe. In the elderly, degenerative processes of the
heart or lungs make pneumonia a more frequent and
serious complication, and the same is true for
patients of all ages suffering from chronic cardiac
disease or chronic bronchitis. On the whole, the vast
majority of viral respiratory infections are mild though
often uncomfortable conditions, but sometimes the
illness is severe and constitutes a threat to life.
Unfortunately, there is no method whereby the
spread of infection can be prevented. Adequate
ventilation and avoidance of crowds are clearly
advisable.
1. According to the passage, among the age

groups, it is the very young and very old ----.
A) that are more frequently threatened by
pneumonia
B) that suffer most from chronic bronchitis as
well as pneumonia
C) whose health is far more easily affected by
crowds
D) who always have a mild infection of the
respiratory tract
E) who are more susceptible to viral infections
of the respiratory tract
2. It is pointed out in the passage that viral

respiratory infections ----.
A) and pneumonia have no connection
whatsoever
B) can be almost completely prevented
throughout the world
C) are mild illnesses that are most common
among elderly people
D) pose a serious threat, especially to children
in their first year
E) cause no harm at all to the heart and lungs
3. In the passage, attention is particularly

drawn to the fact that people with chronic
cardiac disease or chronic bronchitis ----.
A) cannot be treated effectively against viral

infections of the respiratory tract
B) may experience severe complications
because of a viral respiratory infection
C) develop pneumonia far more rarely than
those at the extremes of life
D) should avoid any hazardous contact with
other patients
E) are less vulnerable to viral respiratory
infections than any other age group
Food contamination refers to foods that are spoiled or For years, it has been assumed that obesity is the
tainted because they either contain microorganisms, result of 'too much food and too little exercise'. While
such as bacteria or parasites, or toxic substances this maxim is largely correct, the etiology of obesity
that make them unfit for consumption. This is a can be much more complex. There is a well-
serious issue because it results in foodborne documented familial tendency, but whether this is of
diseases that each year affect an estimated 76 environmental or genetic origin is unclear. Studies of
million people. This kind of contamination can be twins separated at birth and living apart provide
microbial or environmental, with the former being strong evidence for a substantial genetic influence.
more common. Environmental contaminants that can Children of overweight parents, when adopted by,
enter the food supply chain include pesticides, heavy 'lean' families, have a greater tendency to become
metals, and other chemical agents. Many obese than do adoptees from non-obese natural
opportunities exist for food to become contaminated parents. 'Energy efficiency' may contribute to obesity;
as it is produced and distributed. To start with, with reserves of fat deposits readily available to
bacteria are present in the animals raised for food. metabolize in the obese, a given amount of activity
Meat and poultry can become contaminated during requires a smaller expenditure of energy. This theory
slaughter through cross-contamination from intestinal has been invoked by those who complain that they
faecal matter. Similarly, fresh fruits and vegetables 'gain weight whether they eat or not', and indeed
can be contaminated if they are washed using water there is evidence of differences in energy efficiency
contaminated with animal manure or human sewage. among individuals. Similarly, obesity has been
During food processing, contamination is also attributed to abnormally low basal metabolic rates
possible from infected food handlers. Lastly, poor (BMRs) since obese individuals do show lower
hygiene in the home is also a factor. BMRs. However, this fact is due to an artifact of BMR
measurement; a larger proportion of the total fat
4. It is stated in the passage that food mass of an obese person is inert, low metabolizing
contamination ----. fat, a fact that makes BMR calculations lower.
A) is more often caused by microbial factors 7. The main idea of this passage is ----.
B) leads to an increase in mortality rates every
year A) to discredit the idea that there is a greater
degree of energy efficiency in the obese
C) can be more visible when it is caused by
toxic materials B) that the environmental and the genetic
causes of obesity are more or less the same
D) mainly arises at the food production stage
C) to establish that the factors behind obesity
E) is more dangerous if it is caused by
are highly complex and even contradictory
environmental factors
D) that obesity is a serious health hazard and
that a great deal more research into the
5. Which of the following is true according to treatment of it is required
the passage?
E) to impress on overweight parents the need to
A) Washing our food well before eating is the watch their children's diet and life-style
best precaution for contamination.
B) Food is vulnerable to contaminants during 8. According to the passage, the theory
production and distribution. that obesity has a strong genetic basis ----.
C) Meat and poultry are contaminated with the
A) seems more likely than the one concerning
water used during their production process.
the BMRs
D) The leading environmental food
B) is slowly falling into disfavor and being
contaminants are pesticides and heavy
replaced by one that puts the emphasis on
metals.
energy efficiency
E) While being distributed, food is less likely to
C) has not so far been well researched, but as
be contaminated by chemical agents
itis the most likely theory, it deserves to be
D) is supported by some studies of twins that
6. What is the passage mainly about? have been brought up separately
A) The protection methods against food E) is soon likely to be fully substantiated
contamination
B) Foodborne diseases caused by food
contamination
C) Different factors that cause foods to be
contaminated
D) The consequences of food contamination
with statistics
E) The importance of hygiene in our homes to
prevent food contamination
9. The passage suggests that the theory
that obesity is due to a low BMR ----.
A) has never had any serious recognition
B) needs to be reconsidered as the manner of
calculating this rate in the obese is
inaccurate
C) has been invented by the obese who claim
that the amount they eat makes no difference
to their weight
D) will probably turn out to be the correct theory
E) has been thoroughly researched in several
cases of twins
Clauses > Homework
1. Studies on ---- mobile phones can cause 6. The worst year for polio epidemics in the
cancer vary widely in quality and there may United States was 1954, ---- 58,000 cases
be some bias in those showing the least risk. were reported.
A) which A) where
B) for whom B) what
C) whose C) when
D) what D) how
E) whether E) which
2. Facial resistance training is a technique ---- 7. The human brain gives people many special
the muscles of the face are exercised abilities, the most outstanding ---- is the
through specific movements. ability to speak.
A) what A) that
B) which B) when
C) how C) of which
D) if D) who
E) whereby E) which
3. If a body part begins to ache, it is best to try 8. It is evident ---- more research is needed to
to figure out ---- it is aching and correct the clarify how literacy may impact various
problem. aspects of medication use and adherence.
A) why A) what
B) that B) which
C) until C) how
D) unless D) that
E) what E) where
4. The germ ---- causes Lyme disease lives in 9. The lymphatic system is a part of the
certain animals which are mainly rodents circulatory system ---- primary role is to
such as mice, some birds and some other provide an alternate route for the return of
small animals. interstitial fluid into the blood vascular
network.
A) who
B) where A) wherever
C) whose B) whose
D) what C) what
E) that D) who
E) which
5. Germs on the fingers can transfer to the

porous plastic of the computer screen and 10. Researchers point out ---- although herbs
then transfer to ---- touches it next. seem to be a safer alternative treatment, they
can still have negative side effects if taken
A) that over the recommended dosage.
B) where
A) why
C) whenever
B) what
D) which
C) which
E) whoever
D) when
E) that
11. Seasonal Affective Disorder, ---- is ultimately 16. Patients ---- chemotherapy and transplant
a type of depression, is caused by chemical are inappropriate typically receive
changes in the body and the brain. supportive care to help alleviate the negative
effects of the disease.
A) whose
B) what A) of whom
C) how B) for which
D) which C) to which
E) whether D) for whom
E) of which
12. Alexander Fleming, the man ---- discovered

penicillin, warned that overuse of his miracle 17. ---- successful treatment is differs from
drug could make bacteria immune to it. person to person, but most people with
aphasia make some degree of recovery, and
A) which some recover fully.
B) what
A) What
C) who
B) Why
D) when
C) How
E) whom
D) When
E) Whomever
13. People who are interested in nutrition,
exercising, and fitness training as a way of
life are members of ---- is generally known as 18. There are situations ---- a medical team may
physical culture. attempt to provide care to a patient who is
frightened, mentally ill, or intoxicated.
A) where
B) that A) whose
C) who B) in which
D) which C) that
E) what D) whom
E) why
14. A final option for a severely damaged artery

is bypass surgery, ---- a new biological or 19. Lack of energy is an indication ---- the body
artificial blood vessel is transplanted into the is not functioning efficiently, which could
chest. affect the very quality of life.
A) where A) that
B) how B) whom
C) which C) who
D) whether D) which
E) that E) what
15. It is important to know how to recognize ---- 20. Homeopathic medicine works on the
memory loss problems are serious or not. principle ---- an active ingredient diluted
exponentially can be useful for healing both
A) why physical and mental ailments.
B) if
A) whom
C) who
B) that
D) when
C) whose
E) where
D) what
E) which
Other Grammar > Homework
1. The remedies they use in the East are 6. Females have two X chromosomes, and if
very different from those we use in the West; one carries the defective gene, ---- naturally
---- rely more on the natural properties of compensates it.
herbs and plants while ---- are more
chemically orientated. A) other
B) other's
A) to them / to us
C) the other
B) they / us
D) others
C) their / we
E) the others
D) theirs / ours
E) themselves / ourselves
7. The work of a neurology physician overlaps
with ---- the psychiatrist.
2. This patient is not as seriously ill as ---- I
examined a little while ago. A) almost
B) even as
A) whom
C) any other
B) other
D) that of
C) some other
E) these
D) one another
E) the one
8. When individuals stop drinking, lose weight
or take ---- measures to control diabetes or
3. Though many consider organic aloe vera to triglyceride levels, the liver has the ability to
be a healthy tonic and dietary supplement, repair itself.
there has not ---- been scientific evidence to
support the claims. A) one another
B) another
A) just
C) each other
B) already
D) every other
C) in particular
E) other
D) yet
E) certain
9. ---- can develop a middle ear infection but
infants between six and 15 months old are
4. Antibodies and antigens fit together like most commonly affected.
pieces of a jigsaw puzzle if their shapes are
compatible, they bind to ----. A) Nobody
B) Anywhere
A) one other
C) Everywhere
B) the whole
D) Anyone
C) each other
E) Somewhere
D) any other
E) both
10. The human body is a highly complex system
made up of separate organs and tissues, ----
5. Sepsis can be caused by viral or fungal performing a function essential to maintain
infections, although bacterial infections are - life.
--- the most common cause.
A) almost
A) a lot B) which
B) other C) both
C) by far D) never
D) at all E) each
E) enough
11. The United States produces more nuclear 16. The physician says that there is always the
energy than ---- country. possibility that the cancer might return, but -
--- there has been no sign of a recurrence.
A) that of
B) one more A) so long
C) some B) on time
D) any other C) until then
E) whole D) even later
E) so far
12. If the cancer has spread ---- far for surgery or

radiotherapy to be effective, chemotherapy 17. During pregnancy, a woman's body
is usually used. undergoes enormous changes, ---- of which
result from increased levels of the hormones
A) so oestrogen and progesterone in the woman's
B) very blood.
C) enough
A) every
D) too
B) many
E) much
C) whole
D) much
13. In the US, cancer is likely to affect 1 in 2 men E) little
and 1 in 3 women at least ---- in their lifetime.
A) when 18. Epilepsy is most well-known because of the

B) rather seizures it causes, but it can cause other
C) just as health issues ----.
D) such A) also
E) once B) either
C) neither
14. Yawning can be contagious, but some D) yet
research shows that it is less ---- in children E) as well
who are less than 6 years old.
A) as 19. About 2 percent of people in the United
B) more States suffer from panic disorder during any
C) so given year, and the condition affects more
than twice ---- women as men.
D) much
E) than A) such a few
B) more than
15. No other organ in the body has ---- a direct C) too much
impact on every other organ as the heart. D) as many
E) so little
A) almost
B) as
C) even 20. Some people think that acupuncture can
treat depression and ---- help people to stop
D) such
smoking.
E) just
A) such
B) none
C) even
D) most
E) rather
Connectors > Homework
1. Experts warn that consumers should 6. Studies have found that the effects of a cup
carefully read fruit and vegetable juice labels of coffee or a glass of cola are noticeable
to be sure that pure juices are purchased ---- after just 10 minutes ---- the peak caffeine
flavoured drinks that contain other additives concentration in the blood occurs after 4
and are high in sugar. minutes.
A) contrary to A) since
B) due to B) but
C) in spite of C) provided that
D) in favour of D) as long as
E) instead of E) unless
2. About half of all women over 65 years of age 7. More than 29 million Africans are now
take some type of nutrition supplement, ---- infected with HIV, and the disease is killing --
only about one-fifth of older men do. -- Africans ---- all the continent's wars
combined.
A) before
B) because A) so many / as
C) that is B) either / or
D) while C) more / than
E) despite D) not only / but also
E) both / and
3. H1N1 is caused by a strain of the influenza

virus known to only infect pigs, ---- this virus 8. The idea that people with fark skin do not
may mutate, making them more easily burn is a misconception, as UV rays have
transmissible among humans. the same damaging effects on them as
others, so ---- how fair or dark you are, you
A) that's why should use sunscreen when outdoors.
B) however
A) in the hope of
C) in addition
B) regardless of
D) whether
C) thanks to
E) so that
D) as a consequence of
E) by means of
4. ---- its density and its impression as a static
structure, bone is in a continuous state of
change, called remodelling. 9. ---- surgeons in France had performed the
first partial face transplant late in November,
A) Unless psychologists began to question whether
B) Because the patient was mentally stable enough to
C) In case handle the stressful, high-risk procedure.
D) Before A) Suppose that
E) Despite B) So long as
C) As soon as
5. Is yawning contagious and, if so, are some D) Because
of us ---- prone to “catching” a yawn ---- E) If
others?
A) more / than 10. ---- the bones that make up the skeleton are
B) not only / but also solid, they have a flexible structure and to a
C) either / or large degree consist of spongy tissues.
D) so / that A) Although
E) both / and B) Whether
C) Since
D) Once
E) If
11. Achondroplasia is a common form of 16. The doctors are pleased with the progress
dwarfism ---- a mutation that causes an he is making; ---- they expect him to make a
individual to have short stature with short full recovery.
arms and legs, a large head, and distinctive
facial features. A) nevertheless
B) in fact
A) on behalf of
C) even so
B) instead of
D) but
C) in favour of
E) as a rule
D) despite
E) due to
17. Human hearing is not ---- sensitive ---- that of
a bat or a dog, but human beings make a
12. For centuries, people have thought that we wide range of sounds.
have two brains ---- we have two lungs or
two kidneys. A) both / and
B) neither / nor
A) until
C) as / as
B) even though
D) whether / or
C) whether
E) either / or
D) so long as
E) just as
18. ---- most people with obesity eat more than
they think they do, keeping a detailed food
13. Your body’s cells cannot work properly ---- diary is a useful way to assess their eating
the conditions around them are perfectly habits.
balanced.
A) Since
A) because B) Furthermore
B) unless C) In spite of
C) whereas D) Besides
D) now that E) Unlike
E) so that
19. ---- what was once believed, it is now

14. Aesthetic surgery is a modern phenomenon generally agreed that marijuana use is far
that demands ---- a set of specific technical from benign.
innovations in surgery ---- a cultural
presupposition that you have the right to A) In case of
alter your body. B) According to
C) Contrary to
A) as / as
D) Due to
B) the more / the less
E) As far as
C) not only / but also
D) such / that
E) no sooner / than 20. Most vegetarian diets contain fewer calories
than diets that include meat; ----, vegetarians
tend to be thinner than meat-eaters.
15. Excess vitamin A can cause toxicity, ---- it is
taken all at once (acute toxicity) ---- over a A) on the contrary
long period of time (chronic toxicity). B) because
C) as a result
A) whether / or
D) however
B) not only / but also
E) despite
C) both / and
D) neither / nor
E) so long as / and
1: When too much serotonin is released, it can lead 5: In underdeveloped tropical countries, there are
to agitation, nausea, and vomiting. many diseases associated with the absence of
TR: effective health measurement.
TR:
2: Even though the number of bacteria grows in

number, the growth of the population remains
stable.
TR:
6: An audiologist deals with problems related to the
hearing and balance organs located in the middle
and inner ear.
TR:
3: When you get a kidney transplant, a healthy

kidney is transplanted inside your body to do the
work your own kidneys can no longer do.
TR:
7: Many countries in the 21st century are

experiencing an epidemic of obesity thanks to poor
nutrition and inadequate exercise.
TR:
4: Alzheimers disease, almost unheard of until the

1980s, is now recognised as the major cause of
senility.
TR:
8: A phobia starts when a person begins organizing

their lives around avoiding the object of their fear.
TR:
9: Researchers studying the effects of alcohol use 10: Mankind has been using herbs as medicine
on the brain are aided by advanced technology. ever since the earliest days of human evolution.
TR: TR:
Medicine has been practiced in various ways 3. The text is mainly about ----.
throughout history. In primitive societies, the art of
healing was an experimental process, largely guided A) the key role primitive societies played in the
by trial and error. Many diseases were believed to be development of medicine
brought upon humans by demons or other B) some of the disadvantages of modern
supernatural phenomena. Thus, much of the early art medicine
of healing dealt with intangible elements of human C) the evolution of medicine into a modern
culture. Over time, however, as more became known scientific practice
about human disease and as the practice of medicine
D) the role of Western countries in fighting
was gradually refined, systems of medicine
against traditional medical practices
embedded in folklore were surmounted by systems
grounded in the scientific study of basic human E) the similarities between traditional and
anatomy and physiology. This shift marked a major modern medical practices
turning point in the history of medicine. Western
medicine has since become the standard against
which all other forms of medicine are measured for
their ability to diagnose and treat human disease.
Despite its dominance in the West, however, modern
medicine is not the most widely practiced form of
medicine in the world today. Rather, various forms of
traditional medicine, with origins in places such as
Asia and Latin America, are the primary means of
healing for the majority of the modern world’s
population.
A) the practice of medicine was gradually

refined and systemized by primitive societies
B) most medical problems in primitive
communities were explained with
superstitious beliefs
C) experimental processes eradicated medical
problems in primitive communities
D) the first examples of modern medicine can
be traced back to primitive communities
E) primitive societies suffered from numerous
diseases that cannot be cured even by
modern medicine
2. It is clear from the text that ----.
A) the primitive art of healing was based on the

study of human anatomy and physiology
B) Western medicine continues to use all the
schemes of medicine embedded in folklore
C) the shift from traditional to modern medicine
was sudden and unexpected
D) today there are still countries where people
prefer traditional treatment methods
E) modern medicine has failed to explain
supernatural phenomena
One of the most exciting and potentially beneficial Asthma is a life-threatening, allergy-driven lung
areas of brain research exists at the interface disease common in wealthy countries. But exactly
between neuroscience and the physical sciences of what causes it is unknown. Researchers at
engineering, information technology, and robotics. Washington University believe the direct cause of
Here biological and physical science converge in a asthma is a chemical distress signal produced in skin
new creative alliance that aims to exploit similarities that is damaged by another hazard of modern life:
and differences between the ways brains and eczema. Unlike asthma, it is not dangerous, so
computers work. The potential benefits of this people rarely worry about it. Nevertheless, 17% of
research are as diverse as they are important. They children in America have it, and similarly high figures
include the possibility of creating brain-machine are found in Australia, Britain, and New Zealand.
hybrids that will restore the brain’s sensory and motor What is particularly intriguing is that many people
functions damaged by disease or accident. These with eczema go on to develop asthma (in America,
devices may also expand the capabilities of the the figure is 70%). That compares with an asthma
normal brain, making the bionic man of science prevalence of 4-8% in the general population. The
fiction a reality. In addition, the synergy between Washington University group theorizes that the link
neuroscience and computer science is capable of between the two conditions is formed by
delivering a new generation of artificially intelligent thymicstromal lympho-poietin (TSLP), a signalling
agents, autonomous mobile robots, for example, to molecule secreted by damaged skin cells that elicits
perform jobs we would prefer not to do ourselves. a strong immune response from the body to fight off
invaders. Thus, eczema-induced TSLP enters the
4. Which of the following words is the synonym bloodstream and, when it arrives at the lungs,
of the underlined word (exploit) in the sensitizes them so that they react to allergens that
passage? would not previously have bothered them. In other
words, they become asthmatic. Several experiments
A) manipulate carried out by the researchers, only on mice, have
B) abuse confirmed that skin damage creates susceptibility to
C) misuse asthma by releasing TSLP.
D) ill-treat
7. It is clear from the passage that a causative
E) utilize relationship between skin damage and
asthma ----.
5. It is clearly stated in the passage that brain-
A) has been proven only in English-speaking
machine hybrids ----.
countries
A) will be used only in cases where the patient’s B) would mean that allergens would no longer
sensory and motor functions are damaged by play a role in asthma attacks
disease or accident C) has been established in mice but not yet in
B) are just one of the possibilities that can be human beings
produced by the collaboration between D) means over-exposure to the sun may hurt
biological and physical science the lungs
C) are far from being key to the creation of the E) does not provide immunity to sufferers of
bionic man both conditions
D) will be the ultimate destination of the
interface between neuroscience and
8. The passage points out that the prevalence
information technology
of eczema among children in America ----.
E) will have more similarities with than
differences from human brain A) is related to their distress levels
B) is much higher than it is in other English
6. It can be inferred from the passage that the speaking countries
synergy between neuroscience and C) may be due to people’s failure to worry about
computer science ----. it
D) results from the abundance of TSLP in that
A) is on the verge of completing the full control
country
of the workings of the brain
E) is much higher than that of asthma in the
B) is a new generation approach in the field of
general population
information technology
C) will have more medical benefits than
scientific benefits
D) may lead to the creation of devices that will
do the unwanted tasks for humans
E) may be useful for designing better computers
to be used by bionic men
9. According to the passage, Washington
University researchers ----.
A) have been harshly criticized by their
colleagues around the world
B) are strongly of the opinion that there is a link
between eczema and asthma
C) feel that they still have to carry out new
experiments as regards asthma
D) have already come up with a set of solutions
to reduce the rate of eczema among
American children
E) have collaborated with their British,
Australian and New Zealander colleagues to
study eczema and asthma
Cloze Test > Homework
Fifteen million Europeans are infected by the Cigarette smoking attained social status in the 1920s
hepatitis B and C viruses, and chronic hepatitis is when soldiers returning from World War I brought
responsible for two-thirds of all cirrhosis and cancers their home with them. Cigarette smoking became (6)
of the liver. Thanks to experience with HIV, we (1) ---- ---- across social strata, a mark of sophistication and
multi-therapy strategies in our fight (2) ---- hepatitis, success. But as early as the 1940s, doctors (7) ----
combining several drugs to reduce the development that many of their patients who had heart disease or
of any resistance. These strategies now allow us to lung disease, including lung cancer, were smokers. in
completely (3) ---- the virus from the patient’s body in 1964, a team of doctors released the landmark
50% of hepatitis C cases. (4) ----, multi-therapy report, which presented (8) ---- fairly severe detail the
treatment can only halt hepatitis B, not cure it. This is known and suspected health consequences of
why vaccination is (5) ---- important. cigarette smoking. The report's publication was a
wake-up call for doctors (9) ---- the general public,
1. nearly 45 percent of whom were smokers. Over the
next 40 years, vigorous education efforts resulted in
A) have developed cutting the number of smokers nearly in half. (10) ----
B) had developed cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer increased
C) may have developed dramatically due to the consequences of smoking.
D) will have developed
6.
E) must have developed
A) regrettable
2. B) negligible
C) suspicious
A) to
D) fashionable
B) against
E) hazardous
C) about
D) towards
7.
E) of
A) have recognised
3. B) recognised
C) can recognise
A) eradicate
D) would have recognised
B) cancel
E) should have recognised
C) delay
D) clean
8.
E) disappear
A) in
4. B) from
C) onto
A) Accordingly
D) below
B) Besides
E) over
C) As a result
D) On the other hand
9.
E) As well as
A) such as
5. B) as opposed to
C) as well as
A) such
D) owing to
B) just
E) regardless of
C) as well
D) both
10.
E) so
A) Similarly
B) For instance
C) In other words
D) Therefore
E) Nevertheless
Studies conducted in Spain have revealed that
pancreatitis is a growing health (11) ---- in children. It
is a/an (12) ---- uncommon painful condition but with
a significant health impact. Unfortunately, very few
studies are (13) ---- on children with pancreatitis. The
latest research suggests that the population in the
north of the country has a higher prevalence of biliary
pancreatitis compared with those in the South. Over
the last decade, the incidence of acute pancreatitis
(14) ----. Incidence estimates (15) ---- to best predict
the adverse effects of the disease because acute
pancreatitis is not a chronic condition.
11.
A) association
B) concern
C) benefit
D) realm
E) cure
12.
A) relatively
B) annually
C) doubtfully
D) commonly
E) properly
13.
A) rough
B) individual
C) demanding
D) necessary
E) available
14.
A) is able to increase
B) has been increasing
C) will increase
D) would increase
E) might increase
15.
A) should be made
B) will be made
C) would have made
D) used to be made
E) had been made
The nervous system is the most complex of all the
body's systems. It is a detailed network of sensory
cells, originating in the brain and spinal cord that
transmits signals (16) ---- the body. It uses a caravan
of chemical messengers to make sense of this
marvellous complex that we (17) ---- as touch, taste,
smell, hearing, and vision. In fact, at this precise
moment, (18) ---- an extraordinary relationship
between our eyes and our brain, we are able to see
and understand what we are reading. Modern
cameras (19) ---- on the same basic principles as our
eye. (20) ----, they have never been able to equal the
visual power of the eye. The focus and the automatic
aperture of the human eye are perfect.
16.
A) throughout
B) with
C) on
D) against
E) by
17.
A) visualise
B) classify
C) notice
D) duplicate
E) integrate
18.
A) in addition to
B) instead of
C) despite
D) similar to
E) because of
19.
A) will be designed
B) had been designed
C) are designed
D) will have been designed
E) were being designed
20.
A) However
B) Instead
C) For instance
D) Thus
E) Furthermore
1. ----, it picks up glucose, amino acids and 5. Overconsumption of vitamin A is potentially

other nutrients. most dangerous in pregnant women, ----.
A) As blood flows through capillaries within the A) but pregnant women are not advised to eat
wall of the intestine liver because of its large vitamin A content
B) Because oxygen-rich blood is supplied to the B) so it helps build resistance to minor
liver by the hepatic artery infections and is needed for healthy skin
C) Since the hepatic portal vein delivers C) as large doses can cause birth defects and
nutrients to the liver many other health problems
D) In case the thrombus blocks a sizable branch D) while it is usually obtained from milk, cheese
of a coronary artery and vegetable sources
E) While liver sinuses merge to form hepatic E) and this makes no difference to the efficacy
veins of the vitamin A
2. Nutritional problems can emerge ----. 6. ---- that is often associated with extreme
tiredness.
A) in case a vitamin is an organic nutrient that
we must obtain from our diet A) Medical investigators decided to study the
B) whereby vegetarians have to know how to biochemical clock that keeps bodies running
get all the essential nutrients parallel with the sun
C) whether the key to being a healthy B) Molecular biologists are feverishly at work on
vegetarian is to eat a variety of plant foods a new research project
D) when people have to rely on a single type of C) Most disorders requiring surgery during
food pregnancy centre on the abdominal region
E) so that minerals are simply inorganic D) Occupational safety regulations issued by
nutrients, usually required in small amounts the US government have resulted in an
industry record
E) Rheumatoid arthritis is one example of a
3. Unfortunately, a lot of parents fail to disease
anticipate ----.
A) how risks change as their child grows older 7. Acid phosphatase is an enzyme found
B) that so many injuries to children were throughout the whole body, ----.
preventable
A) but it is primarily housed in the prostate
C) even when they are in familiar surroundings
gland
D) since injuries are a leading cause of death
B) though an increase in this value is seen in
among infants under one year of 'age
various cases
E) whether medical help was actually called for
C) but its testing is done to check for prostate
cancer
4. ----, it is possible to reduce the numbers and D) so many tissues have small amounts of it
effects of wrinkles. E) yet, for example, the test for its presence
requires drawing 10 milliliters of blood
A) Even if people undergo cosmetic surgery
operations to get rid of their wrinkles
B) Because people with lighter skin seem to 8. A 10% increase in the cost of hospital
have more wrinkles than those with darker services would cause poorer households to
skin cut back their hospital care by 4.7%, ----.
C) While wrinkles cannot be totally prevented
A) in spite of the fact that many developing
since they develop as a result of aging
nations subsidize medical care by about 5%
D) Given that extensive wrinkles may signal
B) thus the difference between poor and
substantial sun damage, which is an alert for
wealthy households is even larger
skin cancer
C) whereas the wealthy would have to do the
E) Although products that add moisture and
same by only 2.9%
vitamin to the skin help us cope with wrinkles
D) because the higher price of medical care
would not affect the wealthy at all
E) but the same pattern occurs in the demand
for medical services in poorer households
9. People with extensive burns have an 12. Following up on research showing that early
increased risk of infection ----. intervention can improve motor control, ----.
A) so that a new layer of epidermis grows slowly A) the scheme involved observing 28 patients
from the edges of the burned area with a family history of high blood pressure
B) whereas many people who have been B) a new device was devised long before the
burned need to take an analgesic, often a research on cerebral palsy was initiated
narcotic, for at least a few days C) elderly patients with heart disease will be
C) although damaged red blood cells in the monitored by a remote device on a daily
injured area may make the burn bright red basis
D) because the damaged skin opens up the D) elderly people with walking difficulties might
body to invasion by harmful organisms feel scared to leave the house by themselves
E) but life-threatening burns require immediate E) a mechanism has been developed to help
care, preferably at a hospital equipped to increase the physical activity of babies with
treat burns cerebral palsy
10. Though most scientists agree that a deadly 13. The specific causes of autism spectrum
epidemic of influenza will occur, ----. disorder in children are not fully understood,
----.
A) nobody knows when or how it will happen
B) they will attend an international conference A) but they use language abnormally
on the disease B) as they may not be detected until school age
C) they cannot decide whether anybody should C) although they are clearly biologically
die determined
D) most countries had taken some measures to D) yet children have difficulty communicating
improve their health systems E) so they can have physical disorder as well
E) a number of meetings will be held to discuss
new disease
14. As the signs of pneumonia are relatively
subtle in ICU patients, ----.
11. ----, the person is said to suffer circulatory
shock. A) gastric colonization may also influence the
development of pneumonia
A) Just as the heart is severely damaged from B) the diagnosis is often fairly complex
any cause
C) ventilated patients were never at risk
B) Even though any factor that interferes with
D) this is particularly true of patients with
venous return can also lead to decreased
congestive heart failure
cardiac output
E) exposure to bacteria cannot always be
C) If ever the cardiac output falls below that
avoided
level which is required for adequate nutrition
of the tissues
D) So long as the cardiac output fell so low that 15. Some recent findings indicate that hydrogen
the tissues throughout the body began to sulphide could help treat heart attack
suffer nutritional deficiency patients and keep trauma victims alive ----.
E) While the cardiac outputs in healthy human
beings are surprisingly constant A) since scientists have known about hydrogen
sulphide’s toxic effects on humans for
centuries
B) whereas the body manufactures tiny
quantities of hydrogen sulphide
C) because researchers are developing
hydrogen sulphide- based therapies for
various conditions
D) until they can undergo surgery or receive a
blood transfusion
E) so that it is not the only noxious gas that has
been found at work in the human body
16. Although some studies have found low 19. Unlike many cancers that are curable if
carbohydrate diets to be effective, ----. detected early, ----.
A) the obesity epidemic has fuelled explosive A) more than three quarters of patients with
growth in the weight loss industry pancreatic cancer are between 55 and 84
B) Americans spend as much as $15 billion a years old
year on low-carbohydrate aids and foods B) five-year survival rates for pancreatic cancer
C) few doctors will have recommended low have increased from 6 to 9 percent
carbohydrate diets as a healthy way to C) pancreatic tumours are quick to multiply,
weight loss making the speed of diagnosis useless
D) others have found that they offer only short- D) precision medicine will ultimately help many
lived benefits patients suffering from cancer
E) weight loss schemes have focused on E) in some types of cancer, patients can
reduced intake of carbohydrates completely recover through early diagnosis
17. Addiction is defined as a chronic, relapsing 20. ----, but they can make diagnosing breast
brain disease ----. cancer more difficult because of the dense,
fibrous tissue.
A) although frequently observed in conjunction
with research on smoking A) Excess levels of the hormones estrogen and
B) characterized by highly compulsive drug prolactin cause breast cysts
seeking and continued use despite the B) Fibrocystic breasts affect as many as 60
harmful consequences percent of women typically between ages 30
C) that effectively fights against strong urges and 50
and irrational consumption decisions C) A cancerous growth in the breast is often not
D) when the consumption of an addictive good tender or freely movable when touched
is itself beyond the control of the individual D) Fibrocystic lumps generally get worse with
E) covering neurological and psychological the menstrual cycle
mechanisms underlying physiological E) Fibrocystic lumps are benign and do not
changes increase the risk for breast cancer
18. While people can generate cough voluntarily,

----.
A) infectious viruses can be easily transmitted
between individuals through coughing
B) most people cough once or twice an hour
during the day to clear irritants off the airway
C) environmental pollutants, such as cigarette
smoke and dust, can also cause a cough
D) the cough that accompanies a cold usually
lasts one to two weeks
E) vitamins and minerals may be helpful in
treating conditions that lead to coughs
1. Each year in the United States, there appear 3. Stretching is thought to prevent injury and
an estimated number of 180,000 new cases allow you to feel less tired after exercise, but
of breast cancer, and more than 40,000 research has shown that stretching does not
women die from it. have a remarkable impact on muscle
soreness.
A) Her yıl Birleşik Devletler’de ortaya çıkan
tahmini 180.000 yeni meme kanseri A) Esneme hareketinin yaralanmayı önlediği ve
vakasının 40.000’den fazlası ölümle egzersiz sonrasındaki yorgunluk hissini
sonuçlanmaktadır. azalttığı düşünülse de araştırmalar
B) Birleşik Devletler’de ortaya çıkan, yıllık esnemenin kas ağrısı üzerinde önemli bir
tahmini 180.000 yeni meme kanseri etkisi olmadığını göstermektedir.
vakasında her yıl 40.000’den fazla kadının B) Esneme hareketinin yaralanmayı önlediği ve
öldüğü görülmektedir. egzersiz sonrasındaki yorgunluğu azalttığı
C) Her yıl 40.000’den fazla kadının meme düşünülür, ancak araştırmalar sonucunda
kanserinden öldüğü Birleşik Devletler’de her esnemenin kas ağrısı üzerinde kayda değer
yıl tahminen 180.000 yeni vaka bir etkisi olmadığı ortaya konulmuştur.
görülmektedir. C) Her ne kadar esneme hareketinin
D) Her yıl Birleşik Devletler’de tahminen yaralanmayı önlediği ve egzersiz sonrasında
180.000 yeni meme kanseri vakası ortaya daha az yorgun hissetmenizi sağladığı
çıkmaktadır ve 40.000’den fazla kadın düşünülse de esnemenin kas ağrısı üzerinde
bundan ölmektedir. kayda değer bir etkisi olmadığını gösteren
araştırmalar bulunmaktadır.
E) Birleşik Devletler’de her yıl gözlemlenen
tahmini 180.000 yeni meme kanseri D) Esneme hareketinin yaralanmayı önlediği ve
vakasının 40.000’den fazlasında hastaların egzersiz sonrasında daha az yorgun
kaybedildiği belirlenmiştir. hissetmenizi sağladığı düşünülür, ancak
araştırmalar esnemenin kas ağrısı üzerinde
kayda değer bir etkisi olmadığını
2. Tümör büyümesine neden olan kanser kök göstermektedir.
hücrelerinin varlığı, çeşitli kan kanseri ve E) Yaralanmayı önlemek ve egzersiz
tümör türlerinde tespit edilmiştir; ancak, bu sonrasında yorgunluk hissini azaltmak için
habis kök hücrelerinin nasıl oluştuğu hâlâ esneme hareketinin yapılması gerektiği
belirsizdir. düşünülür, ancak araştırmalar esnemenin
kas ağrısı üzerinde önemli bir etkisi
A) It has been shown that a wide range of blood olmadığını göstermektedir.
cancer and tumour types result from
malignant stem cells whose properties are
not yet fully known. 4. Araştırmalar düzenli süt tüketiminin
B) Cancer stem cells that cause tumour growth kemik sağlığını korumaya ve osteoporozu
have been discovered in a number of blood önlemeye yardım ettiğini göstermektedir.
cancer and tumour types, but it is not yet
clear why they become malignant. A) Studies have indicated that the drinking of
milk habitually helps to strengthen bones and
C) Different blood cancer and tumour types are
overcome osteoporosis.
caused by cancer stem cells, although there
is no evidence to show how these malignant B) Studies have suggested that the
stem cells come into being and drive tumour consumption of milk at regular intervals helps
growth. to maintain healthy bones and cure
osteoporosis.
D) Even though it is not yet certain how
malignant stem cells form, they are often C) Studies have shown that, by consuming milk
found in various blood cancer and tumour regularly, one can ensure bone health and
types, causing them to grow. avoid osteoporosis.
E) The existence of cancer stem cells that drive D) Studies have proved that if the consumption
tumour growth, has been established in of milk is habitual, it helps to protect bone
several blood cancer and tumour types, but health and prevent osteoporosis.
how these malignant stem cells arise is still E) Studies have shown that the regular
uncertain. consumption of milk helps to maintain bone
health and prevent osteoporosis.
5. Son araştırmalar kolesterol düşürücü bazı 7. Researchers suggest that good memories
ilaçların aynı zamanda zihnin çalışmasını remain longer than bad ones, helping to
geliştirebildiğini ve Alzheimer'ı keep the human race happy and resilient.
önlemeye yardımcı olabileceğini gösteriyor.
A) Araştırmacıların işaret ettiği gibi iyi hatıralar
A) Recent research shows that in the kötü olanlara nazaran daha uzun kalırlar ve
management of Alzheimer's such cholesterol bu da insan ırkını mutlu ve dayanıklı hale
lowering drugs can be useful in preventing getirebilir.
mental deterioration. B) İyi hatıralar kötü olanlara göre daha uzun
B) It is clear from some recent research that kalırlar; araştırmacılar bunun insanları daha
various cholesterol-lowering drugs also mutlu ve dayanıklı yaptığını iddia ediyorlar.
assist mental functioning and help to prevent C) Araştırmacılar, iyi hatıraların kötü olanlardan
Alzheimer's. daha uzun süre kaldığını, bunun da insan
C) Several recent research projects suggest ırkının mutlu ve dayanıklı kalmasına yardımcı
that these cholesterol-lowering drugs also aid olduğunu iddia ediyorlar.
mental functioning even in association with D) İnsanların daha mutlu olabilmeleri için
Alzheimer's. araştırmacıların da işaret ettiği gibi iyi
D) Recent research shows that certain hatıralar kötülere göre daha uzun kalmalıdır.
cholesterol-lowering drugs are useful in the E) Bazı araştırmacılar iyi hatıraların kötü
treatment of Alzheimer's to prevent mental olanlardan daha uzun süre kalabildiğini ve
deterioration. böylelikle insanların daha mutlu ve dayanıklı
E) Recent research shows that some olduğunu iddia ediyorlar.
cholesterol lowering drugs might also
improve mental functioning and help to
prevent Alzheimer's. 8. Beynin uzantısı olan göz, fotoreseptör olarak
bilinen ışığa duyarlı yaklaşık 125 milyon sinir
hücresi içerir.
6. While modern practice in patient care is
the central theme of the education A) 125 million light-sensitive nerve cells, called
programme, considerable stress is placed photoreceptors, exist in the human eye to
on research and teaching in all fields related detect the lights it sees.
to health. B) It is known that the eye is an extension of the
brain containing 125 million light-sensitive
A) Eğitim programının ana konusu hasta photoreceptors.
bakımında modern uygulama olduğu halde
C) Being an extension of the brain, each human
sağlıkla ilgili tüm alanlarda araştırma ve
eye contains 125 million cells, which are
öğretime de gerek vardır.
called photoreceptors.
B) Hasta bakımında eğitim programının ana
D) The eye, which is an extension of the brain,
konusunu modern uygulama oluşturmasına
contains nearly 125 million light-sensitive
rağmen, sağlıkla ilgili her alanda araştırma
nerve cells, known as photoreceptors.
ve öğretime de yer verilmektedir.
E) The eye is an extension of the brain and
C) Eğitim programının ana konusu hasta
contains photoreceptors made up of 125
bakımında modern uygulama olmakla
million light-sensitive nerves.
birlikte, araştırmaya da oldukça önem
verilmekte ve sağlıkla ilgili her alanda
öğretim sürdürülmektedir. 9. It is difficult to handle health issues without
D) Bir yandan eğitim programının ana konusu knowing all the aspects of an individual’s
olarak hasta bakımında modern uygulama lifestyle and genetics.
sürdürülürken, öte yandan sağlıkla ilgili tüm
alanlarda araştırma ve öğretimin önemi de A) Bir bireyin yaşam tarzı ve genetik özellikleri
yerine göre gereğince vurgulanmaktadır. ile ilgili genel bilgiye sahip değilseniz sağlık
E) Eğitim programının ana konusu hasta sorunlarına çözüm üretmek kolay değildir.
bakımında modern uygulama olmakla birlikte B) Bir bireyin yaşam tarzını ve bazı belirgin
sağlıkla ilgili her alanda araştırma ve genetik özelliklerini bilmeden, onunla ilgili
öğretime oldukça önem verilmektedir. sağlık sorunlarını ele almak zordur.
C) Genetik özelliklerin yaşam tarzı üzerindeki
etkilerini bilmeden, bir kişinin sağlık
sorunlarına çözüm üretmek zordur.
D) Bir kişinin hem yaşam tarzı hem de genetik
özellikleri tüm yönleriyle bilinse de o kişiyle
ilgili sağlık sorunlarını ele almak zordur.
E) Bir bireyin yaşam tarzı ve genetik
özelliklerinin tüm yönlerini bilmeden, sağlık
sorunlarını ele almak zordur.
10. Because proteins, unlike carbohydrates, are 12. Gıda zehirlenmesi geçiren insanlar aktif
not stored in the body, protein-rich foods belirtiler hafifledikten sonra bir hafta
should be consumed on a regular basis in boyunca yorgun hissetseler de genellikle
order to obtain the required amino acids. antibiyotik tedavisi olmadan iyileşirler.
A) Proteinler, karbonhidratlar gibi vücutta A) People who have had food poisoning
depolanmaz, bu nedenle vücudumuzun generally recover without antibiotic
gereksinim duyduğu amino asitleri treatment, although they feel tired for a week
dengelemek için belirli ölçülerde protein after the active symptoms subside.
bakımından zengin besinler tüketmemiz B) After the active symptoms subside, people
gerekir. who suffer from food poisoning generally
B) Proteinler karbonhidratlardan farklı olarak recover in a week without antibiotic
vücutta depolanmadığından, gerekli amino treatment, but they may feel tired.
asitlerin alınması için protein bakımından C) People who have had food poisoning
zengin besinler düzenli olarak tüketilmelidir. generally feel tired for a week after the active
C) İhtiyaç duyulan amino asitlerin vücutta symptoms subside unless they recover
depolanabilmesi için, yapıca without antibiotic treatment.
karbonhidratlardan farklılık gösteren, protein D) Although people affected by food poisoning
bakımından zengin besinlerin düzenli olarak feel tired for a week, they generally recover
tüketilmesi gerekir. without antibiotic treatment when active
D) Proteinler karbonhidratlardan farklı symptoms subside.
olduğundan vücutta depolanmaz, bu nedenle E) Without antibiotic treatment, people who
amino asitlerin alınabilmesi için genelde have had food poisoning feel tired, but they
proteinli besinler tüketilmelidir. generally recover in a week after the active
E) Proteinler vücutta depolanabilen symptoms subside.
karbonhidratlardan oldukça farklıdır ve
düzenli olarak tüketildiğinde vücudumuz için
gerekli olan amino asitlerin alınabilmesine 13. Many claim that eating a certain amount of
yardımcı olur. honey every day lessens complaints of hay
fever as it reduces the susceptibility to local
pollens and creates a tolerance towards
11. Before a transplant is performed, tissues them.
taken from the patient and from the donor
must be typed and matched as closely as A) Birçok kişi, her gün belli bir miktar bal
possible. yemenin, etraftaki polenlere karşı hassasiyeti
azaltarak direnç sağladığını ve bu nedenle
A) Organ nakli yapılmadan önce, hastadan ve saman nezlesine ilişkin şikayetlerin bazılarını
vericiden alınan dokuların tipi ve benzerliği hafiflettiğini iddia etmektedir.
tam olarak ortaya konmalıdır. B) Pek çoğunun iddiasına göre, her gün belli bir
B) Organ nakli yapılmadan önce, hastadan ve miktar bal yemek, etraftaki polenlere karşı
vericiden alınan dokular, olabildiğince yakın hassasiyeti azaltarak onlara karşı direnç
olarak tiplenmeli ve eşlenmelidir. sağlamakta ve böylece saman nezlesi
C) Organ nakline karar verilmeden önce, hasta şikayetlerini hafifletmektedir.
ve vericiden alınan dokular mümkün C) Her gün belli bir miktar bal yemek, pek çok
olduğunca hızlı bir şekilde tip ve benzerlik kişiye göre, etraftaki polenlere karşı
bakımından belirlenmelidir. hassasiyeti azalttığı ve onlara karşı direnç
D) Organ nakline karar verilmeden önce tip sağladığı için, saman nezlesi şikayetlerini
belirleme ve eşlemenin olabildiğince hassas hafifletmektedir.
bir şekilde yapılabilmesi için hasta ve D) Pek çok kişi, etraftaki polenlere karşı
vericiden dokular alınması gerekir. hassasiyeti azalttığı ve onlara karşı direnç
E) Organ nakli yapılmadan önce, hasta ve sağladığı için, her gün belli bir miktar bal
vericiden dokular alınarak bunların tiplenmesi yemenin, saman nezlesi şikayetlerini
ve eşleşmesi olabildiğince çabuk hafiflettiğini iddia etmektedir.
yapılmalıdır. E) Çoğu insan, her gün belli bir miktar bal
yemenin, saman nezlesi şikayetlerini
hafiflettiği için, etraftaki polenlere karşı
hassasiyeti azalttığı ve onlara karşı direnç
sağladığını iddia etmektedir.
14. Aspirin kanı inceltir, bu yüzden hafif ağrılar 17. Şeker hastalığı olan yetişkinler şeker
için kullanılmasının yanı sıra birçok insan hastalığı olmayan yetişkinlere kıyasla günlük
felç ve kalp krizini engellemek için de günlük etkinliklerinde daha çok sınırlamayla karşı
olarak aspirin alır. karşıya kalmaktadırlar.
A) Aspirin thins the blood, so as well as being A) Adults with diabetes face more limitations in
used for mild pain, many people take aspirin their daily activities compared to adults
daily to prevent heart attacks and strokes. without diabetes.
B) A lot of people who take aspirin daily to B) Adults who have diabetes have to restrict
prevent heart attacks and strokes also use it their daily activities more than those without
for their mild pain and to thin their blood. diabetes.
C) Taking aspirin daily is useful in preventing C) Compared to those who do not have
heart attacks and strokes as well as thinning diabetes, some adults often have to limit their
the blood and lessening mild pain. daily activities.
D) In addition to using aspirin for mild pain and D) It is a serious problem that adults with
thinning the blood, there are lots of people diabetes meet more limitations in their daily
who use it to prevent strokes and heart activities than those without diabetes.
attacks. E) Adults without diabetes are not faced with
E) There are many benefits of aspirin such as any limitations in their routine life, compared
lessening the pain, thinning the blood and to adults with diabetes.
preventing heart attacks and strokes, so
people take it every day.
18. In the West, meditation is regarded as a cure
for depression, as a recipes for happiness,
15. Bazı kaslar bir eklemden geçerler ve and it is even advised for pain relief when
eklemi oluşturan kemiklere tutturulmuşlardır. the drugs fail, yet in Asia, it represents a
spiritual exploration of the mind.
A) Muscles which are attached to the bones of a
joint pass across the joint. A) Meditasyon, her ne kadar Batı'da depresyon
B) Some muscles pass across a joint and are için bir tedavi, mutluluk için bir reçete olarak
attached to the bones that form the joint. görülse ve hatta ilaçlar yetersiz kaldığında
ağrıdan kurtulmak için tavsiye edilse de bu
C) Some muscles, which pass across the joint,
uygulama Asya'da, zihnin ruhani bir keşfini
are attached to some of the bones that make
simgeler.
up the joint.
B) Asya'da zihnin ruhani bir keşfini temsil eden
D) The muscles that are attached to the bones
meditasyon, Batı'da depresyon için bir
that make up a joint, work the joint.
tedavi, mutluluk için bir reçete olarak görülür
E) Some of the muscles that pass over a joint ve ilaçların ağrıyı gidermediği durumlarda
may be attached to the bones of that joint. bile tavsiye edilir.
C) Batı'da, depresyonun tedavisi, mutluluk için
16. Çalışmalar, kekelemenin beynin ön lobunda bir reçete olarak görülen ve ilaçların yetersiz
konumlanan iki merkez arasındaki kaldığı durumlarda ağrıdan kurtulmak için
bağlantının kesintiye uğramasından tavsiye edilen meditasyon, Asya'da zihnin
kaynaklandığını göstermektedir. ruhani bir keşfini temsil eder.
D) Batı'da meditasyonun depresyon için bir
A) According to studies of the brain, stuttering is tedavi, mutluluk için bir reçete olarak
caused by interruption of the connection görülmesine ve hatta ilaçların yetersiz kaldığı
between two centers of the brain. durumlarda ağrıdan kurtulmak için tavsiye
B) Studies indicate that stuttering is caused by edilmesine rağmen Asya'da zihnin ruhani bir
interruption of the connection between two keşfini simgeler.
centers located on the frontal lobe of the E) Meditasyon, Batı'da depresyon için bir
brain. tedavi, mutluluk için bir reçete olarak görülür
C) Studies indicate that stuttering could be ve hatta ilaçlar yetersiz kaldığında ağrıdan
caused by interruption of the connection kurtulmak için tavsiye edilir ancak Asya'da
between two centers located in the brain. zihnin ruhani bir keşfini temsil eder.
D) Stuttering may be the result of continuous
interruption of the connection between two
centers located on the frontal lobe, according
to studies.
E) Studies that have centered on stuttering
indicate that the frontal lobe of the brain is
frequently interrupted by lack of connection.
19. The kidneys maintain the purity and 20. Balkabağındaki beta-karoten adı verilen
chemical balance of the blood and the other güçlü antioksidanlar, hastalıkla mücadele
extracellular body fluids. etmeye ve DNA hasarını önlemeye yardımcı
olur ve vücutta A vitaminine dönüştürülerek
A) Böbreklerin önemli görevlerinden biri, kanın sağlıklı gözleri destekler.
saflığını ve kimyasal dengesini sağlamaktır.
B) Böbrekler, kanın saflığını sağlar ve diğer A) The powerful antioxidants in pumpkin that
hücre dışı vücut sıvılarının dışarı atılmasına help fight disease and prevent DNA damage
yardım eder. are called beta-carotene, which is converted
to Vitamin A in the body and supports
C) Kanın ve çoğu hücre dışı vücut sıvılarının
healthy eyes.
kimyasal dengesini sağlamak böbreklerin
görevidir. B) The powerful antioxidants in pumpkin, called
beta-carotene, help fight disease and prevent
D) Böbrekler, kanın saflığını ve kimyasal
DNA damage, and they support healthy eyes
dengesini sağlar ve hücre dışı vücut sıvılarını
by being converted to Vitamin A in the body.
ayrıştırır.
C) The powerful antioxidants in pumpkin, called
E) Böbrekler, kanın ve diğer hücre dışı vücut
beta-carotene, help fight disease by
sıvılarının saflığını ve kimyasal dengesini
preventing DNA damage, and they are
sağlar.
converted to Vitamin A in the body to support
healthy eyes.
D) Beta-carotene, the powerful antioxidants in
pumpkin, helps fight disease, prevents DNA
damages and supports healthy eyes as it is
converted to Vitamin A in the body.
E) The powerful antioxidants in pumpkin, called
beta-carotene, are what help fight disease
and prevent DNA damage, and they are
converted to Vitamin A in the body, which
supports healthy eyes.
1: Low eyesight is a common problem affecting 6: While some bacteria can make you sick, others
people under all age groups. have positive benefits such as helping you digest
TR: food or even make yoghurt.
TR:
2: HIV differs from other infectious viruses in that it

dies quickly if exposed to the environment.
TR:
7: Tiny variations in molecular structure can alter

the way the drug works in the body.
TR:
3: The exact causes of breast cancer are largely

unknown, but both environmental and genetic
factors are involved.
TR:
8: The danger in losing large amounts of blood is

that vital oxygen carried through the blood to organs
is lost.
TR:
4: Children under 16 should not be given aspirin

unless your doctor specifically advises this.
TR:
9: Patients undergoing medical treatments like

chemotherapy or radiation therapy generally suffer
from hair loss.
TR:
5: Most people with eye damage related to high

blood pressure will be advised to get their blood
pressure under control first.
TR:
10: There is so much misinformation as well as
misunderstanding about the risks of breast cancer
that it has led to a great deal of fear about this
disease.
TR:
Proper diet is an important contributor to preventing 3. We can conclude from the passage that the
tooth cavities. Although all carbohydrates can cause best way to avoid developing tooth cavities
tooth decay to some degree, the biggest culprits are is to ----.
sugars. All simple sugars have the same effect on the
teeth, including table sugar and the sugars in honey, A) stop drinking artificially sweetened soft drinks
fruits, and milk. Whenever sugar comes in contact B) drink sweetened coffee and other beverages
with plaque, Streptococcus mutans bacteria in the slowly
plaque produce acid for about twenty minutes. The C) prevent the sugar from staying in contact
amount of sugar eaten is irrelevant; the amount of with the teeth for a long time
time the sugar stays in contact with the teeth is the
D) replace sugar in the diet with natural
important issue. Thus, sipping a sugary soft drink
alternatives such as honey
over an hour is more damaging than eating a candy
bar in five minutes. A person who tends to develop E) eliminate such sugary foods as candy or
cavities should eat sweet snacks less often. Rinsing chocolate bars from the diet
the mouth after eating a snack removes some of the
sugar; brushing the teeth is more effective. In fact,
brushing prevents cavities from forming on the sides
of the teeth, and flossing gets between the teeth
where a brush can’t reach. Drinking artificially
sweetened soft drinks also helps, though diet colas
contain acid that can promote tooth decay. Drinking
tea or coffee without sugar can also help people
avoid cavities, particularly on exposed root surfaces.
1. One point made in the passage is that ----.

A) acid produced by Streptococcus mutans
bacteria in the plaque prevents cavities
forming on exposed root surfaces
B) washing the mouth after sugar intake is not
so effective as brushing the teeth people who
tend to develop cavities
C) people who tend to develop cavities should
never drink artificially sweetened drinks
D) brushing the teeth is more effective than
flossing, as it removes acid all over the
mouth
E) eating chocolate is more harmful for our
teeth than having soft drinks with sugar
2. It is made clear in the passage that ----.

A) sugars are the most important cause of tooth
decay
B) diet cola leads to as much tooth decay as
any other sugary soft drink
C) tobacco and alcohol essentially cause more
tooth decay than carbohydrates
D) a sugary soft drink taken at regular intervals
would help to reduce the risk of tooth decay
E) tooth decay has little to do with proper diet,
as it often relates to genes
Narrowly defined, fitness refers to the characteristics The ear feels blocked when the air pressure in the
that enable the body to perform physical activity. space behind the eardrum, that is to say, the middle
These characteristics include flexibility of the joints, ear, is different from external air pressure. Normally
strength and endurance of the muscles, including the this is not a problem because air is supplied to the
heart muscle, and a healthy body composition. A middle ear from the outside through a narrow tube at
broader definition of fitness is the ability to meet the back of the nose, which is called 'the Eustachian
routine physical demands with enough energy tube'. This is usually closed, but yawning or
reserve to rise to a sudden challenge. This definition swallowing opens it up sufficiently to permit the
show fitness relates to everyday life. Ordinary tasks internal and external pressures to equalize. Tilting the
such as carrying heavy suitcases, opening a stuck head back also helps because of the way in which
window, or climbing four flights of stairs, which might the Eustachian tube is positioned in the head. If the
strain an unfit person, are easy for a fit person. Still tube is blocked, as when we have a cold, a difference
another definition is the body’s ability to withstand in pressure gradually builds up. This stretches the
stress, meaning both physical and psychological eardrum and makes sounds seem muffled. Problems
stress. These definitions do not contradict each other; can also arise when there is a rapid change in
all three describe the same wonderful condition of the external pressure during an aircraft descent or an
body. underwater dive. This is one of the reasons why
infants and children start crying while the aircraft is
4. According to the passage, fitness, among descending. The secret in all cases is to use your
other things, enables ----. cheek and throat muscles to create a pressure that
opens up the Eustachian tube.
A) an unfit person to perform various tasks in
everyday life 7. According to the passage, the Eustachian
B) the heart to perform its task regularly tube in the ear is important because it ----.
C) people to understand their body composition
A) allows yawning and swallowing to take place
fully
B) is normally closed to equalize both the
D) the body to overcome psychological stress
internal and external air pressure
E) a person to conserve his or her energy
C) is a kind of pipeline which balances the
efficiently
pressure within the ear
D) is hardly affected by external pressure
5. Each definition of fitness given in the
E) makes certain sounds barely audible to the
passage ----.
human ear
A) is not complete and has already aroused
much controversy among specialists 8. The passage suggests that when the
B) refers to various things and is therefore Eustachian tube is blocked, ----.
widely different from the others
A) it means that one is almost certainly going to
C) is perfectly compatible with the others and
have a cold
draws attention to the same thing
B) yawning or swallowing have no effect on it
D) offers guidelines about the development of a
healthy body composition C) this shows that its position in the head is
wrong
E) underlines the ways whereby the muscles
can best be made stronger D) pressure cannot be equalized and one
cannot hear sounds properly
E) it is not possible to reopen it again
6. It is implied in the passage that, if one is not
fit, one ----.
9. According to the passage, during an aircraft
A) can still find it easy to climb the stairs or descent or an underwater dive, it is highly
open a stuck window probable that ----.
B) should still try to do all kinds of tasks that
cause physical and psychological stress A) a serious bodily injury would occur
contradictory B) one would feel the air pressure difference in
C) must do his or her best to increase the the ear
energy reserve of the body C) the narrow tube at the back of the nose
D) should only carry out ordinary tasks in would not be affected
everyday life D) one's cheek and throat muscles would
E) may find it hard to do the routine tasks of constrict
everyday life E) external air pressure would not change
1. It is actually very difficult to distinguish 3. In a healthy person, physical fitness

experimentally between an animal that is determines the point at which you
simply using landmarks and one that is experience breathlessness. ---- They will use
using a cognitive map. The best evidence for oxygen better and create less carbon
a cognitive map comes from research on the dioxide, and the lungs and heart will end up
family of birds that includes jays, crows, and being more efficient too. This is why a fit
nutcrackers. Many of these birds store food person can do more exercise without getting
in caches. A single bird may store nuts in breathless than an unfit person can.
thousands of caches that may be widely
dispersed. The bird not only relocates each A) The more regular physical exercise your
cache, but also keeps track of food quality, body is used to, the more efficient your
avoiding caches in which the food was muscles are.
relatively perishable and would have B) A muscle working hard during exercise
decayed. ---- needs more oxygen.
C) The best way to understand breathlessness
A) Thus, some animals appear to migrate using
is to understand the relationship between
only innate responses to environmental cues.
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
B) It would seem that these birds use cognitive
D) This means that more blood is pumped
maps to memorize the location of their food
throughout the body, picking up more carbon
stores.
dioxide from the muscles.
C) In addition, honeybees might learn ten or so
E) A healthy lung functions like a sponge, and
landmarks and locate their hive and flowers
becomes light and fluffy when filled with air.
in relation to those features.
D) Studies of other animals show the interaction
of genes and experience in migration. 4. The close proximity of the lower esophagus
E) Research also indicates that the indigo to the bottom of the heart gives rise to the
bunting avoids the need for a timing term “heartburn”, the burning sensation that
mechanism by fixing on the North Star. is experienced when gastric contents bubble
back up into this section of the alimentary
tract. ---- This kind of chronic
2. It is an old wives' tale that reading in the gastrointestinal conditions can significantly
dark is harmful or will weaken the eyes. With interfere with the quality of life. Therefore,
the exception of looking, directly at the sun, people with these conditions should consult
or another very high intensity light source, their doctors.
one does not hurt one's eyes by using, them.
True, reading, with insufficient light may tire A) Gastroenterologists recommend reducing the
the eye muscles. ---- Admittedly, the proper consumption of foods high in fats.
level of illumination for reading, is the level B) Drinking plenty of non-caffeinated and non-
which one feels comfortable. alcoholic fluids throughout the day is
advised.
A) Moreover. light from behind is ideal for
C) The gastrointestinal system represents a
reading, and any close work.
balance of mechanical and chemical
B) Therefore, higher illumination can actually be functions.
a disadvantage.
D) The 21st century has brought amazing
C) On the contrary, one would feel more advances in treatments for gastrointestinal
comfortable If the light were better. conditions.
D) It may even cause headaches, but it does no E) Gastroesophageal reflux disorder develops
permanent damage. when such backwash becomes chronic.
E) In fact there are new, inexpensive, high
intensity lamps available now which provide
sufficient light.
5. There is no cure for cold sores caused by 7. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has a
herpes virus infections. ---- There is special programme that provides motivation
evidence that some may also prevent future money for the development of ideas to
outbreaks. They work by interfering with the improve the health of those living in poor
replication of the viruses, and are most countries. ----There were 76 winners of
effective when taken as early in the infection $100,000 each in the third round, announced
process as possible. For the best results, in October, 2009. The inventions ranged from
drug treatment should begin during the a type of chewing gum that can detect signs
prodromal stage (when pain or tingling is felt of malaria in a person’s saliva to remote
on the lips) before blisters are visible. diagnosis of pneumonia through mobile-
phone microphones that record people’s
A) During an outbreak of cold sores, salty foods coughs.
that irritate the sores should be avoided.
B) Cold sores are fluid-filled blisters that usually A) The programme, which has five rounds and
appears at the edge of the lips. is known as 'The Grand Challenges
Explorations', is open to researchers from
C) However, there are antiviral drugs available
around the world.
that have some effect on lessening the
symptoms. B) Since its inception, the Foundation has
primarily focused on the improvement of
D) While anyone can be infected by herpes
hospitals and health services in African
virus, not everyone will show symptoms.
countries.
E) Some of the drugs used to treat cold sores
C) Scientists specializing in health issues often
can be given intravenously or orally.
form research partnerships with university
hospitals.
6. In the United States, more doctors are using D) One winner in a previous round has been
hypnosis for procedures in which sedation awarded a further $1 million to enable him to
is inappropriate or patients are allergic to continue working on his proposal.
anaesthetics. Yet not even the most E) In fact, the Foundation does not release
enthusiastic proponents of hypnosedation details of the area reports prepared by the
suggest it can replace anaesthesia entirely. - researchers working in Africa.
--- Some 60% of patients are hypnotizable to
some extent; an additional 15%, highly so.
The rest seem to be unresponsive. 8. There are a lot of doubts and questions
about how effective antidepressants are.
A) Millions of Americans have employed Many professionals in the field of
hypnosis to stop smoking cigarettes or cut psychology claim that for drugs to work. we
back on their eating. need 'precision medication'. The aim of
B) Meanwhile, studies using advanced scanning precision medication is to develop strategies
technology have shed additional light on how that are best suited to each patient’s
hypnosis works to block pain. biological, psychological, and social profile.
C) Since the early 1990s, hypnosis has ---- For example, if you have a job, you may
increasingly been used in operating rooms be more likely to respond to a specific type
as a substitute for or as a complement to of antidepressants.
anaesthesia.
A) Studies of antidepressant response
D) This application, now widely employed in prediction continue with millions of dollars
Europe, stems in part from studies showing and generate data derived from
that hypnosedated patients suffer fewer side neurophysiology and genetics.
effects than fully sedated ones do.
B) Doctors can now use new technologies in
E) For one thing, not everybody can be neuroimaging to improve treatment that can
hypnotized; to oversimplify, one must be produce better results.
open to the process first.
C) Certain characteristics, such as
socioeconomic factors, can predict how
someone will respond to a drug.
D) We can understand from large clinical trials
that antidepressants do not work as much as
we expect them to on average.
E) We do not need big data studies on
antidepressant response, as even finding out
the complaints of a patient can provide
doctors with sufficient information.
9. ---- They treated the oesophageal cancer 11. ---- European researchers followed 3,200
cells with curcumin a chemical found in the adults for 20 years; those with the most
spice turmeric, which gives curries a defined forehead wrinkles had nearly 10
distinctive yellow colour and found it started times the risk of dying from heart disease as
to kill them within 24 hours. The cells also those with few or none. The results remained
began to digest themselves. Previous unchanged even after adjusting for age,
studies had suggested that curcumin could gender, and health measures like smoking
suppress tumours, although it lost its and blood pressure. Researchers think deep
anticancer attributes quickly when ingested. forehead wrinkles may signal narrowing of
However, the Irish study suggests a potential heart arteries in the forehead and coronary
for scientists to develop curcumin as an plaque buildup. There are better methods for
anti-cancer drug to treat oesophageal cancer detecting heart risks, but researchers say
in particular. wrinkles may be a visual red flag that could
prompt physicians to run further tests.
A) No relationship has been scientifically
established between the eating of curries A) A person's skin may reflect how healthy his
and the development of oesophageal or her heart is.
tumours. B) Omega-3 fatty acid supplements have little
B) American researchers had said in 2007 that benefit related to heart health.
eating curries might help stimulate immune C) Eating large amount of fish and nuts may
system cells in patients with Alzheimer’s prevent heart diseases and wrinkles.
disease.
D) Nutrients received from sea products slow
C) Cancerous tumours of the oesophagus are the aging effects on the skin.
especially deadly, with five-year survival
E) To foster a younger-looking skin, vitamin
rates of just 12% to 31% being reported.
supplements are thought be beneficial.
D) Curcumin has been shown to cause
oesophageal cancer cells to die by using an
unexpected system of cell messages. 12. A tendency to sleep at a set time each day
E) Researchers at a cancer centre in Ireland defines an individual's 'chronotype'.
have discovered that a molecule found in a Although strongly influenced by genetics
curry ingredient can kill oesophageal cancer and light exposure, age-related body
cells. changes play a key role. Puberty heralds a
notable shift as bedtimes and wake-up times
get later. ---- By 55 we wake at around the
10. Tolerance is a person’s diminished response time we did as young children,
to a drug, which occurs when the drug is approximately two hours earlier than as
used repeatedly and the body adapts to the adolescents. Thus, a 7 am alarm for a
continued presence of the drug. For teenager feels like a 5 am start for a person
instance, when morphine or alcohol is used in their 50s.
for a long time, larger and larger doses must
be taken to produce the same effect. Usually, A) Teenagers need about 9 hours for best
tolerance develops because metabolism of academic performance; however, many of
the drug speeds up and because the number them get far less.
of cell receptors that the drug attaches to or B) This trend continuous until 19,5 years in
the strength of the bond between the women and nearly 21 in men, then gradually
receptor and the drug decreases. ---- reverses.
C) A Canadian study compared cognitive
A) Also, many of the drugs in current use have
performance mid-morning and mid-afternoon
undergone clinical trials in order to determine
in teenagers and adults.
the effects of long-term tolerance.
D) No surprisingly, teachers in their 50s will
B) If a patient becomes tolerant to a given drug,
generally be at their best in the morning,
depending on the degree of tolerance, the
unlike their teenage students.
doctor may increase the dose or select an
alternative drug. E) More relaxed attitudes to bedtimes,
ignorance about sleep and the near addictive
C) However, a drug can be more beneficial
use of social media make this worse.
when taken orally, and it is well-absorbed
from the gastrointestinal tract.
D) The body can also develop tolerance for
substances such as antihistamines and
aspirin, but these tolerances rarely cause
serious problems.
E) In short, people respond to drugs differently
due to factors such as age, genetic make-up,
diet and pregnancy.
13. Along with strategies to prevent the spread 15. Recent studies have revealed that heart
of cold viruses, it is vitally important for disease had plagued man long before fried
health care professionals to teach patients hamburgers and cigarettes came along. For
that antibiotics have no role in the treatment instance, the upper classes of ancient Egypt
of the common cold. Antibiotics should not were riddled with cardiovascular disease
be prescribed for colds because antibiotics that dramatically raised their risk of heart
are not effective against the viruses that attacks and strokes. Doctors made the
cause colds. ---- Another dangerous public discovery after taking hospital X-ray scans
health consequence of antibiotics is the of 20 Egyptian mummies that date back
emergence of strains of bacteria that are more than 3,500 years. ---- In some of the
resistant to these medications due to individuals, up to six different arteries were
overuse. affected.
A) Similarly, individuals have varied reactions to A) Atherosclerosis is widespread today and,

different cold medications and may find some despite the differences between ancient and
more helpful than others. modern life styles, it seems to have also
B) Furthermore, antibiotics should not be been common among ancient Egyptians.
prescribed unnecessarily because they can B) It was impossible to determine what kind of
produce side effects such as rash and diet the Egyptians had, but it is known that
diarrhoea. beef, duck, and goose were often on the
C) Overall, antibiotics may be informally defined menu at this time.
as the subgroup of anti-infectives that are C) The medical team, whose findings were
derived from bacterial sources. published in a leading American medical
D) Occasionally, a cold will lead to a secondary journal, analyzed bones in the mummies to
bacterial infection that causes bronchitis, work out their ages when they had died.
sinus infection, or a middle ear infection. D) It was unclear whether atherosclerosis had
E) Generally, many doctors encounter patients caused the demise of any of the mummies in
seeking antibiotic treatment for cold the study.
symptoms that may resolve on their own. E) The scans revealed signs of atherosclerosis,
a life-threatening condition where fat and
calcium build up in the arteries, clogging
14. Currently, if a patient suffers from organ them and stiffening their walls.
failure, they are put on a transplant waiting
list, and then they have to keep their fingers
crossed that a suitable match can be found 16. The pharmaceutical industry is particularly
before it is too late. ---- An international team interested in new substances that could
of scientists has made a significant step mask unpleasant flavours. ---- And
towards making this a reality. They have chronically ill people, such as AIDS patients,
'bioprinted' the world's first fully functioning who have to force down many unpleasant
artificial vascular network, necessary for tablets daily, would greatly appreciate more
growing large, complex tissues, and agreeable formulations.
ultimately organs.
A) Such a quality might prove undesirable for
A) In the future, however, surgeons may be able sweets or soda.
to simply produce the required organ on B) The idea of a bitter-blocker has still to be
demand. tested.
B) So, hospitals could be facing more C) Flavour optimized drugs would be especially
challenges as more and more patients start valuable for treating children, who often
requiring the organs. refuse to swallow nasty tasting syrups.
C) The number of patients on the waiting lists is D) Nutritionists want to know how much these
going up day by day around the world. choices could affect the health of individuals.
D) For instance, there has been an increasing E) Widespread use could possibly undermine a
number of researchers who try to solve the natural protective function.
problem.
E) Doctors, on the other hand, need to find new
ways to enhance their professional skills in
transplanting.
17. In the 1990s, most psychiatrists in the US 19. When you listen to the heartbeat with a
started to treat children and teens with stethoscope, you can hear two main heart
antidepressants designed for adults, since sounds, 'lup-dup', which repeat rhythmically.
they wanted something more for them than The first heart sound, 'lup', is low-pitched,
talk therapy. ---- Now, however, studies have not very loud, and fairly long-lasting. It is
found that some antidepressants might caused mainly by the closing of the AV
interfere with normal patterns of growth in valves and marks the beginning of
children’s still developing brains. ventricular systole. ---- This dup sound
marks the closing of the semi lunar valves
A) Although these drugs had not been tested in and the beginning of ventricular diastole.
the young brains of children, they hoped the
benefits would outweigh the risks. A) The portion of the cycle in which
B) Several brain areas are commonly contradiction occurs is known as systole.
associated with depression such as those B) A heart murmur may be caused by any
involved in mood, sleep, appetite, desire and condition that prevents valves from closing
memory. tightly.
C) Finding these effects in mice is a long way C) The quality of these sounds tells a physician
from proving that the same thing happens in much about the state of the valves.
humans. D) One complete heartbeat takes about 0.8
D) Adults with depression usually recognize that second and is referred to as a cardiac cycle.
they have a problem and they want to fix it, E) This sound is quickly followed by higher-
but children rarely ask to see a psychiatrist. pitched, louder, sharper, and shorter 'dup'
E) Concerns over antidepressant use led the sound.
FDA to issue a warning label for these
medications.
20. Are identical (monozygotic) twins genetically
identical? Mostly, they are. This is because
18. ---- Studies on rats show that every drop of the twins are conceived when the fertilized
sugar syrup they swallow causes a surge in egg divides into two separate embryos.
their dopamine levels a sign of desire and a Therefore, they, start with identical DNA, but
biochemical marker of substance abuse. over time small differences can develop. ----
Boosting dopamine time after time is what This leads to differences that have been
drugs of abuse do. That makes scientists linked to autism, lupus and learning
wonder whether food also has addictive disabilities.
properties.
A) Many pregnancies that begin as twin
A) Some researchers have begun to suspect pregnancies sometimes end as single births.
that obesity, eating disorders, and even the B) The vast majority of twin pregnancies
ordinary urges of appetite might resemble proceed smoothly and result in healthy
drug addiction. babies.
B) Evolution has furnished us with several C) Dizygotic twins don’t share an identical set of
neurochemicals and neural circuits that make genes; actually, they are just born at the
eating a deeply pleasurable activity. same time.
C) Scientists now realize that appetite and D) In fact, in many countries, roughly one-third
hunger are not regulated only by energy of all twins are identical.
balance in the body, but also by human
E) For instance, in 2007, researchers at an
psychology.
American medical centre discovered that
D) The appetite-regulation network in the DNA itself can vary in some monozygotic
human body has evolved over millions of twins.
years to err on the side of over-eating.
E) The same brain receptors that bind the
opioids released by eating high-calorie food
also respond to morphine and heroin, with
more pronounced results.
1. (I) When it is sunny, it seems like people are 4. (I) The most commonly used illegal drug in the
happier – we fill the parks and beaches, and US is marijuana. (II) Its potential for serious
radio stations start blasting out upbeat tunes. (II) health consequences is still debated, but few
Even though sunlight gives many health authorities regard it as a major health risk. (III)
benefits, such as strong bones and production In fact, a recent study found no increased death
of vitamin D, we have been recommended by rates for marijuana users, except for men who
scientists to enjoy it in moderation. (III) died of AIDS. (IV) Moreover, marijuana has
However, research has repeatedly failed to find been used medically to treat glaucoma and to
any evidence that people who live in sunnier prevent the vomiting and nausea associated
places enjoy more positive moods. (IV) A with chemotherapy. (V) Although this study does
massive study published in 2016 even brought not determine cause and effect, it seems safe to
into question the idea that a lack of sunshine assume that marijuana did not cause death from
can lead to seasonal affective disorder (SAD). AIDS, but rather that men receiving a diagnosis
(V) Nearly 35,000 US adults completed a mood of AIDS may have subsequently increased their
survey at different times of year, and there was use of marijuana.
no evidence of more symptoms of depression
among those who completed the survey in A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
winter.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 5. (I) Many think of foodborne illness as an

unpleasant few days of fever and diarrhoea, but
for some, there may be lifelong consequences.
2. (I) Hearing loss, however subtle, may have (II) Long-term consequences are not only limited
significant effects on a person’s ability to to hospitalized individuals, but they have also
function in, and enjoy everyday life. (II) been recorded in people who experienced what
Researchers have been exploring the aging seemed to be minor bouts of fever or diarrhoea.
process for many decades in order to help slow (III) They include infections resulting from
it down. (III) Even mild to moderate hearing loss exposure to such organisms as Salmonella and
removes many common sounds from daily Shigella. (IV) A better way to prove the
experience. (IV) Hearing aids, though they connection would be to identify victims when
cannot restore normal sound quality and they first become ill and track them for years, a
hearing, make it possible to participate in research agreement called a prospective study.
conversation and to hear many of the sounds (V) Investigations have identified them in meat,
that provide orientation to one’s personal vegetables and even processed food.
environment. (V) With accommodation, most
people with hearing loss are able to fully A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
participate in nearly all activities that those who
have normal hearing can experience.
6. (I) Fever, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V can be characteristic symptoms of a number of
diseases. (II) In many cases, acute infectious
diarrhoea is a mild, limited annoyance. (III)
3. (I) Health and well-being are too complex to be However, worldwide it has a huge impact,
simply a medical matter. (II) There is a direct causing over five million deaths per year. (IV)
relationship between susceptibility and disease: While most deaths are among children under
low susceptibility implies a high resilience. (III) five years of age in developing nations, the
In various realms of the 'body-mind', there are impact, even in developed countries, is
aspects of life that build us up and break us considerable. (V) For example, over 250,000
down. (IV) If we are under strain in one realm, it individuals are admitted to hospitals in Canada
may be possible to compensate by each year, which indeed shows how common
strengthening the others. (V) For example, diarrhoea cases are in the world.
playing tennis reinforces the release of 'feel-
good' chemicals that can offset the damaging A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
effects of emotional stress.
7. (I) Cancer is a progressive disease, and goes 10. (I) Huge dust storms, like those that turned the
through several stages. (II) Many other air red across much of eastern Australia during
diseases, besides cancer, could produce the 2009, spread lethal epidemics around the world.
same symptoms. (III) Each phase may produce (II) For instance, dust storms originating in the
a number of symptoms, some of which may Sahara Desert are thought to be responsible for
occur due to a tumour that is growing within an spreading meningitis spores throughout semi-
organ or a gland. (IV) As the tumour grows, it arid central Africa. (III) Higher temperatures and
may press on the nearby nerves, organs and more intense storms are likewise linked to
blood vessels. (V) This causes pain and some 'valley fever', a fatal disease contracted from a
pressure which may be the earliest warning fungus in the soil of the central valley of
signs of cancer. California. (IV) According to the World
Meteorological Organization, dust storms cause
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V enormous damage to the ecology of forests. (V)
Scientists now see such dust clouds as possible
transmitters of influenza, SARS, and foot-and-
8. (I) Magnesium is a co-factor in energy- mouth diseases.
producing reactions and when people lack
sufficient amounts of it, they may not have A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
regular energy release. (II) As magnesium is
needed for the pumping of the heart muscle, low
levels can also result in palpitations. (III) Eyelid 11. (I) Combat stress may arise when an event,
or facial twitches and some other muscle situation or condition in a fighting zone requires
spasms may indicate a lack of magnesium as a soldier to alter his or her behaviour in
well. (IV) Moreover, deficiency of this mineral response to new demand. (II) As a result,
can sometimes lead to increased anxiety or certain situations could have placed so much
even mild depression. (V) For example, it plays strain on an individual that he or she could not
a vital role in the correct functioning of our maintain a normal level of functioning. (III) This
nerves and muscles because of its close change in behaviour typically presents cognitive,
connection with the nervous system. physiological and emotional challenges. (IV)
Such stress is a normal and expected
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V experience for deployed personnel, and the vast
majority of soldiers manage it effectively. (V)
Many actually perform better under reasonable
9. (I) Researchers have noted that once an levels of stress.
adjustment disorder is diagnosed,
psychotherapy, medication, or both can prevent A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
the development of a more serious mental
disorder. (II) Effective treatment is critical, as
adjustment disorder is associated with an 12. (I) Gluten-free diets have recently been gaining
increased risk of suicide attempts, substance attention for their potential to manage
abuse, and various unexplained physical gastrointestinal issues such as acid reflux or
complaints. (III) Patients with chronic stressors irritable bowel syndrome. (II) Probiotics – foods
may require ongoing treatment for continued prepared with live, 'good' bacteria such as
symptom management. (IV) Clinicians do not yoghurt, kimchi and kefir – have been shown to
agree on the role of medications in treating help with conditions like irritable bowel
adjustment disorder. (V) While patients may not syndrome, and they may also be beneficial for
become symptom-free, treatment can halt the people with weakened immune systems. (III)
progression toward a more serious mental But their long-term effects on overall health are
disorder by enhancing the patient's ability to not yet fully known. (IV) Fermented foods and
cope. drinks such as sauerkraut and kombucha are
gaining in popularity as well. (V) Their effects on
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V health again are not clear, but consuming them
will not do any harm and might improve
microbial diversity in the gut.
13. (I) The first line of defense against germs is your 17. (I) The relationship between genes and proteins
body’s surface, which acts as a barrier. (II) The was first proposed in 1909 when English
surface includes not only your skin but also the physician A Garrod suggested that genes
surface of your eyes and the soft tissues lining dictate phenotypes through enzymes, the
your mouth, nose and throat. (III) If germs find a proteins that catalyze chemical processes in the
break in any part of your body, such as a cut, cell. (II) The idea came from his observations of
the damaged tissue reacts immediately by inherited diseases. (III) He hypothesized that an
becoming inflamed. (IV) Germs that break inherited disease reflects a body’s inability to
through the body’s barriers and invade internal manufacture a particular enzyme, and he
tissues do not usually survive for long. (V) It referred to such diseases as inborn errors of
swells and fills with germ-destroying blood cells. metabolism . (IV) The function of a gene is to
dictate the production of a specific enzyme. (V)
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V His hypothesis was ahead of its time but
research conducted decades later by other
scientists proved him right.
14. (I) It is claimed that in certain conditions, the
presence of reservoirs is actually harmful to A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
human health. (II) This is because the surfaces
provide an ideal place for mosquitoes to breed.
(III) The internal disease known as bilharzias 18. (I) Some pathogens are spread from one person
is another illness that is said to be encouraged to another by direct contact. (II) They leave the
by the presence of manmade lakes and canals. first person through body openings, mucous
(IV) In some dams the disease carrying membranes, and skin wounds, and they enter
mosquitoes are so numerous that measures to the second person through similar channels. (III)
control them are proving very costly. (V) But, Many pathogens that once meant certain death
costly or not, it is vital that we do control them. for people are now dealt with easily by wide-
spectrum antibiotics. (IV) Other pathogens
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V involve an intermediary carrier, such as an
insect. (V) The malarial parasite, for example,
spends part of its life cycle in mosquitoes, then
15. (I) Tooth brushing is of great importance for enters a person's bloodstream when the
dental health in young children. (II) Dental mosquito bites the person.
fluorosis is a hypomineralisation of tooth enamel
during the period when unerupted teeth are A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
developing. (III) Normal mineralisation of
permanent teeth occurs from about the time of
birth until about six years of age. (IV) After that 19. (I) Sinusitis is usually prompted by a cold, but
time, teeth are mineralised to such an extent may occasionally be caused by a bacterial or
that they cannot be affected by fluorosis. (V) Nor fungal infection. (II) In some people, allergies
is it possible after that time to diminish any can cause sinusitis as well. (III) Unless the
existing fluorosis. symptoms are severe or long-lasting, they will
probably get better without treatment. (IV) If one
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V has small sinus drains or a deviated nasal
septum in which the cartilage between the
nostrils is out of place, he or she may also have
16. (I) Most people believe that some drugs are sinus problems. (V) Pregnant women are
acceptable and even desirable because of the especially susceptible, as their hormones can
medical benefits they confer. (II) But all make the nose swell and increase mucus
psychoactive drugs – drugs that cross the production.
blood-brain barrier and alter mental functioning
– are potentially harmful to health. (III) Even A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
drugs that are not psychoactive have the
potential for unpleasant side effects. (IV) For a
time, cocaine was used as an anaesthetic for
surgery, especially eye surgery. (V) For
example, antihistamines may cause confusion,
dizziness, dry mouth and blurred vision.
20. (I) Our bodies are often exposed to thousands
of bacteria and viruses, which could potentially
cause infection. (II) Our immune system
protects us against the vast majority of them.
(III) As people age, the immune system
becomes less effective, which contributes to the
greater susceptibility of people to some
infections. (IV) It is easy to take our immune
system for granted, but if you catch cold very
often, you need to be more proactive about
taking care of yourself. (V) Adopting healthy
eating habits, for example, can boost your
immune system.
Pain is a signal that protects us from harmful stimuli. People infected with tuberculosis are difficult to treat
An excess of any type of stimulus such as pressure, because the bacteria can lie dormant in the body. In
heat, cold, excessive mechanical stretch, and specific this state, they are unaffected by antibiotics and do
chemical compounds stimulates pain receptors. In not spark an immune response. But they can
the human body, pain receptors are the tips of certain reactivate and cause disease when the body's
sensory neurons found in almost every tissue. immune system is compromised. Some people
However, most internal organs are poorly supplied believe that proteins that deliver a wake-up call to
with pain receptors. For this reason, pain from dormant bacteria could be used to fight tuberculosis.
internal structures is often difficult to locate. In fact, There are two ways wake-up proteins might be used
pain is often not projected back to the organ that is therapeutically. One is to trick the bacteria out of
stimulated. Instead, it is referred to an area just under dormancy so that they can be zapped with antibiotics.
the skin that may be some distance from the organ The other is to use the proteins as vaccines. An
involved. The area to which the pain is referred is injection of wake-up proteins might prime the body to
connected to nerve fibres from the same level of the notice a subsequent infection earlier than would
spinal cord as the organ involved. otherwise be the case and attack the bacteria as
they activate.
1. According to the passage, although most of
our body is thoroughly equipped with pain 4. It is pointed out in the passage that, so long
receptors, ----. as the bacteria that cause tuberculosis
are dormant, ----.
A) this is not true for all the internal organs
B) it is in the internal organs that they function A) there is no point in administering antibiotics
most efficiently B) it is unwise to try to do anything about them
C) they are mostly located in the tissues of C) there is no need to worry about them as they
some internal organs almost never activate again
D) some of them are far more sensitive than D) the body's immune system will function well
others E) a tuberculosis vaccine can be effective
E) the pain caused by heat and cold is much
stronger than other kinds of pain
proteins might be used to ----.
2. It is pointed out in the passage that, through
pain, ----. A) make dormant tuberculosis bacteria create
an immune response
A) the relationship between the spinal cord and B) force tuberculosis bacteria to remain dormant
an internal organ becomes extremely while the body's immune system is
compromised compromised
B) the function of the organs in the body is C) identify the state of dormant tuberculosis
seriously reduced bacteria
C) the area in an internal organ which is most D) force dormant tuberculosis bacteria to
affected by a harmful stimulus can be become active
identified right away
E) help us monitor the progress of tuberculosis
D) it is extremely easy to determine the excess from the outset
of a harmful stimulus in an internal organ
E) we become aware of those stimuli in the
6. We understand from the passage that it
body that can have an adverse effect
may be possible to use wake-up proteins
as tuberculosis vaccines ----.
3. As can be understood from the passage, the
stimulation of pain receptors ----. A) while antibiotics are attacking the bacteria
B) once the bacteria are no longer in a state of
A) is much stronger in an internal organ than in dormancy
any other area of the body
C) as they would stimulate the body to attack
B) takes place only if the stimulus endangers the bacteria as soon as they start to become
the organs active again
C) depends a great deal on the kind of chemical D) even more effectively when the body's
compounds found in the body immune system has been compromised
D) occurs when any tissue in the body is E) though a lot of people are opposed to this
overstimulated because they think it might be dangerous
E) clearly indicates the somatic importance of
the spinal cord
Our kidneys excrete metabolic wastes and help In 2013, a comprehensive review of the extensive
regulate the volume and composition of body fluids. research on the relationship between sugar and
Their vital function is compromised in more than 13 obesity was commissioned by the World Health
million people in the United States who suffer from Organization (WHO). The results were compelling: a
kidney disease. In fact, kidney disease ranks fourth in reduced sugar intake was associated with an
prevalence among major human diseases in the average 0.8kg loss in weight, while an increased
United States. Kidney function can be impaired by intake was associated with a corresponding 0.75kg
infections, poisoning by substances such as mercury, gain. The reviews strengthened the link between
lesions, tumours, kidney stones, shock or circulatory intake of dietary sugars and obesity, and therefore a
disease. For instance, one of the most common higher risk of chronic diseases. As a result, the WHO
kidney diseases both in the United States and in the reduced its recommendation on sugar intake from a
world is glomerulonephritis, which is related to the daily limit of 10 percent of calorie intake to 5 percent -
damage of the kidney’s filtering units. The damage is that is around six teaspoons a day for the average
thought to result from an autoimmune response. adult. As part of a healthy diet, this amount of added
sugar is not a health threat, but you need to be
7. As pointed out in the passage, cautious as even an average can of carbonated soft
glomerulonephritis ----. drinks - identified by many studies as the worst
source of 'empty calories' - contains nine teaspoons,
A) is the failure of the kidney function caused by which is higher than the limit. Unfortunately, research
various infections and other factors has suggested that alternatives like artificial
B) is widespread and occurs when the kidney sweeteners actually make us eat more. They do not
fails to filter properly deliver a second dopamine 'hit' from glucose
C) becomes a deadly disease when the kidney’s absorption in the stomach, keeping us hungry.
autoimmune response fails
10. The passage is mainly about ----.
D) has a limited extent of prevalence throughout
the United States A) the reasons for high calorie intake and
E) can cause serious damage to the filtering feeling hungry
units of the kidney B) the efforts of the WHO to reduce sugar
intake
8. It is pointed out in the passage that the C) the measures taken by the WHO to consume
kidneys ----. fewer sweeteners
D) a variety of health problems associated with
A) have an autoimmune system which is very
sugar consumption
efficient, especially against poisoning
E) the connection between obesity and sugar
B) have a very efficient filtering system which is
intake
immune to certain infections
C) are responsible only for the excretion of
waste matter from the body 11. It can be understood from the passage that
the World Health Organization ----.
D) can fail to function properly owing to a wide
range of causes A) aims to reduce the daily consumption of
E) can be easily infected once a tumour begins sugar by informing people
to grow in them B) suggests that people should daily consume
nine teaspoons of sugar
9. As one understands from the passage, the C) indicates that soft drinks may be seen as part
kidneys play a role ----. of a healthy diet
D) illustrates the reasons for high consumption
A) in the partial filtration of various types of
of artificial sweeteners
fluids in the body
E) tries to show the reasons and results of
B) especially in regard to the concentration of
chronic diseases
mercury in the body
C) in the efficient circulation of body fluids
D) in the body’s response to various infections
E) in relation to the fluids in the body
12. It is clear from the passage that ----. In 1818, Mary Shelley published a novel that shocked
a society in the midst of the Industrial Revolution. In
A) an average can of soft drinks contains more Shelley’s story, Dr. Frankenstein discovers how to
sugar than the WHO's recommendation on use electricity to reanimate dead creatures. Almost
daily sugar intake 200 years later, biologists Craig Venter and Hamilton
B) soft drinks accepted as 'empty calories' are Smith also gave new life to an 'empty shell'. In this
seen as part of a healthy diet by the World case, the 'shell' was a cell of the tiny bacterium
Health Organization Mycoplasma discoides, in which the DNA had been
C) consuming six teaspoons of sugar a day is destroyed. Without DNA to direct the synthesis of its
not seen as a risk for an adult who has a proteins, the cell would die. The scientists used a
chronic disease computer to design an artificial DNA sequence that
had all the genes necessary for bacterial life. Then
D) the results of the research provide detailed
they made the DNA from individual nucleotides and
information about how to consume fewer
inserted this synthetic genome into the bacterium,
sweeteners
where it replaced the bacterium’s normal DNA. The
E) the consumption of a high quantity of soft new DNA directed the cell to perform all the
drinks is the main reason for chronic biochemical characteristics of life, including cell
diseases and obesity reproduction. After several cell divisions, the cells of
the new organism, whose 'parent' was a computer,
no longer had any of the original cell’s proteins or
small molecules.
A) Shelley was deeply interested in natural

sciences for a long time
B) Shelley’s readers were shocked that a
women could publish her work in a male-
dominated society
C) Shelley’s novel is based on a true story and
the characters are real people
D) biologists Mr. Venter and Mr. Smith, two
characters from Shelley’s novel, used dead
animals in their research
E) Shelley’s novel contained certain elements
that the general public was not ready for
14. According to the text, the cell of

Mycoplasma discoides used in the
experiment ----.
A) did not contain healthy and functioning DNA

B) was not going to live because of a tiny
bacterium
C) was produced by a computer to examine
bacterial life
D) was first mentioned in Shelley’s novel
E) was a computer designed by scientists for
DNA research
15. We understand from the text that ----.
A) according to Shelley, a bacterium’s DNA is

not an essential element in cell reproduction
B) modern science aims to create artificial
bacterial life by using current technology
C) many novelists foresaw that a cell would
have the ability to continue living even
without its DNA
D) in Shelley’s story, Dr. Frankenstein replaces
a DNA sequence with an artificial one
E) the aim of the study is to understand the
capabilities of a bacterium
Following the growth of biological knowledge in the
past few decades, a few researchers now believe
extension of the human lifespan might be within
reach. Why do organisms – people included – age in
the first place? Like machines, people wear out.
However, a machine can usually be repaired. A good
mechanic with a stock of spare parts can keep it
going indefinitely, to the point where no part of the
original remains. The question arises, of course, of
whether the machine is worth repairing. It is here that
people and nature disagree. From the individual’s
point of view, survival is a must. You cannot
reproduce unless you are alive. Since ageing is a
sure way of dying, it is no surprise that people want
to stop it from advancing. Moreover, even the
appearance of ageing can be harmful. It reduces the
range of potential partners who find you attractive–
since it is a sign that you are not going to be around
for a very long time to help bring up the baby – and
this, in turn, restricts your ability to reproduce. There
is a paradox, however: the individual’s evolved desire
not to age is opposed by another evolutionary force,
the disposable soma. The soma is all of a body’s
cells apart from the sex cells. Its role is to get the sex
cells, and thus the organism’s genes, into the next
generation. But evolutionary logic seems to require
the soma to age and die in order for a species to
continue. There is thus a premium on reproducing
early rather than conserving resources for a future
that may never come.
16. As we can infer from the passage, nature

tends to ----.
A) question whether human bodies can be
repaired
B) favour shorter lifespans for living creatures
C) limit the number of partners a person can
find
D) make people look old before they become
old
E) oppose the evolutionary force of soma
17. It can be understood from the passage that

some researchers ----.
A) are trying to extend their own lives to the
maximum
B) are unsure if extending the human lifespan is
worth doing
C) now think it may be possible to help people
to live longer
D) are preparing a large supply of spare parts to
help people live indefinitely
E) have the goal of making people like
machines
18. The passage indicates that the purpose of Some 54 million Americans have disabilities and that
the soma is to ----. number has been increasing. It includes more than
10 million children with developmental disabilities - a
A) oppose a person’s desire not to become old number accentuated by the fact that 50 per cent of
B) transmit genes to one’s child or children children with disabilities are not identified until school
C) separate itself from the organism’s sex cells age. Early identification of developmental disabilities
is crucial, as it has been shown to improve,
D) persuade the organism to reproduce earlier
outcomes. A good example of this is autism, where
E) prefer to conserve the organism’s resources early identification and treatment can lead a child to
impressive gains in communication, social skills and
learning. It's also clear that having a developmental
disability puts one at risk for secondary conditions.
The lack of recreational opportunities, for example,
can lead to the development of obesity as well as
withdrawal, depression and isolation. Again, early
identification can help prevent these problems.
19. We understand from the passage that, in

the case of children ----.
A) poor social skills and depression are the
most common of the development disabilities
B) the disabilities often spring from the lack of
recreational opportunities
C) with two or more disabilities, it is almost
impossible to give them any help at all
D) but not of adults, obesity is usually a primary
disability
E) the disabilities of half of them go unnoticed
until they start school
20. It is clear from the passage that, if a child is

to be helped to overcome a
developmental disability ----.
A) this should start as soon as he goes to
school
B) the sooner that help starts, the better
C) he must not be allowed to feel different from
anyone else
D) group therapy should be considered
E) the first step must be the improvement of
communication skills
21. The passage makes the point that

one developmental disability ----.
A) is often cancelled out by some special skill or
talent
B) that is especially difficult to treat is autism
C) is often likely to give rise to one or more
other disabilities
D) seems to characterize a great many families
E) can sometimes be more difficult to treat than
two
• Vocabulary & Grammar
• Translation
Vocabulary & Grammar > Homework
1. Apparently, there is a significant ---- between 6. New animal trials ---- hope that a cure based
activity in a specific area of the brain and on transplanting stem cells ---- a reality for
individual differences in temperament. patients with Parkinson's in the future.
A) association A) gave / becomes
B) revelation B) will give / has become
C) combination C) could have given / will become
D) indication D) have given / became
E) reference E) give / could become
2. ---- advances in gene technology and 7. Researchers believe positive musical tones
knowledge of the body, doctors still fail to activate the brain by encouraging the release
fully comprehend why many innate heart of dopamine, helping spark new ideas more
diseases occur. than quiet, ---- experts suggest we are better
at problem-solving if we work in silence.
A) Because of
B) In case of A) likewise
C) Since B) so
D) In spite of C) but
E) Thanks to D) since
E) for example
3. The nervous system directs the functions of

the body, both voluntary and involuntary, ---- 8. The great majority of osteoporotic hip
an intricate network of specialised cells fractures in the US occur in adults ---- 50 and
neurons which convey information ---- the result from minimal ---- moderate trauma,
form of electrochemical messages. usually a fall from standing height or less.
A) with / around A) of / between
B) for / at B) at / through
C) from / to C) towards / up to
D) along / on D) over / to
E) through / in E) by / out of
4. In infants 'low-level' lead exposure 9. A marine bacterium has been genetically

may produce serious impairment of engineered to produce spider silk, which has
mental development ---- there is any many ---- in the medical industry.
awareness of the intoxication.
A) shortcomings
A) as if B) applications
B) once again C) generalisations
C) just as D) requirements
D) even if E) separations
E) even before
10. Vitamins for diabetics are helpful for those --

5. By messing with the balance of -- gastrointestinal system fails to absorb the
microorganisms in the body and by killing proper level of essential nutrients.
too many of the good bacteria in your gut,
antibiotics may have certain ---- effects on A) who
your health. B) what
C) where
A) prevalent
D) whom
B) negligible
E) whose
C) damaging
D) consistent
E) abundant
11. Chile ---- a state-funded national health 16. ---- the substance causing the allergy has
service for 30 years when it ---- to go for a been identified, avoiding it and applying
mixed approach allowing private health some simple treatments will be enough to
services to be also offered. overcome skin reactions such as itching and
scaling.
A) will be running / was deciding
B) was running / had been decided A) As if
C) has been running / is deciding B) While
D) had been running / decided C) Even though
E) is running / has decided D) Whether
E) Once
12. In cancer care, Britain still compares ---- with

other similar countries in five-year survival 17. ---- physical activity can enhance physical
rates after diagnosis. functioning, reduce anxiety, stress, and
depression, it also poses some hazards to
A) vainly one’s physical and psychological health.
B) unfavourably
A) Although
C) unreservedly
B) Since
D) consciously
C) Whether
E) infrequently
D) In case
E) Unless
13. Fitting more physical activity into your daily
life can bring several health benefits, ---- it is
something like parking farther from rather 18. Chickenpox is caused by the vericella zoster
than closer to your destination ---- a well- virus and is transmitted through close
structured program at the gym. contact ---- an infected person, and if you
have never had chickenpox or been
A) the more / the more immunised ---- it, you can still get it in your
B) neither / nor lifetime.
C) whether / or
A) by / under
D) as / as
B) on / in
E) so / that
C) at / about
D) with / against
14. In Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy, the E) from / towards
patient presents false health information
about someone or ---- harm on somebody in
order to attract medical attention. 19. Over millions of years retroviruses have
been incorporated into our human DNA,
A) inflicts where they today ---- almost 10 percent of
B) infects the total genome.
C) provides
A) turn down
D) disseminates
B) call for
E) innovates
C) follow up
D) stand by
15. ---- with breast cancer can affect daily life in E) make up
many ways, depending on what stage it is at
and the treatment you ----.
20. In diabetic patients, even though food intake
A) Diagnosed / will have may be increased, weight loss can occur ----
B) Diagnosing / have had muscles and fat stores may shrink as they
C) Having been diagnosed / should have are not getting the necessary glucose.
D) Being diagnosed / are having A) because
E) To diagnose / have B) given that
C) as long as
D) although
E) in case
People may bruise easily because of fragile New techniques are constantly being pioneered to
capillaries in the skin. Each time these small blood improve the accuracy of doctors performing surgery.
vessels break, a little blood (21) ----, leaving tiny red During operations (26) ---- is absolutely vital and
dots in the skin and bluish-purple bruises. Women technology is increasingly involved in surgeon’s work.
seem more prone than men to bruising from a minor One example is a new operating microscope which
injury, especially (22) ---- the thighs, buttocks, and (27) ---- for use in brain surgery. This microscope can
upper arms. Older people are especially susceptible be used to project an image of the deeper areas of
to bruising after bumps and falls (23) ---- they have the brain (28) ---- the surface that the surgeon is
fragile blood vessels and a thinner layer of fat under working on; it (29) ---- gives him a detailed and
the skin, which normally serves as a cushion to help accurate map of (30) ---- incisions must be made.
protect against injury. For most people, the condition
isn’t serious, but bruising easily (24) ---- a sign that 26.
something is wrong with the blood clotting elements,
most likely the platelets. Blood tests can determine if A) liability
(25) ---- problems exist. B) distinction
C) apprehension
21.
D) retention
A) passes by E) precision
B) comes up
C) runs away 27.
D) breaks off
A) has been developed
E) leaks out
B) would be developed
C) will have been developed
22.
D) had been developed
A) on E) was being developed
B) with
C) throughout 28.
D) through
A) by
E) over
B) at
C) from
23.
D) with
A) unless E) onto
B) even so
C) because 29.
D) whereas
A) so
E) so that
B) thus
C) only
24.
D) by far
A) has to be E) in accord
B) should be
C) would be 30.
D) may be
A) where
E) will be
B) which
C) whose
25.
D) whether
A) such E) why
B) no
C) much
D) so
E) many
1. The leukemic tissues reproduce new cells so 4. Ever since scientists learned how to
rapidly ----. manipulate genes, ----.
A) whereas common effects in leukaemia are A) doctors and patients have pinned their hopes
the development of infections, severe on this knowledge being transmuted into
anaemia, and a tendency to bleeding readily available medical procedures
B) even if the most important effect of B) advances in gene therapy are expected to be
leukaemia on the body is the excessive use announced by research teams in Japan and
of metabolic substrates by the growing Argentina in the near future
cancerous cells C) all gene therapy rests on the idea that the
C) that tremendous demands are made on the patient’s genes can be manipulated in such a
body fluids for foodstuffs, especially the way that the organism fixes itself
amino acids and vitamins D) various other therapies, such as bone-
D) while leukaemia is usually characterized by marrow transplants, have proved inadequate
greatly increased numbers of abnormal white in making headway against the rare disorder
blood cells in the circulating blood of severe combined immuno-deficiency
E) unless leukemic cells are non-functional in E) no clinical trial expects to get ultimate
providing the usual protection against approval in the near future by health
infection associated with white blood cells authorities in the US and Europe
2. Though frustration is a patent factor in 5. Cramps may be a symptom of an underlying

eliciting aggressive behaviour, ----. problem ----.
A) these implications could never be A) unless it is related to pre-existing conditions
satisfactorily discarded B) when they are generally harmless for the
B) the intensity of the reaction would have been person
accurately predicted C) if they persist for more than fifteen minutes
C) both the availability and influence of D) though they can be divided into two basic
aggressive models had been taken into categories
consideration
E) which is one of the major problems of the
D) some children do not react aggressively to current health care system
blocking and deprivation
E) the intention has always been to cause injury
to others 6. Because the use of medication during
pregnancy gives rise to safety concerns, ----.
3. Much of the decline in infection rates of A) further study is needed of the health benefits
trachoma over the years is the result of a of pregnancy
global initiative to eliminate it; ----. B) certain herbal preparations were also
recommended for their anti-depressant
A) as a result, there are few ways to fight effects
against this blinding disease on a global
C) high-quality purified fish oil capsules reduce
scale
the risk to such women of inadvertent
B) in addition, statistics reveal that there were ingestion of mercury
500 million infected people in the previous
D) there is growing recognition that maternal
century
health is of equal importance to the father of
C) similarly, it is difficult to estimate how many the unborn child
precautions need to be taken to decrease
E) a group of doctors have decided to review
infection rates
the effectiveness and safety of alternative
D) therefore, an effective strategy is being therapies for perinatal depression
organised by the World Health Organization
E) however, we cannot disregard the effect of
improvements in hygiene and living
conditions
7. The colour of bone marrow changes from 11. Even though there is widespread publicity
red to yellow ----. about the genetic causes of cancer, ----.
A) when fine channels carried fewer blood A) genetics actually plays a fairly minor role in
vessels the development of cancer
B) that it no longer produces red blood cells B) scientists estimated that lung cancer was
C) since it is a substance that is found inside the nine times higher among smokers than non-
cavity of bones smokers
D) though the long bones of the limbs have a C) epidemiologists generally agree that
great density and strength sufficient research evidence exists for
infection
E) as lipids start to accumulate
D) the leading cause of cancer deaths for both
women and men continues to be lung cancer
8. A peptic ulcer is a well-defined round or oval E) these genes protect against cancer by
sore ----. providing the code for a protective protein
A) even though the treatment is the same for
children as for adults 12. The skin of adults generally becomes thinner
B) whether the pain occurs at a specific time of and more fragile, which ----.
day
A) became dry and lost its elasticity over time
C) unless the x-ray study is normal, and the
doctor still suspects an ulcer B) does not mean nail care may be more
difficult for the elderly person
D) where the lining of the stomach has been
damaged or eroded by stomach acid and C) is natural as they age and their antibodies
digestive juices decrease in number
E) since young children have difficulty in D) also could lead to a healthier bone structure
describing their symptoms precisely E) is one of the changes resulting in dryness of
the skin of a toddler
9. ----, water-borne diseases such as cholera

will never be stamped out. 13. The British Medical Association is coming
under pressure to support compulsory
A) Though there has always been an abundant childhood vaccinations, ----.
supply of water in these parts
B) So long as the natives are educated in the A) when such interventions are insisted on by
ways of hygiene the parents
C) Until their understanding of hygiene had B) whereas there are several diseases for which
been reinforced there are no vaccinations
D) Unless there is a safe water supply C) after a false scare about autism led to a drop
in vaccinations and a big jump in measles
E) If the mere boiling of water were adequate
cases
D) most of which were of no value after a
10. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease certain age
generally occurs as a consequence of E) but this fails to take into account the views of
cigarette smoking, ----. the general public
A) because lifestyle changes and medical
therapies help to slow the progression of the 14. ---- that delaying vaccines very often results
disease in incomplete inoculation.
B) as it is the fourth-leading cause of death in
the US affecting about 16 million Americans A) Drug companies are working to eliminate
thiomersol from vaccines
C) while persistent cough and shortness of
breath are the key early symptoms of the B) Some people still claim that thiomersol in
disease vaccines has not proved harmful
D) but exposure to industrial or environmental C) It has been convincingly established
toxins that damage lung tissue might be held D) The vaccine schedule can be modified
responsible as well E) The new vaccine is gradually becoming
E) once diagnosis is made with X-ray, which available everywhere
shows the increased density of the damaged
lung tissue
15. When colorectal cancer has spread and isn’t 18. ----, analysts had to rely on a more primitive
likely to be cured by surgery alone, ----. urine screen for this purpose.
A) chemotherapy after surgery may prolong the A) Unless drugs opened the way to a better
person’s life, but cure is still rare system
B) surgery to relieve the intestinal obstruction B) Although an athlete could beat the test by
may ease the symptoms ingesting artificial testosterone throughout
C) this treatment, though expensive, may the testing period
provide more benefit than ordinary C) If later screens for testosterone levels
chemotherapy matched the preliminary results
D) this procedure may relieve symptoms and D) Only if the body were able to make
prolong life testosterone from an artificial compound
E) about 70 per cent of patients with colorectal E) Before the carbon isotope radio (CIR) urine
cancer are good candidates for surgery test became standard protocol for testing
athletes for doping
16. Whereas the overuse of antibiotics can lead

to the spread of drug-resistant bacteria, ----. 19. The race to develop a vaccine against Zika
began in February 2016, ----.
A) the practice of using sufficient doses is still
the most effective method in the treatment of A) while no one in the team has had experience
bacterial infections in developing vaccines
B) the germs that survive are typically those that B) so that new vaccine technologies are made
happen to bear genetic mutations for available to the researchers
resisting the antibiotics C) although some governments were firmly
C) resistant strains produced in animals supporting product development
eventually find their way into people since D) when a public health emergency of
bacteria are found everywhere international concern was declared
D) careless use of drugs contributes to drug- E) because the collective experience of the
resistant infection leaving us defenceless professionals facilitates the pace
against dangerous bacteria
E) the patients in whom they occur may have to
live with the risk of many untreatable 20. We spend a notable portion of our lives
infections for an uncomfortably long time asleep, ----.
A) yet most of us understand very little about
17. Although AIDS still has no cure, ----. sleep and insomnia
B) but we should learn about what happens to
A) the devastating effects of HIV infection our bodies while we sleep
seemed unstoppable
C) so investigating what happens during sleep
B) remarkable progress has been made in seems to be ignored
understanding and treating HIV infection
D) whereas learning about sleep makes the
C) a specific dietary strategy for the treatment of experience less mysterious
the disease has not been devised
E) although we feel closer to finding a solution
D) the severity of wasting may determine the to the problem of insomnia
duration of survival
E) the causes of malnutrition and wasting in HIV
infection are related to the disease itself
1: There are a variety of X-rays used today in 5: Dehydration occurs when the amount of water
addition to the ones used for identifying broken leaving the body is greater than the amount being
bones and fractures. taken in.
TR: TR:
6: Rather than destroy bacteria, antibacterial

2: Tumours developing inside the brain and spinal products can even cause some strains to increase.
cord can place a strain on the body and shorten life TR:
expectancy.
TR:
7: Studies have shown that a vitamin D deficiency

can reduce communication between cells, causing
them to stop sticking together and allowing cancer
cells to spread.
3: When left untreated, high cholesterol can lead TR:
many health problems including a heart attack or
stroke.
TR:
4: Unlike some infectious diseases, infection with

malaria induces the human body to develop
immunity very slowly.
TR: 8: Dentists have recommended that a toothbrush
should be kept at least 2 metres away from a toilet
to avoid airborne particles resulting from the flush.
TR:
9: Although yellow fever has not been found in Asia, 10: Cancer is a serious disease that requires
it could occur there as well because of the primate comprehensive medical care and patients should
population and type of mosquitos found there. consult a doctor when seeking treatment.
TR: TR:
Cryotherapy is a technique that uses an extremely 3. Which could be understood from the
cold liquid or instrument to freeze and destroy passage?
abnormal skin cells that require removal. It can be
employed to destroy a variety of benign skin growths, A) Modem techniques of cryotherapy have been
such as warts, pre-cancerous lesions, and malignant made widely available to dermatologists.
lesions. The goal of cryotherapy is to freeze and B) Infection due to cryotherapy is more likely on
destroy targeted skin growths while preserving the the lower legs and feet although healing is
surrounding skin from injury. Cryotherapy is not very quick.
recommended for certain areas of the body because C) There is some risk of scarring, infection, and
of the danger of destruction of tissue or unacceptable destruction of tissue if cryotherapy is
scarring. Lesions that are suspected or known to be administered too early.
malignant melanoma should not be treated with
D) Cryotherapy must be carefully applied to the
cryotherapy, but should instead be removed
certain parts of the body in some patients.
surgically. Similarly, carcinomas that have
reappeared at the site of a previously treated tumour E) People with malignant melanomas and
should also be removed surgically. If it remains carcinomas are at higher risk of infection
unclear whether a growth is benign or malignant, a after cryotherapy.
sample of tissue should be removed for analysis by a
pathologist before any attempts to destroy the lesion
with cryotherapy. Care should be taken in people with
diabetes or certain circulation problems when
cryotherapy is considered for growths located on their
lower legs, ankles, and feet. In these patients,
healing is poor and the risk of infection can be higher
than for other patients.
1. When practising cryotherapy, it is aimed to -

-.
A) remove the malignant cells surgically as they
will affect the surrounding cells
B) clean off malignant skin growths in any part
of the body
C) destroy tumours completely if there is an
existing circulation problem
D) treat malignant melanomas when surgical
operation is not possible
E) get rid of the abnormal skin cells without
harming the surrounding skin
2. It is understood from the passage that

certain types of lesions and carcinomas ----.
A) cannot be destroyed with cryotherapy

B) are expected to heal quickly after
cryotherapy
C) may continue to grow despite the application
of cryotherapy
D) are frozen before the surgical operation
E) can be the outcome of cryotherapy
Doctors performed the first successful lung 6. One can conclude from the passage that
transplantation in 1983 and now perform several lung transplantation ----.
hundred lung transplantations each year. A lung
transplantation may involve one lung or both lungs. A) is more difficult when the recipient requires
Less frequently a lung transplantation includes both both lungs
lungs and the heart. Donor lungs come primarily from B) requires regular medical care for potential
people who donate their organs upon death. Live problems after surgery
lobular donation, in which a living donor undergoes C) is never done when the recipient has
surgery to have one lobe of the lungs removed for immunodeficiency disorders
transplantation. is occasionally a viable option for
D) will soon be replaced by more innovative
people who can find a tissue match among two
procedures
prospective donors, usually family members, willing
and medically capable of donating a healthy lung E) is the only option for people with aggressive
lobes. Doctors most commonly consider living lobular cystic fibrosis
donation as an option for children who have
aggressive cystic fibrosis. Many circumstances
influence whether an individual is an appropriate
candidate for lung transplantation. Because donor
lungs are in short supply, the criteria for
transplantation are stringent though vary somewhat
among transplant centres. In general, lung
transplantation recipients must be under age 65, in
good health except for their pulmonary conditions,
and demonstrate willingness and ability to comply
with the post-transplantation care regimen.
Transplantation criteria nearly always exclude
patients who have cancer and immunodeficiency
disorders.
4. It is clearly stated in the passage that lung

transplantation ----.
A) sometimes means transplanting heart in
addition to the lungs
B) is mainly done with the lungs of a living
donor from the family
C) was very challenging and usually resulted in
death before 1983
D) has become more common due to increase
in donations
E) is more successful when the donor is a
family member
5. It is understood from the passage that donor

lungs ----.
A) should be taken from people who are at the
age of 65
B) are matched with recipients through strict
transplantation procedures
C) can be more successfully transplanted when
the recipient is a child
D) are mainly preferred to be taken from people
who are alive
E) are taken from candidates with consent from
their family members
Aging involves multiple harmful biological events that
accumulate in different tissues over time and
gradually reduce an organism’s state of maintenance
and function. Calendar time, however, serves as an
imperfect measurement of the physiological
processes involved in aging. We all know individuals
who are the same chronological age but appear to be
very different when it comes to physiological age.
Rather than counting years or grey hairs, for that
matter modern gerontologists turn to biological
markers, or biomarkers, of aging. These physiological
parameters indicate an individual’s functional level
and some biomarkers, such as insulin levels,
correlate with mortality. The presence of such
biomarkers depends indirectly on patterns of gene
expression, which are induced by a variety of internal
or external stimuli.
7. It is pointed out in the passage that the

process of aging ----.
A) can best be determined through biological

markers
B) has a pattern which varies very little among
individuals
C) cannot be clearly understood without taking
into account the greying of a person’s hair
D) is best indicated by the amount of years a
person has lived
E) has an adverse effect on very few functions
of an individual’s body

biomarkers ----.
A) do not always produce reliable results in
measuring a person’s biological age
B) are closely related to insulin levels
C) and calendar time must be taken into
account in finding out about a person’s
health
D) are of primary importance for gerontologists
in learning about a person’s physical
condition
E) can undermine an organism’s state of
maintenance and function
9. It is clear from the passage that as one ages

----.
A) one’s genetic defects become more obvious
B) the body’s ability to maintain itself starts to
deteriorate
C) the physiological processes accurately reflect
chronological time
D) there are functional changes in the body but
these are hard to detect
E) one’s insulin level remains stable
1. Tıbbi ilaç çalışmaları ayrı bir meslek dalı 3. Sosyal medya bağımlılığı henüz tıbben bir
olarak sekizinci yüzyılda ortaya çıkmış olsa hastalık olarak tanınmasa da bu
da, Avrupa’daki ilk eczane Fransa’da 1180’de platformların aşırı kullanım alışkanlığı birçok
açılmıştır. araştırmanın konusu olmuştur.
A) The first pharmacies in Europe were opened A) The habit of excessive use of social media
in France in the eighth century; however, the has become the subject of certain studies;
study of medical drugs emerged as a distinct however, it has not medically recognized as
profession in 1180. a disease yet.
B) Medical drugs were distinctly studied by B) Social media addiction should be medically
professionals for the first time in the eighth recognized as a disease since the habit of
century; however, the first pharmacy in excessive use of these platforms has already
Europe appeared in France long after that. become the subject of much research.
C) The study of medical drugs became a distinct C) Even if social media addiction is not
profession in the eighth century while the first medically recognized as a disease yet,
pharmacies in Europe were located in excessive use of these platforms has been
France. studied by many scientific centers.
D) Since the study of medical drugs emerged as D) Social media addiction is not medically
a separate profession in France in the recognized as a disease yet; however, the
eighteenth century, the first pharmacy was excessive use of these platforms has already
also opened there in 1180. become the subject of particular research.
E) Although the study of medical drugs E) Although social media addiction is not
emerged as a distinct profession in the medically recognized as a disease yet, the
eighth century, the first pharmacy in Europe habit of excessive use of these platforms has
was opened in France in 1180. become the subject of much research.
2. Nar antioksidan bakımından zengin bir 4. In contrast, many Southern European

meyve olduğu için günde bir bardak nar Countries have made great strides in child
suyu içmek prostat kanserinin ilerlemesini care.
yavaşlatabilir.
A) Öte yandan, Güney Avrupa ülkelerinin
A) The progress of prostate cancer can be çoğunda çocuk bakımı önemli sorunların
slowed down by drinking a glass of kaynağı olmuştur.
pomegranate juice a day, as the fruit is rich in B) Öte yandan, Güney Avrupa ülkelerinin çoğu
antioxidants. çocuk bakımında büyük ölçüde gerilemiştir.
B) Consuming a glass of pomegranate juice a C) Çoğu Güney Avrupa ülkesinin tersine, çocuk
day is beneficial in slowing down the bakımında önemli gelişmeler kaydettik.
progress of prostate cancer because the fruit
D) Aksine, çok sayıda Güney Avrupa ülkesi
is rich in antioxidants.
çocuk bakımında büyük adımlar atmıştır.
C) Pomegranate is a fruit rich in antioxidants, so
E) Aksine, çoğu Güney Avrupa ülkesi çocuk
drinking a glass of pomegranate juice every
bakımında büyük zorluklarla karşılaşmıştır.
day may prevent prostate cancer.
D) As pomegranate is a fruit that is rich in
antioxidants, drinking a glass of
pomegranate juice a day can slow down the
progress of prostate cancer.
E) One should consume a glass of
pomegranate juice a day if they want to slow
down the progress of prostate cancer since
pomegranate is a fruit rich in antioxidants.
5. In poor and middle-income countries, the 7. Recent studies found no link between the
four million HIV-infected people who are now risk of developing brain tumour and the
on drugs that are intended to keep the virus amount of time one has spent using a mobile
under control account for only 42% of those phone.
who need the drugs.
A) Son çalışmalarda bir kişide beyin tümörü
A) Yoksul ve orta gelir grubundaki ülkelerde, gelişmesi riskiyle, cep telefonu kullanma
dört milyon HIV bulaşmış insandan sadece süresi arasındaki ilişki kanıtlanamadı.
% 42’si virüsü kontrol altında tutmak için, ilaç B) Beyin tümörü gelişmesiyle ilgili son
kullanmaktadır çalışmalarda kişilerin cep telefonu kullanması
B) Yoksul ve orta gelirli ülkelerde, virüsü kontrol riskli bulunmadı.
altında tutmayı amaçlayan ilaçları alan dört C) Son çalışmalar beyin tümörü gelişmesi
milyon HIV bulaşmış insan, bu ilaçlara riskiyle, kişinin cep telefonu kullanarak
gereksinim duyanların sadece % 42’sine geçirdiği zaman arasında bir ilişki bulmadı.
karşılık gelmektedir.
D) Son araştırmalar cep telefonu kullanılarak
C) Sadece % 42’si virüsü kontrol altında tutmak geçirilen zamanın beyin tümörü gelişimine
için ilaç kullanan, dört milyon HIV bulaşmış katkısı olmadığı sonucunu buldu.
insan, yoksul ve orta gelir düzeyindeki
E) Kişinin beyin tümörü geliştirme riskiyle cep
ülkelerde yaşamaktadır.
telefonu kullanarak geçirdiği zaman
D) Yoksul ve orta gelir grubundaki ülkelerde, arasındaki ilişki, son araştırma sonuçlarına
HIV bulaşmış dört milyon insan, virüsü göre oldukça zayıftır.
kontrol altına almak için ilaçlara ihtiyaç duysa
da, sadece % 42’si bu ilaçları
kullanabilmektedir. 8. When energy output is greater than
E) Yoksul ve orta gelir grubundaki ülkelerde, energy input in the body, stored fat is
sadece % 42’si virüsü kontrol altında tutmak utilized, and body weight decreases.
için ilaçlara gereksinim duyan HIV bulaşmış
dört milyon kişi bulunmaktadır. A) Vücudun enerji kaybı, enerji kazanımından
daha fazla olduğunda, depolanmış yağ
kullanılarak vücudun ağırlığının azalmasına
6. Mumps is a contagious disease caused by a neden olabilir.
virus that passes from one person to B) Vücuttaki enerji çıkışı, enerji girişinden daha
another through saliva, nasal secretions, büyükse, depolanmış yağ kullanılır ve vücut
and close personal contact. ağırlığı azalır.
C) Vücudun enerji harcaması, elde edilen
A) Kabakulak bir kişiden diğerine tükürük, burun
enerjiden daha çok ise depolanmış yağ
akıntısı ve yakın kişisel temasla geçen bir
kullanılmaya başlanır ve bu da vücut
virüsün neden olduğu bulaşıcı bir hastalıktır.
ağırlığının azalmasını doğurur.
B) Kabakulak bir kişiden diğerine tükürük, burun
D) Vücuttaki enerji kaybı, elde edilen enerjiden
akıntısı ve yakın kişisel temasla bulaşan bir
çok daha yüksek ise depolanmış yağ
virüs sonucu ortaya çıkar.
kullanılarak vücudun ağırlığı azaltılır.
C) Kabakulak bir kişiden diğerine tükürük, burun
E) Vücudun kaybettiği enerji, kazandığı
akıntısı ve yakın kişisel temas sonucunda
enerjiden çok daha büyükse, depolanmış yağ
yayılan bir hastalıktır.
kullanılarak vücudun ağırlığı düşürülür.
D) Kabakulak bulaşıcı bir hastalıktır ve insanlara
tükürük, burun akıntısı ve yakın kişisel
temasla geçer.
E) Bulaşıcı bir hastalık olan kabakulak virüsü
insanlara tükürük, burun akıntısı ve yakın
kişisel temasla geçer.
9. While a physical injury might cause pain that 11. Vücudun akciğerleri koruyan mekanizmaları
leads to psychological problems, loneliness olmasına rağmen, akciğerlerde biriken
and depression can weaken the immune birçok madde vardır ve bunlar akciğerlerde
system. tekrarlayan iritasyona veya uzun süreli
hastalığa yol açabilir.
A) Yalnızlık ve depresyon fiziksel bir yaranın
sebep olduğu acıyla beraber psikolojik A) Although the body has mechanisms that
problemlere de neden olabilir. protect the lungs, there are many substances
B) Fiziksel bir yara psikolojik problemlere yol that deposit in the lungs and these may
açan bir acıya sebep olabilirken yalnızlık ve cause recurrent irritation to the lungs or lead
depresyon bağışıklık sistemini zayıflatabilir. to long-term illness.
C) Fiziksel bir yara psikolojik problemlerden B) Many substances can deposit in the lungs
kaynaklanan bir acıyı ortaya çıkarabileceği and cause recurring irritation to the lungs that
için yalnızlık ve depresyon bağışıklık leads to long-term illness even though
sistemini zayıflatır. various mechanisms of the body protect the
lungs.
D) Yalnızlık ve depresyonun bağışıklık
sistemine zarar verebileceği gibi, fiziksel bir C) Despite the protective mechanisms of the
yara da psikolojik problemleri doğuran bir body, lots of substances may deposit in the
acıya sebep olabilir. lungs that can cause long-term illness by
causing recurrent imitation to the lungs.
E) Yalnızlık ve depresyonun bağışıklık
sistemine zarar vermesi, fiziksel bir yaradan D) Even if there are mechanisms of the body for
kaynaklanan bir acının psikolojik problemler the protection of the lungs, many substances
yaratması gibidir. may deposit in the lungs and lead to long-
term illness as a result of recurring irritation.
E) Although the body protects the lungs through
10. Beyniniz yeterli dinlenmeden yoksunsa, various mechanisms, many substances can
fazladan uyusanız bile bu kaybı telafi cause long-term illness by depositing in the
edemeyebilirsiniz, çünkü uzun süren uyku lungs and leading to recurring irritation.
yoksunluğu beyin hücrelerinin kaybına
neden olabilir.
12. Problemleri veya hastalıkları saptama sanatı
A) When your brain is deprived of adequate olan 'teşhis', doktorlarla ilişkilendirilmiş olsa
rest, getting extra sleep may not compensate da, bu terim avukatlar ve öğretmenler gibi
for the loss, as extended sleep deprivation diğer mesleklerin üyeleri tarafından da
can result in the loss of brain cells. kullanılmaktadır.
B) If your brain is deprived of adequate rest, you
may not be able to compensate for the loss A) 'Diagnosis', the art of identifying problems or
by getting extra sleep since extended sleep illnesses, is used by members of different
deprivation causes the loss of brain cells. professions, such as lawyers and teachers;
however, this terms is more associated with
C) If your brain is deprived of adequate rest, you
physicians.
may not be able to compensate for the loss
no matter how much extra sleep you get B) 'Diagnosis', the art of identifying problems or
because extended sleep deprivation results illnesses, has been linked with physicians
in the loss of brain cells. even though this term is also used by
members of other professions, such as
D) Once your brain is deprived of adequate rest,
lawyers and teachers.
you may not be able to compensate for the
loss despite the extra sleep you get, and the C) Although 'diagnosis', the art of identifying
result is the loss of brain cells, which is problems or illnesses, has been linked with
caused by extended sleep deprivation. physicians, this term is also used by
members of other professions, such as
E) If your brain is deprived of adequate rest, you
lawyers and teachers.
may not be able to compensate for the loss
even if you get extra sleep because D) 'Diagnosis', the art of identifying problems or
extended sleep deprivation can lead to the illnesses, is linked with physicians, but
loss of brain cells. members of other professions, such as
lawyers and teachers, use this term as well.
E) While 'diagnosis', the art of identifying
problems or illnesses, has been associated
with physicians, members of other
professions, such as lawyers and teachers,
often use this term.
13. Because social values and technological 15. Hala pek çok engelin aşılması gerekse de,
advances change over time, new ethical birtakım hastalıkların genetik tedavileri
challenges emerge whenever new gelişme sürecindedir veya klinik
technologies arise with consequences for uygulamalarla hastalar üzerinde
public health. denenmektedir.
A) Zaman içerisinde toplumsal değerler ve A) Though many difficulties still remain, gene
teknolojik gelişmeler değişir ve bundan therapies have been developed for a number
dolayı halk sağlığı üzerinde sonuçları olan of diseases and many more are being tested
yeni teknolojilerin ortaya çıkması, yeni etik on patients in clinical trials.
güçlükler doğurur. B) Gene therapies for several diseases are
B) Toplumsal değerlerin ve teknoloji being developed or tested on patients in
gelişmelerin zamanla değişmesinden dolayı, clinical trials, but many obstacles must still
yeni teknolojilerin ortaya çıkması ve halk be overcome.
sağlığı üzerinde sonuçlar doğurması, yeni C) Once these difficulties have been overcome,
etik güçlüklere yol açar. gone therapies for a number of diseases can
C) Toplumsal değerler ve teknoloji gelişmeler be developed and even tested on patients in
zaman içinde değiştiği için, ne zaman halk clinical trials.
sağlığı üzerinde sonuçları olan yeni D) Gene therapies for a variety of diseases
teknolojiler ortaya çıksa, yeni etik güçlükler have been developed and are being tested
oluşur. on patients in clinical trials to find out what
D) Halk sağlığı üzerinde sonuçları doğuran yeni obstacles, if any, remain.
teknolojiler ortaya çıktığı zaman yeni etik E) Although many obstacles must still be
zorluklar oluşur, çünkü toplumsal değerler ve overcome, gene therapies for a number of
teknolojik gelişmeler zaman içerisinde diseases are undergoing development or are
değişir. being tested on patients in clinical trials.
E) Zaman içerisinde değişen toplumsal değerler
ve teknolojik gelişmeler yüzünden , halk
sağlığı üzerinde sonuçlar doğuran yeni 16. Susuz kalmak sağlığımız için iyi değildir
teknolojiler, yeni etik zorlukları da ancak su ihtiyacımızı karşılamak için günde
beraberinde getirir. sekiz bardak su içmemiz gerektiği fikrinin de
hiçbir bilimsel dayanağı yoktur.
14. Mikroskop altında incelenmek üzere iğne ile A) Being dehydrated is not good for our health,
alınmış karaciğer dokusu örneği içeren but the idea that we need to drink eight
karaciğer biyopsisi, vakaların yalnızca % 75’i glasses of water a day in order to stay
kadarında tanıyı doğrular. hydrated has also no scientific background.
B) Being dehydrated is not good for health;
A) A liver biopsy, which is carried out by the however, the claim that we must drink eight
removal with a needle of a sample of liver glasses of water a day to stay hydrated has
tissue for microscopic examination, is not been scientifically proved yet.
indispensable for a reliable diagnosis in 75%
C) Although the idea that we need to drink eight
of cases.
glasses of water a day to stay hydrated does
B) About 75% of cases can be definitively not have any scientific background, being
diagnosed through a liver biopsy, which dehydrated is not good for our health either.
involves the removal by needle of a sample
D) Being dehydrated has no benefits for our
of liver tissue for examination under a
health, but the idea that we should drink
microscope.
eight glasses of water a day to stay hydrated
C) The diagnosis of about 75% of cases can be is not based on scientific proof either.
confirmed through a liver biopsy, which is
E) There is no scientific evidence to prove the
performed with the removal of a sample of
idea that we should drink eight glasses of
liver tissue for microscopic examination.
water a day in order to stay hydrated, but
D) A liver biopsy, in which a sample of liver being dehydrated is not good for our health
tissue is removed by needle for examination either.
under a microscope, confirms the diagnosis
in only about 75% of cases.
E) In about 75% of cases, the diagnosis is
confirmed by means of a liver biopsy, which
is performed by removing with a needle a
sample of liver tissue for examination.
17. The blood returning to the heart through the 19. The mental and physical ravages caused by
veins has a much lower pressure than the some genetic diseases are preventable only
blood flowing in the arteries. if the diseases are diagnosed and treated in
their early stages.
A) Toplardamarlardaki kan, atardamarlarda
akan kana göre, oldukça düşük bir basınçla A) Eğer genetik hastalıklar erken evrelerde
kalbe döner. teşhis ve tedavi edilirse, hastanın zihninde ve
B) Toplardamarların kalbe ilettiği kanın basıncı, vücudunda yarattıkları bazı hasarların önüne
atardamarlarda akan kanınkine göre, çok geçilebilir.
daha düşüktür. B) Bazı genetik hastalıklardan kaynaklanan
C) Toplardamarlar aracılığıyla kalbe dönen kan, zihinsel ve fiziksel hasarlar, ancak hastalıklar
atardamarlarda akan kandan çok daha düşük erken evrelerinde teşhis ve tedavi edildiği
bir basınca sahiptir. takdirde önlenebilir.
D) Toplardamarlarda akan kan kalbe döndüğü C) Genetik hastalıkların vücudumuzda yarattığı
için, basıncı atardamarlardaki kana göre çok zihinsel ve fiziksel hasarların önlenebilmesi,
daha düşüktür. ancak hastalığın erken evrede teşhis
edilmesiyle mümkündür.
E) Atardamarlarda akan kan, basıncı iyice
düşerek toplardamarlar aracılığıyla kalbe D) Genetik hastalıkların hastanın zihninde ve
döner. vücudunda yarattığı hasarların önüne, ancak
bu hastalıkların erken teşhisi ve tedavisiyle
geçilebilir.
18. Anoreksiya nervoza; perhiz ve ince olma E) Bazı genetik hastalıklar erken evrelerde
takıntısının aşırı kilo kaybına yol açtığı bir teşhis ve tedavi edildiklerinde, vücudumuzda
beslenme bozukluğudur, ancak birey kilo bırakabilecekleri zihinsel ve fiziksel hasarlar
kaybını bir sağlık problemi olarak kabul ortadan kalkar.
etmez.
A) Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder 20. Alcohol was used for centuries as an
caused by an individual's obsession with anaesthetic, but it was difficult to determine
dieting and thinness that results in excessive the correct dosage because doctors could
weight loss, though the individual does not never be sure how much would be fatal.
accept the weight loss as a health problem.
B) Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in A) Alkol yüzyıllar boyunca anestetik olarak
which an individual is obsessed with dieting kullanılmıştır, ancak doğru dozu belirlemek
and thinness and thus loses excessive zordu çünkü doktorlar ne kadarının öldürücü
weight, but the individual does not view the olacağından asla emin olamıyorlardı.
weight loss as a health problem. B) Yüzyıllar boyunca anestetik olarak kullanılan
C) Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder where alkolün doğru dozunu belirlemek çok zordu
obsession with dieting and thinness leads to çünkü doktorlar ne kadarının öldürücü
excessive weight loss, but the individual olacağını asla bilemiyorlardı.
does not acknowledge the weight loss as a C) Yüzyıllar boyunca doktorlar, ne kadarının
health problem. öldürücü olacağını belirlemede
D) Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that zorlanmalarına rağmen alkolü anestetik
leads an individual to lose excessive weight olarak kullanmışlardır.
because of his or her obsession with dieting D) Alkol doktorlar tarafından ne kadarının
and thinness; however, the individual does öldürücü olduğunu belirlemedeki zorluklara
not consider the weight loss as a health rağmen yüzyıllardır kullanılıyor.
problem. E) Alkol yüzyıllar boyunca anestetik olarak
E) Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that kullanılmıştır, fakat doktorların doğru dozu
causes an individual who is obsessed with belirlemesi çok zordu çünkü ne kadarının
dieting and thinness to lose excessive öldürücü olabileceğini kimse asla
weight, which not seen as a health problem bilemiyordu.
by that individual.
1. A person's water needs vary, 3. Vaccines that are intended to prevent

depending primarily on diet, activity, infectious diseases are normally made from
environmental temperature and humidity. --- the organisms or close relatives of the
- Recommendations for adults are expressed organisms that cause the disease. ---- These
in proportion to the amount of energy include heating, treating with inactivating
expended under average environmental agents, exposing to ultraviolet light or
conditions. A person who expends 2000 gamma radiation, and using denaturing
calories a day needs 2 to 3 liters of water. agents. A further option when using an
inactive vaccine is to use a part or subunit of
A) This is why beverages containing caffeine the pathogenic agent. Here the bacterium or
are not good substitutes for water. virus is disrupted and one or several of its
B) The body must excrete a minimum of about component parts are used in the vaccine to
500 milliliters of water each day as urine. which is added an adjuvant.
C) Moreover, water is lost from the lungs as
A) Although vaccinations seldom have
vapour and from the skin as sweat.
unintended consequences, they may
D) In fact, most fruits and vegetables contain up sometimes cause complications.
to 90 per cent water.
B) In the former case, before the organism is
E) Accordingly, a general water requirement is used as a vaccine, it is killed or inactivated
difficult to establish. by a variety of techniques.
C) Both types of vaccines benefit from
2. All adults need a biennial eye exam, or an stabilisers, but the0s are more likely to
annual one if they are over 60. A 2018 study survive at room temperature.
by the Canadian Association of Optometrists D) The actual materials of the killed or live
found that two out of three seniors had an organisms are either the proteins or complex
eye condition such as glaucoma or macular carbohydrates.
degeneration. Glaucoma, the leading cause E) Despite the ethical issues, vaccines remain
of irreversible blindness, is called a silent one of the most effective tools for controlling
thief for good reason. ---- Therefore, the only diseases.
way to catch it before significant damage
has occurred is with regular eye exams.
4. Improving a child's formal education
A) It holds significant clues about the overall involves massive interventions. According
health. to studies, family life affects the child's
B) Eye doctors are the first to notice serious scholarly standing, for children who watch
diseases. TV 4 or % hours daily score poorly on
C) In the early stages, it is observed as standardised tests. ---- Such conditions may
asymptomatic. be changed only through altering the
treatment children receive from their
D) When having your vision tested, relax and
parents. Education of parents in the proper
blink often.
care and nurturing of the child is required in
E) Glaucoma is very common among avid order to prepare the child for best school
readers. performance.
A) Many parents are concerned that their

children are alone at home after school while
they are at work.
B) Some studies show income and happiness
are directly related to the quality of
education.
C) Other limiting factors include absences from
school, and parents who do not read to their
children.
D) In most countries, the father's occupational
status has a great impact on student
achievement.
E) When parents' occupational status and
educational status are combined, the
influence is about equal in most countries.
5. Because the psychological manifestations of 7. When we are sleeping well, most of us do
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder not think about what factors contribute to a
(ADHD) are multifaceted, it is necessary to good night’s sleep. ---- A common piece of
implement comprehensive treatment advice, found in magazine articles, TV, the
interventions. One intervention should be Internet, or from doctors, is to improve one’s
related to the proper arrangement of the sleep hygiene. Sleep hygiene is defined as
surroundings for children with ADHD. the control of behavioral and environmental
Structuring the environment so that the child factors that precede and may interfere with
is not easily distracted can be a viable sleep. Although this broad definition can
solution. In the home, this entails minimising encompass nearly everything one might
distracting stimulation from radio or engage in or be around prior to sleep,
television, especially while the child is doing factors such as sleep schedules, napping,
homework. ---- In this way, the teacher can physical exercise, alcohol, caffeine and
ensure that the child is on task, is not energy drink intake, are worth mentioning.
distracted by other students, or has no
opportunity to be disruptive. A) However, as soon as sleep difficulties
emerge, we naturally start looking for
A) Informing parents and school personnel solutions.
about the causes of ADHD can assist B) Furthermore, sleep deprivation has been
children, teachers and parents themselves. associated with high levels of anxiety and
B) Coordinated effort should be made to stress.
promote a healthy lifestyle, including C) Consequently, the quality of sleep affects a
scheduled regulation of bedtime. wide range of everyday activities.
C) Behaviour-modification strategies are D) Thus, a consistent sleep schedule is often
effective for training the child to control considered to be the best single thing to do.
impulses, and they help both the child and
E) In addition, the importance of sleep has been
their parents.
long recognised by health experts.
D) In the classroom, on the other hand,
consideration should be given to the child's
seat location to enable the teacher to 8. The idea of getting enough sleep to get well
observe the child closely. or remain healthy seems to have been very
E) Thus, family counselling and teacher popular among people for centuries. ----
education are integral components of Unfortunately, estimating a precise sleep
treatment to help maximise the child's need with regard to general health or in
adaptation. relation to an absolute minimum necessary
for survival is difficult. Also, the exact
amount of sleep loss over a period of time
6. In 1862, the English doctor John Langdon required for identifiable pathology awaits
Down, who was the director of a home for further investigation.
mentally handicapped children, described
the case of one of the children, who was A) In popular culture, lack of adequate sleep is
short and had stubby fingers and unusual often blamed for increasing one's
eyelids. The boy’s condition was later susceptibility to illness.
labelled by this doctor’s surname. ---- In B) Usually sleep need is conceptualised as an
1959, the French paediatrician Jérome amount of sleep required nightly on a regular
Lejeune discovered that these children have basis.
three copies of chromosome 21, instead of C) In extreme circumstances of sleep
two. insufficiency, any sleep is better than no
sleep.
A) Physical limitations continue to challenge
these individuals. D) It is difficult to say how much sleep people
require over the previous 24 hours to perform
B) Today, more than 350,000 Americans have
a task safely.
Down’s syndrome.
E) There is a general estimate that performance
C) But the cause of Down’s syndrome was not
declines about 25 percent for every 24 hours
uncovered for another century.
without sleep.
D) Scientists confirmed that within this
chromosome are the genes that cause both
Down’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease.
E) In 2004, American scientists tracked the
effects of other genes on chromosome 21.
9. Dementia is a condition characterised by a 11. Cognitive-behavioural therapy, a type of
chronic decline in cognitive functions psychotherapy, has proven effective in
contrasted with a person’s usual state of treating anxiety disorders. In this type of
functioning. It is seen most often in people therapy, the therapist first educates the
65 years and older, and the incidence person about the nature of his or her
increases with age. There are various causes particular anxiety disorder. Then, the
and types of dementia, but they have certain therapist helps the person cope with
characteristics in common. ---- Also, they irrational thoughts that lead to anxiety. For
may have trouble with visuospatial example, to treat a person with a snake
processing, such as getting lost in familiar phobia, a therapist might gradually expose
places. Language may be affected, causing the person to snakes, beginning with
difficulty in finding the right word to use in a pictures of snakes and progressing to
sentence. rubber snakes and real snakes. ----
A) However, the onset of dementia is usually A) A limited number of drugs can be used to
insidious, making it difficult to diagnose until reduce symptoms of anxiety.
it is too late for effective treatment. B) Medications may work better than
B) Therefore, recognition of the condition is psychotherapy when patients discontinue
often delayed as the affected person may not treatment.
notice that anything is wrong. C) Some individuals do not feel any anxiety
C) To illustrate, Alzheimer’s disease is the most when faced with difficult situations.
common type of dementia in North America D) Many cultures in the world accept the
and Europe. expression of anxiety in public.
D) For example, persons with dementia often E) Then, the patient can use relaxation
have problems with short-term memory, such techniques acquired in therapy to overcome
as forgetting names and recent events. the fear of snakes.
E) But dementia may also be caused by
problems such as cerebrovascular accident
or hypertension. 12. Mothers around the world are getting older.
In the UK, the mean age for having a first
child is 27.3, compared with 23.7 in 1970.
10. Persistent vegetative state is the extended Mean age at first birth in the US has also
state of unconsciousness in which higher increased, rising from 21.4 in 1970 to 24.9 in
brain activity (cerebral cortex function) is 2000. ---- Studies by the US National Heart,
negligible or lost though the brainstem Lung and Blood Institute found that the risk
continues to operate to sustain the vital of a child being obese increases by about
functions of living such as breathing, heart 14% for every five extra years of the
rate, and blood pressures. Basic motor mother’s age.
functions may also occur as the brainstem is
responsible for some motor functions. ---- A) In the US, in 2004, the percentage of women
However, there is no recognition of or in their 40s who had one child was 17.4.
purpose to these actions, and the person B) Researchers also found that first-born
cannot follow instructions to move in certain offspring have more fat than their younger
ways and does not speak, drink, or eat. siblings.
C) In 1964, the British woman gave birth to an
A) Persistent vegetative state raises many
average of 2.95 children.
medical, legal, and ethical concerns.
D) According to recent studies, having an older
B) The longer a person remains in a vegetative
mother seems to be an independent risk
state the less likely it is that he or she will
factor for obesity.
recover.
E) This combination of older mothers and more
C) The person may also make sounds, move
single children could be contributing to the
the eyes, and move the mouth.
obesity epidemic.
D) A person may remain in a persistent
vegetative state for months.
E) The likelihood of recovery depends on the
extent and nature of damage.
13. The eye’s cornea and retina are critical for 15. Each year 300,000 people in England and
vision. If the stem cells around the cornea Wales get food poisoning from the
are destroyed, sight is lost. ---- To replace Campylobacter bacterium. ---- If the meat is
lost photoreceptors, researchers have tried not cooked properly, or if raw meat is
to implant neural stem cells or retinal stem allowed to cross-contaminate cooked food,
cells in the retinas of research animals but you can end up swallowing live bacteria. The
without much success. bacteria are destroyed by stomach acid but
some will always survive.
A) An ophthalmic artery and a retinal artery
provide blood to each eye, and an A) The most common way to become infected is
ophthalmic vein and a retinal vein drain blood by eating contaminated chicken.
from it. B) Vegetarians have a much higher tolerance to
B) Diseases in the eye’s cornea and retina have this bacterium than non vegetarians.
been a major concern for centuries in the C) Obviously, eating vegetables is known as a
medical world. safer method of nutrition.
C) The eye constantly produces continuous D) Common symptoms include fever, diarrhoea
images that are instantly transmitted to the and abdominal cramps.
brain.
E) It usually takes one or two days for the
D) Yet, even greater problems can occur when symptoms to appear, so it can be difficult to
retina’s light-sensitive cells, the identify what kind of food was eaten.
photoreceptors, are destroyed by genetic
diseases.
E) Recent research with mice has shown 16. Epilepsy, one of the most common
photoreceptors can be made more efficient. neurological disorders in the world, is
caused by abnormal electrical activity in the
brain. ---- Most forms of epilepsy have been
14. Eating too much fatty food, exercising too assumed to stem from brain tissue scars
little and smoking can raise your future risk acquired through trauma, so that molecular
of heart disease. ---- Previous studies have approaches to understanding and treating
linked exposure to environmental pollution the disease would be fruitless.
to an increased risk of heart problems, but
the two analyses now show that poor air A) It is true that, in developed countries, a
quality can lead to a heart attack or stroke principal focus of epilepsy research has been
within as little as a few hours after exposure. on the causes of the disease.
Scientists found that people exposed to high B) The symptoms of this disease range in
levels of pollutants were up to 5% more severity from mild sensory disruption to
likely to suffer a heart attack within days of recurring seizures and unconsciousness.
exposure than those with lower exposure. C) In addition, not all cases of epilepsy have
been fully studied.
A) This can be reduced, however, if you
exercise outside in the fresh air. D) Moreover, proteins as large as insulin have
been proposed as neurotransmitters.
B) Heart disease is reversible if the underlying
disease can be treated. E) On the contrary, a pairing of proteins in
neurons may be relevant to the pathogenesis
C) But there is another factor that can trigger
of human epilepsy.
heart problems more immediately.
D) The risks are relatively low for people who
“smoke socially” and have lower cholesterol
levels.
E) Strict regulation of pollutants may not only
improve air quality but could also become
necessary to protect public health.
17. Precision medicine sounds like an 19. People adopt health-related behaviours in
unarguably good thing. It begins with the order to stay healthy and to combat disease.
observation that individuals vary in their ---- However, all of these models have some
genetic makeup and that their diseases and limitations, especially in their ability to
responses to medications differ as a result. predict the health-related behaviours of
It then aims to find the right drug, for the people who lack the financial resources
right patient, at the right time, every time. necessary to pursue proper medical
The notion certainly has its supporters attention.
among medical experts. ---- It seems that the
debate resulting from these opposite views A) Several theoretical models have been
will be intensifying over whether this formulated in an effort to explain and predict
approach to treating disease can truly health behaviours, and most of these
deliver on its promise to revolutionize health theories have some value in predicting and
care. explaining health-related behaviour.
B) Although the meaning of these models may
A) Genetic testing can, without doubt, reveal seem obvious, their definitions have been
which individuals might benefit from precision elusive.
medicine.
C) The limitation of each of these models is their
B) However, there are others who think that inability to accurately measure a number of
efforts to achieve precision medicine are a social, ethnic and demographic factors that
waste of time and money. also affect people’s health-seeking
C) Early attempts to adjust disease treatment to behaviour.
individuals based on their DNA have D) Among these stages is the necessity of
achieved success. overcoming their optimistic bias; that is, their
D) These expected innovations are part of many belief that, although certain behaviours are
small-step improvements in hospital dangerous, the danger pertains to other
management. people and not to them.
E) The same paradox applies to nearly every E) In the United States and other Western
example of precision medicine you can find countries, people are not “officially” ill until
in a specific field. they are diagnosed by a physician, making
physicians the gatekeepers to further health
care.
18. Contrary to popular belief, simply eating
more protein, in excess of recommended
amounts, will not result in bigger muscles. 20. If cigarette advertising could be banned from
Our bodies do not store excess protein. If we TV, so should commercials for the drug
eat more protein than our bodies need to called alcohol. Cigarette smokers, after all,
replenish the amino acids we have used usually kill only themselves with their habit. -
during the day, the excess amino acids are --- One should therefore remind oneself that,
converted to fat. ---- Therefore, the when one drinks, one is entering the
recommendations for protein change company of killers.
according to age and are slightly higher for
adolescents and pregnant women. A) Yet, drunks get behind the wheels of their
cars and kill other people.
A) The thousands of proteins that make up our B) We live in a culture that certifies alcohol as
bodies are assembled on demand from some an acceptable drug.
20 different amino acids.
C) In 85% of these accidents at least one of the
B) The best sources of complete protein are drivers had been drinking.
meat and poultry, fish, low fat dairy products,
D) Excessive drinking is disgusting and harmful.
and eggs.
E) Every year an increasing number of people
C) Because our requirements for protein mainly
die in traffic accidents caused by alcohol.
depend on our body's size, our need for
protein increases during times of rapid
growth.
D) Individuals on severely restricted diets and
those whose needs increase because of
illness, growth or trauma may experience
protein deficiency.
E) People of many cultures, conditions and
ages get adequate amounts and types of
protein by eating various combinations of
plant proteins.
1: There were about 300 bones in your body when 5: Vitamin D is biologically inert in nature, and
you were born, but by the time you reach adulthood becomes active only after it undergoes certain
you only have 206. reactions.
TR: TR:
6: In a heart failure, the pressure by which the heart

2: Diabetics can't process sugar properly, because pumps blood throughout the body reduces as the
it causes the sugars in their blood to be either too heart weakens.
high or too low. TR:
TR:
7: Though some bacteria do cause disease, many

3: The blood vessels, which form a vital part of the kinds of bacteria live on or in the human body and
circulatory system in human beings, are responsible prevent disease.
for enabling the transport of blood throughout the TR:
body.
TR:
8: Anaemia is a condition in which the person

experiences a drop in the healthy red blood cells in
the body.
TR:
4: There has been a moderate improvement in her

health since she began the treatment.
TR:
9: Due to the high content of vitamins, pears can
improve the functioning of the immune system.
TR:
10: Once symptoms of rabies emerge, the virus is

usually fatal; few patients have survived an episode
of rabies, despite the best efforts of physicians.
TR:
A recent study has introduced a new treatment for 3. The text is mainly about ----.
skeletal system injuries. A carbon material, which
could lead to more powerful treatments for skeletal A) a new study on skeletal system injuries with
system injuries, such as fractures, is included for the some promising results
first time in such studies. The purpose of the trial is to B) the developmental steps of using stem cells
develop a new kind of medication to repair injured in bone regeneration after trauma
bone using stem cells from human bone marrow as C) studies that aim to treat skeletal system
well as these carbon nanotubes. In the study, it is injuries using stem cells from human
expected that this research could lead to the marrows
enhancement of bone regeneration. The use of stem
D) a new method that has made use of 3D
cells taken from human bone marrow has already
printing techniques to enhance bone
been tried in fracture treatment due to their potential
regeneration
to regenerate bone in patients who have lost large
areas of bone from either disease or trauma, and E) alternative ways of using stem cells to
progress has been made. However, this research has produce artificial joints and teeth for humans
opened up the possibility of developing a new kind of
medication that effectively treats skeletal injuries,
such as fractures. Furthermore, it may lead to such
advancements as making artificial joints and teeth
with the use of 3D printing.
1. According to the text, how does the latest

study differ from previous ones?
A) The effectiveness of stem cells in bone
regeneration has been determined by their
quantity.
B) Stem cells derived from human bone marrow
have proven effective in bone injuries.
C) Numerous skeletal injuries such as fractures
have been successfully treated by it.
D) An innovative surgical technique has been
developed by means of various materials.
E) A carbon material has been used in the trials
to repair skeletal injuries for the first time.

A) artificial joints are successful alternatives to
insufficient stem cell usage
B) working on stem cells is a new field that has
not been practised before
C) working on stem cells is a new field of study
never taken up before
D) the trial is likely to give rise to further
developments in treating bone injuries
E) skeletal system injuries could not be treated
before stem cell studies
Laughter’s social role is definitely important. Today’s A low calcium intake during the growing years limits
children may be heading for a whole lot of social ills the bones’ ability to achieve an optimal mass and
because their play and leisure time is so isolated and density. Most people achieve a peak bone mass by
they lose out on lots of chances for laughter. When about age 30, and dense bones protect against age-
children stare at computer screens, rather than related bone loss and fracture. Starting before the
laughing with each other, they get so involved that age of 40, all adults lose bone as they grow older.
they forget to laugh at all; this is contrary to what’s When bone loss reaches the point at which bones
natural for them. Natural social behaviour in children fracture under common, everyday stresses, the
is playful behaviour, and in such situations laughter condition is known as osteoporosis. Today,
indicates that make-believe aggression is just fun, not worldwide, this is one of the most prevalent diseases
serious. This is an important way in which children of aging. For instance, in the US, it afflicts more than
form positive emotional ties, gain new social skills 25 million people, mostly older women. Unlike many
and generally start to move from childhood to diseases that make themselves known through
adulthood. Parents need to be very careful to ensure symptoms such as pain, shortness of breath, skin
that their children play in groups and laugh more. lesions, tiredness, and the like, osteoporosis is silent.
The body sends no signals saying bone loss is
4. The passage emphasizes the point that ----. occurring. Blood samples offer no clues because
blood calcium remains normal regardless of bone
A) children need to take part in group activities content, and measures of bone density are rarely
B) children seem to have grown more taken. However, there are various strategies to
aggressive since the computer entered their protect against bone loss, and eating calcium-rich
lives foods is only one of them.
C) the computer helps speed up a childs
emotional development development of osteoporosis ----.
D) computer games have a beneficial effect on
social behaviour A) cannot be detected right away, since it is a
disease that gives out no symptoms
E) laughter does not often have a social role
B) is common among adults under the age of
40, because their intake of calcium is usually
5. As we learn from the passage, one of the very low
drawbacks of computers for children is that -
C) in the US, especially among the elderly, has
---.
been very alarming in recent years
A) there is almost no difference between leisure D) cannot be checked by the consumption of
time and school time calcium-rich foods
B) children get no pleasure out of their E) can be traced through blood samples
computers
C) a great deal of time is wasted 8. It is clear from the passage that, in order to
D) computers tend to make children isolated increase the mass and density of bones, ----.
and less sociable
A) after the age of 40, everyday stresses must
E) they make the activities of children and
be avoided, and foods that are rich in
adults too much alike
calcium should be favoured
B) the increased consumption of calcium-rich
6. According to the passage, children need to foods should only be tried after other
laugh ----. strategies have failed
A) otherwise they will become ill-balanced C) one must be aware of the fact that the level
adults and isolate themselves from others of the calcium intake after age 40 always
needs to be doubled
B) especially when they are not involved in
group activities D) it is essential that one must have a high
calcium intake during the growing years
C) and computer games can provide the
opportunity E) the elderly in particular should not rely on the
consumption of calcium-rich foods
D) and usually manage to do so even when they
are being really aggressive
E) because this helps them to form relationships
with others and grow up emotionally
9. In the passage, osteoporosis is ----.
A) referred to as a disease which results from
the bones’ failure to achieve an optimal mass
and density
B) defined as the condition when bones become
very fragile even under ordinary everyday
stresses
C) shown to be a disease which is far more
prevalent in the US than the rest of the world
D) discussed in detail with reference to its
common symptoms as well as its prevalence
among people under age 40
E) presented as a deadly disease which mostly
afflicts elderly women throughout the world
1. (I) Stress can affect our health by leading us to 5. (I) Pregnancy is an important time for both
engage in types of behaviours that undermine mother and baby, which is why mothers should
the body’s ability to fight off disease. (II) When get special care to live right so that their children
we are feeling stressed, we often do not take can be born healthy enough. (II) That is
proper care of ourselves. (III) Thus, stressful relatively easy when it comes to things women
situations may affect immune system can control like eating well. (III) Clearly,
functioning. (IV) Students, for instance, who are pregnant women who abuse alcohol put their
taking exams, may stay up all night for several babies at risk of a wide range of birth defects.
nights in a row. (V) Furthermore, they may skip (IV) But what about pollution in the air they
meals and snack on junk food. breathe? (V) In the first study of its kind,
researchers report that expectant mothers’
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V exposure to pollutants can lead to a dramatic
increase in the risk of anxiety problems in their
children at age 6.
2. (I) Children and teens exposed to high levels of
traffic-related air pollution have evidence of a A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
specific type of DNA damage. (II) Traffic is one
of the major problems in cities that should be
addressed as urgently as possible. (III) It is 6. (I) Dyslexia is a reading disorder that persists
called 'telomere shortening'. (IV) Young people despite good schooling and normal or even
with asthma also have evidence of telomere above-average intelligence. (II) The more
shortening. (V) The results suggest that severely dyslexic Chinese do encounter trouble
telomere length may identify potential DNA comprehending and writing characters. (III) The
damage due to environmental exposures and/or exact nature of the disease has puzzled doctors,
chronic inflammation. teachers, parents and dyslexics themselves
since it was first described more than a century
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V ago. (IV) Evidence suggests that there is a flaw
in the neurological wiring of dyslexics that
makes reading extremely difficult for them. (V)
3. (I) In the past century, US life-expectancy Studies suggest that the right kinds of
climbed from forty-seven to seventy-seven. (II) instruction provided early enough could rewire
Similar rises happened in almost every country. the brain so that the neurological flaw
(III) And this process shows no sign of stopping. disappears entirely.
(IV) Such a pill could give us an extra twenty
years of life. (V) According to the United A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
Nations, by 2050 global life expectancy will have
increased by another ten years.
7. (I) Acupuncture is a Chinese therapeutic method
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V for the treatment of different symptoms including
pain. (II) Thin, solid needles are inserted into
proposed specific points on the body, called
4. (I) Pia Winberg at the University of Wollongong acupuncture points. (III) The needles are
in Australia is looking at seaweed cultivation for inserted through the skin to varying depths,
medical application. (II) And for that, she prefers often into the underlying musculature. (IV) The
growing it on land. (III) Unlike seaweed grown needles are often twirled slowly for a short time,
for biofuel or food, medical uses need highly 30-60 seconds and may be left in a place for a
controlled growing conditions. (IV) Using 25- varying time, 2-30 minutes. (V) The method of
metre-long saltwater tanks, Winberg can applying electrical stimulation via acupuncture
manipulate the plants to encourage the traits needles was introduced in 1958.
she needs. (V) Many seaweed species have yet
to be classified, so there are likely to be many A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
more species with valuable medical uses.
8. (I) For reasons of convenience, most bottled 11. (I) An international team of researchers has
waters are sold in plastic containers that contain finished a study of the spread of HIV in Africa.
phthalates. (II) Also, the results of any water (II) Safe sex education needs to be targeted at
quality tests that are made by the bottled water women and men in countries such as Kenya
companies need not be released to the public. and Zambia. (III) The results show that teenage
(III) Water is a universal solvent, so phthalates women and girls in Africa are up to six times as
can be leached from a plastic bottle and mix likely to be infected with HIV as males of the
with the water in it. (IV) It is still not known if same age. (IV) Their findings also suggests that
there are any negative health effects from the AIDS epidemic in Central and East Africa is
human exposure to phthalates. (V) However, being caused by oldest man infecting young
rodents have experienced adverse effects from girls, who then pass the virus onto their children.
the chemical in some studies, which makes it (V) In the worst affected regions, up to half of all
apparent that additional research is needed on pregnant women are now infected with HIV, and
this issue. 40 percent of the mare teenage girls who have
had sex with men aged 35 and over.
9. (I) Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a

neurological or nervous system disorder causing 12. (I) If your pharmaceutical system is working
discomfort and abnormal sensations throughout properly, the correct chemicals will be dispensed
the legs. (II) To counter mild symptoms, a doctor at the appropriate times. (II) If a dog starts
may recommend lifestyle changes and, for chasing you, for example, your internal
severe cases, medication. (III) For some, the pharmacist will hand out a shot of adrenaline
sensations may feel as though insects are and a dose of cortisol. (III) It has long been
creeping on or in their legs. (IV) People with known that listening to music helps to calm the
RLS feel a strong urge to move, stretch, flex, or nerves. (IV) The adrenaline will get you ready to
shake their limbs to ease the discomfort. (V) run or fight by increasing the oxygen supply to
This restlessness may prevent them from sitting your muscles, directing more blood to your heart
comfortably for extended periods of time. and lungs, and releasing extra glucose into your
system. (V) The cortisol reaction will further
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V amplify the adrenaline’s effects, increasing your
blood sugar levels and concentrating energy
supplies to your arms and legs.
10. (I) Packed tightly in nearly every one of your
body’s cells except the red blood cells is a A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
complete copy of your genome - the genetic
instructions that direct all of your cellular
activities. (II) Written in the language of DNA, 13. (I) The first successful head transplant, in which
these consist of genes parcelled into 46 one head was replaced by another, was carried
chromosomes that code for proteins. (III) In out in 1970. (II) A team led by Robert White at
1990, a consortium of scientists from around the Case Western Reserve University School of
world set out to crack the genetic code and read Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio, transplanted the
the human genome, our “book of life. " (IV) This head of one monkey onto the body of another.
monumental task, called the Human Genome (III) They did not attempt to join the spinal cords,
Project, was completed in 2003 and succeeded though, so the monkey could not move its body,
in mapping the entire human genome- 3 billion but it was able to breathe with artificial
DNA base pairs arranged into about 30,000 assistance. (IV) Implanted electrodes would
genes. (V) However, using computers, the provide regular electrical stimulation to the
scientists put all of the sequences from the spinal cord, because research suggests this can
fragments back together to get the entire human strengthen new nerve connections. (V) Although
genome. few head transplants have been carried out
since, many of the surgical procedures involved
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V have progressed.
14. (I) Just one of the problems facing government 17. (I) The diagnosis of genetic disorders is based
policymakers and health-care professionals is on taking an accurate history and performing a
widespread ignorance about responsiveness to clinical examination. (II) The history and
and tolerance for drug treatments in a examination will focus on aspects relevant to the
population of over-65s. (II) Clinical trials for new presenting complaint. (III) When a child presents
drugs rarely address populations of old people with birth defects, for example, information
as a sizable component. (III) More importantly, needs to be gathered concerning parental age,
there has been little attempt to encourage post- maternal health, pregnancy complications,
market studies of existing drugs in elderly exposure to potential teratogens, etc. (IV)
populations. (IV) But even in the medical Information regarding similar or associated
community, there is a lack of awareness about abnormalities present in other family members
the high suicide rate among the elderly. (V) should also be sought. (V) Such a therapy
However, as they become the biggest becomes highly crucial in overcoming the
demographic segment in society, new disease.
opportunities will emerge for pharmaceutical
and related companies. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
18. (I) Some research in Belgium has shown that
lung damage may occur in children and adults
15. (I) Parkinson’s disease results from as a result of swimming In an indoor pool where
degeneration of cells in the basal ganglia, a part the level of chlorine in the water exceeds 490
of the brain involved in initiating movement. (II) micrograms per cubic meter. (II) This is because
The three layers of membranes that surround a toxic gas builds up when chlorine reacts with
the brain and spinal cord become inflamed, organic chemicals in sweat and urine. (III) A
usually as a result of infection. (III) Normally, the survey of 1881 children in Brussels also
cells produce a neurotransmitter called revealed a strong link between asthma and pool
dopamine, which helps to coordinate muscle attendance. (IV) The gas, nitrogen trichloride, is
activity. (IV) In Parkinson’s disease, these cells what gives indoor pools their distinctive smell.
produce much less dopamine and the signals to (V) And the younger the children were when
the muscles become slow and faulty. (V) The they started swimming the more likely they were
disease is most common in older people, but to have asthma.
may occur in young adults or, rarely, in children.
19. (I) Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of

16. (I) The safe vitamin C intake ranges from an death in the US, Canada, UK, Ireland, and
absolute minimum of 10 milligrams a day to a Europe. (II) It accounts for more than 40% of
maximum of around 300 milligrams. (II) In total deaths in these countries. (III) Some
normal conditions the average diet in the West patients with heart disease may require heart
furnishes us with a more than adequate supply transplantation. (IV) Many of these deaths are
of vitamin C. (III) A cup of orange juice at due to heart failure. (V) For example, heart
breakfast, a salad for lunch, and broccoli and a failure affects approximately five million
tomato at dinner alone provide more than 300 Americans with more than half a million new
milligrams. (IV) Clearly, a person making such cases diagnosed annually.
food choices needs no vitamin C pills. (V) A
variation of vitamin C is often used to preserve A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
food products, especially cured meats.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 20. (I) In most people, vision is the primary sense

for gathering information about the world around
us. (II) It is estimated that two-thirds of the
knowledge and data within the brain, existing as
memories, comes in through the eyes—in the
form of words, pictures, diagrams, and similar
images. (III) Vision, or eyesight, is also vital for
safety. (IV) Like eyesight, hearing changes
throughout a lifetime. (V) We watch for and
avoid hazards and dangers all around, from
part-open doors to flashing warning lights and
fast-moving vehicles.
Some researchers in Germany have found that

Staphylococcus lugdunensis bacteria in the human
nasal cavity are capable of producing lugdunin. It is a
powerful antibiotic with a previously undiscovered
chemical structure. This is a surprising development
because normally antibiotics are formed only by soil
bacteria and fungi. The findings of the research open
up the possibility of finding other new and useful
antibiotics in the human body. Tests on mice have
shown that lugdunin can be used to combat
pathogens that have become resistant to many
traditional antibiotics. One potential use of this new
type of antibiotic would be to introduce the harmless
lugdunin-forming bacteria to patients who are at risk
from MRSA, a bacterial infection. This new antibiotic
may also be an effective tool to fight the growing
problem of antibiotic resistance, caused by improper
use of antibiotics. Lugdunin may save thousands of
people’s lives as recent studies suggest that more
people will die from resistant bacteria in the coming
decades than from cancer.
1. Staphylococcus lugdunensis ----.

A) is a kind of antibiotic that is produced from
soil bacteria
B) is the only antibiotic that pathogens cannot
develop resistance to
C) is a bacterium that has developed resistance
to all known antibiotics
D) may be a very effective antibiotic for some
antibiotic-resistant diseases
E) has been discovered accidentally during a
research project into antibiotics
A) there may be some types of antibiotics in the

human body that we have not discovered yet
B) there is no reason to be alarmed about
antibiotic-resistant diseases
C) Staphylococcus lugdunensis is produced by
various organs in our bodies
D) cancer patients can be treated with
Staphylococcus lugdunensis
E) soil bacteria make a more effective antibiotic
than those in the human body

A) MRSA may be one of the diseases that
lugdunin can treat
B) the number of deaths caused by cancer will
exceed those attributable to antibiotic-
resistant diseases
C) lugdunin has the same chemical structure as
soil bacteria
D) human trials have shown that lugdunin will
be a very effective antibiotic
E) lugdunin is planned to be used for infections
of the human nasal cavity
Ionizing radiation has proved to be most valuable, for Alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are psychoactive drugs
example, in clinical diagnosis and radiotherapy. that are freely available in our society. Their wide
However, inadvertent exposure to relatively high spread use shows that they provide a common
doses of ionizing radiation is capable of injuring and solution to the problems of vast numbers of
killing cells, inducing mutations, producing individuals. The extent and the nature of their use is
developmental abnormalities in fetuses exposed in not, however, uniform but varies with the particular
utero, or even producing latent cancers. On earth, it sub-culture involved. To take alcohol, for example,
is impossible to escape exposure to radiation. there are wide differences between the drinking
Cosmic rays bathe the earth continuously, as do habits and rituals of merchant, seamen and
terrestrial concentrations of radionuclides, such as businessmen, between Italians and Jews. Each sub-
radon gas. The two constitute natural background group in society will have a conception of what the
radiation. Few humans in developed countries permissible and desirable effects of alcohol are, how
escape diagnostic X-rays, and many require much it is necessary to drink to achieve this desired
radiotherapy as a potential cure for various types of state; what is normal and what is deviant drinking
neoplasia. The early injurious effects of radiation behaviour.
appear only when certain cumulative levels of
exposure to radiation have been exceeded. However, 7. It is pointed out in the passage that
the later appearing consequences may have no psychoactive drugs such as alcohol,
thresholds; hence, the public's concern about the nicotine and caffeine are widely used
possible carcinogen city of even low-level exposures. because ----.
4. According to the passage, ionizing radiation A) sub-groups in society identify themselves

----. with them
B) people with problems find them helpful
A) will, in the long run, inevitably produce
C) their effects have been proved to be
carcinogenicity
harmless
B) affects different people in different ways
D) they are much cheaper than many other
C) is at the same time useful and dangerous drugs and legally obtainable
D) has no long term adverse effects E) society at large regards them as harmful
E) is the major reason for abnormalities in
fetuses
8. According to the author, the consumption of
alcohol in the world ----.
5. We understand from the passage that no one
----. A) is particularly widespread among members
of sub-cultures
A) need worry about low level exposure to B) is directly related to the economic prosperity
radiation of each sub-group
B) can avoid diagnostic X-rays C) varies from race to race, culture to culture
C) who has not been exposed in utero to and class to class
radiation has latent cancers D) is closely linked with the increase of deviant
D) can escape exposure to drinking behaviour
E) should go on with a course of radiotherapy if E) made the practices and behaviour of
subcultures in society more uniform
6. We understand from the passage that there
is considerable concern about the 9. The writer points out that there is little
later appearing effects of radiation ----. agreement among sub-groups ----.
A) although the level of cumulative radiation that A) about the extent to which psychoactive drugs
causes them is very high should be produced
B) since the degree of radiation needed to B) about the benefits of psychoactive drugs
produce them is unknown C) as regards why businessman drink so much
C) even though it has been demonstrated that D) as to why Italians and Jews have different
diagnostic X-rays do not cause any such drinking habits
effects
E) as to how much alcohol can be properly
D) particularly, as they may cause mutations in consumed
yet unborn generations
E) though these may include the cure for certain
types of neoplasia
In America, Britain and several other countries, the Allergy shots, also called immunotherapy, are a form
years after World War II were notable for increased of treatment that reduces a child's allergic reaction to
interest in, and research on, methods of teaching a particular allergen. Allergy shots can reduce
retarded children. Today no one educational symptoms of allergic rhinitis, hay fever, and allergic
procedure is generally accepted, but there is asthma. However, allergy shots are less effective
agreement that teaching should so far as possible be against moulds and are not a useful method for
individually orientated. Obviously, special material treating food allergies. Basically, allergy shots are a
must be used, suitable to the child's chronological series of injections with a solution containing the
age and general interests, and a variety of ways allergens that cause an allergic reaction. Treatment
have been suggested to stimulate the apathetic and begins with a weak solution given once or twice a
remedy loss of confidence. Since inability to week. The strength of the solution gradually
analyze spontaneously and make deductions tends increases with each dose. The incremental increases
to characterize the intellectually dull, care must of the allergen cause the child's immune system to
be taken at all stages of teaching to break become less sensitive to the substance by producing
down material and demonstrate each step clearly. a 'blocking' antibody. Once the strongest dose is
reached, the child's sensitivity has decreased, and
10. It is clear from the passage that, the injections are given monthly to control allergic
following World War II, the education of symptoms. Allergy shots are not recommended for
retarded children ----. food allergies. However, if these allergies are left
untreated, infants and children may be more likely to
A) in special schools was far from satisfactory develop chronic allergies, asthma, and respiratory
B) became a matter of concern for the first time infections later in life, making immunotherapy unlikely
C) was solely considered to be a social issue, to work.
not an academic one
13. It can be understood from the passage that
D) received considerably more attention than it
allergy shots ----.
had previously done
E) took place in certain designated centres A) are commonly preferred for toddlers and
babies
11. We understand from the passage that B) are ineffective for certain allergens like
the teaching of a retarded child ----. moulds
C) work to alleviate certain allergic conditions
A) does not require specially selected materials
D) result in an instant relief from allergic
B) has for many decades been a major burden reactions
on society
E) are applied in fixed doses for adults but not
C) is best carried out on a one-to-one basis children
D) ignores, as far as possible, the child's apathy
E) has to follow a certain specific method 14. One can understand from the passage that
the child's immune system ----.
12. According to the passage, one of the
A) is relatively stronger than an adult’s in
most striking drawbacks a retarded child
combatting with allergens
faces is ---.
B) develops in time to produce antibodies
A) the increasing apathy he experiences as he blocking the substance causing allergy
grows older C) is inclined to react intensively even against
B) the pressure put on him to cope with a wide weaker allergens
range of material D) is exposed to a high amount of allergens with
C) the sense of alienation related to his the first shots in immunotherapy
chronological age E) is trained to produce less amount of antibody
D) that he finds it painfully difficult to build up his thanks to immunotherapy
confidence
E) his failure to grasp meaning readily and draw 15. According to the passage, food allergies ----.
conclusions
A) should be addressed in order for
immunotherapy to be effective
B) cause fewer allergic conditions when children
have an early immunotherapy
C) could lead to allergic conditions which can be
treated easily and effectively
D) are identified as the primary cause for
serious respiratory infections
E) are among the most prevalent allergies that
may lead to chronic forms
In 2010, a team of neurologists studied what happens
in the bodies of mice when they have needles
inserted into their skin and rotated, just like what
happens in acupuncture treatment. They have
revealed an increase of the quantity of adenosine in
the tissue around the needle. Adenosine functions as
a neurotransmitter which helps cells repair the tissue
after damage. However, it also has a marked effect
on the nerve cells that send pain signals to the brain.
The scientists discovered that adenosine blocks pain
signals in the mouse, so the brain's centre of pain is
not activated just as much as previously. In order to
make sure that the effect was not a type of placebo
effect, the scientists produced genetically modified
mice, whose nerve cells did not react to adenosine.
They were subjected to the same acupuncture
treatment as the ordinary mice, but they experienced
no pain relief. Thus, the scientists found that the
effect on the mice was not placebo. Since then, they
have also demonstrated that acupuncture causes a
local increase in the quantity of adenosine around the
needle in humans, as well. But it still remains
unknown if this increase in adenosine has the same
pain-relieving effect as in mice.
16. According to the passage, the study

demonstrates that ----.
A) adenosine might prevent pain signals from
reaching the brain
B) the relief from pain with adenosine is nothing
but a placebo effect
C) some nerve cells are not affected by
adenosine while sending signals
D) signals are transmitted from the body to the
brain with adenosine
E) it is possible to deactivate the brain's centre
of pain by blocking adenosine
17. According to the passage, the scientists

discovered that ----.
A) acupuncture may help people suffering from
various painful diseases
B) acupuncture makes humans and mice
produce more adenosine than usual
C) the pain signals are blocked in human brain
as quickly as in mice
D) while mice produce more adenosine with
acupuncture, humans often do not
E) if patients are subjected to acupuncture, they
would definitely feel less pain
18. The passage mainly focus on ----. There are many challenges in diagnostic imaging in
developing countries. Mainly, there is a severe lack of
A) an experiment that demonstrates safe and appropriate diagnostic imaging services in
acupuncture can trigger the release large parts of the world. The lack of equipment could
adenosine, which affects nerve cells be due to lack of resources or poor maintenance of
B) a scientific test that investigates methods of existing equipment Additionally, in many countries a
increasing adenosine levels for pain relief in large number of images are of poor quality and are of
humans no diagnostic use. However, even if proper
C) a study of neurologists that reveals the pain- equipment is available, there is a lack of adequately
relieving influence of acupuncture in humans trained medical specialists including radiographers
and technologists. Inadequate training means a lack
D) a project that aims to amplify the benefits of
of qualified personnel, and improper use of
adenosine in lessening the pain of
equipment as well as incorrect interpretation of
acupuncture needles
images. Finally, regardless of the type of equipment
E) research that investigates the chances to use and procedures used, diagnostic imaging requires a
acupuncture treatment instead of painkillers rigid infrastructure that often does not exist in
for animals developing countries. This infrastructure includes
trained medical and technical staff, radiation
protection measurements: regulations; reliable
supplies of clean water, electric power and adequate
air-quality control. The goal of the World Health
Organization (WHO) for diagnostic imaging is to
make safe and reliable diagnostic imaging services
available to as many as possible, advise and support
those working in the field developing and maintaining
these services.
19. According to the passage, diagnostic

imaging services in developing countries ---
-.
A) maintain their quality and wide availability
B) are safe and function well at all times
C) have abundant resources in various areas
D) lack funding for equipment and trained staff
E) have the proper infrastructure to function well
20. What can be inferred from the passage about

diagnostic imaging services in developing
countries?
A) The equipment suitable for diagnostic
imaging can be installed in hospitals.
B) The infrastructure for imaging services has
undergone some changes for the better.
C) There is a need for further training of
specialists along with proper equipment.
D) The WHO has made sure that diagnostic
imaging is accessible for the majority.
E) There have been a number of training
programmes for medical and technical staff.
21. The passage is mainly about ----.
A) various changes in diagnostic imaging

techniques in some parts of the world
B) the availability of medical services in
developed countries
C) the difficulties developing countries
encounter with diagnostic imaging
D) the quality of medical training in developing
countries
E) types of medical equipment available to
patients in developing countries
Mini Denemeler
• Mini Denemeler
Mini Denemeler > YÖKDİL Sağlık Mini Deneme 1
1. ---- obesity results basically from an excess 5. With advances in medical treatment and
of calories, in some instances, living conditions, life expectancy for some
genetic background may be a contributing people with disabilities has risen ---- and is
factor. only slightly lower than that of the general
population.
A) Since
B) However A) miserably
C) Nevertheless B) severely
D) Even though C) intuitively
E) Unless D) conventionally
E) dramatically
2. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, 85,000

baby teeth were collected ---- children in the 6. Japan, which is the world's second
Mid-western US as part of a study of a largest market for mobile phones, plans to
possible link ---- the testing of atomic bombs limit their use ---- growing concern about the
and human health. impact of electromagnetic radiation on the
brain.
A) around / beside
B) with / from A) in case of
C) inside / throughout B) as a result of
D) from / between C) in spite of
E) under / among D) by means of
E) in terms of
3. Panic disorder is characterised by recurrent

unexpected panic attacks and the ---- fear of 7. Pathologists have found that different
having another attack, a fear that ultimately tissues, bodily substances, and foreign
leads to behavioural changes. objects (such as bullets) ---- X-rays in
varying amounts.
A) trivial
B) consequent A) diagnose
C) elaborate B) respond
D) precious C) determine
E) mandatory D) exhale
E) absorb
4. Psychologists, psychiatrists and

neuroscientists ---- for years over how much 8. Despite the well-publicised relationship
of our behaviour ---- driven by our genes between diet and weight, statistics show that
versus the environment in which we grow up the ---- of obesity is increasing at an
and live. alarming rate, particularly in children and
teens.
A) had argued / had been
B) used to argue / would be A) adequacy
C) have argued / is B) evacuation
D) argue / would have been C) prevalence
E) argued / will be D) management
E) exploitation
9. In wealthier parts of the world, heart disease Hair replacement is a surgical procedure to relocate
and strokes ---- over a quarter of deaths and viable hair follicles from sites on the scalp, where
there are many factors at play, with they are (12) ----, to sites where there has been
conventional wisdom identifying cholesterol permanent hair loss already. The most common
as one of the biggest offenders. reason (13) ---- seeking hair replacement is male
pattern hair loss. Hair replacement is nearly always a
A) rest on cosmetic procedure; (14) ----, it may also be
B) go through restorative to correct damage resulting from injuries.
Hair replacement procedures (15) ---- tissue grafts,
C) account for
flaps, expansions, or combinations of these methods.
D) bring down The surgeon plans the appropriate approach for (16)
E) stem from ---- individual’s situation and hair loss circumstances.
Mild to moderate pain is common for several days
following a hair replacement procedure.
10. According to many dieticians, the diet or
light yogurts should be avoided, ---- they are 12.
sweetened with aspartame, a chemical
whose safety in food is questionable. A) abundant
B) detailed
A) so that
C) strict
B) even if
D) familiar
C) since
E) hidden
D) unless
E) until
13.
A) from
11. When the human genome was sequenced in
the early 2000s, researchers at the time were B) in
hopeful that ---- the blueprint of every C) for
disease causing protein in the body ---- to D) with
treatments in a short time.
E) at
A) knowing / would lead
B) to know / should have led 14.
C) to have known / could have led
A) as a result
D) being known / can lead
B) for example
E) having been known / might lead
C) that’s why
D) even after
E) however
15.
A) had involved
B) may involve
C) had to involve
D) used to involve
E) are involving
16.
A) each
B) much
C) few
D) many
E) none
17. Even though some studies suggest that 19. Omega-3s have such vital importance for the
exposure to blue light emitted by digital development of the nervous system that
devices could be a risk factor for developing during infancy, the most rapid period of
certain eye conditions, ----. human brain growth, mothers transfer them
to the infant through breast-feeding,
A) it has also been revealed that long hours of depleting their own fat reserves.
screen time may trigger headaches
B) most patients worry that digital devices can A) Omega-3ler sinir sisteminin gelişimi için o
ruin their children's eyesight kadar hayatî bir öneme sahiptir ki insan
beyninin en hızlı büyüdüğü dönem olan
C) many scientists think that the evidence to
bebeklikte anneler kendi yağ depolarını
support this claim is not very strong
tüketerek onları bebeğe emzirme yoluyla
D) there are other eye issues that our screens aktarırlar.
can bring on, such as dry or tired eyes
B) Omega-3ler sinir sisteminin gelişimi
E) some companies are marketing special açısından o kadar hayatî bir öneme sahiptir
glasses that protect our eyes from the blue ki anneler kendi yağ depolarını tüketmek
light pahasına bebeklikte, yani insan beyninin en
hızlı büyüdüğü dönemde, onları bebeğe
emzirme yoluyla aktarırlar.
18. Surgery is a safe and effective treatment for
many health conditions ----. C) Bebeğin sinir sisteminin gelişimi için hayatî
bir öneme sahip olduğundan, anneler kendi
A) as the risks and complications related to it yağ depolarını tüketerek omega-3leri bebeğe
have declined dramatically in the last few emzirme yoluyla aktarırlar ki bu insan
decades beyninin en hızlı büyüdüğü dönem olan
B) unless an objective evaluation of the bebeklikte gerçekleşir.
complications of an operation are made in D) İnsan beyninin en hızlı büyüdüğü dönemde
detail sinir sisteminin gelişimi için hayatî bir önemi
C) although the benefits of surgery are olan omega-3ler, bebeklikte anneler
numerous and mostly specific to the planned tarafından kendi yağ depolarını tüketerek
operation bebeğe emzirme yoluyla aktarılırlar.
D) rather than being the only therapeutic option E) Omega-3ler sinir sistemimizin gelişiminde
for a particular condition or health hayatî bir önem taşır ve anneler insan
circumstance beyninin en hızlı büyüdüğü dönem olan
bebeklikte kendi yağ depolarını tüketerek
E) because it is important to discuss with the onları bebeğe emzirme yoluyla aktarırlar.
surgeon the anticipated risks of any
operation
20. Sesinizi yükselttirecek kadar çok gürültüye
uzun süre maruz kalma, kalp krizi oranlarını
yüzde 50 arttırabilmektedir, özellikle bu hem
işte hem evde geçerliyse.
A) Being chronically exposed to loud noise and
raising your voice can increase heart attack
rates by 50 percent, especially if this is true
at both work and home.
B) Chronic exposure to noise loud enough to
make you raise your voice by 50 percent can
increase heart attack rates, especially if this
happens at both work and home.
C) Chronic exposure to noise loud enough to
make you raise your voice can increase
heart attack rates by 50 percent, especially if
this is true at both work and home.
D) Being chronically exposed to noise loud
enough to make you raise your voice,
especially at both work and home, can
increase heart attack rates by 50 percent.
E) Chronic exposure to loud noise can make
you raise your voice and increase heart
attack rates by 50 percent, especially if this
happens at both work and home.
21. Pain perceived as coming from the face and Interest in veganism is increasing rapidly in New
head is referred to as headache, a common Zealand and as vegans do not consume dairy
experience with about 45 million adults in products, finding a milk alternative is the key. The
the United States having frequent version that is really on the rise right now comes from
headaches. ---- Among them are tension good old oats. With the dairy-alternative space
headaches, migraine headaches, cluster growing globally, the demand for oat milk has
headaches, sinus headaches, and rebound become so massive that new factories are cropping
headaches. Very rarely a headache may up all over the US just to meet it. People are also
signal an infection such as meningitis or a spreading the word on oat milk because of how it
tumour in the brain. tastes and performs. It does not have the nutty taste
of other dairy alternatives like almond, it is creamy,
A) Tension headaches are the most common and it steams well compared to dairy milk — which is
type of headache. an added bonus as not all alternative milks become
B) Medications are the usual approach for foamy well. Both the fact that oat milk is plant-based
recurring headaches. and people are familiar with the ingredient are
credited for turning oat milk into a must in the fridge
C) There are numerous types of headache
— oats is a well-known crop and often already part of
resulting from various causes.
the breakfast time routine. It is also known to be very
D) About 28 million Americans experience effective in maintaining a balanced diet. Now it will
chronic migraine headaches. only be a matter of time before we start seeing oats
E) The nerves in the head, neck, and face as the star ingredient in vegan yoghurts and creamy
transmit the pain signals familiar as products.
headache.
23. According to the passage, New Zealand ----.
22. (I) Toothache caused by infection or tooth decay A) is a country where the number of vegans is
must be treated by a dentist. (II) However, rising
several alternative therapies may be helpful for B) is the first country to use oat milk instead of
pain relief until dental treatment is available. (III) dairy products
Clove oil may be rubbed on sensitive gums to
C) has the highest number of factories to meet
numb them or added to a small cotton pellet that
the demand for oat milk
is then placed into or over a hole in the tooth.
(IV) The herb corydalis may also help relieve the D) has been competing with the US vegan
pain from toothache. (V) The dentist usually market for many years
takes x-rays in order to look for evidence of E) is trying to find different products other than
decay between teeth, a cracked or impacted oat milk
tooth, or a disorder of the underlying bone.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 24. It can be understood from the passage that

both oat and almond ----.
A) are used in creating milk alternatives for
vegans
B) have almost the same taste
C) are equally valued by almond milk
consumers
D) make the dairy milk more creamy when
added
E) steam and become foamy comparably less
25. What is the passage mainly about?

A) The potential of oats as milk to be consumed
by vegans
B) The increasing popularity of veganism in
New Zealand
C) The competition between New Zealand an
the US over the vegan market
D) Differences between dairy milk and oat milk
E) A comparison of the nutritional values of
dairy milk and oat milk
1. ---- excess sodium increases blood pressure, 6. Treatment options suggested for cold sores
potassium decreases tension in blood are limited; ----, doctors may prescribe
vessels walls and helps keep blood pressure antiviral medications for recurrent or severe
in check. episodes of cold sores.
A) As if A) likewise
B) While B) however
C) Whether C) by comparison
D) Therefore D) moreover
E) By the time E) in other words
2. The vitamin portion of a coenzyme allows a 7. Implantation surgery is very complex

chemical reaction to ----, while the remaining because it needs a high level of expertise to
portion of the coenzyme binds to the reach the surgical site ----.
enzyme.
A) heavily
A) put on B) fluently
B) get off C) dominantly
C) catch up D) efficiently
D) take place E) accidentally
E) settle down
8. Many scientists believe that our sanitized

3. ---- people have been diagnosed with surroundings are ---- allergic disorders in
cardiovascular disease (CVD), they typically children, which have doubled in the last
enter a cardiac rehabilitation programme to decade.
change their lifestyle and thereby avoid
subsequent CVD. A) extracting
B) fulfilling
A) Whereas
C) unifying
B) After
D) ensuring
C) While
E) fostering
D) Even though
E) As if
9. The ---- of overweight in the US has been
increasing and is specially high among
4. Cataract extraction and lens replacement ---- women, the poor and some ethnic groups.
sight for more than ninety per cent of people
who otherwise ---- vision to cataracts. A) reason
B) suspicion
A) would have restored / were going to lose
C) prevalence
B) have to restore / used to lose
D) variety
C) should have restored / might lose
E) maintenance
D) must restore / may have lost
E) can restore / would lose
10. An important reason to re-evaluate how we
are raising the next generation grows out of
5. Epidemiology, which ---- as a science until an incredibly exciting discovery about brain
the 19th century, is a branch of medicine that development: during adolescence, the
investigates factors ---- to improved health, brain’s potential to change through
or the occurrence of a disease in a particular experience is ----.
population.
A) tremendous
A) could not have evolved / having contributed B) frustrating
B) had not evolved / to contribute C) debatable
C) has not evolved / to have contributed D) redundant
D) did not evolve / contributing E) exhausted
E) could not evolve / to be contributing
11. Today, most reformers accept the principle To determine a person’s diet history, the doctor asks
that ---- the promotion of education of people what foods (12) ---- in the previous 24 hours and
with disabilities, critical insights ---- the what types of food are usually eaten. The person
makeup of a civilised society are discovered. may be asked to keep a food diary, in which he lists
everything he eats for three days. (13) ---- the
A) through / into physical examination, the doctor observes the
B) on / with person’s general appearance and behaviour (14) ----
the distribution of body fat and the functioning of body
C) from / under
organs. (15) ---- the doctor suspects severe
D) at / by malnutrition, he orders a complete blood cell count
E) for / against and blood and urine tests to measure levels of
vitamins, minerals, and waste products such as urea.
Skin tests may also be ordered to (16) ---- certain
types of immunity.
12.
A) were being eaten

B) had been eaten
C) will have been eaten
D) were eaten
E) are eaten
13.
A) Out of
B) At
C) By
D) Over
E) During
14.
A) as well as
B) but also
C) so as
D) just as
E) so that
15.
A) While
B) Even though
C) If
D) Whether
E) Even if
16.
A) curtail
B) realize
C) emphasize
D) assess
E) assume
17. ---- because it may atrophy in response to 20. Araştırmacılar genel olarak sosyal destek ve
a certain type of serious stress. sağlık arasında bir bağlantının olduğunu
kabul eder; başka bir deyişle, yüksek
A) An atrophied hippocampus and PTSD go seviyede sosyal destek alan kişiler
together almayanlardan daha sağlıklıdır.
B) Different parts of the brain can be damaged
in such conditions A) According to researchers, people receiving
high level of social support are healthier than
C) We use the hippocampus to manage explicit,
others, as there is a link between social
conscious memory
support and health.
D) This particular part of the brain has attracted
B) Researchers generally agree that a link
a lot of attention recently
between social support and health might
E) Memory problems may arise from subtle explain why people who receive high levels
microscopic conditions of social support are healthier than those
who do not.
18. Modern medicine has become increasingly C) Researchers generally agree that a link
successful at treating and controlling many exists between social support and health; in
chronic health conditions ----. other words, people who receive high levels
of social support are healthier than those
A) because Alzheimer’s disease follows a who do not.
course that progressively deprives a person D) Researchers generally agree that people
of memories who receive high levels of social support are
B) given that no cure or drug has been able to healthier than those who do not, and there
halt the course of Alzheimer’s disease exists a link between social support and
C) unless Alzheimer's researchers recognise health.
the need to learn more regarding prevention E) Researchers who generally think that there is
strategies of the disease a link between social support and health
D) as studies have indicated that maintaining agree that people who receive high levels of
cardiovascular health may diminish the risk social support are healthier than those who
of Alzheimer's disease do not.
E) although some age-related ones such as
Alzheimer’s disease have defied attempts to 21. More than 30 years after scientists identified
find preventive therapies HIV as the cause of AIDS, we still have not
managed to devise an effective vaccine
against the virus. Without treatment, HIV
19. Research has shown that 15 minutes of infection usually runs silently and
aerobic exercise triggers some changes progresses to severe immunodeficiency
within the brain and these changes reduce (AIDS) and death over the course of several
nicotine craving in smoking. years. It has evolved many defences against
A) Araştırmalar, 15 dakikalık aerobik egzersizin the human immune system. ---- However, an
beyinde birtakım değişiklikleri tetiklediğini ve efficient vaccine that prevents infection in
bu değişikliklerin sigara için kişilerin nikotin the first place would be the best weapon -
isteğini azalttığını ortaya koymuştur. particularly in the developing world, where
the costs of drugs and other factors can put
B) Araştırmalara göre, 15 dakikalık aerobik effective therapy beyond the reach of many.
egzersizi, beyinde birtakım değişiklikleri
tetiklemekte ve bu değişiklikler sigara için A) For example, for any antiviral vaccine to work
kişilerin nikotin isteğini azaltmaktadır. properly, it has to block infection.
C) Araştırmalar, 15 dakikalık aerobik egzersizin B) Scientists strongly believe that one drug
sigara içen kişilerin beyninde nikotin isteğini might put an end to all these painful phases
azaltacak bir takım değişiklikleri tetiklediğini of many diseases.
ortaya çıkarmıştır. C) Certain drugs can usually keep the infection
D) Araştırmalar, 15 dakikalık aerobik egzersizin under control for decades.
beyinde tetiklediği birtakım değişikliklere D) Researchers are cautiously optimistic that it
sigara içenlerin nikotin isteğini would work on the bacteria within the organ.
azaltabileceğini göstermiştir.
E) The same approach works well for vaccines
E) Araştırmalar, beyinde birtakım değişiklikleri against other viruses.
tetikleyen 15 dakikalık aerobik egzersizin
sigara içen kişilerin nikotin isteğini azalttığını
göstermiştir.
22. (I) Healthy weight management comes with Stimulation of several areas of the hypothalamus in
many advantages. (II) Among the proven the brain causes an animal to experience extreme
benefits are a reduced risk of diabetes, less joint hunger, a voracious appetite, and an intense desire
pain, lower chances of certain cancers, and an to search for food. The area most associated with
overall fitter cardiovascular system. (III) Some hunger is the lateral hypothalamic area. Damage to
regimens, particularly the Mediterranean diet, this area sometimes causes the animal to lose desire
seem especially well-suited to deliver these for food, sometimes causing lethal starvation. On the
advantages, though, as with all diets, only to the other hand, a centre in the hypothalamus that
degree that people can stick with them and opposes the desire for food, called the satiety centre,
avoid overeating. (IV) A small but rigorous study is located in the ventromedial nucleus. When this
showed that restricting meals to a six-hour centre is stimulated electrically, an animal that is
window led to better insulin sensitivity and blood eating food suddenly stops eating and shows
pressure even without weight loss. (V) The only complete indifference to food. However, if this area is
successful diets, whatever the goal, involve destroyed bilaterally, the animal cannot be satiated;
permanent changes in eating habits. instead, its hypothalamic hunger centres become
overactive, so that it has a voracious appetite,
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V resulting in tremendous obesity.

satiety centre, when stimulated, causes an
animal to ----.
A) lose interest in eating

B) have a voracious appetite
C) have an overactive hunger centre
D) have an intense desire to search for food
E) connect this stimulation directly with hunger
24. The topic of this passage is ----.

A) the effect of the destruction of the main areas
of the brain
B) the effect of brain damage on the choice of
food
C) changes in the lateral hypothalamic area of
the brain resulting from starvation
D) the stimulation of different areas of the brain
E) the hypothalamus and its relation to appetite
25. According to the passage, obesity in animals

can be caused by ----.
A) stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus in the

hypothalamus
B) a damaged lateral hypothalamic area
C) irreparable bilateral damage to the
ventromedial nucleus
D) over-stimulation of the satiety centre
E) the easy availability of food
1. In China's largest psychiatric facility there is 6. Diets rich in whole grains, legumes,
a serious lack of resources, but the staff try vegetables and fruits seem to be protective
hard to ---- this in their treatment of the against cancer, but identifying the specific
patients. foods or ---- of foods that are responsible is
difficult.
A) come up with
B) go in for A) levels
C) put up with B) benefits
D) set out for C) rates
E) make up for D) agencies
E) components
2. The incidence of diabetes ---- quite

dramatically in recent years, especially in the 7. Speech and language disorders in children
United States, where in general people take are usually diagnosed ---- a speech and
less exercise, and food ---- in greater language pathologist, often ---- the help of a
quantity. paediatrician, audiologist and neurologist.
A) is increasing / will be taken A) with / for
B) has increased / is taken B) in / among
C) increases / is being taken C) by / with
D) increased / has been taken D) from / on
E) had increased / was taken E) through / by
3. Scientists ---- at Stanford University School 8. Since most immunosuppressive drugs work
of Medicine in the US have invented an by dampening the entire immune system,
implant that could help the blind ----. they leave the patient ---- to short-term
problems like infections.
A) worked / having seen
B) having worked / to have seen A) reliable
C) to work / seeing B) detrimental
D) to have worked / see C) indifferent
E) working / to see D) susceptible
E) deficient
4. A recent study has found that coffee

contains ---- higher levels of soluble dietary 9. A thyroid biopsy is usually required when a
fiber than other common beverages, even painless lump or a nodule is detected, ---- by
orange juice. the patient ---- by a doctor during a routine
physical examination.
A) significantly
B) ambiguously A) neither / nor
C) dangerously B) either / or
D) compulsively C) as / as
E) elaborately D) no sooner / than
E) the more / the more
5. The assumption that mental functions are at

their sharpest ---- our brains mature in our 10. Being potassium-rich, coconut water
early 20s has been questioned by a new supposedly ---- your ability to absorb water
research study. during prolonged exercise, which might also
increase the risk of overhydration.
A) until
B) although A) resists
C) as if B) acquires
D) when C) enhances
E) unless D) releases
E) occupies
11. Lactose intolerance does not affect an All hay fever sufferers will be aware of the pollen
individual’s general health ---- the person "rain" that (12) ---- them in the spring and summer.
gets necessary nutrients through alternative Pollen grains – the tiny male reproductive bodies of
foods. flowering plants – have an almost (13) ---- outer shell
exine that can survive in certain sediments for tens of
A) as long as thousands of years. In pollen analysis, the exines are
B) in case extracted from the soil, studied under a microscope,
and identified (14) ---- the distinctive exine shape and
C) unless
surface ornamentation of different families and
D) as well as genera of plants. (15) ---- quantified, these
E) although identifications are then plotted as curves on a pollen
diagram. Fluctuations in the curve (16) ---- each plant
category may then be studied for signs of climatic
fluctuation, or forest clearance and crop planting by
humans.
12.
A) should afflict
B) can afflict
C) had afflicted
D) would afflict
E) afflicted
13.
A) intense
B) approachable
C) indestructible
D) abundant
E) unsteady
14.
A) according to
B) ahead of
C) with a view to
D) on behalf of
E) in place of
15.
A) Before
B) Whenever
C) While
D) Until
E) Once
16.
A) across
B) on
C) for
D) about
E) at
17. Caffeine is regarded by many as the best 20. Doğuştan ya da yaşamlarının başlangıcında
way to give you a quick boost, ----. meydana gelen işitme kaybına sahip
çocuklar, genellikle konuşma dili gelişiminde
A) for there are some lesser-known natural ciddi bir gecikme yaşar.
alternatives to consider
B) yet one should be aware of its side effects A) Children may have hearing loss either from
that come with excessive consumption birth or acquired at the beginning of their life,
and it generally leads to serious delay in their
C) so natural energy boosters can help increase
spoken language development.
energy production in cells
B) Hearing loss in children, either from birth or
D) even though caffeine has long been known
acquired at the beginning of their life,
for its boost-giving effect
generally causes a serious delay in their
E) although it reduces oxidative stress and spoken language development.
supports a reduction in tiredness
C) Either from birth or acquired at the beginning
of their life, hearing loss in children generally
18. While the mouth initiates the digestive causes them to experience a serious delay in
process with chewing, ----. spoken language development.
D) Children having hearing loss, either from
A) the saliva also contains an enzyme called birth or acquired at the beginning of their life,
ptyalin, or salivary amylase generally have a serious delay in spoken
B) the salivary glands produce saliva to wet language development.
down the food for digestion E) A serious delay in spoken language
C) a large group of unchewed food may also development is generally the result of
give harm to the stomach hearing loss in children, either from birth or
D) all enzymes are sensitive to the level of acid acquired at the beginning of their life.
in their environment
E) chewing contributes a lot to the digestion 21. Rabies in Nepal is a serious issue. About 200
process people die of rabies every year in Nepal,
which is considered a highly underestimated
official number. Canine vaccination is a key
19. Hunching restricts the functioning of your constituent of any rabies elimination
body as a whole, which can lead to aches strategy, and according to World Health
and leave you more susceptible to injuries. Organization guidelines, at least 70 percent
A) Kambur durmak, vücudunuzun bir bütün of dogs in an area must be covered. Regular
olarak işleyişini kısıtlar, ki bu da ağrılara yol re-vaccination is also needed as unprotected
açabilir ve sizi yaralanmalara karşı daha animals migrate into areas. There are several
hassas bir hâle getirebilir. animal welfare organisations and societies
in Nepal that have undertaken vaccination
B) Kambur durmak, vücudunuzun bir bütün campaigns. ---- Also, there is no legal
olarak işleyişini kısıtlamakla kalmayıp aynı requirement to report rabies to government
zamanda ağrılara neden olabilir ve sizi authorities in Nepal, making surveillance
yaralanmalara karşı daha hassas bir hâle difficult.
getirebilir.
C) Kambur durmak, vücudunuzun bir bütün A) The second best solution in Nepal is to be
olarak işleyişini kısıtladığından ağrılara yol properly vaccinated with human rabies
açarak sizi yaralanmalara karşı daha hassas vaccines available in hospitals in
bir hâle getirebilir. Kathmandu.
D) Kambur durmak, vücudunuzun bir bütün B) A further goal is collaboration with relevant
olarak işleyişini kısıtlayarak ağrılara sebep organisations to share information on canine
olmanın yanı sıra sizi yaralanmalara karşı and human rabies cases.
daha hassas bir hâle getirebilir. C) However, there is no way of easily knowing
E) Kambur durmak, vücudunuzun bir bütün who has vaccinated dogs, where and when.
olarak işleyişini kısıtlar ve bu durum ağrılara D) Therefore, a website has been created to
yol açıp sizi yaralanmalara karşı daha record dog vaccinations in different locations
hassas bir hâle getirebilir. in Nepal.
E) In Kathmandu and other parts of Nepal, bites
from stray dogs are the most common way
that people get rabies.
22. (I) Lead poisoning occurs when a person Conservation biologists are applying their
swallows or inhales lead in any form. (II) The understanding of population, community, ecosystem,
result can be damage to the brain, nerves, and and landscape dynamics in establishing parks,
many other parts of the body. (III) Acute lead wilderness areas, and other legally protected nature
poisoning, which is relatively rare, occurs when reserves. Choosing locations for protection often
a large amount of lead is taken into the body focuses on biodiversity hot spots. These relatively
over a short period of time. (IV) Lead poisoning small areas have a large number of endangered and
is also harmful to adults, in whom it can cause threatened species and an exceptional concentration
high blood pressure, digestive problems, nerve of endemic species, those that are found nowhere
disorders, memory loss, and muscle and joint else. Together, the 'hottest' of Earth’s biodiversity hot
pain. (V) On the other hand, chronic lead spots total less than 1.5% of Earth’s land but are
poisoning occurs when small amount of lead are home to a third of all species of plants and
taken in over a longer period. vertebrates. There are also hot spots in aquatic
ecosystems, such as certain river systems and coral
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V reefs. Because endemic species are limited to
specific areas, they are highly sensitive to deprivation
of their natural environment. At the current rate of
human development, some biologists estimate that
loss of habitat will cause the extinction of about half
of the species in terrestrial biodiversity hotspots in the
next 10 to 15 years. Thus, biodiversity hotspots can
also be hot spots of extinction. They rank high on the
list of areas demanding strong global conservation
efforts. Concentrations of species provide an
opportunity to protect many species in very limited
areas. However, species endangerment is truly a
global problem, and focusing on hot spots should not
detract from efforts to conserve habitats and species
diversity in other areas.
23. As it can be understood from the passage,

while some measures are taken to protect
species’ habitats, ----.
A) one must really increase human
development over the next 10 or 15 years
B) aquatic systems need to be supported to
prevent drought
C) there have been no effects to protect the
hottest of hot spots
D) the conservation of habitats and species
diversity remains a local problem
E) biodiversity hot spots must be given priority
in conservation efforts
24. According to the passage, biodiversity hot

spots ----.
A) are relatively small areas often damaged by
industrial practices such as dumping of toxic
chemicals or by such mishaps as oil spills
B) contain endangered species and unusually
high numbers of species unique to that area
C) would eventually be destroyed by human
activity in the next 10 to 15 years
D) consist merely of such aquatic ecosystems
as certain river systems and coral reefs
E) are places where most species of plants and
vertebrates have become extinct
25. It is explicitly stated in the passage that as
endemic species are only found in particular
places, ----.
A) they are very susceptible to habitat

degradation
B) hot spots have little terrestrial biodiversity
C) housing and beachside efforts at
development must be ended
D) concentrations of these species are to be
evenly distributed on Earth
E) conservation efforts must be guided by
critical habitat factors
1. The existing shortage of primary-care 6. The ---- of lactose intolerance varies widely
doctors in the US leads to a shortage of among ethnic groups, indicating that the
health care that cannot be ---- with insurance trait is genetically determined.
of any kind.
A) conversion
A) wiped out B) prevalence
B) taken over C) recession
C) made up for D) notice
D) put off E) supply
E) kept out
7. Obesity is a ---- growing condition that has

2. Getting eight hours of sleep each night is ---- been spreading across the western world,
for skin and well-being, as it resets stress mainly in the United States.
hormones like cortisol and repairs your
complexion. A) legally
B) rapidly
A) exhausting
C) willingly
B) crucial
D) politely
C) disastrous
E) briefly
D) preventive
E) offensive
8. Some researchers believe schizophrenia is a
single disorder, ---- others believe it is a
3. Tiny bioelectronic devices surgically ---- on syndrome based on numerous underlying
nerves interfere with and change the body's diseases.
own processes ---- them function better.
A) if
A) implanting / making B) since
B) implanted / to make C) even so
C) being implanted / to have made D) while
D) to be implanted / having made E) unless
E) to implant / to be making
9. People who feel strongly that they do not

4. About one million people in the UK live with want to be awake and alert ---- certain
memory loss, confusion, and psychosis ---- procedures may not be good candidates ----
brain injuries that may have happened years local or regional anaesthesia.
before.
A) through / at
A) in terms of B) by / with
B) due to C) during / for
C) similar to D) upon / to
D) on behalf of E) against / about
E) with the help of
10. Scientists are ---- biotechnology to

5. Of every 10,000 children born in the US, develop highly effective drugs in the fight
almost 7 ---- from health problems because against currently incurable diseases.
their mothers ---- alcohol during pregnancy.
A) invading
A) suffered / have consumed B) justifying
B) were suffering / consume C) exerting
C) had suffered / were consuming D) retaining
D) will have suffered / will consume E) utilizing
E) suffer / consumed
11. ---- not all negative thoughts and feelings are Most scholars agree that Attention-Deficit
bad for health, specific emotional states, Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is over-diagnosed
especially stress and depression, have now today. To them, such over-diagnosis leads to relying
been linked to heart trouble of all kinds. too heavily on pills (12) ---- skills, such as teaching
children better ways of coping with stress. The
A) When American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic manual
B) Suppose that of the past 20 years outlines three sets of (13) ---- for
ADHD: inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity – the
C) As if
child (14) ---- answers too quickly. For accurate
D) Whenever diagnosis, a child must display at least six of the nine
E) Though listed symptoms for at least half a year across these
categories. (15) ----, at least some problems must be
present before the age of seven and produce
impairment (16) ---- at least two different settings
such as school or home.
12.
A) by means of
B) owing to
C) rather than
D) with regard to
E) in terms of
13.
A) assessments
B) prescriptions
C) adoptions
D) treatments
E) indicators
14.
A) should have given

B) could have given
C) used to give
D) may give
E) ought to give
15.
A) In addition
B) Therefore
C) Nonetheless
D) Otherwise
E) Still
16.
A) on
B) in
C) at
D) to
E) from
17. As children vary so much in their 20. Panik atak belirtileri o kadar ciddi ve
individual requirements, ----. korkutucudur ki insanlar bunları sıklıkla kalp
krizi belirtileriyle karıştırıp, hastaneye
A) it hasn't been useful to compare the koşarlar.
development of the cousins
B) one should not try to follow the book too A) Rushing to the hospital for a panic attack is
closely not necessary, even though its symptoms are
so severe and frightening that they are often
C) we certainly hadn't encouraged them to eat
mistaken for those of a heart attack.
anymore
B) The symptoms of a panic attack are severe
D) I suppose he slept as much as he needed to
and frightening, and people often mistake
E) in fact, they compare well with the so-called them for heart attack symptoms and rush to
the hospital.
18. People experience and express pain C) Because panic attack symptoms are so
differently; ----. severe and frightening, people often rush to
the hospital, mistaking them for signs of a
A) therefore, a doctor can distinguish real pain heart attack.
from imagined pain to treat patients D) People often rush to the hospital when
B) similarly, much progress has been made in experiencing a panic attack, as the
pain measurement symptoms are as severe and frightening as
C) otherwise, a doctor can analyse certain parts those of a heart attack.
of the face that are revealing pain E) Panic attack symptoms are so severe and
D) nonetheless, a doctor's prescription can frightening that people often mistake them for
potentially become an addictive painkiller signs of a heart attack and rush to the
hospital.
E) thus, a doctor cannot precisely estimate the
severity of a patient's pain
21. Phlebography is an invasive diagnostic test
that provides a constant image of leg veins
19. It is possible for people to get most nutrients on a fluoroscope screen. Phlebography
they need from a balanced diet, though identifies the location and extent of blood
vegans may need to take supplements of clots, and enables the condition of the deep
fortified foods. leg veins to be assessed. It is especially
A) İnsanların dengeli beslenme yoluyla useful when there is a strong suspicion of
edinebilmeleri mümkün olan birçok besini, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), after non-
veganlar ancak ek gıda veya içeriği invasive tests have failed to identify the
güçlendirilmiş yiyeceklerle alabilirler. disease. Phlebography is the most accurate
test for detecting DVT. ---- Accuracy is
B) Dengeli beslenme insanların besin crucial since DVT can lead to a pulmonary
ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasını mümkün kılsa embolism, a potentially fatal condition.
da, veganlar ek gıda veya içeriği
günlendirilmiş yiyeceklere ihtiyaç duyabilirler. A) It is nearly 100% correct and specific in
C) İnsanların dengeli beslenme sonucu ihtiyaç making this diagnosis.
duyabilecekleri birçok besini almaları B) Phlebography is not used often, however,
mümkündür, ancak buna rağmen veganların because it is painful.
ek gıda veya içeriği güçlendirilmiş öğünler C) Phlebography takes 30-45 minutes and can
tüketmeye ihtiyaçları vardır. be done in a physician's office.
D) İnsanların ihtiyaç duydukları besinlerin D) In some cases, a local anaesthetic is injected
çoğunu dengeli beslenme ile alabilmeleri to numb the skin at the site of the insertion.
mümkündür, fakat veganların ek gıda veya
içeriği güçlendirilmiş yiyecekler tüketmeleri E) DVT usually involves the deep veins of the
gerekebilir. legs or arms, but it can occur in other sites of
the body.
E) Dengeli beslenme insanların besin
ihtiyaçlarının çoğunu karşılamasını mümkün
kılar, ancak veganların ek gıda veya içeriği
güçlendirilmiş yiyecekler tüketmeleri gerekir.
22. (I) The causes of depression aren’t fully Functioning mini human brains grown in a lab could
understood. (II) A number of factors may make help cure Parkinson’s. It may sound incredible, yet
a person more likely to experience depression, the created blobs may help researchers defeat
such as a family tendency, side effects of certain Parkinson’s disease and other age-related brain
medications, an introverted personality, and conditions. The mini brain is an organoid grown from
emotionally upsetting events. (III) For some stem cells to imitate the human midbrain, the
reason, women are twice as likely as men to ‘information superhighway’ of the brain that controls
experience depression. (IV) Psychological hearing, vision and movement. Other researchers
studies show that changes in hormone levels have successfully grown brain tissue in a lab, but a
before menstruation and after childbirth may be team made up of researchers from A Star Genome
factors. (V) Hormones also control the volume of Institute of Singapore, the Duke-NUS Medical School
fluid and the levels of salt and sugar in the and the National Neuroscience Institute say theirs is
blood. the first to contain neuromelanin, a dark pigment
found within the human brain that is closely linked to
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V the development of Parkinson’s disease. It also
contains specialised neurons that produce dopamine,
a neurotransmitter involved with motor control as low
levels of dopamine lead to slowed reactions and
disorders like Parkinson’s. Shawn Je, the lead
researcher of the team, says that their mini-brain
organoids mimic human midbrain development and
that now they can really test how these mini brains
react to existing or newly developed drugs before
treating patients. This will be a game changer for
future drug development.
23. According to the passage, mini human

brains may help cure Parkinson’s disease
since ----.
A) researchers from various institutes worked
together to develop them
B) newly produced and available drugs for
Parkinson’s have been tested on them
C) they have already worked really well on other
age-related brain conditions
D) they are organoids grown from stem cells
with high levels of dopamine
E) they are like a simulation of our midbrains,
which control some of our senses and
movement
24. According to the passage, which of the

following is true?
A) Low levels of dopamine can be related to
some other disorders along with Parkinson’s
disease.
B) The presence of neuromelanin can help
people with Parkinson's disease to recover
from the condition.
C) Neuromelanin and dopamine are essential
components to produce artificial organs.
D) Compared to dopamine, neuromelanin can
produce more neurotransmitters that enable
motor control.
E) Neuromelanin and dopamine cause
deterioration in our midbrain, leading to
impairment in our reactions.
25. What is the author’s primary purpose in this
passage?
A) To explain why other researchers have failed
to produce mini brains with neuromelanin
B) To inform us about the development of
Parkinson’s disease and other brain
conditions
C) To illustrate the reasons behind the failure of
treatments for Parkinson’s disease
D) To announce a new scientific breakthrough
that can aid the treatment of age-related
brain conditions
E) To emphasise the importance of
collaboration among researchers from
various institutes
1. A small percentage of people have new or 6. A number of clinical trials for Alzheimer’s
recurring ---- of pain that feel like gall are being conducted, ---- unfortunately, no
bladder attacks even though they have no drug in development has yet shown a clear-
gall bladder. cut benefit.
A) episodes A) as soon as
B) removals B) otherwise
C) deficits C) once
D) responses D) unless
E) trials E) but
2. ---- survivors of childhood cancer do seem to 7. Most of the world’s population ---- on natural
have a higher risk of heart problems, the exposure to sunlight ---- adequate vitamin D
individual likelihood of this happening is still nutrition.
fairly small.
A) relies / to maintain
A) Whether B) has relied / to have maintained
B) If C) used to rely / would have maintained
C) Whenever D) will rely / having maintained
D) Unless E) is relying / to be maintaining
E) While
8. ---- the news is out about tomatoes being

3. Malnutrition and undernutrition are not ---- found for their cancer-fighting properties,
to the Third World; they also occur in the question is how to get sufficient
affluent societies. amounts every day.
A) exposed A) Much as
B) permitted B) while
C) restricted C) Now that
D) disposed D) Just as
E) convinced E) Even if
4. The latest research finding that older adults 9. Despite a preoccupation with body image
are generally happier than younger ones ---- and weight loss, the prevalence of obesity in
superficially at odds with many studies that - the US continues to rise ----.
--- older people are at higher risk for
depression and other mental health A) collectively
problems. B) adequately
C) randomly
A) seems / have found
D) respectively
B) seemed / will find
E) dramatically
C) has seemed / would find
D) had seemed / have been finding
E) could have seemed / would have found 10. An Indian drug company has offered to
supply an anti-AIDS drug ---- sufferers in
developing countries ---- less than one-
5. The body resists starvation by ---- its own twentieth of the standard cost in the West.
tissues and using them as a source of
calories – much like burning the furniture to A) in / to
keep the house warm. B) at / over
C) with / for
A) getting off
D) to / at
B) breaking down
E) on / with
C) carrying out
D) following up
E) making for
11. Despite family history, diabetes is Ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun is classified into
preventable and even ---- if individuals are three types: ultraviolet A (UVA), ultraviolet B (UVB),
willing to make the right change in their diet and ultraviolet C (UVC), depending on its
by cutting back on carbohydrate and sugar. wavelength. UV light in small amounts is (12) ----, as
it helps the body produce Vitamin D. (13) ----, larger
A) achievable amounts of UV light damage DNA (the body’s genetic
B) sustainable material) and alter the amounts and kinds of
chemicals (14) ---- the skin cells make. UV light also
C) reversible
(15) ---- folic acid, sometimes resulting in deficiency
D) available of that essential vitamin in fair-skinned individuals.
E) credible Although UVA penetrates deeper (16) ---- the skin,
UVB is responsible for at least three quarters of the
damaging effects of UV light, including tanning,
burning, premature skin aging, wrinkling, and skin
cancer.
12.
A) neutral
B) beneficial
C) indeterminate
D) minimal
E) economical
13.
A) Additionally
B) Similarly
C) However
D) Indeed
E) Otherwise
14.
A) that
B) what
C) where
D) whatever
E) wherever
15.
A) should break down
B) must break down
C) broke down
D) might have broken down
E) may break down
16.
A) with
B) from
C) into
D) without
E) beside
17. Thanks to a new effective treatment, called 20. Genetikçiler, çeşitli çevresel faktörlerin yanı
immunotherapy, ----. sıra, en az on beş genin ankziyete ve strese
karşı hassasiyete neden olabileceğini tahmin
A) patients fight cancer with their own powerful ediyorlar.
immune systems
B) doctors confirm that early diagnosis is crucial A) At least fifteen genes, together with some
for most types of cancer environmental factors, are estimated by
geneticists to be likely to contribute to anxiety
C) most cancer patients cannot find enough
and susceptibility to stress.
resources to at least try drugs
B) According to geneticists, anxiety and
D) it is nothing like the benefits of chemotherapy
susceptibility to stress are likely caused by at
in terms of its effectiveness
least fifteen genes, as well as a few
E) cancer types like melanoma and leukaemia environmental factors.
cannot benefit from it
C) Geneticists believe that at least fifteen genes
and different environmental factors contribute
18. Iron deficiency is one of the commonest to anxiety and susceptibility to stress.
causes of anaemia ----. D) Geneticists estimate that, along with various
environmental factors, at least fifteen genes
A) since even in a good diet the supply of iron is may contribute to anxiety and susceptibility
only just adequate to stress.
B) why adolescents outgrow their stones of iron E) Geneticists are of the opinion that, besides
C) which would result in brittle nails serious environmental factors, at least fifteen
D) though new ways of treating pernicious genes do contribute to anxiety and
anaemia were soon introduced susceptibility to stress.
E) as numerous iron preparation are available
for treatment 21. Marie Curie, probably the world’s best-
known woman scientist, was a pioneer in the
field of radiation and chemotherapy. She was
19. Current surgical techniques used to treat the first woman awarded a Nobel Prize, in
cancer lack a reliable way that can identify 1903, for her research on radioactivity.
the tissue type during the operation. Sharing the prize were her husband, Pierre
A) Kanseri tedavi etmek için kullanılan günümüz Curie, and Henri Becquerel, who had
cerrahi teknikleri, ameliyat esnasında doku discovered radioactivity in uranium. She was
türünü saptayabilen güvenilir bir yöntemden also awarded a Nobel Prize in 1911 for the
yoksundur. previous discovery of polonium and radium
and for the isolation of pure radium. ----
B) Kanseri tedavi etmek için de kullanılabilen Cancer treatment, for example, is among the
mevcut güvenilir cerrahi teknikler, ameliyat practices where it is widely employed.
esnasında doku türünü saptayabilen bir
yöntemden yoksundur. A) She won her second Nobel Prize, this time in
C) Ameliyatta doku türünü saptayabilen the field of chemistry.
yöntemden yoksun olan mevcut cerrahi B) The Curies spent four years in a laboratory to
teknikler, kanser tedavisinde yetersiz kalır. isolate polonium and radium.
D) Ameliyat esnasında doku türünü saptamada C) She went beyond the study of the element
güvenilir bir yöntem olan günümüz cerrahi radium to discover a few of its medical uses.
teknikleri, kanseri ortadan kaldırmak için de D) She became the first woman professor at
uygulanabilir. Sorbonne University, where she conducted
E) Kanseri tedavi etmek için kullandığımız meticulous scientific studies.
cerrahi teknikleri arasında, ameliyat E) In the same year, Lord William Thomson
esnasında doku türünü saptayabilen bir Kelvin claimed radium was not an element
yöntem yoktur. after all.
22. (I) Although in the great majority of cases a 'Placebo' is a Latin word which means 'I will please',
person's genetic make-up results in normal in medicine it has come to mean a treatment - a
development, genes can occasionally be a sugar pill or saline injection - that, in itself, has no
source of problems. (II) If a defective gene physical effect. In spite of this, placebos have often
inherited from one parent is recessive, the been found to relieve physical symptoms such as
dominant - and usually normal - allele from the pain, swelling, inflammation, or even depression.
other parent can prevent this particular problem. Apparently, in such cases, it is the act of treatment
(III) Indeed, some human disorders are entirely rather than the treatment itself that is effective.
hereditary and are passed along according to Why there should be such a thing as the
the same principles of inheritance that placebo effect remains problematic. Many doctors
determine eye colour and nose shape. (IV) have suggested that it was selected by evolution as a
Other genetic disorders are not inherited but means of managing the resources of the immune
may result from errors during cell division in system. Given that placebos seem to work, in part, by
meiosis. (V) Chromosomes and the genes they suppressing the immune response, they may be a
carry can also be made abnormal by radiation, way of conserving the body's energy at critical
drugs, viruses, chemicals and perhaps even the moments. Patients may even get depressed to stop
aging process. them from being too active and so slowing recovery.
It is a high price to pay, but then evolution is not
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V a merciful master.
23. It is clear from the passage that the way

a placebo works ----.
A) has helped doctors to trace the various
stages of recovery
B) has generated a great deal of controversy
among medical researchers
C) has finally been explained to the satisfaction
of the medical profession
D) is important in understanding how the
immune system works
E) has not yet been clearly understood
24. We learn from the passage that, though

a placebo is not a medicine, it ----.
A) obviously has a powerful effect upon the
immune system
B) functions in the body exactly as a medicine
does
C) can sometimes play quite an important role
in the recovery of a patient
D) is an essential part of recovery for nearly all
patients
E) is particularly effective in the treatment of
depression of all types
25. According to a prevalent medical

view presented in the passage, ----.
A) a patient should be kept active in order to
speed up recovery
B) placebos may work by helping the body to
preserve its energy at crucial times
C) physical symptoms can only be temporarily
reduced by placebos
D) the physical effects of a placebo can be
misleading
E) the suppression of the immune response by
a placebo can be problematic

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2023 ilkbahar YÖKDİL Sağlık Bilimleri

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▢ Tamamladığınız alıştırmaları işaretleyebilirsiniz.

Bu dijital kaynak kullanıcının isteği üzerine ders notu olarak çoğaltılmıştır.

of ...ın, ...in, ...un, ...ün, sessiz çeviri

of (all) … arasında, ...içinde

the fall of the Berlin Wall Berlin Duvarının düşüşü

the result of the experiment deneyin sonucu

lack of Vitamin C C vitamini eksikliği

Health is of vital importance. Sağlık hayati öneme sahiptir.

a tumour in the brain beyinde(ki) bir tümör

the information in the book kitapta(ki) bilgi

a PhD in chemistry kimyada bir doktora

improvements in agriculture tarımdaki gelişmeler

researchers in 19th century 19. yüzyıldaki araştırmacılar

the number of countries in World War II 2. Dünya Savaşındaki ülkelerin sayısı

They are equal in weight. Ağırlık bakımından eşitler.

I threw him in the pool. Onu havuza attım.

a new play at the theatre tiyatroda yeni bir oyun

at a depth of 350 metres 350 metre bir derinlikte

to be free at lunchtime öğle yemeği vaktinde boş olmak

Don't shout at the children! Çocuklara bağırma!

broken glass on the ground yerdeki kırık bardak

no water on Mars Marsta hiç su (yok)

on 29th October, 1923 29 Ekim 1923'te

a debate on education system eğitim sistemi hakkında bir tartışma

an attack on personal liberty kişisel özgürlüğe bir saldırı

on retiring from politics siyasetten emekli olduktan sonra

They will visit us upon their return from

He was arrested for murder. Cinayet sebebiyle tutuklandı.

very difficult for researchers araştrmacılar için çok zor

for almost 500 years neredeyse 500 yıldır

for the past three decades son 30 yıldır

by + Ving …erek, …arak

examined by an experienced physician tecrübeli bir hekim tarafından muayene edildi

an invasion by the Normans Normanlar tarafınsan bir istila

by the end of the week haftanın sonuna kadar

by 2023 2023 yılına kadar / yılına gelindiğinde

to decide by flipping a coin yazı tura atarak karar vermek

to + V1 …mek, …mek için

She is transferred to a new hospital. Yeni bir hastaneye nakledildi.

to move to another city Başka bir şehre taşınmak

to achieve his goal amacını gerçekleştirmek

essential to liver function karaciğer fonksiyonu için gerekli

from …den, …dan

zaman veya mesafe aralığı

Bir şeyin başlangıç noktasını belirtir.

suffer from a chronic disease kronik bir hastalıktan muzdarip olmak

inherit money from his uncle dayısından para kalmak (miras)

threats from his competitors rakiplerinden tehditler

from August to December Ağustostan Aralığa kadar

from Italy to Greece İtalya'dan Yunanistan'a

from birth until/till death doğumdan ölüme kadar/dek

from January on Ocaktan itibaren

from 18th century onwards 18. yüzyıldan itibaren

optimistic about the future gelecek hakkında iyimser

knowledge about the side effect of plastic

The pills must be taken at about the same time

They are about the same weight. Yaklaşık aynı kilodalar.

I think they are about to arrive. Sanırım varmak üzereler.

with …ile, ...ile birlikte