CELL, HOMEOSTASIS, AND

CELL COMMUNICATION IN
HUMAN BODY

Arranged By:
Robi Kholiq
1406599815
Faculty of Dentistry
 CELLS
Basic Unit of
Life
Basic
1. Obtaining food (nutrients) and Oxygen
Functions
from its surrounding
2. Providing energy by using nutrients and
Oxygen
3. Synthesizing proteins and components
4. Controlling exchange of materials
between the cell and its surrounding
5. Sensitive and responsive to changes of
its environment
6. Contains hereditary materials
7. For most cells, reproducing.
Structures

Animal Plant
 CELLS
Prokaryote Eukaryote

Characteristics

Organelles
 Cell Membrane

Regulates exchange of
Physical Barrier
materials

Composed of:
1. Phospolipids
2. Cholesterol
3. Proteins
4. Carbohydrates
Phospolipid The head end contains a phosphate group
and is hydrophilic. This means that is
likes or is attracted to water molecules.

The tail end is made up of two strings of

hydrogen and carbon atoms called fatty
acid chains. These chains
are hydrophobic or do not like to mingle
with water molecules.
 Cholesterol molecules are made up of four
Cholesterol rings of hydrogen and carbon atoms. They
are hydrophobic and are found among the
hydrophobic tails in the lipid bilayer.
1. Maintaining the consistency of the
membrane
2. Preventing some small objects crossing
the membrane
3. Preventing the phospolipid tails from
coming into contact and solidifying

Integral: located in the lipid bilayer,

Proteins
Peripheral: outside of the lipid bilayer
(inside or outside the cell)
 can function as enzymes to speed up
Proteins chemical reactions, act as receptors for
specific molecules, or transport materials
across the cell membrane.

Found outside the cell, attached to

Carbohydrates
proteins or lipids, form glycocalyx. It can
acts as a glue to attach cells together, and
providing body to recognize what cell it is
and what to respond that cell
The Importance of Cell Membrane

Cell membrane has two major functions, as physical

barrier and regulating exchange of materials.
Without cell membrane, strange objects (which can
be dangerous as virus or bacteria) from outside of
the cell can easily infect our cells, which leads to
immune deficiency.
 Transcription: happens in
Protein Synthesis
nucleus until mRNA go and meet
the ribosomes in cytoplasm.
1. Promoter spotted one point of a
sense-strand of DNA to start the
transcription.
2. The strands of DNA is being
opened by RNA-polymerase.
3. DNA which has unique code is
being read in the nucleus of the
cell, and form mRNA
(messenger RNA) or usually
called codon.
4. Codon formed, RNA Polymerase
meets stop sequence, and
terminated.
5. mRNA goes out from the
nucleus into cytoplasm.
Protein Synthesis Translation: happens in cytoplasm.
1. The mRNA meet the small
ribosomal sub-unit
2. Large ribosomal sub-unit come
and connect the small ribosomal
sub-unit with the mRNA
3. The process of translating the code
of codon begin. tRNA provides the
amino acids needed per three
symbols of code (for example: AUG
is symbol for Metionin)
4. The process continue until the
ribosome signal the “STOP” codon
(UAA, UAG, UGA), it is called
releasing factor.
5. The amino acids will connect each
other and form polypeptides.
 Mechanisms of Cellular
Communication

1. Tight Junctions form the closest contact

between adjacent cells known in nature. Found
in the apical region around the cell's
circumference.
2. Desmosomes serve localized adhesive function
and connect the plasma membrane to
intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm. The
connections are especially important in
stratified epithelium.
3. Gap junctions consist of intercellular channels
in the plasma membrane of adjacent cells.
Small molecules can diffuse across the channel
and into the cytoplasm of the other cell.
4. Adherens junctions play a role in intracellular
adhesion and the interaction of the actomyosin
cytoskeleton with the plasma membrane.
Mechanisms of Cellular
Communication
TISSUE
Connective 1. Supports the body and its parts.
Tissue 2. Connect and hold different parts
together, to transport substances
through the body and to protect it
from foreign invaders.
 1. Epithelial tissue lies on a basement
membrane this is a layer of acellular material, a
Epithelial
sticky layer to keep the epithelial cells attached to
Tissue
whatever underlies them.
2. Cells within this tissue readily divide to
make more cells. This helps this tissue
recover after any sort of abrasions occur.
3. This tissue does not have any vasculature. This
means that there are no blood vessels within it.
4. The cells within this tissue are firmly attached to
each other.
 1. Cardiac: plays the most important role in
the contraction of the atria and ventricles of the
heart. It causes the rhythmical beating of the heart,
circulating the blood and its contents throughout
the body as a consequence.

Muscle 2. Skeletal: function in pairs to bring about

Tissue the coordinated movements of the limbs, trunk,
jaws, eyeballs, etc. Skeletal muscles are directly
involved in the breathing process.

3. Smooth: controls slow, involuntary movements such

as the contraction of the smooth muscle tissue in
the walls of the stomach and intestines. The muscle
of the arteries contracts and relaxes to regulate
the blood pressure and the flow of blood.
 1. To sense stimuli – analyze and integrate the stimuli
2. To respond to a kind stimuli with an appropriate,
coordinated impulse.
Nervous 3. Made up of neurons and glial cells.
Tissue
 BODY SYSTEM

Skeletal Muscular Nervous Respiratory Cardiovascular

Digestive Excretory Endocrine Immune Reproductive

HOMEOSTASIS
A property of cells, tissues, and organisms
that allows the maintenance and regulation of
the stability and constancy needed to function
properly. Homeostasis is a healthy state that
is maintained by the constant adjustment of
biochemical and physiological pathways. An
example of homeostasis is the maintenance of
a constant blood pressure in the human body
through a series of fine adjustments in the
normal range of function of the
hormonal, neuromuscular,
and cardiovascular systems. These
adjustments allow the maintenance of blood
pressure needed for body function despite
environmental changes and changes in a
person's activity level and position. Other
homeostatic mechanisms, for example, permit
the maintenance of body temperature within
a narrow range.
CELLS SYSTEM

HOMEOSTASIS
 ABILITY TO ADAPT

Morphology Physiology Behavior

HUMAN ANATOMY
HUMAN ANATOMY
HUMAN ANATOMY
 THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION
 REFERENCES
Sherwood, Lauralee. 2010. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems.
Canada: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Boron, Walter, and Emil Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. Elsevier (e-
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boulpaep-2nd/chapter-3/mechanisms-of-cellular, accessed on
September 7)
http://learnsomescience.com/microbiology/eukaryotic-cells-compared-
to-prokaryotic-cells/
http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/cells.html
http://www.homeschoolwithwinnie.com/2014/05/20/classical-
conversations-cycle-3-week-1/
 REFERENCES
http://petearmetta.com/2013/10/07/connective-tissue-pete-armetta-2/
http://www.healthywealthyandhappy.co.uk/?page_id=1840
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/cell-membrane-
functions-role-structure.html#lesson
http://web.mit.edu/cortiz/www/proteinpolymer.html
http://vdinh.weebly.com/unit-2-macromolecules-scientific-method-
enzymes-and-cell-membrane.html
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/berndcv/lab/epitheliali
nfoweb/Tight%20Junctions.html
http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=88522