Question 1

I can define a logical fallacy as a flaw in reasoning that makes an argument something incorrect
causing it to be invalid or unsound. For example, if a Burundian girl studying project
management at Kepler College claims that all successful projects require a large budget, it would
be a logical fallacy because not all successful projects necessarily require a large budget as there
could be no facts and evidence for the statement before saying it.

Question 2

Formal fallacies are errors or things that can be recorded as faults in deductive reasoning, where
the conclusion does not logically follow from the premise or someone has not used logical
thinking whereas informal fallacies are errors or faults that can be made in reasoning that occur
in everyday language and do not adhere to strict deductive rules, for example of an informal
fallacy would be if our the other student says: "I know this project will succeed because my
friend said so," (Wireless Philosophy, 2022).

Question 3

Validity refers to the logical structure of an argument, where if the premise or arguments are
true, then the conclusion must also be true. For instance, referring to the above example I have
provided earlier, if the student presents an argument with accurate information and uses logical
reasoning, it would be considered valid. If all the premises are also true, then it would be
sounding well and great which considered as soundness of the argument.

Question 4

In my own understanding, I think that fallacies can impact both the validity and soundness of an
argument because logical fallacies introduce errors in reasoning, which can make an argument
invalid. If an argument contains fallacies, it is not logically sound because at least one of its
premises or something to argue on is false or the reasoning is flawed.

Question 5

1. Fallacies of inconsistency: These fallacies occur when there is a contradiction or inconsistency

in the reasoning. For example, if the other student studying project management at Kepler
College argues that all projects should be completed on time and within budget, but then
proceeds to propose a plan which is previously prepared and that exceeds the allocated budget
and time, it would be a fallacy of inconsistency.

2. Fallacies of inappropriate assumption: These fallacies occur when unwarranted assumptions

are made in the argument.

3. Fallacies of irrelevance: These fallacies where someone is like discussing the importance of
effective communication in project teams but then starts talking about unrelated personal
experiences, it would be a fallacy of irrelevance.

4. Fallacies of insufficiency: These fallacies occur when an argument is based on insufficient

evidence or lacks necessary support.

Question 6

As a student, I can identify and avoid fallacies by developing critical thinking skills and being
aware of common logical errors. I can do this by studying logic and reasoning principles, and
also seeking feedback from professors or peers can help identify potential fallacies in your own
reasoning.
 References
Wireless Philosophy. (2022, October 2). CRITICAL THINKING - Fallacies: Formal and
Informal Fallacies. YouTube. Retrieved September 24, 2023, from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=