CE362:

PRINCIPLES OF
STEEL DESIGN

MIDYEAR CLASS SY 2022-2023

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TOPIC 2

• Design Philosophies
• Load Factors, Resistance Factors, and Load Combinations for
LRFD
• Safety Factors and Load Combinations for ASD
• Tension Members: Applied Tensile Stress, Allowable Tensile
Stress, Gross Area, Net Area, Effective Net Area

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Design Philosophies

• The fundamental requirement of structural design is that the

required strength should not exceed the available strength;
that is,
required strength ≤ allowable strength

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Design Philosophies
• Allowable Strength Design (ASD) – a member is selected that has cross-
sectional properties such as area and moment of inertia that are large enough
to prevent the maximum applied axial force, shear, or bending moment from
exceeding an allowable, or permissible value. This allowable value is obtained
by dividing the nominal, or theoretical strength by a factor of safety.

Allowable Strength =

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Design Philosophies

• Allowable Stress Design (ASD) – This approach to design is also

called elastic design or working stress design. Working stresses
are those resulting from the working loads, which are applied
loads. Working Loads are also known as service loads.

Maximum Applied Stress ≤ Allowable Stress

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Design Philosophies
• Plastic Design– is based on a consideration of failure conditions rather than
working load conditions. A member is selected by using the criterion that the
structure will fail at a load substantially higher than the working load.
• Failure in this context means either collapse or extremely large deformations.
• The term plastic is used because, at failure, parts of the member will be
subjected to very large strains – large enough to put the member into the
plastic range.
• When the entire cross section becomes plastic at enough locations, “plastic
hinges” will form at those locations, creating a collapse mechanism.

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Design Philosophies
• Plastic Design Procedure
1. Multiply the working loads (service loads) by the load factor to obtain
the failure loads.
2. Determine the cross-sectional properties needed to resist failure
under these loads. (A member with these properties is said to have
sufficient strength and would be at the verge of failure when
subjected to the factored loads.)
3. Select the lightest cross-sectional shape that has these properties.

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Design Philosophies
• Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) – Load factors are applied
to service loads, and a member is selected that will have enough
strength to resist the factored loads. In addition, the theoretical strength
of the member is reduced by the application of a resistance factor.

Factored Load ≤

∑(Loads x Load Factors) ≤

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Load Factors, Resistance Factors, and
Load Combinations for LRFD

Reference:
NSCP 2015 Section 203.3

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Load Factors, Resistance Factors, and
Load Combinations for ASD

Reference:
NSCP 2015 Section 203.4

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Alternate Basic Load Combinations

Reference:
NSCP 2015 Section 203.4.2

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Special Seismic Load Combinations

Reference:
NSCP 2015 Section 203.5

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Tension Members
• Tension members are structural elements that are subjected to axial tensile
forces.
• The stress in an axially loaded tension member is given by

f=

where P is the magnitude of the load and A is the cross-sectional area (the
area normal to the load).
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Tension Members

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Tensile Strength
• A tension member can fail by reaching one of the two limits: excessive deformation or
fracture.
• In each case, the stress P/A must be less than a limiting stress F,

<

• Thus the load P must be less than FA, or

P< A
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Tensile Strength

• The nominal strength in yielding is,

=
• The nominal strength in fracture is,

=
Where is the effective net area, which may be equal to either the net
area or, in some cases, a smaller area.
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Tensile Strength

Reference:
NSCP 2015 Section 504.2
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Tensile Strength

Reference:
NSCP 2015 Section 504.2
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Tensile Strength

Reference:
NSCP 2015 Section 504.2
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Tensile Strength

Reference:
NSCP 2015 Section 504.3
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Tensile Strength

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Reference:
AISC 15th Edition Manual
Tensile Strength

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Reference:
AISC 15th Edition Manual
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A 1/2x5 plate of A36 steel is used as a tension
member. It is connected to a gusset plate with
four 5/8-inch-diameter bolts as shown in the
figure. Assume that the effective net area Ae
equals the actual net area An.
a. What is the design strength for LRFD?
b. What is the allowable strength in ASD?

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. A single-angle tension member, an L3½ x 3½ x
3/8 , is connected to a gusset plate with 7/8-inch
diameter bolts as shown in the figure. A36 steel is
used. The service loads 35 kips dead load and 15
kips live load. Investigate this member for
compliance with the AISC Specification. Assume that
the effective net area is 85% of the computed net
area.
a. Use LRFD
b. Use ASD
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SAMPLE PROBLEMS
3. A double-angle shape is shown in the Figure. The
steel is A36, and the holes are for ½-inch-diameter
bolts. Assume that Ae = 0.75An.
a. Determine the design tensile strength for LRFD.
b. Determine the allowable strength for ASD.

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PLATE NO. 1: TENSION MEMBERS

1. A PL 3/8 x 7 tension member is connected with

three 1-inch-diameter bolts, as shown in the
figure. The steel is A36. Assume that Ae = An and
compute
a. the design strength for LRFD
b. the allowable strength for ASD

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PLATE NO. 1: TENSION MEMBERS

2. A PL 1/2 x 8 tension member is connected with six

1-inch-diameter bolts, as shown in the figure. The
steel is ASTM A242. Assume that Ae = An and
compute
a. the design strength for LRFD
b. the allowable strength for ASD

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PLATE NO. 1: TENSION MEMBERS

3. A double-angle tension member, 2L 3x2x1/4

LLBB, of A36 steel is subjected to a dead load of 12
kips and a live load of 36 kips. It is connected to a
gusset plate with one line of ¾-inch-diameter bolts
through the long legs. Does this member have
enough strength? Assume that Ae = 0.85An.
a. Use LRFD
b. Use ASD

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 THANK YOU!

Reference:
AISC 15th Edition Steel Construction Manual
NSCP 2015 Volume 1
Steel Design 4th Edition by William T. Segui

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