URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

TERM CONTRACT FOR SOIL INVESTIGATION (URA/T/13/010)

SOIL INVESTIGATION WORKS AT WEST COAST VALE

CONTENTS
VOLUME I
Page No.

1.0 INTRODUCTION 005

1.1 General 005

2.0 FIELD WORKS 006

2.1 General 006
2.2 Description of Field Investigation 006
2.2.1 Drilling 006
2.2.2 Undisturbed Sampling 006
2.2.3 Standard Penetration Testing 006
2.2.4 Rock Coring 007

3.0 LABORATORY TESTING 007

3.1 General 007
3.2 Code of Practice 007
3.3 Physical Properties 008
3.3.1 Moisture Content 008
3.3.2 Bulk and Dry Density 008
3.3.3 Atterberg Limit 008
3.3.4 Grain Size Analysis 008
3.4 Mechanical Properties 009

3.4.1 Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Triaxial Test 009

3.4.2 Permeability Test By the Falling-Head Method 009
3.4.3 Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Triaxial Test 009

3.5 Direct Shear Box Test 009

3.6 Summary of Laboratory Test Result for Soils 010

4.0 SOIL CLASSIFICATION 010

5.0 LIST OF GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTIONS 012
REFERENCES 013

Report No:ECGP 2531 URA ECON GEOTECH PTE LTD

3
URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
TERM CONTRACT FOR SOIL INVESTIGATION (URA/T/13/010)
SOIL INVESTIGATION WORKS AT WEST COAST VALE

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Quantity of Field Works and Laboratory Tests 014

Table 2.1 Classification / Symbol of Soil and Rock Type 015
Table 2.2 Geological Stratigraphy of Singapore 016
Table 2.3 Identification and Description of Soils 017
Table 2.4 Weathering Classification of Soils / Rocks 019
Table 2.5 Plasticity Chart 020
Table 2.6.1 Classification of Clays/Silts from Shear Strength 021
Table 2.6.2 Classification of Clays/Silts from SPT results 021
Table 2.6.3 Classification of Sands from SPT Results 021

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1 Illustration of Boring Work 022

Fig. 2 Illustration of Standard Penetration Test 023

APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
· Location Plan 024

· Borehole Location Plan 025

· As-built Borehole Locations 026

· Cross-Sections 027-028

· Legends for different soil and rock types 029

· Borehole Logs 030-039

· Core Photos 040

APPENDIX B
· Laboratory Test Results of Physical & Mechanical
Properties of Soil Samples 041-112

· Certificate of Accreditations 113-114

aõb

Report No:ECGP 2531 URA ECON GEOTECH PTE LTD

4
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
On behalf of Urban Redevelopment Authority, Econ Geotech Pte Ltd has performed the
Contract URA/T/13/010 Site Investigation Works for (WO 17). The field investigation for
this project was carried out between 23rd January 2016 and 02nd February 2016. The works
described in this report have been carried out as per the specifications and under the technical
direction of the client. This report presents the soil investigation based on 5 boreholes.
The particulars of this project are as follows:
(a) Name of Project Site Investigation Works for Contract URA / T/13/010

(b) Location West Coast Vale (near AYE and Pandan River
(c) Client Urban Redevelopment Authority
(d) Main Contractor ECON Geotech Pte. Ltd.
(e) Director Steven Ih Yeo
(f) Project Manager Aung Moe
(g) Period of Work Field Works
23rd January 2016 – 02nd February 2016

Laboratory Works and Report

03rd February 2016 – 23rd February 2016
(h) Scope of Work Field Works
Boreholes 5 Locations
Ø
Laboratory Tests Moisture Content, Bulk & Dry Density,
Grain Size Analysis (Sieving), Atterberg
Limit Tests, Triaxial (UU) Tests, Direct
Shear Box Tests, Falling Head Permeability
Test, Unconfined Compression Tests

(Refer Table 1.1 for Quantities of Field and Laboratory Works)

5
2.0 FIELD WORKS

2.1 General
The field works were carried out in accordance with BS 5930:1999 +A2:2010 “Code of
Practice for Site Investigation” and / or as directed by the client.
The Borehole Location Plan for proposed site investigation works is shown in Appendix-A.
The as-built coordinates and reduced levels of the boreholes are also presented in respective
borelogs in Appendix-A.

2.2 Description of Field Investigation

2.2.1 Drilling
This investigation was performed using rotary drilling rig. A cutting tool was attached to the
drilling rod to drill through the soils, which produces 100mm diameter borehole. Circulated
mud water was pumped through the hollow rods into the hole to stabilize the borehole and to
wash out the soil debris (resulted due to drilling) to the ground surface by pressure. Partial
casing (100mmф) was used to stabilize the soil on top in the borehole apart from using mud
circulation. Trial pits of size 1.0 x 0.8 x 1.0 m depth was dug manually at every borehole
locations. The boreholes were terminated at the depths as suggested by the client. Illustration
of boring works was shown in (Fig.1)
During the investigation, a site bore log was done and kept by the geotechnical site
supervisor to note down soil descriptions, stratum changes, SPT and coring field records.

2.2.2 Undisturbed Sampling

Undisturbed samples (UD samples) were collected at the depth of 3m interval in the geologic
formations, unless specified by the client. Before a sample was taken, the bottom of the
borehole was properly cleaned. Each sample was then collected using a 75 mm diameter by
1000 mm long thin wall sampler tube driven by hydraulic push. Samples of very stiff to hard
soil were collected by using Mazier sampler. Thin wall piston samplers were used for very
soft to soft soil. After a sample was retrieved from borehole, it was immediately labeled and
sealed with wax at both ends before sending to laboratory.

2.2.3 Standard Penetration Testing

Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) is performed at 3.0m interval in all soil layers. Once the
borehole reached the required test depth, the borehole was cleaned by flushing with
water/mud before starting the test. The test was performed by using a split barrel type
sampler with a 50.8 mm external and 34.9 mm internal diameter. The test was conducted in

6
six stages, where each stage consisted of driving the sampler 75 mm into the soil by using a
free fall of 63.5 kg hammer (or monkey). The hammer was dropped from a height of 760 mm
on to anvil connected to the sampler by rods. The number of blows required for each 75mm
penetration was noted and the final N-value is reported as the total number of blows required
to achieve the last 300 mm of penetration, the initial 150 mm of penetration being to seat the
sampler and by-pass any disturbance. If, however, 100 blows were reached before a
penetration of 300 mm was achieved, the test was stopped and the penetration achieved
recorded.

2.2.4 Rock Coring

An NMLC (triple tube0 diamond annular bit, fixed to the bottom of the outer rotating tube of
a rotary core barrel cuts 52mm diameter cores, which is retained within the inner stationary
tube of the core barrel and brought to the surface for examination and testing.
All description and logging is in general accordance with BS 5930:1999 +A2:2010. besides
linear core recovery, a determination of Rock Quality Designation (RQD, which is defied as
percentage of rock recovered as sound lengths which are 100mm or more in length) as a
quantitative measure of the fracture state of the rock is given. It is noted that the RQD is not
the only criteria to assess the strength of the rock mass.
Rock cores recovered were logged and subsequently delivered to geotechnical contractor’s
office to be photographed. Upon completion of the photography and testing, the core boxes
were delivered to Client’ designated office for storage.

3.0 LABORATORY TESTING

3.1 General
The various laboratory tests were performed on undisturbed samples based on the testing
schedule approved by the client/consultant. The tests related to mechanical properties were
performed in the Econ Geotech Laboratory. The quantities of laboratory tests are summarized
in Table 1.1.

3.2 Code of Practice

The laboratory tests were performed in accordance with the British Standard Code of Practice
BS 1377 (1990) and as per terms of accreditation under the Singapore Accreditation Council
– Singapore Laboratory Accreditation Scheme. The summaries and detailed test results are
presented in Appendix-B. The results are also presented in respective borehole logs.

7
3.3 Physical Properties
3.3.1 Moisture Content
To measure moisture content, a weighed specimen is taken from an undisturbed sample and
placed in a tin, where it is oven dried at 105-110◦C for 18-24 hours. The soil is weighted after
the drying and the weight of water is calculated simply by subtracting the two values. The
moisture content is then defined as the percentage of the weight of water over weight of dry
soil.

3.3.2 Bulk and Dry Density

The bulk density is the measured weight of a solid cylindrical soil specimen taken from an
undisturbed sample divided by its volume. The dry density was calculated from bulk density
and moisture content.

3.3.3 Atterberg Limit

The liquid limit of a specimen is derived using the cone penetrometer method as to BS 1377.
The plastic limit is defined as the moisture content of a specimen at the point where it can be
satisfactorily rolled into a 3mm diameter thread with just starting to crumble. The soils’
plasticity index is then derived by subtracting the plastic limit from the liquid limit.

3.3.4 Grain Size Analysis

The grain size analysis has been carried out utilizing both sieve and hydrometer analysis.
The sieve analysis was carried out by wet sieving method in which the material was first
washed through a 2 mm test sieve nested in a 63 mm test sieve. The soils retained in the
sieves were then dried in an oven. The dried soils were then sieved by dry sieving by passing
the soils through a series of square mesh sieves, which become progressively finer down to
63 mm mesh. Each fraction thus collected was then weighed and the percentage retained on
each sieve was calculated by dividing individual weights by the total sample weight.
The soils passing through 63 mm mesh was analyzed by sedimentation using hydrometer
method. The hydrometer method involves measuring the rate of settlement of fine particles
suspended in a solution. Utilizing the principle of Stokes’ law, particle size can be directly
related to its rate of settlement in a fluid such as water. From this process, the particle
diameter and percentage finer is calculated.

8
3.4 Mechanical Properties
3.4.1 Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Triaxial Test
This test is generally performed as a set of three single stage tests (UU). However, if the
sample is not enough, the test is conducted using two or single (multistage) specimen. The
general testing procedure is as explained below.
With the three single stage tests, three specimens were extracted from a single undisturbed
sample, and was trimmed and cut to a length to diameter ratio is about two. The specimens
were then weighed before putting the rubber membrane and placing into triaxial cell. Cell
pressures of 0.5sv, sv, and 2sv (where sv is total overburden pressure at the sampling depth)
were applied to the three specimens followed by shearing under undrained conditions at a
constant rate of strain (usually 2% per minute). Axial load and displacement were recorded at
regular intervals until a maximum deviator stress, or 20% of strain is reached. For tests with
two specimens, cell pressure of sv and 2sv were used.

3.4.2 Permeability Test by the Falling-Head Method

Falling head permeability test was conducted to measure the permeability of the soil. The
permeability of a soil is a measure of its capacity to allow the flow of a fluid through it.

3.4.3 Unconfined Compression (UC) Test on Rock Core

Unconfined compression test was conducted on selected rock core sample to assess the
strength characteristic. This is determined by statically loading the cylinder of rock to failure,
the load being applied across the upper and lower faces of the sample. The test was
conducted in accordance with ASTM D2938-95.

3.5 Direct Shear Box Test

The direct shear test measures peat and residual direct shear strength as a function of the
stress normal to the plane of shearing. The standard deals with the laboratory testing for the
determination of the basic shear strength parameters and the surface characteristic of a
discontinuity that controls the shear strength. If the surface characteristic of a discontinuity
that controls the shear strength are determined, an accurate description should be made,
including type and roughness of the joint, type and thickness of fill material, and presence of
water in the joint.

9
3.6 Summary of Laboratory Test Results for Soils
Laboratory tests were generally performed in accordance with the British Standards Code of
Practice BS 1377 (1990). The tests were carried out on undisturbed samples to determine the
physical, mechanical and chemical properties.
Details results of physical and mechanical properties of soil for each geological classification
are presented together with borehole logs in Appendix-B. Summaries of test results are also
presented respectively.

4.0 SOIL CLASSIFICATION

The soil classification is based on the geological classification and British classification
system as given in Appendix-A. The consistencies of clay/silt and relative densities of sand
have been classified according to the (BS5930: 1999+A2:2010). Classification of sand, clay
and silt from SPT and Shear Strength are presented in (Table 2.6.1 to 2.6.3).

4.1 Description of Soil under Present Investigating Area

Based on the borehole data and in-situ tests results obtained from the boreholes, the
underlying subsoil can be sub-divided into the following layers:
- FILL
- KALLANG FORMATION
- JURONG FORMATION

4.1.1 FILL
Fill is inhomogeneous material made by man. The fill layer consists of multi-colored, soft to
stiff, reddish brown, light yellowish brown and light whitish grey, slightly gravelly slightly
sandy to sandy CLAY/ SILT with concrete pieces and bricks. Fill layers were observed in all
of the boreholes. Thickness of the Fill layers varies from 5.00m (BH1, BH2 and BH5) to
9.00m (BH3) with SPT N-value varied from 3 (BH2) to 10 (BH3).
.
4.1.2 KALLANG FORMATION
4.1.2.1 Transitional Member (Kt)
Estuarine Peaty/Organic SILT/CLAY/SAND (E)
The Kallang Formation – Transitional or Estuarine Member (E) was observed only in four (4)
boreholes (BH1, BH2, BH4 and BH5). The Estuarine Peaty/ Organic layer consists of s very
soft to firm, dark grey to black, brown to dark grey, slightly gravelly slightly sandy CLAY/
Peaty CLAY. Thickness of the Estuarine Peat/ Organic layers varies from 2.50m (BH2) to
5.50m (BH5) with SPT N-value varied from 1 (BH5) to 4 (BH2).

10
4.1.2.2 Fluvial SAND (F1)
The Kallang Formation – Alluvial Member (Fluvial SAND) was observed in one (1) borehole
(BH5). This Alluvial Member (F1) is composed of loose, dark grey, slightly silty SAND.

4.1.3 JURONG FORMATION (J)

The soil and rock samples, retrieved from all of the five (5) boreholes indicated the
occurrence of SANDSTONE and SILTSTONE of the Jurong Formation. There were
evidences of Residual Soil of Jurong Formation (S 5) to Moderately Weathered Sedimentary
Rocks (S 2) at these boreholes.

4.1.3.1 The Residual Soils (S 5) of the Jurong Formation was recorded in only one (1)
borehole (BH1). It was consisted of stiff to very stiff, whitish grey spotted yellowish brown
and reddish brown, slightly sandy CLAYSILT. Thickness of (S 5) layers was 6.00m (BH1)
with SPT N-value of 11 to 17 (BH1).

4.1.3.2 The Completely Weathered Sedimentary Rocks (S 4) were composed of dense to

very dense, whitish grey mottled pink, light yellowish brown, slightly gravelly silty fine to
coars SAND; very dense dark grey to grey, sandy GRAVEL; very stiff to hard, light grey,
light greenish grey, slightly gravelly to gravelly, slightly sandy to sandy SILT/ CLAY. The
original sedimentary texture of the rock was well preserved and obviously noticeable. This
layer was observed in all five (5) boreholes (BH1, BH2, BH3, BH4 and BH5), with SPT N-
value varies from 44 (BH5) to 100 (BH1, BH2, BH3, BH4). Measurable thickness of the
Completely Weathered Sedimentary Rocks of the Jurong Formation (S 4), excluding of the
inferred layers as core loss in the core samples, ranges from 10.45m (BH1) to 26.42m (BH4).

4.1.3.3 The Highly Weathered Sedimentary Rocks (S 3) of the Jurong Formation was
encountered in one (1) borehole (BH5) as alternation with Moderately Weathered (S 2)
layers. It was composed of weak to medium strong, light grey to grey, Conglomeratic
SANDSTONE as rock cored samples. Measurable thickness of the Highly Weathered
Sedimentary Rocks of the Jurong Formation (S 3) was 3.00m (BH5).

4.1.3.4 The Moderately Weathered Sedimentary Rocks (S 2) of the Jurong Formation was
was not encountered until the termination depth.

11
 4.1.3.5. The Slightly Weathered Sedimentary Rocks (S 1) and The Fresh Sedimentary
Rocks ( S 0)of the Jurong Formation was not encountered until the termination depth.

5.0 LIST OF GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTIONS

Geological cross-sections showing the soil strata profile at the borehole locations are
presented in Appendix-A.

SECTION BOREHOLES

1 BH1 – BH3 – BH5

2 BH4 – BH3 – BH2

12
 REFERENCES

1. BS 5930: 1999. +A2:2010“Code of Practice for Site Investigations”, British Standard.

2. SS EN 1997-2 “Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical Design- Part2: Ground Investigation and
Testing”.
3. EN ISO 14688-1 “Geotechnical Investigation and Testing: Identification and Classification
of Soil – Part 1: Identification and Description”.
4. EN ISO 14688-2 “Geotechnical Investigation and Testing: Identification and Classification
of Soil – Part 2: Principle for a Classification”.
5. EN ISO 14689-1 “Geotechnical Investigation and Testing: Identification and Classification
of Rock – Part 1: Identification and Description”.
6. EN ISO 22476 “Geotechnical Investigation and Testing”.
7. Singapore National Annex (NA) to SS EN 1997-2.
8. Braja M. Das, 1994. Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, Third Edition. PWS Publishing
Company, Boston
9. Coduto, Donald P, 1994. Foundation Design: Principles and Practices. Pentice-Hall, New
Jersey.
10. Karl Terzaghi, Ralph B. Peck and Gholamreza Mesri, 1996. Soil Mechanics in Engineering
Practice, Third Edition.
11. Michael Carter and Stephen P Bentley, 1991. Correlations of Soil Properties. Pentech Press,
London.
12. P.W.D., 1976. “The Geology of the Republic of Singapore”, Public Works Department,
Singapore.
13. DSTA, 2009. “Geology of Singapore”, 2nd ed., Defense Science and Technology Agency,
Singapore.

13
 SOIL INVESTIGATION WORKS AT WEST COAST VALE
TABLE 1.1 QUANTITY OF FIELD WORKS AND LABORATORY TESTS
In Situ Test &
Sampling
Soil Drilling Work Soil Laboratory Test
DS Undistrubed Sample

Borehole
No. Total MZ/T
Soil Rock
Starting Finished Trial Pit Size Drilling SPT TW PS hick
UU
CU
UCS

Drilling Coring
LL/PL

(Sieve)

(Hydro)
Depth wall
Box Test

Grain Size
Grain Size
Permeability

Bulk Density
Direct Shear

Consolidation
(Falling Head)

Water Content
Particle Density
Date Date (mxmxm) (m) (m) (m) no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no. no.

BH1 23-Jan-16 27-Jan-16 1.0x1.0x1.0 24.45 24.45 - 8 2 - 2 4 4 - - 2 2 1 - - - 1 1

14
BH2 30-Jan-16 02-Feb-16 1.0x1.0x1.0 21.45 21.45 - 7 2 - 2 4 4 - - 2 3 3 - - - - 1

BH3 30-Jan-16 02-Feb-16 1.0x1.0x1.0 21.30 21.30 - 7 2 - 2 4 4 - - 2 4 2 - - - - 2

BH4 27-Jan-16 01-Feb-16 1.0x1.0x1.0 36.42 36.42 - 12 2 - 2 4 4 - - 3 4 1 - - - - 2

BH5 23-Jan-16 28-Jan-16 1.0x1.0x1.0 33.00 30.00 3.00 10 2 - 2 4 4 - - 2 2 2 - - 1 - 2

Total 136.62 133.62 3.00 44 10 - 10 20 20 - - 11 15 9 - - 1 1 8

Trial Pit ~ Hand auger from GL-1.0 to 2.0m

SPT = Standard Penetration Test
TW= Thin Wall Soil Sample, PS= Piston Soil Sample, MZ= Mazier Sample
LL/PL= Atterberg Limits Test
 SOIL & ROCK GEOLOGICAL
REFERENCE GENERAL DESCRIPTION
TYPE FORMATION (PWD, 1976)

B BEACH (Littoral) Sandy, sometimes silty, with gravels, coral and KALLANG Littoral, possibly
shells also part of all other members
& TEKONG

E ESTUARINE Peats, peaty and organic clays, organic sands KALLANG Transitional,
(Transitional) possibly part of Alluvial and
Marine.

F FLUVIAL Sands, silty sands, silts and clays KALLANG Alluvial, possibly
(Alluvial) part of all other
members and TEKONG.

F1 Predominantly granular soils including silty Bed of Alluvial Member of

sands, clayey sands and sandy silts KALLANG

F2 Cohesive soils including silty clays, sandy Bed of Alluvial Member of

clays and clayey silts KALLANG

M MARINE Very soft to soft blue or grey clay KALLANG Marine Member

O OLD ALLUVIUM Very weak to weak beds of sandstone and OLD ALLUVIUM
mudstone. See C-5 for weathering
classification

FC FORT CANNING A colluvial deposit of boulders in a soil matrix. Not shown in PWD (1976)
BOULDER BED The matrix is typically a hard silty clay, but
(also known as can be granular. The material is largely derived
S3, Bouldery Clay from the rocks and weathered rocks of the
or Boulder Bed) Jurong Formation

S SEDIMENTARIE Sandstones, siltstones mudstones, JURONG Tengah, Rimau,

S (Rocks & conglomerate and limestone. The rock Ayer Chawan and Queenstown
associated soils) has been subjected to a varying degree of Facies (plus the Pandan
metamorphism. Limestone, which was not
identified in PWD (1976)

G GRANITE (Rock Granitic rocks, including granodiorite, BUKIT TIMAH GRANITE

and associated adamellite and granite.
Residual soils)

Table C-3
2.1 Classificatiion/ Symbol of Soil and Rock Type

15
 Geological Time Series/Stage Description of stratum Time
Bp-
Stratum
Era Period Epoch Formation Symbol Particular Origin year
Zone
First Au (O1) Consists mainly decomposed organic Deposit of limnetic brackish
Organic Clay material. Very soft & high water content. water
First Au(S1) Poor graded medium grain loose sand with Deposited at beach and
Sand some shell fragments. shallow water depth of sea.
6000
Marine Au(M) Very soft high water content and high Seabed deposit at 5-30m depth -
Clay plasticity clay. drowned valley. 10000
Upper
Alluvium First Cohesive Au(C) Very soft high water content clayey silt with Deposit of limnetic-half
soil sand. brackish water.
Second Organic Au(O2) Very soft decomposed organic matter with Deposit of limnetic-half
Clay clay. Brackish water.
Second Au(S2) Well graded sand with some organic. Deposit at shallow water
Sand depth..
Holocene
Brown AL(B) Lower water content stiff clay. Thickness Alteration by weathering
Clay varies at each location. oxidation. 11000
Third AL(S1) Medium dense fine to medium grained sand Deposit at shallow sea water -
Sand depth or beach. 15000

Lower Marine AL(M) Soft and high plasticity homogeneous clay Seabed deposit at 5-30m depth
Lower Clay with shell fragments. drowned valley.
Quarter
nary Alluvium Second Cohesive AL(C) Soft to firm high plasticity clayey silt with Deposit of limnetic-half
Soil fine sand. brackish water.
Third AL(O) Soft low water content organic clay. Deposit at shallow water depth.
Organic Clay
Fourth AL(S2) Well graded sand with some gravel and Shallow seabed deposit.
Cenozoic

Sand organic material

Weathered Zone OA(W) Irregular alternating layers of well graded Weaken and alteration by Approx
sandy soil and clayey silt. Very Dense and weathering/ oxidation. 3.5-5.0
Old hard by cementation. x 104
Pleistocene Cemented Zone OA(C) Materials is very hard & dense
Alluvium
by chemical/ diagenesis.

Weathered Zone Bc(W) Very hard reddish brown clay with various Produce of fault as fault clay
Boulder
Tertiary__ Unknown__ Clay sizes of strong sandstone boulder. Size of and fault breccia and cemented
Cemented Zone Bc(C)
boulder ranges from 10-45cm. during some geological period.
Residual J(R) Constituted of alternating sandstone, Wholly decomposed material Approx
Soil mudstone and conglomerate. Limestone by weathering. 2.0x108
developed as thin layers. Many fault zones
Completely J(C) Decomposed material by
are found and material near the granite area -
Jurassic- Initial Weathered Zone weathering.
is disturbed. Thermal metamorphism occurs
Highly J(H) near the granite zone. Weak and friable material by 2.1x108
Weathered Zone weathering
Jurong
Formation Moderately J(M) Materials weakened near joint
Weathered Zone surface by weathering.
Mesozoic

Slightly J(S) Many joints developed with

Late Weathered Zone some weathering at joint
surface.
Fresh Zone J(F) Strong massive rock.

Residual G(R Coarse-grained granodiorite and biotite Wholly decomposed material Approx
Soil granite. Contains porphyrite and to soil. 2.1x108
Triassic Middle Completely G(C) lamprophyre as dike. Two types of fault Decomposed weak material by
Weathered Zone system are found to develop. weathering. -
Highly G(H) Weak and friable material by 2.2x108
Bukit
Weathered Zone weathering.
Timah
Granite Moderately G(M) Material is weak near the joint.
Weathered Zone
Slightly G(S) Joints developed with some
Initial Weathered Zone weathering at joint surfaces.
Fresh Zone G(F) Strong massive rock.

Table 2.2 Geological Stratigraphy of Singapore (M.W TAN & A.WADA,

Stratigraphy of Singapore (M.W. TAN & A.WADA, 11TH11S.ES.E ASIAN GEOTECH. TH
C-2 Geological ASIAN GEOTECH.
CONF., 4-8 MAY, 1993)
CONF., 4-8 MAY, 1993)

16
 Organic Soil Fine Soils Coarse soils Very coarse
(over about 35 % silt and clay sizes) (over about 65% sand and gravel sizes) soils

C-4
Table Identification
2.3 Identification
andand

17
Description
description
of of
Soil
soils
(BS(BS
5930,
5930,
1999)
1999)
Table 2.3
Table 3.2Identification
Identificationandand
description of soils
description of(continued)
soils (continued)
PRINCIPAL
Visual identification Minor constituents Stratum name Example descriptions
SOIL TYPE
BOULDERS Only seen complete in pits or exposures Shell fragments, RECENT Loose brown very sandy sub-
COBBLES Often difficult to recover whole from boreholes pockets of peal, DEPOSITS, angular fine to coarse flint
gypsum crystals, flint GRAVEL with small pockets(up
Easily visible to naked eye: particle shape can
GRAVEL gravel, fragments of ALLUVIUM, to 30mm)of clay. (TERRACE
be described: grading can be described.
brick, rootlets, plastic GRAVELS)
bags etc
Medium dense light brown
gravelly clayey fine SAND,
Visible to naked eye: no cohesion when dry: Gravel is fine (GLACIAL
SAND
grading can be described. DEPOSITS)
using terms such as; WEATHERED
BRACKLESHAM
CLAY,
with rare
Stiff very closely sheared
orange mottled brown slighlty
gravelly CLAY. Gravel is fine
Only coarse silt visible with hand lens; exhibits and medium of rounded
with occasional LIAS CLAY,
little plasticity and marked dilatancy: slightly quartzite. (REWORKED
SILT granular or silky to the touch; disintegrates in WEATHERED LONDON CLAY)
water; lumps dry quickly; possesses cohesion
but can be powdered easily between fingers
with abundant/frequent/
numerous

EMBANKMENT
Intermediate in behaviour between clay and
CLAY/SILT FILL,
silt. Slightly dilatant
%defined on a site or
material specific basis TOPSOIL,
or subjective
Firm thinly laminated grey
CLAY with closely spaced thick
laminae of sand (ALLUVIUM)

MADE GROUND
Dry lumps can be broken but not powdered
OR GLACIAL
between the fingers; they also disintegrate
DEPOSITS? etc.
under water but more slowly than silt; smooth
CLAY
to the touch; exhibits plasticity but no dilatancy;
sticks to the fingers and dries slowly; shrinks
Plastic brown clayey
appreciably on drying usually showing cracks.
amorphous PEAT (RECENT
DEPOSITS)

Notes
a) Or described as coarse soil depending on mass behaviour d) Gravelly sandy and/or silty or clayey

b) Or described as fine soil depending on mass behaviour e) Gravelly and/ or sandy

c) %coarse or fine soil type assessed excluding cobbles and boulders f) Gravelly of sandy

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 Table 2.5 WEATHERING CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS / ROCKS

Weathering Classification (Bukit Timah Granite and Gombak Norite)

Grade Basis for assessment
Intact strength, unaffected by weathering. Not broken easily by hammer – rings
G(0)
when struck. No visible discoloration.
Not broken easily by hammer – rings when struck. Fresh rock colors generally
G(1)
retained but stained near joint surfaces.
Cannot be broken by hand. Easily broken by hammer. Makes a dull or sight ringing
G(2)
sound when struck with hammer. Stained throughout.
G(3) Core can be broken by hand. Does not slake in water. Completely discolored.
Original rock texture preserved can be crumbled by hand. Slakes in water.
G(4)
Completely discolored.
Original rock structure completely degraded to a soil with none of the original fabric
G(5)
remains. Can be crumbled by hand.

Weathering Classification for Jurong Formation (Except Pandan Limestone)

Grade Basis for assessment

S(0) Intact strength, unaffected by weathering

S(1) Slightly weakened, slight discoloration, particularly along joints.

Considerable weakened & discolored, but larger pieces cannot be broken by hand.
S(2) RQD is generally >0, but RQD should not be used as the major criterion for
assessment.
Core can be broken by hand or consists of gravel size pieces. Generally highly to
very highly fractured, but majority of sample consists of lithorelics. RQD generally
S(3) = 0, but RQD should not be used as major guide for assessment. For siltstone, shale,
sandstone, quartzite and conglomerate, the slake test can be used de differentiate
between Grade IV (does not slake).
Rock weathered down to soil-like material, but bedding intact. Material slakes in
S(4)
water
S(5) Rock degraded to a soil in which none of the original bedding remains.

Weathering Classification for Old Alluvium

Indicative SPT,
Class Classifier Characteristics
Blow/300mm*
A Unweathered Original strength >50(cannot usually be
penetrated by CPTs
B Partially Weathered Slightly reduced strength with 20t load capacity)

C Distinctly weathered Further weakened 30 to 50

Greatly weakened, often
D Destructured 10 to 30
mottled, bedding disturbed
E Residual No bedding remains <10
* The SPT result should not be used in isolation to assess weathering.

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Table 2.5
 Undrained Shear Strength (kPa) Consistency
< 20 Very Soft
20 – 40 Soft
40 – 75 Firm
75 – 150 Stiff
150 – 300 Very Stiff
> 300 Hard

Table 2.6.1 Classification of Clays/Silts from Shear Strength (BS5930: 1999)

Approximate Relation of Consistency to SPT

N-Value (blows/300mm of penetration) Consistency
<2 Very Soft
2–4 Soft
4–8 Firm
8 – 15 Stiff
15 – 30 Very Stiff
> 30 Hard

Table 2.6.2 Classification of Clays/Silts from SPT results (Terzaghi and Peck)

Approximate Relation of Relative Density to SPT

N-Value (blows/300mm of penetration) Relative Density

<4 Very Loose

4 – 10 Loose
10 – 30 Medium Dense

30 – 50 Dense

> 50 Very Dense

Table 2.6.3 Classification of Sands from SPT results (BS5930: 1999)

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Fig. 1. Illustration of Boring Work

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Fig. 2. Illustration of Standard Penetration Test

23
 APPENDIX - A

BOREHOLE LOCATION PLAN, GEOLOGICAL

INFROMATION AND BOREHOLE DATA

· LOCATION PLAN

· BOREHOLE LOCATION PLAN

· AS BUILT BOREHOLE LOCATION PLAN

· CROSS - SECTIONS

· LEGENDS FOR DIFFERENT SOIL AND ROCK TYPES

· BOREHOLE LOGS

· CORE PHOTOS
 AYE
R

RAJ FABER WALK

AH

FABER HILL
EXP
RES
SW FABER WALK
AY
Sheng
Hong

FA
Temple

B ER
SITE SOLD IN
AUGUST 2015
tor
ec

Pandan
LAND
nn

Gardens
Co

Leisure PARCEL FUTURE

RA
an

park DEVELOPMENT

JA
rk

nd

H
THE
Pa

Pa

INFINITI
Future Road
ns

by
rde

oth
ers
Ga

E
ei

FUTURE
VAL
ng
an

DEVELOPMENTS
Su
nd
Pa

ST

Fut
u
by o re Roa BOTANNIA
COA

ther d
s
WE
ST

WE
WEST

ST
HONG
CO

CO
AS

AS LEONG
T

T K
CO

GARDEN R
T PA
AS

S MONTEREY
WE
T

PARK
RO

PA
RK

CONDOMINIUM
AD

.
D.R
4.5m

LOCATION PLAN
SCALE: 1:5000

24
 dan
Pan
gei
Sun

BOREHOLE LOCATION PLAN

SCALE: 1:2000

25
26
 SECTION1 : BH1 , BH3 & BH5

GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
JURONG FORMATION KALLANG FORMATION

Drawn By: Date:

VERTICAL SCALE - 1:300
Checked By: Date:
HORIZONTAL SCALE - NOT TO SCALE

27
 SECTION1 : BH4 , BH3 & BH2
GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
JURONG FORMATION KALLANG FORMATION

Drawn By: Date:

VERTICAL SCALE - 1:300
Checked By: Date:
HORIZONTAL SCALE - NOT TO SCALE

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Econ Geotech Pte Ltd

ECON GEOTECH PTE LTD
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BH5 CR1-CR3

CLIENT :URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

PROJECT :SOIL INVESTIGATION WORKS AT WEST COAST VALE

 APPENDIX – B

LABORATORY TEST RESULTS

· SUMMARY OF LAB TEST RESULTS OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF SOIL SAMPLES

· DETAIL TEST RESULTS OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF SOIL SAMPLES

¨ Results of Water Content & Bulk/Dry Density

¨ Results of Sieve Analysis Tests

¨ Results of Atterberg Limit Tests

¨ Results of Triaxial (UU) Tests

· CERTIFICATE OF ACCREDIATIONS
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