10

Science
Quarter 2
Module 1: Binary Digits
and Logic Gates

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Nature of Biology
First Edition, 2019

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every
effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary:
Undersecretary:
Assistant Secretary:

Development Team of the Module

Author: Harry Gerard A. Timbol
Editor: Aiisa C. Corpuz, PhD
Reviewers: Lily Beth B. Mallari
Illustrator: Harry Gerard A. Timbol
Layout Artist: Harry Gerard A. Timbol
Management Team: Maria Carmen P. Cuenco, EdD, CESO V
Lourdes G. Dela Cruz, PhD
Robert E. Osongco, EdD
Lily Beth B. Mallari
Aiisa C. Corpuz, PhD
Rebecca K. Sotto, PhD

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Region III

Tarlac City Schools Division – Learning Resource Management Section (LRMS)

Office Address: Juan Luna Street, Sto. Cristo, Tarlac City

Telefax: (045) 9824439; 4708180
E-mail Address: tarlac.city@deped.gov.ph
 10

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Describe the Concepts Involving
Digital Circuits

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at
action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to Electronics Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Describing the
Concepts Involving Digital Circuits!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module

For the learner:

Welcome to the Science 10 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Electronics
on Describing the Concepts Involving Digital Circuits!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

2
 This will give you an idea of the skills or
What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the lesson
What I Know to take. If you get all the answers correct
(100%), you may decide to skip this module

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
What’s New
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation

This section provides a brief discussion of the

What Is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills

This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
What’s More skills of the topic. You may check the answers
to the exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module

This includes questions or blank

What I Have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled into process
what you learned from the lesson

This section provides an activity which will help

What I Can Do you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real
life situations or concerns

This is a task which aims to evaluate your level

Assessment of mastery in achieving the learning competency

In this portion, another activity will be given to

you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
Additional Activities
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module

3
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the concepts involving digital circuits. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into four lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Binary numbers and logic gates
 Lesson 2 – Diodes and transistors as switches
 Lesson 3 – IC logic and CMOS logic
 Lesson 4 – Multi-vibrators

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Students will be able to explain the application of binary numbers to electronic circuits;
2. describe the function of logic gates to circuits

4
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. When you are using a base two, or binary number system, which of
the following numerals can be used?
a. 0 and 1 b. 0, 1 and 2
c. 1 and 2 d. 0, 1, 2 and 10

2. In the binary number system, the first value column on the right has
what value
a. 1 b. 2
c. 4 d. 8

3. What is the binary number system?

a. A number system based on two number, 0 and 1
b. A number system based on ten numbers, 0-9
c. A computer coding system
d. The way we work numbers in two step operations

4. How is the binary system useful in computers?

a. computer code only reads the numbers 0 and 1
b. Computers have ten keys
c. Computers were made to read real numbers
d. Electronic components have two states – on or off

5. The output of an AND gate with three inputs A, B, and C, is HIGH

when ________________
a. A = 1, B = 1, C = 0
b. A = 0, B = 0, C = 0
c. A = 1, B = 1, C = 1
d. A = 1, B = 0, C = 1

5
 Lesson Binary Numbers
1 And
Logic Gates

What’s In

Information stored in a computer may be thought of as a series of switches,

which are either on or off and are indicated by either the number 0 (off) or the number
1 (on). Computers use the binary number system. In the binary, or base-2, system
of numbers, numbers are formed using the digits 0 and 1. Each place in a binary
number is associated with a power of 2. Binary numbers are written with the
subscript two so that they are not confused with numbers in the decimal system. A
digit in the binary system is called a bit, an acronym for binary digit.
Logic gates on the other hand perform basic logical functions and are the
fundamental building blocks of digital integrated circuits. Most logic gates take an
input of two binary values, and output a single value of a 1 or 0. Some circuits may
have only a few logic gates, while others, such as microprocessors, may have
millions of them.

What’s New

Binary Systems and Logic Circuits

Electronic systems usually deal with information. Representation of
information is called a signal. Signal in electronics is generally in form of voltage or
current. Value of a signal is proportional to some physical quantity and it gives
information about it. For example, temperature represented in terms of voltage
signal. Signals that are discrete in time and discrete in values are called digital
signals. These are generally processed by digital systems like computers and hence
their values are represented in terms of binary.

6
Application of Binary Number System
The binary system is used in digital computers because the switching circuits
used in these computers used two-state devices such as transistors, diodes, etc.
These devices have to exist in one of the tow possible states: ON or Off, OPEN or
CLOSED. So, these two states can be represented by the symbols 0 and 1
respectively.

Why are Logic Gates Important?

 Most of the electronic devices or circuits that we use in our routine life
constitute logic gates
 Every digital device of present generation like a laptop, computer, tablet, and
mobile phone use logic gates.

 Usually any voltage between 0 V to 0.8 V represents the logic 0 and any voltage
between 2 V to 5 V represents the logic 1. This voltage levels can be varies
according to the different logical system.

 They are known as sequential logic or combinational logic and are responsible
for the speed, and complexity

 At present, CMOS is the developing technology in microchip development

where logic gates are the basic functional blocks.

 Technical microprocessors used in logical circuits consist of more than 100

million gates

Basic Logic Gates

 AND gate - The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1)
t only if all its inputs are 1

A
B AB

 OR gate - The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1)
if one or more of its inputs are high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR
operation

A
A+B
B

7
 NOT gate - The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted
version of the input at its output. It is also known as an inverter. If the input
variable is A, the inverted output is known as NOT A. This is also shown as
A', or A with a bar over the top, as shown at the outputs. The diagrams below
show two ways that the NAND logic gate can be configured to produce a NOT
gate. It can also be done using NOR logic gates in the same way.

A A

 NAND gate - This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed
by a NOT gate. The outputs of all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs
are low. The symbol is an AND gate with a small circle on the output. The
small circle represents inversion.

A AB
B

 NOR gate - This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a

NOT gate. The outputs of all NOR gates are low if any of the inputs are high.
The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle
represents inversion.

A
A+B
B

 EXOR gate - The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output
if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. An encircled plus sign ( )
is used to show the EOR operation.

A
A+B
B

 EXNOR gate - The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to the EOR
gate. It will give a low output if either, but not both, of its two inputs are
high. The symbol is an EXOR gate with a small circle on the output. The small
circle represents inversion

A
A+B
B

8
 What is It

Basic Logic Gates

The Digital Logic Gate is the basic building block from which all digital electronic
circuits and microprocessor based systems are constructed from. Basic digital logic
gates perform logical operations of AND, OR and NOT on binary numbers.
In digital logic design only two voltage levels or states are allowed and these states
are generally referred to as Logic “1” and Logic “0”, or HIGH and LOW, or TRUE and
FALSE. These two states are represented in Boolean Algebra and standard truth
tables by the binary digits of “1” and “0” respectively.
A good example of a digital state is a simple light switch. The switch can be either
“ON” or “OFF”, one state or the other, but not both at the same time. Then we can
summarized the relationship between these various digital states as being:

Boolean Algebra Boolean Logic Voltage State

Logic “1” TRUE (T) HIGH (H)

Logic “0” FALSE (F) LOW (L)

9
 What’s More

Understanding Logic Gates

1. What does an EXOR gate do?
a. Give a high output when one or more of its inputs are high
b. Give a high output when only one of its inputs are high
c. Give a low output when one or more of its inputs are high
d. Give a low output when only one of its inputs are high

2. Which of the following symbols represents a NOR gate?

a. b.

c. d.

3. Which one of the following truth tables represents the behaviour a NAND gate?

a. b.

c. d.

4. What does connecting together the inputs of NAND and NOR gates do?
a. Help produce multi-input gates
b. Produce and EXNOR gate
c. Produce a NOT gate
d. Damage the gate

5. How do you make a NAND gate out of an AND gate using inverters (NOT gates)?
a. Invert the output from the AND gate
b. Invert both the inputs to the AND gate
c. Invert one of the inputs to the AND gate
d. Invert both the inputs and output of the AND gate

10
6. What type of logic gate does this symbol represent?

a. Exclusive OR b. Exclusive NOR c. OR d. NOR

7. How do you make a NOR gate out of an NAND gate using inverters (NOT gates)?
a. Invert the output from the NAND gate
b. Invert both the inputs to the NAND gate
c. Invert one of the inputs to the NAND gate
d. Invert both the inputs and output of the NAND gate

8. What type of logic gate's behaviour does this truth table represent?

a. 2 input OR
b. 3 input OR
c. 3 input EXOR
d. 4 input EXOR

9. What type of logic gate does this logic circuit configuration produce?

a. NAND gate b. NOR gate c. EXOR gate d. EXNOR gate

10. How do you make an AND gate out of an OR gate using inverters (NOT gates)?
a. Invert the output from the NAND gate
b. Invert both the inputs to the NAND gate
c. Invert one of the inputs to the NAND gate
d. Invert both the inputs and output of the NAND gate

11
 What I Have Learned

1. Computers use integrated circuits (chips) that include many transistors that
act as switches. These transistors are either on or off.

2. Electricity is either flowing through the transistor or it isn't. Thus, a circuit is

either open (on) or closed (off). Something that can have only two states is
called binary

3. The binary number system represents the two states using the symbols 0 and
1. Actually, there are no 0s and 1s inside the computer. Instead, the 0s and
1s represent the state of a transistor switch or a circuit.

4. The two states available in the electrical switches and circuits, on and off,
provide a way to use the binary number system to represent information in a
computer.

5. Computer hardware is designed to work with the information after it has been
binary-coded. Each of the 0s or 1s from the binary number system is called a
bit (binary digit).

6. Whether a computer is working with words, numbers, colors, graphics, or

sound, the internal representation of the information is the same—a series of
bits made up of 0s and 1s.

12
 What I Can Do

1. The universal gate is ………………

a. NAND gate
b. OR gate
c. AND gate
d. None of the above

2. The inverter is ……………

a. NOT gate
b. OR gate
c. AND gate
d. None of the above

3. The inputs of a NAND gate are connected together. The resulting circuit is ………….
a. OR gate
b. AND gate
c. NOT gate
d. None of the above

4. The NOR gate is OR gate followed by ………………

a. AND gate
b. NAND gate
c. NOT gate
d. None of the above

5. The NAND gate is AND gate followed by …………………

a. NOT gate
b. OR gate
c. AND gate
d. None of the above

6. Digital circuit can be made by the repeated use of ………………

a. OR gates
b. NOT gates
c. NAND gates
d. None of the above

13
7. The only function of NOT gate is to ……………..
a. Stop signal
b. Invert input signal
c. Act as a universal gate
d. None of the above

8. When an input signal 1 is applied to a NOT gate, the output is ………………

a. 0
b. 1
c. Either 0 & 1
d. None of the above

9. In Boolean algebra, the bar sign (-) indicates ………………..

a. OR operation
b. AND operation
c. NOT operation
d. None of the above

10. An OR gate has 4 inputs. One input is high and the other three are low. The
output is …….
a. Low
b. High
c. alternately high and low
d. may be high or low depending on relative magnitude of inputs

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Both OR and AND gates can have only two inputs.
a. True
b. False

2. The output will be a LOW for any case when one or more inputs are zero in a/an …………
a. OR Gate
b. NOT Gate
c. AND Gate
d. NAND Gate

3. A single transistor can be used to build ………….. gates .

a. OR Gate
b. NOT Gate
c. AND Gate
d. NAND Gate

14
4. The logic gate that will have HIGH or “1” at its output when any one of its inputs is HIGH
is a/an …………… gate.
a. OR Gate
b. NOT Gate
c. AND Gate
d. NAND Gate

5. …………. NAND circuits are contained in a 7400 NAND IC.

a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 8

6. Exclusive-OR (XOR) logic gates can be constructed from ………..logic gates.

a. OR gates only
b. AND gates and NOT gates
c. AND gates, OR gates, and NOT gates
d. OR gates and NOT gates

7. ……….. truth table entries are necessary for a four-input circuit.

a. 4
b. 8
c. 12
d. 16

8. A NAND gate has …….. inputs and ……. output.

a. LOW inputs and LOW outputs
b. HIGH inputs and HIGH outputs
c. LOW inputs and HIGH outputs
d. None of these

9. The basic logic gate whose output is the complement of the input is ………….
a. OR gate
b. AND gate
c. INVERTER gate
d. Comparator

10. ……….. input values will cause an AND logic gate to produce a HIGH output.
a. At least one input is HIGH
b. At least one input is LOW
c. All inputs are HIGH
d. All inputs are LOW

Additional Activities

Watch these YouTube videos regarding binary system and logic gates

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xpk67YzOn5w&ab_channel=Basi
csExplained%2CH3Vtux

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnB2m1nXZ84&ab_channel=Co
mputerScience

15
 16
What I Know What's More Assessment
1. A 1. B 1. B
2. B 2. C
3. C
2. B 3. C
4. D 3. D 4. A
5. A 4. C 5. C
6. C
5. A 7. D
What I Can Do 6. B 8. C
7. D 9. C
1. A 10. C
8. B
2. A
9. C
3. C
10. D
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. C
10. B
Answer Key
References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number

https://www.encyclopedia.com/computing/news-wires-white-papers-and-
books/binary-number-system
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/binary/bin_1.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/logic_10.html
https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/logic-gate-AND-OR-XOR-NOT-NAND-
NOR-and-XNOR

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/digital/chpt-3/multiple-input-gates/

17
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph