CONTEMPORARY WORLD

POINTER TO REVIEW

TERMINOLOGIES AND TOPICS TO REVIEW

Market Integration

● Separate markets for the same product become one single market.

● Expansion of firms by consolidating additional marketing functions and activities under single
management.

Types of Market Integration

Horizontal Integration

● Merging of two companies at similar level of production supply chain.

● It allow companies to quickly expand their reach and expertise while reducing costs.

● It also reduce the level of competition in the market.

● It may result in monopoly

Vertical Integration

● A company owns or control its supply chain.

● It benefits companies by allowing them reduced costs, but it also include significant amount of capital
investments.

Conglomeration

● Merge between firms that have unrelated business activities.

● To increase their market share and expand their business.

● Examples: i. real estate & property development ii. leisure malls iii. Banking iv. Telecommunications.

Economy

●Sole institution that handles all the production, consumption, and the trade of goods in our society or
what we call “market”.

● Branch of social science concerned with the distribution, production, and consumption of goods and

services.

● Study of how people allocate scarce resources for production, distribution, and consumption.
Bretton Wood System

● Designed by John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White

● Created for efficient foreign exchange system to prevent the devaluation of currencies.

● International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank

International Monetary Bank

International Monetary Fund

● To promote global economic growth and financial stability, encourage international trade, and reduce

poverty around the world.

● It was originally created to introduce fixed exchange rate, but when Brentwood collapse it promoted
the float exchange rate.

● IMF makes loans to countries that are experiencing economic distress to prevent financial crisis.

World Bank

● Dedicated to provide financing advice and aid for economic advancement to developing nation.

● World bank approved 500 million US dollar loan for the Disaster Risk Management and 100 million US
dollar for PH Covid-19 response.

Migration

● The movement of a person or a group of people, to settle in another place, often across a political or

administrative boundary.

● It can be temporary or permanent.

● Global migration is the movement of a person or a group of people, to settle in another place, often
across a political or administrative boundary.

Types of Migration

1. Internal Migration- migration within the country.

2. International Migration- migration outside the country

3. Emigration- to leave one’s country to move to another country.

4. Immigration- to enter one’s country for residence.

Category of Migrants

● Elite Migrants- high-skilled professionals

● Commoner Migrants- seek better opportunities to improve their livelihoods.

● Refugee Migrants- migrated due to ethno-political conflicts or natural disaster.

Global Media Culture

● The Internet provides an explicit definition: global media culture is the transmission of ideas, meaning,
and characteristics of a group through media. To trace therefore, global simply means relating to or
embracing the whole of something or of a group of things. Media, however, is the main means of mass
communication and is the outlets and tools used to restore and deliver information or data. On the
other hand, culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing
language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts.

Cultural Imperialism

● Cultural Imperialism is a process by which one country dominates other countries’ media consumption
and consequently dominates their values and ideologies.

Cultural Hybridization

● Cultural hybridization is the blending of elements from different cultures.

Creolization

● According to Hannerz, the term creolization is used to refer to forms of culture that do not have
historical roots, but are the result of global interconnections.

Global Demography

● Global demography is the study of population globally based on factors such as: age, race, sex, and a
study how birth rates and death rates change.

9 Important Terms in Global Demography

1. Dependency ratio- the number of people who are too young or too old to enter the workforce. Often
dependent on the working forces.

2. Mortality decline-countries suffer a small growth rate, caused by cleanliness, hygienic surroundings,

population control, balanced food and health consciousness.

3. Population explosion-the result of improved nutrition, public health infrastructure and medical care.

4. Working age- if these people are huge numbers in a country, savings per capita will be bigger.

5. Life expectancy- the average period that a person may expect to live.

6. Birth rate- the total number of live births per 1000 of population in a year.

7. Death rate- the total number of deaths per 1000 of population in a year.

8. Fertility rate- the number of offspring both per mating pair, individual, or population.

9. Morbidity- condition of being diseased. Amount of disease within a population.

Demographic Transition Model

● The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is based on historical population trends of two
demographic characteristics – birth rate and death rate – to suggest that a country’s total population
growth rate cycles through stages as that country develops economically.

Reproductive Health Law

● The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012, known as the RH Law, is a
groundbreaking law that guarantees universal and free access to nearly all modern contraceptives for all
citizens, including impoverished communities, at government health centers.

Religious Beliefs

● Its operative meaning to bind together comes from Latin word “religare”. Religion is the set of beliefs,
feelings, dogmas, and practices that define the relations between human being and sacred or divinity.

Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020

● The Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, officially designated as Republic Act No. 11479, is a counter-terrorism
law intended to prevent, prohibit, and penalize terrorism in the Philippines. The law was passed by the
18th Congress and signed by President Rodrigo Duterte on July 3, 2020, effectively replacing the Human
Security Act of 2007 on July 18, 2020.

Holy books of the Different Religions

Bible – CHRISTIANITY

The Qur'an – ISLAM

Tipitaka – BUDDHISM

Tanakh, jewish sacred text or “The Hebrew Bible” – JUDAISM

Sri Guru Granth Sahib – SIKHISM

Founder of the Different Religions

Siddhartha Gautama (the buddha) – BUDDHISM

Guru Nanak – SIKHISM

God/s of the Different Religions

Jesus – CHRISTIANITY

Allah – ISLAM

They don’t acknowledged a supreme god or deity – BUDDHISM

Brahma – HINDUISM

Jains do not believe in any God but in superior, mortal beings (devas) – JAINISM
Yahweh – JUDAISM

Amaterasu, sun goddess and the most important god in Shintoism.

Ahura Mazda – ZOROASTRINISM

Buddhism

Siddhartha Gautama (the buddha) founded buddhism.

They don’t acknowledged a supreme god or deity.

They focus on achieving enlightenment. And when they achieved echelon they will experienced nirvana-
highest state of enlightenment.

They meditate because they believed it helps awaken the truth.

They also embraced the concept of karma and reincarnation.

Hinduism

World oldest religion and the third largest in the world with around 750 million followers.

No specific founder.

It is henotheistic, which means they worship one God “Brahma” but still acknowledged other gods such
as Vishnu (the god that protects) and shiva (the god that destroy)

Hinduism is often referred to as Sanātana Dharma, a Sanskrit phrase meaning "the eternal law.

They considered cow as their sacred animal.

Vedas, their main scriptures

Taoism

Taoism is unique among major world religions because it doesn't have any concepts of gods, an afterlife,
or other supernatural beliefs.

Three Treasure of Taoism refer to its three utmost values. These are compassion, frugality, and humility.

Taoism started with the thoughts and writings of a man named Lao-Tzu

The Yin and Yang symbolizes the way in which life's meaning is defined not just by what it is, but also in
contrast to what it is not.