2.

3 Potential Energy Approach to Derive Bar

I ☒ dd¥A_dx Element Equations :

= tfxdu
Strain energy
Ty t%
dU
1
2
x x dV
g
U
1
2
'¥☒ÉÉ¥ V
x x dV
¥¥¥¥azg
00mW
-

P¥kbAHE=v
,

HEED
Work done by external forces W X budV C)
Txus dS
C) •
¥n¥¥¥ ,
Ex :¥X

¥raÑ☒¥ÉÑ
Xb : body force per unit volume V t S Ex :#¥+417385
body force
.

Tx : traction ( force per unit area on the surface) (F¥§?oX)

O
A L L
For a bar structure: U
2 0 x x o
dx W o
0
00
A X udx fu f u
b 1 1 2 2

dV= Adx work done work done by external

by body force forces at bar ends
Total potential energy for a bar:

A L L
U U W x x dx A X budx f1u1 f 2u 2
2 0 0

internal force

run

25
 Displacement in terms of shape functions function of ✗
Nl Ns not a .

NIM -11kHz Y u
=

x x 1
u Nd
0 N 1 d
L L u2
The strain is
Fontane
du dN 1 1
x 0x Bd B
dx dx L L

¥•E(¥¥EExEggs•¥±E¥
)
¥
xE EBd ✗x I
2

4¥
Ex @ uz
¥3

✗ ¥isTI¥§→☒¥< Eh
'

✗tixr -

5- to 's Tv .

¥¥q
,
Tv # B- function of UI . U2

26
 Tx -_
( rxjt → ( EBD)t=EdtBt
Derivation of the finite element formulation:
Substituting the strain and stress into the total potential energy:
AE L E.EE#x--tEBp-TEg-1s-%1EoY-h-sY33Fg-YP- u1
2 0
d-tfnhlx-nr.tk#tgk)OBdB-d
t t

1+11191)
0
L
d B Bddx A d t N t X b dx f1u1 f 2u2 d
u2
*
1 t L t t
L
t t f1
d B ( AE )Bdx d d A N X b dx d f dBDd f
2 1×2 2×1
0 2×11×2 0
f2
¥IP&¥:L
Define the stiffness matrix and force vector: ¥-11B-8k¥
L L
k BT EABdx F A N t X b dx f
0 0

Then the total potential energy becomes

1 t
d kd d t F
2
The minimization of the potential energy gives

dt kd F 0
It results in kd F r dt r 0

27
For the two-node bar element, the minimization
process can be also derived by using scalar
manipulation:

0 0
u1 u2
AE
u1 u2 F1 0
u1 L
AE
u1 u2 F2 0
u2 L

AE 1 1 u1 F1
L 1 1 u2 F2

28