MONICA BEDI

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Bratin Mondal Amaiya Singhal

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 Fundamental Laws

LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

1. Law of Conservation of Mass-
During any physical gr chemical change, the total mass of the products
remains equal to the total mass of the reactants.

Heat
Mercuric oxide -----------> Mercury + Oxygen
100 g 92.6 g 7.4 g
Lets Visualize
Lets Visualize
 Can u Crack it !!!!

1. 10.0 g of CaCO3 on heating gave 4.4 g of CO2 and 5.6g of CaO. Show
that these observations are in agreement with law of conservation of
mass.
2. If 6.3 g of NaHCO3 are added to 15.0 g of CH3COOH solution, the
residue is found to weight 18.0 g. What is the mass of CO2 released
in the reaction ?
3. What weight of BaCl2 would react with 24.4g of sodium sulphate to
produce 46.6 g of barium sulphate & 23.4 g of NaCl ?
4. 0.66 g of hydrocarbon on complete combustion with oxygen gave
1.32 g of CO2 & 2.7 g of water. Show that these results are in
agreement with the law of conservation of mass.
 Fundamental Laws

2. LAW OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION or DEFINITE

PROPORTIONS

A chemical compound always contains same elements combined

together in same proportion by mass.;
Fundamental Laws

For example, pure water obtained from different sources such as,
river well spring, sea, etc., always contains hydrogen and oxygen
combined together in the ratio 1 : 8 by mass.

Similarly, carbon dioxide can be obtained by different methods

such as:
(a) burning of carbon,
(b) heating limestone, or
(c) the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on marble pieces.
Lets Visualize
Lets Visualize
 Can u Crack it !!!!
1. 1.375 g of cupric oxide was reduced by heating in a current of
hydrogen and the weight of copper that remained was 1.098 g. In
another experiment, 1.179 g of copper was dissolved in the nitric
acid and the resulting copper nitrate converted into cupric oxide by
ignition. The weight of cupric oxide formed was 1.476 g. Show that
these results illustrate the law of constant composition.
 Can u Crack it !!!!

1. 1.375 g of cupric oxide was reduced by heating in a current of

hydrogen and the weight of copper that remained was 1.098 g. In
another experiment, 1.179 g of copper was dissolved in the nitric
acid and the resulting copper nitrate converted into cupric oxide by
ignition. The weight of cupric oxide formed was 1.476 g. Show that
these results illustrate the law of constant composition.
 Fundamental Laws

3. LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS

When two elements combine with each other to form two or more than
two compounds, the masses of one of the elements which combine with
fixed mass of the other, bear a simple whole number ratio to one another.

In carbon monoxide (CO) : 12 parts by mass of carbon combine with

16 parts by mass of oxygen.

In carbon dioxide (CO2) : 12 parts by mass of carbon combine with

32 parts of mass of oxygen.
Lets Visualize
Lets Visualize
 Fundamental Laws

In red oxide (Cu2O) : 16 parts by mass of oxygen combine with

63.5 × 2 parts by mass of copper.

In black oxide (CuO) : 16 parts by mass of oxygen combine with

63.5 parts by mass of copper.
 Can u Crack it !!!!

1. Hydrogen and oxygen are known to form two compounds. The

hydrogen content in one of these is 5.93% while in the other it is
11.2%. Show that this data illustrates the law of multiple
proportions.
 Can u Crack it !!!!

2. Carbon and oxygen are known to form two compounds. The carbon
content in one of these is 42.9% while in the other it is 27.3%. Show
that this data is in agreement with law of multiple proportions.
 Can u Crack it !!!!

4. Carbon and oxygen are known to form two compounds. The carbon
content in one of these is 42.9% while in the other it is 27.3%. Show
that this data is in agreement with law of multiple proportions.
1. How much mass of silver nitrate will react with 5.85 g of sodium chloride to
produce 14.35 g of silver chloride and 8.5 g of sodium nitrate if law of
conservation of mass is followed?
(a) 22.85 g (b) 108 g
(c) 17.0 g (d) 28.70 g
2. The following data are obtained when dinitrogen and dioxygen react together to
form different compounds:
Mass of dinitrogen Mass of dioxygen
14 g 16 g
14 g 32 g
28 g 32 g
28 g 80 g

Which law of chemical combination is obeyed by the above experimental data?

(a) Law of conservation of mass
(b) Law of definite proportions
(c) Law of multiple proportions
(d) Avogadros Law
 Lets Poll-war!!

3. Which of the following pairs illustrates the law of multiple proportions?

(a) PH3,HCl (b) PbO,PbO2
(c) H2S, SO2 (d) CuCl2, CuSO4
 Fundamental Laws

4. LAW OF RECIPROCAL PROPORTIONS

When two elements combine separately with a fixed mass of a third
element, then the ratio of their masses in which they do so is either same
or some whole number multiple of the ratio in which they combine with
each other.
O
32 32

CO2 SO2

12
32
C S
12 CS2 64
 Class 11 Lecture- 12
Another Example

CH4 H2O

C S
CO2
 Fundamental Laws

5. GAY LUSSAC'S LAW OF COMBINING VOLUMES

When gases react with each other they do so in volumes which bear
simple whole number ratio to one another and to the volumes of
products, if these are also gases, provided all volumes cure measured
under similar conditions of temperature and pressure.

+ =
1 1 2
Volume Volume Volumes

Hydrogen Chlorine Hydrogen Chloride

 Fundamental Laws

3 + 1 = 2
Volumes Volume Volumes

Hydrogen Nitrogen Ammonia

Nature of Matter:
Anything that occupies space, possesses mass, and can be felt by one or
more of our senses. Some examples of matter are water, air , metals, plants,
animals, etc.
 Chemical Classification of Matter:
MATTER
Everything that has mass and occupies space

PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES

• Fixed composition Cannot be separated into simpler • Variable composition
substances by physical methods • Components retain their characteristic properties
• May be separated into pure substances by physical
methods
• Properties do not vary • Mixtures of different composition may have widely
different properties

ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS

• Cannot be • Contain two or more MIXTURES MIXTURES
decomposed elements in a definite • Have same • Do not have same
further into simpler proportion by mass composition throughout composition
substances • Constituent elements • Components are throughout
do not retain their indistinguishable. • Components are
properties For example : a distinguishable. For
gaseous mixture or a example : carbon
liquid solution and sulphur powder
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