Table 3: Table for calculating velocity from velocity head

Velocity
Velocity From
Manometer Pitot Reading (M Head Velocity
(M Of H20) Of H20) (M Of H20) Head(M/S)
0.205 0.207 0.002 0.198
0.197 0.206 0.009 0.420
0.185 0.208 0.023 0.671
0.175 0.206 0.031 0.779
0.160 0.205 0.045 0.939
0.176 0.185 0.009 0.420
0.222 0.230 0.008 0.396
0.190 0.223 0.033 0.804
0.162 0.223 0.061 1.093
0.130 0.215 0.085 1.291
0.085 0.215 0.130 1.596
0.140 0.155 0.015 0.542
0.280 0.284 0.004 0.280
0.220 0.284 0.064 1.120
0.160 0.284 0.124 1.559
0.097 0.280 0.183 1.894
0.170 0.277 0.107 1.448
0.130 0.150 0.020 0.626
 Graphical analysis:

EL and HGL for 1st observation/flow rate

0.25

0.2 velocity
head v2/2g
0.15
head(m of h20)

0.1 energy line

hydraulic grade line
0.05

0
0 50 100 150
probe distance mm

Figure 2: EL, HGL for observation 1

 EL and HGL for 2nd observation/flow rate
0.25
velocity head v2/2g
0.2

0.15
head(m of h20)

0.1 energy line

hydraulic grade line
0.05

0
0 50 100 150
probe distance mm

Figure 3: EL ,HGL for observation 2

EL and HGL for 3rd observation/flow rate

0.35
velocity head v2/2g
0.3

0.25

0.2
head(m of h20)
0.15 energy line
0.1 hydraulic grade line

0.05

0
0 50 100 150
probe distance mm

Figure 4:EL,HGL for observation 3

Discussion:

Result analysis:
Theoretically the pitot tube reading for a particular flow rate should remain constant in
accordance with the Bernoulli theorem. But it is seen that the pitot tube reading varies by
a noticeable margin for the 6th tube in the diverging section . For the converging section,
P1>P2 so the local gradient and bulk flow are in the same direction. So, there is no conflict
. In the cylindrical portion , the cross sectional area remains roughly the same so there is
almost no pressure gradient but fluid still flows due to inertia. In the diverging section ,
P4> P3 so the bulk flow and local gradient are acting in opposite directions leading to
collision and backward movement. Circular motion called ‘eddie current’ is created ,
resulting in energy loss.

Bulk flow

Local gradient

Figure 5: converging and diverging section of venturi tube

From figure 2,3 and 4 it is evident that other than this drop in energy due to backward
movement, the total energy remains mostly constant and the energy line remains mostly
horizontal until reaching the diverging section.