School of Energy & Environment (SEE)

Solid waste, Pollution and Management

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 Problems associated to solid waste dumping

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 What constitutes Solid Waste

Solidpossessing
Solid material Wastea -negative
Definition
economic value – it is cheaper to discard than to use.
(or)
Solid waste comprises of all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are
typically solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. It is all-inclusive of the
heterogeneous mass from the urban community as well as more homogeneous
accumulation of agriculture and industrial wastes.

Includes Garbage, refuse, sludges and other discard solid materials resulting from
industrial
and commerical operations and from community activities
Does not include solids of dissolved materials in domestic sewage or other significant
pollutants in water resources, such as silt, dissolved or suspended solids in industrial
wastewater effluents, dissolved materails in irrigation return flows or other common
water pollution

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 What constitutes Solid Waste

Solid Waste - Definition

Some of the commonly used synonyms for solid wastes are:

 Refuse: This is a more appropriate term for solid waste as most waste
can be utilized as a raw material for some other purpose.

 Garbage: It consist of kitchen/wet waste.

 Rubbish: Those wastes with high ash content.

 Scrap: Wastes that have high metal content.

 Debris: Bulky wastes such as construction waste.

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 Types of Solid Waste
Solid waste can be broadly classified as:

a) Municipal wastes which include garbage or food wastes, ashes and residues, construction
and demolition wastes, treatment plant wastes, special wastes.

b) Industrial wastes which include all types of liquid or solid waste generated from different
types of industries.

c) Hazardous wastes are waste (liquid, solid, gaseous or sludge) that is dangerous or
potentially harmful to our health or environment. They can be discarded commercial
products, byproducts from industries, or from households.

a) Municipal b) Industrial c) Hazardous

Waste Waste Waste
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 Types of Solid Waste

Construction and Demolition waste are Agricultural waste consisting of spoiled

generated by the construction, refurbishment, food grains and vegetables, agricultural
repair and demolition of houses, commercial remains, litter, etc., generated from fields,
buildings and other structures. They mainly orchards, vineyards, farms, etc.
consists of wood, steel, concrete, dirt etc.

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 Municipal Solid Waste
CLASSIFICATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: BASED
ON SOURCE

Institutional waste
Residential wastes are waste Commercial wastes includes consists of paper, plastic,
solid wastes that originate in glasses, etc., generated
generated from household
offices, wholesale and retail from educational,
activities and consists of
stores, restaurants, hotels,
leftover food, paper, plastic, administrative and public
markets, warehouses and
clothes, cardboards, metal buildings such as schools,
other commercial
cans, ashes, etc. establishments. 7
colleges, offices, prisons,
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 Hazardous and Non-hazardous waste

Nature
Hazardous of Industrial
and Non-hazardous waste solid waste
Characteristics - Hazardous
Corrosivity
Flammability
Reactivity
Toxicity
Categories
Chemicals
Biological
Radioactive
Explosives

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 Generation of MSW in India
Some dataSW
showing weight measurements
Management of MSW
elements
quantification in India
State-wise daily MSW generation
Waste generated
20000
18000
Tons per day (TPD)

16000 high
14000 est
Source:
12000
Central 10000
Pollutio 8000
n 6000
Control 4000
Board 2000
0
(CPCB)
India,
2000

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 Functional elements of MSWM
Functional elements of SWM
Generation
Storage
Collection
Transportation
Processing and Recovery
Disposal

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 SW Management elements
Generation/storage

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 Collection and transportation
CollectionSW Management elements
and transportation

Major budgetary expenditure of Municipal operations

Emerging management strategies

Contracting of maintenance, equipment and vehicle fleet

Service contracts for waste collection and transportation

Long term concession projects for resource recovery

Waste composting projects

Waste to Energy (WTE) projects

Community contracting

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 Segregation of Household waste
BASIC SEGREGATION
Wet waste (green Dry waste (Blue bin) Domestic
bin) Hazardous
With further sub-segregation
Food wastes of all Paper Containers & Rags Metals E-waste,
kinds, cooked and cardbo packaging of Rubber Glass (all Hazardous wastes
uncooked, ard & all kinds Wood kinds) Inerts (paint, oil,
including cartons excluding Discar House chemicals and
eggshells and those ded sweepings solvents, pesticides
bones, flower, fruit containing clothin and inerts and their empty
and waste hazardous g (not garden, containers),
including juice, materials Furnitu yard or Household medical
vegetable peels Compound re street waste,
and household packaging sweepings) Batteries, Lights
garden/plant (tetrapak, bulbs, tube lights
wastes. Soiled blisters etc.) and Compact
tissues, food Plastics Fluorescent Lamps
wrappers, paper (CFL) Car
Source: Adapted from Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management (First
towels; fish and Edition), Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering
batteries,Organisation
oil filters
meat (CPHEEO), 2000, Ministry ofand car Development.
Urban care
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consumables
 Material Recovery Facilities (MRF)
Material Recovery Facilities

A materials recovery facility

(MRF) or multi reuse facility is a
specialized plant that receives,
separates and prepares recyclable
materials for marketing to end-
user manufacturers.

A MRF facility in San Diego, CA

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Schematic
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 Waste transformation processes
Properties of solid waste
Transformation processes
Physical – separation, volume reduction, size
reduction

Chemical – combustion, pyrolysis,

gasification

Biological – composting (aerobic/anaerobic)

Importance of transformation

Improve efficiency of SWM systems

Recover reusable and recyclable materials
To recover conversion products and energy
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 Processing and recovery of MSW
Energy Recovery from SW
Processing and recovery
Management strategies
Incineration/Pyrolysis
Composting
Incineration
Controlled combustion process for burning SWM
Heat value of typical MSW – 8.8 kcal/kg (coal – 545 kcal/kg)
Problematic components of incineration – particulate dust,
sulphur and nitrogen oxides, chlorine compounds,
hydrocarbons
APCDs for control measures

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 INCINERATION/COMBUSTION of MSW
WASTE AS A FUEL
 The primary difference between waste
incineration and other combustion systems is
that the waste incineration process treats
incoming waste with great variation.
 Practical design limits allowable variations
ofRange
waste of waste parameters for viability of
composition.
energy recovery
Parameters Desirable
Range*
Moisture content < 45 %
Organic/Volatile matter > 40 %
Fixed Carbon < 15 %
Total Inerts < 35 %
Calorific Value (Net Calorific >1500 k-cal/kg
Value)
Source:THAPAR
Manual INSTITUTE
of Municipal Solid Waste
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Management,
School India - 2016
of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 20
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 Incineration of MSW

 Heat recovery efficiency – 70%

 Amount of steam produced varies from 1.0 to 3.5
kg/kg of MSW
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 Compost : Mechanism of
Composting
Composting is a biochemical process in which aerobic
and anaerobic microorganism decomposes organic matter
into valuable manure called as compost.
Release heat
(Thermophilic state, which
helps to destroy pathogens)

Organic Organic compost

Temp 55-
matter matter
60o c
(Mesophilic state
,Temp. 25-30o c,
promote mesophilic
microbes for rapid
decomposition )

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 Compost : Methods of Composting

Conventional pile composting Direct/Trench

Source: composting
https://www.globalverticalga Source:
rdening.com/composting/7- https://www.veggiegarde
factors-needed-for-a- ner.com/use-direct-
composting-in-your-
compost-pile
Pit composting garden/
Source: https://www.mygov.in/task/new-
india-championship-activities-make-your-
THAPAR INSTITUTE School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 23
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 Windrow composting
 Windrow systems Compost windrow turners are used to mix and stir
compost material in commercial agitated
 Static pile composting operations.
 Agitated pile Source:
http://compostwindrowturner.blogspot.com/2017/0
1/self-propelled-compost-turner.html

Static piles (windrow composting) Self propelled windrow straddling

Source: https://www.compost- composting machine
systems.com/en/loesungen/offen-befestigt
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 In-vessel drum composting systems and
Vermicomposting
In-vessel drum composting
Vermicompo
systems
sting

 Rotary drum composting provides

agitation, aeration and mixing of the
compost, to produce a consistent and
uniform end product.

 In warm, moist environments with ample

• Increase in crop for improving fertility
amount of oxygen and organic material and health of the soil
available, aerobic microbes flourish and • Increase in retention of soil moisture
decompose
Source: the waste at a quicker pace.
https://dairylane.ca/products/manure- • Increase in nutrient value of organic waste
management/composter/bedding-master/
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 Potential for MSW composting
Potential for composting MSW
 Among the many criteria available for evaluating system performance, three
stand out as particularly important for MSW composting: product
quality,percent rejects, and recycling rate.
 Compost product quality can include aesthetic, functional, and contaminant
characteristics, all of which are clearly critical to product marketability.
 Percent rejects and recycling rate both have an impact on the amount of
rejected waste needing disposal and on compost quality by effecting
contaminant concentrations.
 The practical application of this process to MSW, is limited by three
problems:
 Lack of markets for the finished product
 Small reduction in the total refuse content/volume requiring disposal
 Environmental factors of composting plants (odour, vector, bird menace)
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 Conventional Dumping

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 Sanitary landfills

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 Post-closure care and use of old landfills
Final use alternatives include
Golf courses (Illinois Golf Course,
Chicago)
Natural parks (Shabrat Alam, Malaysia)
Solar land fill (Georgia)
Ski slopes (Mount Trashmore)
Parking lots (MIT Campus, Cambridge)

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 LEGISLATION
Timeline chart of waste management policies and
activities in India

THAPAR INSTITUTE
OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
School of Energy & UEN008: Energy and 30
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Thank You