Mathematics in the Modern World

1st Semester | 1SEDS-B | Prelims | PPT and Lecture Based

LESSON 1: SEQUENCES

SYMMETRY Fibonacci sequence, which the sequence of the numbers

that goes 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,.. and so on. Each number is the
Is when different sides sum of the two numbers before it; for example, 1+1=2;
of something are alike. 1+2=3; 3+5=8; etc.
These are alike. These
reflections may be General Sequence
mirror images with only
two sides, like the two
sides of our bodies,
they may be
symmetrical an several sides, like the insides of an apple
sliced in half; or they might be symmetrical on all sides, like
the different faces of a cube.

Fractals
Are the never-
ending
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
patterns that
repeat
• A sequence
indefinitely as
where there is a
the pattern is
common
iterated on an
difference
infinitely smaller
scale. We see this type of pattern in trees, rivers, mountains, between
shells, clouds, leaves, lightning, and more. consecutive
terms.
Spirals • The common difference is written as “d”.

Are another common example

pattern in nature that
we are familiar with in
living things. Think of
horns of sheep, shell
of a nautilus, and the
placement of the
leaves around the
stem. A special type
of spiral, the logarithmic spiral, is one that is smaller as it goes.
We often see this pattern in hurricanes and some seashells.

Fibonacci Sequence
• A sequence is maybe finite and infinite.
• The Fibonacci Sequence is an infinite sequence. A finite
sequence has a definite number of terms. A sequence
is an order of succession an arrangement, following a
rule or pattern for such arrangement.
• Sequences are usually given by stating their general or
nth terms.

1
Estape, Zedric R.
 Mathematics in the Modern World
1st Semester | 1SEDS-B | Prelims | PPT and Lecture Based

LESSON 1: SEQUENCES
Binet’s Formula (Fibonacci) Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
Born: April 30, 1777: Died: February 23, 1855
The “n” stand for the term number.
• He was a German mathematician and scientist who
contributed significantly in many fields such as number
theor, statistics, analysis, differntial geometry, gepdesy,
geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy, and optics.
• There’s a famour story that his primary school teacher
J. G. Buttner, tried to occupy the pupils by making them
add a list of intergers in arithmetic progressio; as the
story is most often told, these were the numbers from 1
to 100. The young Gauss reputed;y produced the corrct
answer within seconds, to the astonishment of his
teacher and his assistant Martin Bartels.
• Gauss's presumed method was to realize that pairwise
addition of terms from opposite ends of the list yielded
identical intermediate sums: 1 + 100 = 101, 2+ 99 101, 3+
98 = 101, and so on, for a total sum of 50 x 101 = 5050.

Find the sum of finite arithmetic sequence

The expression formed by adding the terms of an arithmetic

sequence is called an arithmetic series. The equation for the
sum of a finite arithmetic series is:

example

2
Estape, Zedric R.
 Mathematics in the Modern World
1st Semester | 1SEDS-B | Prelims | PPT and Lecture Based

LESSON 1: SEQUENCES
Geometric Sequence Geometry series

geometry infinite series

In geometric sequence we multiply by something each

time.

3
Estape, Zedric R.
 Mathematics in the Modern World
1st Semester | 1SEDS-B | Prelims | PPT and Lecture Based
LESSON 2: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS
The mathematical language
”The great Galileo said that God wrote the book of nature
in the form of the language of mathematics. He was
convinced that God has given us two books: the book of
Scared Scripture and the book of the Nature. And the
language of nature – this was his conviction – is
mathematics, so it is a language of God, language of
Creator.”
Pope Benedict XVI, 2006
“Mathematics is the language in which God has written
the universe.”
Galileo Galilei
"Once students understand HOW things are said, they can
better understand WHAT is being said, and only then do
they have a chance to know WHY it is said"
Robert Jamison
"Learning the Language of Mathematics"
Variables
Is sometimes thought of as a mathematical “John Doe/Juan
dela Cruz” because you can use it as a placeholder when
you want to talk about something.
Examples:
1.) Are there numbers with the property that the sum
of their squares equals the square of their sum?
ANSWERS:
2.) Given any real number, its square is nonnegative.
ANSWERS:
Three Most Important Kinds of Mathematical Statements
1. Universal Statement
• says that a certain property is true for all element in
a set.
Examples:
• All positive numbers are greater than zero
• A line is straight
• 2 is only even prime number
• Every natural number is greater than zero
2. Conditional Statements
• Says that if one thing is true then some other thing
also has to be true.
Example:
• If 378 is divisible by 18, then 378 is divisible by six.
A conditional statement is a statement that can be written
in the form “If P then Q,” where P and Q are sentences.
For this conditional statement, P is called the hypothesis
and Q is called the conclusion.
4
Estape, Zedric R.
 Mathematics in the Modern World
1st Semester | 1SEDS-B | Prelims | PPT and Lecture Based

LESSON 2: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

Universal Conditional Statements CONVERSION OF ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS TO MATHEMATICAL SENTENCES
(VICE-VERSA)
Contain some variations of the words “for all” and
conditional statements contain versions of the words “if-
then.” It is a statement that is both universal and
conditional.

A universal conditional statement is simply a universal

statement with a condition, and is symbolically
represented as: x, if P(x), then Q(x) or. x, P(x) Q(x)

Examples:

• If a is a dog, then a is a mammal

These symbols are used in different mathematical
✓ Or: If an animal is a dog, then the animal is a
operations, and the manner in which these will be read
mammal.
follows the English language. Consider the following
• Any student with a GPA of better than 1.5 must
examples:
study a lot.
✓ Or: if the student got a GPA of 1.5 or better,
then he/she must studied a lot
• If a polygon has 3 sides, it must be a triangle.
• If Godwin read a book and write his reflections in
the morning, he can play basketball, ride a bike, or
jog in the afternoon.
3. Existential Statement
• Says that there is at least one thing for which the
property is true.

Example:

• There is a prime number that is even.

Universal Existential Statement

A statement that is universal because its first part says that a

certain property is true for all objects of a given type, and it
is existential because its second part asserts the existence of
something.

Example:

• Every real number has an additive inverse.

• There is a positive integer that is less than or equal
to every positive integer.

A universal statement is a statement that is true if, and only

if, it is true for every predicate variable within a given
domain.

An existential statement is a statement that is true if there is

at least one variable within the variable's domain for which
the statement is true.

5
Estape, Zedric R.
 Mathematics in the Modern World
1st Semester | 1SEDS-B | Prelims | PPT and Lecture Based

LESSON 2: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

Complicated expressions are not so difficult to read. Below
are complicated expressions:

Conversion of algrebaic expressions to english sentences

By applying this concept to algebra, we use the English
translation of the variable x as “the number” or “a number”.
The following examples are useful.

Other languages of mathematics

Aside from conversion of the language to mathematical
structures, there are also mathematical symbols or notations
that are used to create a rule to obtain a solution. The
following are useful symbols:

6
Estape, Zedric R.
 Mathematics in the Modern World
1st Semester | 1SEDS-B | Prelims | PPT and Lecture Based

LESSON 3: MATHEMATICAL STATEMENTS & SETS AND FUNCTION

Expressions versus Sentences
In English subject an expressions do not state a complete
thought, but sentences do. Mathematical expressions do
not state a complete thought, but mathematical sentences
do
Expression – numbers, symbols and operators (such as + and
x) grouped together that show the value of something.
Convert the following mathematical statements to English
sentences:
1. 12 + 1 = 13
Twelve plus one equals thirteen ; twelve plus one is equal to
thirteen; twelve increases by one is thirteen; twelve
augmented by four equals thirteen.

Examples: 2. 3(8) = 24
• 2+3 Three times eight is twenty-four; the product of three and
• 3-x/2 eight is twenty-four; the product of three and eight is twenty-
four.
A mathematical sentence, also called mathematical
statement, statement, or proposal, is a sentence that can 3. 10−2 3 = 2
be identified as either true or false.
The difference of ten and two all over three is two; the ratio
Examples: of ten minus two, and three is equal to two; two is the
quotient when the difference of 10 and two is divided by
• 3+5=8 – True
three
• 7+2=8 – Not true
• 2+3<5 – Not true 4. 3(11-5) = 18

MATHEMATICAL STATEMENTS Thrice the sum of four and one divided by five is three over
five; the product of eighteen; Thrice the difference of
eleven and five is eighteen.; the product of three and
Convert the following mathematical statements to English eleven less five is eighteen.
sentences
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
1. 12 + 1 = 13
Convert the following algebraic expression to English
Twelve plus one equals thirteen ; twelve plus one is equal to
thirteen; twelve increases by one is thirteen; twelve sentences:
augmented by four equals thirteen.
1. 2x = 10 – 2
2. 3(8) = 24
Twice a number is equal to ten minus two
Three times eight is twenty-four; the product of three and
eight is twenty-four; the product of three and eight is twenty- 2. 3x = 5 – 2x
four.
Three times a number is five minus 2 times a number
3. 10−2/3 = 2 2(x - 1)
3. =3
5-3
The difference of ten and two all over three is two; the ratio
of ten minus two, and three is equal to two; two is the The ratio of twice the difference of a number and one, and
quotient when the difference of 10 and two is divided by five minus three is equal to three
three 3(x + 1)
4. =7
5
4. 3(11-5) = 18
The ratio of thrice the sum of a number and one, and five is
Thrice the sum of four and one divided by five is three over equal to seven
five; the product of eighteen; Thrice the difference of
eleven and five is eighteen.; the product of three and
eleven less five is eighteen.

7
Estape, Zedric R.
 Mathematics in the Modern World
1st Semester | 1SEDS-B | Prelims | PPT and Lecture Based

LESSON 3: MATHEMATICAL STATEMENTS & SETS AND FUNCTION

Convert the following English sentences to algebraic SET
expressions: A set is a collection of objects, called the elements or
members of the set. The objects could be anything (planets,
1. The sum of a number and four is twelve. x + 4 = 12 fruits, squirrels, characters in Shakespeare’s plays, or other
2. The difference of twice a number and eleven is fifty. sets)
2(x + 11) = 50
3. The ratio of a number and 2, diminished by 5 is • Numbers greater than 8 divisible by 3
thirteen. x/2-5 = 13 • All provinces in Region IV-A
4. The quotient of a number less five, and four is • Six animals with two legs
eleven. X-5/3 = 11 • Malls in the entire Province of Laguna
5. Sixty percent of a number is fifteen. 60% X = 15 • Consonants in the English alphabet

Conventions for Writing Algebraic Expressions The members of a set can be described in different ways.

A convention is something that people have agreed to do
in the same way The multiplication sign is often omitted in
algebraic expressions.
We normally write 4x instead of 4 * x and 4(x-5) instead of
4x(x-5). It is a convention to write a known number first in a
product. i.e. we write 3 * x rather than x*3, and we write 3X
but not x3.
Remember : It is
conventional to write the
n umber first before the
letters. If in case the letters
are more than one, you
have to write the letters
alphabetically.
1. by descriptive method such as the set of primary
colors.
2. by listing method each member of a set like red,
yellow, and blue.
3. by set notation/set builder form such as primary
colors = { x/x, x is a set of primary colors }
Definition of Set, subsets, and universal set
A set is well-defined collection of different objects, such as
numbers, people, letters of the alphabet and symbols can
make up a set.
A subset is a set whose elements are members of another
set
A universal set (usually denoted by U) is a set which has
elements of all the related sets, without any repetition of
elements. Say if A and B are two sets, such as A = {1,2,3} and
B = {1,a,b,c}, then the universal set associated with these
two sets is given by U = {1,2,3,a,b,c}

8
Estape, Zedric R.
 Mathematics in the Modern World
1st Semester | 1SEDS-B | Prelims | PPT and Lecture Based

LESSON 3: MATHEMATICAL STATEMENTS & SETS AND FUNCTION

The objects used to form a set are called its element or its
Definition of null & union set
members.

A null set is an empty set. It has no element. The null or empty Generally, the elements of a set are written inside a pair of
set is a subset of any set. curly (idle) braces and are represented by commas. The
name of the set is always written in capital letter.

Solved Examples to find the elements or members of a set:

1. A = {v, w, x, y, z} Here ‘A’ is the name of the set

whose elements (members) are v, w, x, y, z

If a set A = {3, 6, 9, 10, 13, 18}. State whether the following

The union set is the set of all elements found in both sets. It is statements are ‘true’ or ‘false’:
the result of adding or combining the elements of two or
more sets. (i) 7∈A
(ii) 12 ∉ A
(iii) 13 ∈ A
(iv) 9, 12 ∈ A
(v) 12, 14, 15 ∈ A

Solution:

(i) 7 ∈ A False, since the element 7 does not

belongs to the given set A.
(ii) 10 ∉ A False, since the element 10 belongs to
the given set A.
1. Intersection Set (iii) 13 ∈ A True, since the element 13 belongs to the
given set A.
The intersection set is the common element/s in both given (iv) 9, 10 ∈ A True, since the elements 9 and 12 both
sets. belong to the given set A.
(v) 10, 13, 14 ∈ A False, since the element 14 does
2. Complement of a Set
not belongs to the given set A.
The complement of a set A, denoted by A’ , is the set of
elements that are not in set A but in the universal set.

3. Cardinality of Set

The cardinality of set is the number of elements contained

in a set.

4. Difference of Two Sets

The difference of two sets, written as A - B, is the set of all

elements of A that are not elements of

9
Estape, Zedric R.
 Mathematics in the Modern World
1st Semester | 1SEDS-B | Prelims | PPT and Lecture Based

LESSON 3: MATHEMATICAL STATEMENTS & SETS AND FUNCTION

Illustrative Example. Use the diagram below to answer the A relation is a set of ordered pairs, and a graph is one way
to represent a relation
questions that follow.
What is a function & relation?

1. A function is a relation in which each x-element has

only one y-element associated with it. Given a set
of ordered pairs, a relation is a function if there are
no repeated x-value.
2. A relation is a function if there are no vertical lines
that intersect its graph at more than one point. This
is called the vertical line test

1.) What elements are found in the union of A and B? * All functions are relations, but not all relations are function

Ans. Since A = { 1, 2, 7, 10, 11, 18, 21 } and B = { 2, 5, 9, 11, 13,

18, 25 } Thus, A U B = { 1, 2, 5,7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 18, 21, 25 }

2.) What is the cardinality of the union of A and B

Ans. There are 11 elements found in the union of set A and

B.

3.) What elements are found in the intersection of A

and B ?

Ans. A B = { 2, 11, 18 }
The domain of a relation is the set of all the first coordinates
4.) What is the cardinality of the intersection of A and B
(x-axis) of the ordered pairs.
?
The range of a relation is the set of all the second
Ans. The intersection of sets A and B has 3 elements.
coordinates (y-axis) of the ordered pairs
5.) What are the elements in A’ ? B’ ?

Ans. A’ = { 5, 9, 13, 25 } , B’ = { 1, 7, 10, 21 }

Numerical information about two related variables can

sometimes be written as a set of ordered pairs. In this form,
the information can be used to develop a mathematical
model to help solve business and scientific problems.

10
Estape, Zedric R.
 Mathematics in the Modern World
1st Semester | 1SEDS-B | Prelims | PPT and Lecture Based

LESSON 3: MATHEMATICAL STATEMENTS & SETS AND FUNCTION

To determine if a relation represented by a graph is a

function, use the vertical line test. Draw vertical lines through
the graph, or simply picture them mentally. If no vertical line
can be drawn that touches more than one point on the
graph, the graph represents a function.

11
Estape, Zedric R.