‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‬

‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻊ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت دوﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺖ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪1864‬م وآﺧﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪1949‬م ﺗﺘﻨﺎول‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻹﻧﺴﺎن اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮب‪ ،‬أي ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻﻋﺘﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮﺣﻰ واﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ وأﺳﺮى اﻟﺤﺮب‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻛﺔ أو ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻠﺔ إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮه‪ [3][2][1].‬دﻋﺖ إﻟﻰ اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﻏﺎﺛﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺪء ﻣﻦ ‪1876‬م وإﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻮم ب"اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﻴﺐ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ"(‬
‫اﻟﺠﻨﻮد اﻟﺠﺮﺣﻰ )ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ ﻓﻲ ‪1863‬م( )أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ً‬
‫اﻟﺼﻠﻴﺐ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻛﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ دوﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻳﺪة ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺷﺆون اﻟﺠﺮﺣﻰ وأﺳﺮى اﻟﺤﺮب‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪1949‬م‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﺼﻮص اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ودﻣﺞ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪة‪ .‬ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻت وﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ إﺿﺎﻓﺎت وﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼت ﻟﻼﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ إﻟﺤﺎق اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻت ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎم ‪1977‬م و ﻋﺎم‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ أوﺳﻊ اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻮﻻً‪،‬‬ ‫‪2005‬م‪ .‬اﻧﻀﻢ إﻟﻰ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ‪ 190‬دوﻟﺔ‪ ،‬أي ﻋﻤﻮم دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫وﺟﺰء أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻷول اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬
 ‫ذﻫﺐ رﺟﻞ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺴﺮي ﺟﺎن ﻫﻨﺮي دوﻧﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺰﻳﺎرة اﻟﺠﻨﻮد اﻟﺠﺮﺣﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺮﻳﻨﻮ ﻋﺎم ‪1859‬م‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ واﻷﻓﺮاد واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪات اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻫﺆﻻء اﻟﺠﻨﻮد‪ .‬وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ذﻛﺮى ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺮﻳﻨﻮ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪) (Un souvenir de Solférino :‬وﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ (A Memory of Solferino :‬ﻋﺎم ‪1862‬م ﻋﻦ أﻫﻮال‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮب‪ [4].‬أﻟﻬﻤﺖ ﺗﺠﺎرﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮب دوﻧﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻴﻘﺘﺮح‪:‬‬

‫وﻛﺎﻟﺔ إﻏﺎﺛﺔ داﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪات اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ أوﻗﺎت اﻟﺤﺮب‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪة ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﺎدﻳﺔ وﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﺮب‪.‬‬

‫أدى اﻻﻗﺘﺮاح اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ إﻟﻰ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﻴﺐ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ واﻟﻬﻼل اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ .‬أدى ﻫﺬا اﻷﺧﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﻌﺎم ‪1864‬م‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ أول ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪة دوﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﻨﻨﺔ ﻏﻄﺖ ﺣﻖ اﻟﺠﻨﻮد اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ واﻟﺠﺮﺣﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪22‬‬
‫أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪1864‬م‪ ،‬دﻋﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺪول اﻷوروﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة واﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻨﺪوﺑﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪22‬‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﺤﻀﻮر ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ دﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ رﺳﻤﻲ‪ .‬أرﺳﻠﺖ ﺳﺖ ﻋﺸﺮ دوﻟﺔ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺘﺔ وﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪1864‬م‪ ،‬اﻋﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ اﻷوﻟﻰ »ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺮﺣﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻴﻮش اﻟﺬﻳﻦ أﺻﻴﺒﻮا ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺪان‬
‫اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪[6][5]:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮب«‪ .‬وﻗﻊ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻮ ‪ 12‬دوﻟﺔ وﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮا‬

‫دوﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎدن اﻟﻜﺒﺮى‬

‫ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‬

‫اﻟﺪﻧﻤﺎرك‬

‫إﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫اﻹﻣﺒﺮاﻃﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻮرﺗﻤﺒﻴﺮغ‬

‫ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺑﺮوﺳﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻐﺎل‬

‫ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬

‫ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ إﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫دوﻗﻴﺔ ﻫﺴﻦ اﻟﻜﺒﺮى‬

‫‪1901‬م‪[8][7].‬‬ ‫وﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ اﻹﻧﺠﺎزﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﻫﻨﺮي دوﻧﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺋﺰة ﻧﻮﺑﻞ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺴﻼم ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬

‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 20‬أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪1868‬م‪ ،‬اﺟﺮﻳﺖ أول ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻓﺎﺷﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪة ‪1864‬م‪ .‬وﺑﻈﻬﻮر »اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺮﺣﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺮب«‪ ،‬ﺑﺪأت ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪1864‬م وﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ُوﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاد وﻟﻜﻦ ُﺻﺪق ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪا واﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﺳﺤﺒﺖ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪا ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺼﺎدﻗﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻻﻫﺎي اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻟﻌﺎم ‪1899‬م واﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻻﻫﺎي اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﺗﺤﻘﻘﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫]‪[9‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎم ‪1907‬م‪.‬‬
 ‫ً‬
‫ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮا ﻋﻘﺪﺗﻪ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺴﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 6‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ ،1906‬اﻋﺘُ ﻤﺪت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪1906‬م‪ ،‬ﺣﻀﺮت ﺧﻤﺲ وﺛﻼﺛﻮن وﻻﻳﺔ‬
‫»اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺮﺣﻰ واﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻴﻮش ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺪان اﻟﺤﺮب«‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ُﺣﺴﻨﺖ واﺳﺘﻜﻤﻠﺖ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪1864‬م‪ .‬وﻇﻠﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﺎرﻳﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎم ‪1970‬م ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﻧﻀﻤﺖ ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎرﻳﻜﺎ إﻟﻰ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﻌﺎم‬
‫‪1949‬م‪[10].‬‬

‫أﺳﻔﺮ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ ﻋﺎم ‪1929‬م ﻋﻦ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺘﻴﻦ ُوﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 27‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪1929‬م‪ً .‬‬
‫أوﻻ‪ ،‬ﺣﻠﺖ »اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺮﺣﻰ‬
‫واﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻴﻮش ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺪان«‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎم ‪1864‬م‪ .‬وﻗﺪ اﻋﺘُ ﻤﺪت اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ أن أﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ أوﺟﻪ اﻟﻌﺠﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ أﺳﺮى اﻟﺤﺮب ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت ﻻﻫﺎي َ‬
‫‪1899‬م و‪1907‬م‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ »اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ أﺳﺮى اﻟﺤﺮب« ﻟﺘﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫]‪[12][11‬‬
‫ﻻﻫﺎي‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻫﺎﻧﺮي دوﻧﻮ‬

‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺣﺎل اﻟﺠﺮﺣﻰ واﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺪان‪ ،‬ﺳﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪12‬‬
‫أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪1949‬م وﻫﻲ أول اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺻﻞ أرﺑﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺬه اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪1864‬م واﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺎءت ﺑﻤﺒﺎدرة ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎن ﻫﻨﺮي دوﻧﺎﻧﺖ )ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮي ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻃﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻨﻴﻒ(‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﻫﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺎ وﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻈﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺮﻳﻨﻮ ﻓﺄﻟﻒ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ذﻛﺮى ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺮﻳﻨﻮ ﻃﺮح ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻓﻜﺮﺗﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺿﺮورة إﻧﺸﺎء ﻫﻴﺌﺔ إﻏﺎﺛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ دوﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻨﺠﺪة ﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﺮوب‪.‬‬

‫ﺿﺮورة ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎح ﺑﺘﻤﺮﻳﺾ اﻟﺠﻨﻮد اﻟﺠﺮﺣﻰ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻛﺎن أول ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪1864‬م ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎءت اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪1949‬م ﻛﺎﻣﺘﺪاد وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 12‬أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪1949‬م ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺣﺎل ﺟﺮﺣﻰ وﻣﺮﺿﻰ وﻏﺮﻗﻰ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺎر‪.‬‬

‫اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬

‫و ﺗﻌﻨﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﻨﺎء ﺑﺄﺳﺮى اﻟﺤﺮب وﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‪15‬أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪1949‬م وﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺸﺄن ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ أﺳﺮى اﻟﺤﺮب‪.‬‬

‫اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 12‬أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪1949‬م وﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ وﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل اﻟﺤﺮب‪ .‬وﺗﻨﺺ ﻫﺬه اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺤﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﺮب وﻣﺒﺎدئ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ دوﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ إذا أدارت ﺷﺆون ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﺣﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻮة‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﺑﺮز ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻗﻬﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺣﺘﻼﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﺤﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺳﻜﺎن ﻣﺤﻠﻴﻴﻦ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺳﻜﺎن ﻣﻮاﻃﻨﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻠﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﺑﺮز اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺨﺎﺿﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻀﻔﺔ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺮف ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة واﻟﺘﻲ اﺣﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ إﺳﺮاﺋﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ‪1967‬م‪.‬‬
‫وﻳُ ﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﺎت إﺳﺮاﺋﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ]‪ [15][14][13‬وﺑﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول واﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ اﻟﺤﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺳﻜﺎن ﻣﻮاﻃﻨﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮم ﻫﺬه‬
‫اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻬﻢ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺣﺎل اﻟﺠﺮﺣﻰ واﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺪان‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺆرﺧﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 12‬آب‪ /‬أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪1949‬م‪ ،‬أو اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺣﺎل ﺟﺮﺣﻰ وﻣﺮﺿﻰ وﻏﺮﻗﻰ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺎر‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆرﺧﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 12‬آب‪ /‬أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪1949‬م‪ ،‬أو اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﺑﺸﺄن ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ أﺳﺮى اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻤﺆرﺧﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ 12‬آب ‪ /‬أﻏﺴﻄﺲ‬
‫‪1949‬م‬

‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻت اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻢ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮﻟﻴﻦ اﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ‪ 8‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪1977‬م‪ .‬ﺧﺼﺺ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل اﻷول ﻟﻠﺤﺮوب ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺪول ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺧﺼﺺ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺮوب داﺧﻞ دوﻟﺔ واﺣﺪة )أﻫﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺮوب اﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ(‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮض اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ اﻻﻋﺘﺮاﺿﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨ ََﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺪول‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺖ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2005‬ﻳﺨﺺ ﺷﻌﺎر ُ‬

‫اﻧﻈﺮ ً‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻼﺟﺌﻴﻦ‬

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‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 17‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ ،2020‬اﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ‪ 05‬ﻣﺎرس ‪.2017‬‬ ‫‪(D69B1&action=openDocument‬‬

‫‪ .13‬اﻟﻌﻔﻮ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ )‪ 9‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻤﻮز‪2004‬م(‪" ،‬ﺑﻴﺎن ﺻﺤﻔﻲ ﺻﺎدر ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻔﻮ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ رﻗﻢ‪ 174 :‬وﺑﺮﻗﻢ‪2004/068/15 :‬‬
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‫‪ ، ts/MDE150682004ARABIC.pdf) (PDF)،‬ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ‬ ‫‪https://www.amnesty.org/، AMNESTY ORG‬‬
‫)‪ ( https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE150682004ARABIC.pdf) (PDF‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 27‬ﻣﺎرس‬
‫‪ ،2021‬اﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ‪ 27‬ﻣﺎرس ‪}} .2021‬اﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎد وﻳﺐ{{‪ ، :‬رواﺑﻂ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ |ﻣﻮﻗﻊ= )ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة(‬

‫‪ .14‬ﻗﺮار ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪل اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ‪ 9‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‪/‬ﺗﻤﻮز ﻋﺎم ‪2004‬م ﺑﻌﺪم ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﺎت اﻹﺳﺮاﺋﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .15‬ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻷﻣﻦ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ ,‬ﻗﺮار رﻗﻢ ‪ 23) 2334‬دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪،(2016‬‬
‫"‪https://undocs.org/S/RES/2334(2016)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190704114527/https://undo‬‬
‫‪ ، / cs.org/ar/S/RES/2334%20(2016))، https://www.un.org‬ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻷﻣﻦ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ ،‬ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 04‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ ،2019‬اﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ‪ 03‬ﻣﺎرس‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ )‪((https://undocs.org/ar/S/RES/2334%20(2016‬‬
‫‪}} .2020‬اﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎد وﻳﺐ{{‪ :‬رواﺑﻂ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ |ﻋﻨﻮان= و|ﻣﻮﻗﻊ= )ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة(‬

‫وﺻﻼت ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻣﻨﺰ ﺻﻮر وﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻋﻦ‪ :‬اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮس ﺣﻘﻮق اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ )‪https://web.archive.org/web/20190214021606/http://ww‬‬

‫‪(/w.arabhumanrights.org:80‬‬

‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ :‬ﺟﻮﻫﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ )‪http://www.icrc.org/Web/ara/siteara0.nsf/htmlall/ge‬‬

‫)اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﻴﺐ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ(‬ ‫‪(nevaconventions‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺎر ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺮﻳﻨﻮ )‪(http://www.icrc.org/ara/resources/documents/publication/p0361.htm‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺮي دوﻧﺎن‬

‫ﻳﺤﻜﻲ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺔ ﻓﻜﺮة )‪(http://www.icrc.org/ara/resources/documents/film/f00993.htm‬‬

‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ‪-‬ﻗﺼﺔ ﻓﻜﺮة‪ -‬ﻗﺼﺔ ﻣﻴﻼد اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﻴﺐ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ واﻟﻬﻼل اﻷﺣﻤﺮ وﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬا‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎت اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺔ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت ﺟﻨﻴﻒ واﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻت اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ )‪http://www.icrc.org/ara/‬‬
‫‪(resources/documents/misc/622ddu.htm‬‬

‫ذﻛﺮى ﻣﺮور ﺳﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ :‬اﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﻌﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﺳﺘﺸﺮاﻓﺎ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ )‪http://www.i‬‬
‫‪crc.org/ara/resources/documents/statement/geneva-conventions-statement-president-12‬‬
‫‪(0809.htm‬‬

‫وﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ اﻷﺣﻜﺎم واﻟﻔﺘﺎوى واﻷواﻣﺮ اﻟﺼﺎدرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪل اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪2003‬م‪2007-‬م اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎت ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ 66-45‬ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﻋﺪم ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎم إﺳﺮاﺋﻴﻞ ﺑﺒﻨﺎء ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺣﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺎم ‪1967‬م ﻣﻦ أراﺿﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻔﺔ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ‪https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/summaries/summaries-2003-‬‬
‫‪2007-ar.pdf‬‬
‫أﻳﻘﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﻮاﺑﺔﺑﻮاﺑﺔ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬

‫أﻳﻘﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﻮاﺑﺔﺑﻮاﺑﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬

‫أﻳﻘﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﻮاﺑﺔﺑﻮاﺑﺔ ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮا‬

‫أﻳﻘﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﻮاﺑﺔﺑﻮاﺑﺔ اﻟﺤﺮب‬

‫أﻳﻘﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﻮاﺑﺔﺑﻮاﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬

‫أﻳﻘﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﻮاﺑﺔﺑﻮاﺑﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت دوﻟﻴﺔ‬

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