Research article

Evaluation of temperature and properties

at interface of AISI 1040 steels joined
by friction welding
Hilmi Kuscu
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
Ismail Becenen
High Vocational School, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey, and
Mumin Sahin
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey

Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate temperature and properties at interface of AISI 1040 steels joined by friction welding.
Design/methodology/approach – In this study, AISI 1040 medium carbon steel was used in the experiments. Firstly, optimum parameters of the
friction welding were obtained by using a statistical analysis. Later, the microstructures of the heat-affected zone are presented along with micro
hardness profiles for the joints. Then, the temperature distributions are experimentally obtained in the interface of the joints that is formed during the
friction welding of 1040 steels with the same geometry. This study was carried out by using thermocouples at different locations of the joint-interface.
The results obtained were compared with previous studies and some comments were made about them.
Findings – It was discovered that temperature had a substantial effect on the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the material.
Research limitations/implications – The maximum temperature in the joint during frictional heating depends not only on the pressure, but also on
the temperature gradient which depends on the rotational speed in particular. It is important to note that the measurement process was successfully
accomplished in this study although it was particularly difficult to obtain temperature due to the large deformations at the interface. Future work could
be concentrated on the temperature measurement of the joined materials.
Practical implications – Temperature is one of the most important of all physical quantities in industry. Its measurement plays a key part in industrial
quality and process control, in the efficient use of energy and other resources, in condition monitoring and in health and safety. This paper contributes to
the literature about temperature measurement in welded, brazed and soldered materials.
Originality/value – The main value of this paper is to contribute and fulfill the influence of the interface temperature on properties in welding of
various materials that is being studied so far in the literature.
Keywords Friction welding, Temperature measurement, Steels
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction In general, friction welding is divided into two methods:

In the process, heat is generated by the conversion of mechanical
energy into thermal energy at the interface of the work pieces
during rotation under pressure. Some advantages of friction
welding are that, it is economical as regards material, it requires
low production time and it offers greater possibilities when it
comes to the welding of different metals or alloys. Friction welding
can also be used in order to join components that have circular or
non-circular cross-sections. The most interesting parameters in
friction welding are friction time, friction pressure, upset time,
upset pressure and rotation speed (Vill, 1962).
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/0144-5154.htm
Assembly Automation
28/4 (2008) 308– 316
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited [ISSN 0144-5154]
[DOI 10.1108/01445150810904468]
continuous drive friction welding and inertia friction welding.
In the continuous drive method, one of the components is
rotated at constant speed (s), while the other is pushed towards the
rotated part by a sliding action under a predetermined pressure-
friction pressure (Pf). Friction pressure (Pf) is applied for a certain
friction time (tf). Then the drive is released and the rotary
component is quickly stopped while axial pressure is increased to a
higher predetermined upset pressure (Pu) for a predetermined
time (tu). The layout of the welding method is shown in Figure 1.
Parameters of the method are shown in Figure 2.
Many studies have been published in this area and these are
given below:
Vill (1962) directed a study on the friction welding of
metals. Rich and Roberts (1971) presented an analytical
temperature solution based upon a finite welding piece and
The authors would like to thank Trakya University/Edirne –Turkey for the
help provided in this research.

308
 Evaluation of temperature and properties
Hilmi Kuscu, Ismail Becenen and Mumin Sahin
Figure 1 Layout of continuous drive friction welding
5 6
1 2
3 4
Figure 2 Parameters on continuous drive friction welding
Friction Time (tf) Braking
Waiting Upset Time(tu)
Upset Pressure (Pu)
Rotational Speed (s)
Friction Pressure (Pf)
Torque (T)
Starting
Shortening
Time
ambient temperature chuck ends. They discussed the
establishment of the boundary conditions using the
continuous drive method to join AISI 4140 steel tubes.
Imshennik (1971) examined the heating properties in friction
welding. Healy et al. (1976) carried out an analysis of
frictional phenomena in the friction welding of mild steel.
Kinley (1979) directed a study on the friction welding set up.
Sluzalec (1990) developed a finite element model to simulate
this process and to represent the work pieces and surface
contact conditions. The predictions of the temperature
distribution, thermal expansion and thermo-plastic stresses
were obtained from this model. The comparison of the
analytic results to the test data were presented and discussed
by the author. Nentwig (1996) investigated the effect on cross
section differences of components on the joint quality of
friction welding and stated that friction pressure, upset
pressure and rotation speed must be changed in the friction
welding of the different cross-sections. Bendzsak et al. (1997)
investigated a numerical model in friction welding. Fu and
Duan (1998) carried out an analysis of the coupled thermo-
mechanical problem during friction welding by using a finite
element method, according to the constitutive relation of a
large elasto-plastic deformation and the principle of the
virtual work in their studies. Then, the heat flow and stress-
strain process at the heating stage of the friction welding were
simulated, and the law of the variation of temperature, stress
and the strain fields during friction welding were
systematically investigated by the authors. Balasubramanian
et al. (1999) presented the results of a combined experimental
and a numerical study of the continuous drive friction welding
of the 1045 steel. A new friction law was proposed for the
estimation of the apparent coefficient of the friction during
direct drive friction welding. Temperature distributions were
empirically and numerically predicted in the heat-affected
zone (HAZ) that is formed during the direct drive friction
welding of 1045 steel to 1045 steel. The temperature
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Volume 28 · Number 4 · 2008 · 308 –316
1 Motor
2 Brake
3 Rotating Chuck
4 Unrotating Chuck
5 Rotating Work-piece
6 Unrotating Work-piece
7 Hydraulic Cylinder
7
measurements were made at different locations using
thermocouples. A finite element model was used to
determine the appropriate coefficient of the friction to fit
the experimental data. The predictions of the coefficient of
the friction were in close agreement with the experimental
results obtained from the direct drive friction welding trials on
the 1045 steel. The current results suggest that the new
friction law may be used to determine the effects of friction
welding parameters on friction coefficients in other material
systems. Sahin (2001) investigated the effects of the work-
piece dimensions and the plastic deformation on the friction
welding method. Then, Sahin and Akata(2001) examined an
experimental study on the application of friction welding for
parts with different diameters and width. D’Alvise et al.
(2002) studied the finite element modelling of the inertia
friction welding process between dissimilar materials. Sahin
and Akata (2003) carried out the joining of plastically
deformed steel with friction welding by using a statistical
analysis. Akata and Sahin (2003) directed research on the
effect of dimensional differences in the friction welding of the
AISI 1040 specimens. Lambrakos et al. (2003) directed a
study on analysis of friction stir welds using thermocouple
measurements. The friction stir welding process was analysed
via an inverse problem approach, using experimentally
obtained thermocouple information to constrain the thermal
field of the model in their studies. Triantafyllidis et al. (2003)
investigated comparison of high power diode laser and
Nd:YAG laser microwelding of k-type thermocouples. Ferro
et al. (2005) carried out investigation of electron-beam
welding in wrought Inconel 706 – experimental and numerical
analysis. Moreira et al. (2007) examined the temperature field
acquisition during gas metal arc welding using
thermocouples. The paper presents and compares
measurements made in welded plates of aluminium alloy
6082-T6. Tests were performed in both plate surfaces and a
good agreement between the three techniques was found.
In this study, AISI 1040 medium carbon steel was used in
the experiments. Firstly, the optimum parameters of friction
welding were obtained by using a statistical analysis. Later,
the microstructures of the HAZ are presented along with the
micro hardness profiles for the joints. Then, the temperature
distributions are experimentally obtained in the interface of
the joints that is formed during the friction welding of the
1040 steels with the same geometry. This study was carried
out by using thermocouples at different locations of the joint-
interface. The results obtained were compared with previous
studies and comments were made.
2. The experimental procedure
2.1 The experiment set up
The friction welding set up designed and constructed for
experimental part of the present study is shown in Figure 3.
 Evaluation of temperature and properties Assembly Automation
Hilmi Kuscu, Ismail Becenen and Mumin Sahin Volume 28 · Number 4 · 2008 · 308 –316

Figure 3 Continuous drive friction welding set-up
Drive Work-pieces
Sliding Guide
Chuck Clamps
Clutch
Bearings
Friction
3 simple terms, each coefficient represents the influence of the
Pressure
Control
M: Motor Upset
P: Pressure Pressure
T: Tank exit Control
P T
1: Return Valve
2: Pressure Indicator
3: Solenoid Valve M
Oil Tank
The set-up was designed and constructed according to the
principals of continuous drive welding machines. A drive motor
with 4 kW power and 1410 rpm was selected as adequate for the
torque capacity in the friction welding of the steel bars within
10 mm diameter taking into account the friction and the upset
pressures. The friction and the upsetting pressures can be seen
on number 2 pressure indicator, and the stages of the welding
sequences are controlled by number 3 solenoid valve driven by
an external timer.
2.2 Test parts and geometry of parts
The chemical composition of the AISI 1040 steel is given in
Table I (Stahlschlüssel, 1995).
The experiment specimens were machined from AISI 1040
steel on the geometry below. The geometry of parts is given in
Figure 4.
It is thought that friction time and friction pressure has a
direct effect on the tensile strength of the joints. Therefore, in
the last years, the statistical analysis which has been used in
order to discover the effects of the parameters that have a
significant role on the results in such studies (Draper and
Smith, 1981; Akata and Sahin, 2003; Sahin and Akata, 2003)
was also used in this study. Besides this, on thinking that the
parameters affect the results directly, the linear style was used
in the statistical analysis. The statistical analysis in this study
is given in section 2.3.
2.3 Selection of the optimum parameters
Firstly, tests were conducted to determine the optimum
parameters for a convenient joint. The optimum parameters
were determined by using statistical analysis with 10 mm
specimens having an equal diameter. The welding
experiments were directed to obtain an optimum friction
time and friction pressures by using the upset time (20 sec)
and the upset pressure (110 MPa).
The basis of this approach is the assumption of a simplified
linear model for the optimization parameter h given by
Hydraulic h ¼ b0 þ b1x1 þ b2x2 þ . . . , where x1, x2 . . . , etc. are the
Group
factors which h depends on and b0, b1, b2 . . . , etc. represent
1 the “true” values of the corresponding unknowns. From the
results of an experiment comprising a finite number of trials,
one can arrive at sample estimates of the coefficients, b, which
2
are then usually fitted into a linear regression equation of the
type y ¼ b0 þ b1x1 þ b2x2 þ . . . , where y is the response
T
function and the bs are the “estimated” values of the bs. In
P T
corresponding factor on the quality of the weld expressed by
the optimization parameter.
The statistical analysis involves two steps. The first step is
the adequacy of the model tested. A suitable method is based
on the Fischer or “F” ratio, which can be used to confirm if
the terms in the assumed linear function are statistically
significant. The second step is to obtain optimal estimates of
the regression coefficients for the significant factors, which
may be carried out by using the method of the fewest squares
(Sahin and Akata, 2003; Draper and Smith, 1981). The
parameter optimization was carried out by using the factorial
design of the experiments. In the present study, the friction
time and friction pressure were chosen as the two factors. The
other parameters such as upset time, upset pressure and
rotational speed were kept constant. Experimental results are
given in Table II.
Firstly, the optimal estimates of the regression coefficients
were obtained by using the method of the Fisher ratio. The
resulting equation is also given below:
y ¼ 14; 146 2 32; 533x1 þ 45; 067x2
However, if the correlation coefficient is examined in the
resulting equation, it is quantitatively shown that the effects of
friction time and friction pressure on the tensile strength are
as significant as expected.
Later, the parameters having the least error by using the
method of fewest squares were taken as the optimum welding
parameters. Hence, the optimum parameters were found
(30 MPa) for friction pressure and (5 sec) for friction time.
The parameters used in the friction welding experiments are
given in Table III.
The effects of friction time and friction pressure on the
welding strength of the joints were examined in the welding of
the parts with an equal diameter. Results of the two sets of the
welding experiments, keeping the upset time and the upset
pressure constant, respectively, as 20 sec and 110 MPa, are
shown in the diagrams of Figures 5 and 6.
As seen in Figures 5 and 6, the tensile strengths of the joints
increase as friction time and friction pressure increase.
However, after a value where the maximum tensile strength is
obtained, the joints become over-deformed and the joint-
interface loses its property. Consequently, those friction time
and friction pressure values which increase after that
maximum value decrease the tensile strengths of the joints.

Table I Chemical compositions of test part

Material C (percent) P (percent) S (percent) Mn (percent) Si (percent) Ni (percent) Cr (percent) Tensile strength (MPa)
AISI 1040 0.35 0.44 , 0.04 ,0.05 0.75 0.20 – – 800

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Figure 4 Part dimensions used in the experiments Figure 5 The effect of friction time on the tensile strength
D = 10 (mm) d =10 (mm)
s (rpm) AISI 1040 D = 10mm. , d = 10mm.
Pf (MPa), (Pf = 30 MPa. Pu = 110 MPa. tu = 20sec)
tf (sec) 1,000

900

AISI 1040 AISI 1040

800
Table II Experimental results for factors
Friction pressure x1 Friction time x2 Tensile strength 700
Trial no (MPa) (sec) (MPa)

Tensile Strength (MPa.)

1 30 3 270 600
2 35 4 760
3 30 5 764 500
4 35 6 650
5 40 7 225
400

Table III Parameters used in the friction welding experiments

300
Diameter Diameter
of of axially
200
rotating sliding Friction Upset
work- work- Friction pressure Upset pressure
piece D piece d time tf Pf time tu Pu 100
(mm) (mm) (sec) (MPa) (sec) (MPa)
10 10 5 30 20 110 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Friction Time (tf - sec.)

Subsequently, temperature measurement is of great

importance at the interfaces of the parts because of friction
in friction welding. Although it is difficult to obtain the
temperature measurements versus time, this was carried out
in the present study.
The temperature measurements were made by using
thermocouples at different locations of joint-interface in this
study.
2.4 The measurement of the temperature
Thermocouples which are one of the most frequently used
temperature sensors have become standard in the industry as
a cost effective method for measuring temperature. The
standards community together with modern metallurgy has
developed special material pairs specifically for use as
thermocouples. Most of practical temperature ranges can be
measured using thermocouples; even though, their output
full-scale voltage is only millivolts with sensitivities in the
microvolt per degree range and their response is non-linear.
In this study, four pieces of f 1 mm diameter holes to part
having f 10 mm diameter were machined with the wire
electrical discharge machining method to perform the
temperature measurement in the friction welding
experiment. The position of the thermocouples is shown
schematically in Figure 7.
In order to measure the temperature variation at the points
shown in Figure 7 (R1, R2, R3 and R4), thermocouples,
whose wire diameter is 0.20 mm, are inserted into four holes
with 1 mm diameter one by one after being isolated.
The temperature variations, which would be measured, were
kept at a small value in order to give the nearest result in a
solid object. The thermocouples whose holes diameters are
1 mm were inserted into these holes in the experiments. But,
as the holes into which the thermocouples will be inserted are
relatively small, there comes out the risk of a short circuit.
In order to avoid this risk, the isolation which avoids the short
circuit between the thermocouples and the metal, was made
from bobbin wire resin which can stand high temperatures.
To the each of these holes, thermocouples made from thin
wires, which have two different compositions, were inserted
from the back of the specimen to the welding surface.
Electrical insulation was obtained with a slow-drying adhesive
so as not to cause a short circuit between the thermo-element
wires, inserted to the thin hole, and the metal rod. One end of
the thermo-element couple was connected to an environment
with the same type thermo-element, at the identified
temperature and taken as reference, in order to carry out
temperature compensation. After this temperature
compensation, the obtained value from the thermo-element
in the test specimen was instructed by a 4-channelled data
logger and was then registered to a database to obtain data at
every second for each channel with time dependence.
A GreenLine type HOBO U12 data register was used for
these registering processes. The photos of the data-logger, the
detail from the software form and the data-logger connected
to the computer and the thermocouple in the welded parts are
shown in Figures 8-10.

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Hilmi Kuscu, Ismail Becenen and Mumin Sahin Volume 28 · Number 4 · 2008 · 308 –316

Figure 6 The effect of friction pressure on the tensile strength acquired through a data-logger. After the motor stopped,
pressure was increased to 110 MPa. The latter pressure was
AISI 1040 D = 10mm., d = 10mm. maintained until the parts cooled down (20 sec). The
(tf = 5sec. tu = 20sec. Pu = 110 MPa.)
1,000 temperature changes in the interface of joints were
monitored until the temperature decreased to the levels
below room temperature.
900

3. Results and discussion

800
3.1 Micro-photo and hardness measurement of welded
parts
700 Microstructures of the base metal and weld interface after
being etched in picral are shown, respectively, in Figure 11 (a)
Tensile Strength (MPa.)

600 and (b).

The base metal consists of large pearlite grains surrounded
by a ferrite network. The microstructure taken from the weld
500 interface also consists of pearlite and a broken-down ferrite
network.
400 Hardness variations of the joints were obtained by the
Vickers hardness testing and measuring locations. The
hardness variations on the horizontal direction of the welded
300 parts are shown in Figure 12.
The maximum hardness values are obtained from the
200 welding interface. The hardness values increase due to the
heating and the cooling effect. The hardness values that
are equal to the normalized hardness of the test material are
100 raised to higher levels within the HAZ by the process. The
hardness along the horizontal distance increases to a
0 maximum at the welding centre as can be seen in Figure 12.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 As seen in the microstructure photographs, while the
Friction Pressure (Pf- MPa) microstructure of the base metal is a bigger grain, the grains in
the welding metal become smaller because of the cooling
affect of the material and the great deformation in the
Friction welding was carried out in the continuous drive interface. This condition is shown as the great hardness
friction machine. When the experiment was started, the increase in the interface when the hardness figure is
friction welding machine was first operated for about 5 sec. examined.
The two parts were then pressed together under an applied
pressure (30 MPa), and the temperature changes in the 3.2 Measured temperature values
interface of joints were monitored using the thermocouples The sensor of the data register was changed with the thermo-
installed in the specimens. The temperature data was elements and calibrated according to sensors relatively. This

Figure 7 Schematic illustrating of locations and orientation of thermocouples

R3
R2

Locations of thermocouples
at front-face of parts

Pf (MPa),
tf (sec)

Ø10 mm, R Sliding work-piece

R4 (Centre of Part)
R1

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 Evaluation of temperature and properties
Hilmi Kuscu, Ismail Becenen and Mumin Sahin
Figure 8 The photo of GreenLine HOBO U12 data-logger
Figure 9 A detail from software form of the data-logger
calibration work was carried out by a sensitive digital gauged
thermo furnace at the Mechanical Engineering Department
Laboratories of Trakya University. The friction welding
specimens that will be used in the friction welding and into
which the thermo-element was located were connected to the
data register computer. The values which have intervals of
1008C beginning from room temperature were read from the
monitor. With the help of interpolation and by using those
calibration values, this gave an opportunity to read higher
temperature values occurring in the friction welding. While
making a measurement with thermocouples, the reference
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Volume 28 · Number 4 · 2008 · 308 –316
Figure 10 Data-logger connected to computer and thermocouple in
welded parts
(a)
(b)
point temperature (usually, 08C in the melted ice is taken as
the reference point) is known from various sources. While
carrying out these experiments, the cold end of the
thermocouples was kept in the 188C which is room
temperature, and some corrections in the results were
carried out by taking this temperature as the reference
point. The obtained temperature values in the experiments
are given in Table IV.
Consequently, because of the separate registration for these
values of each channel for each second, the temperature
variation graphic obtained from the datum is given in
Figure 13.
The high temperature that comes out during friction of
parts while making the temperature variation measurements
has caused some short circuits (errors) between the
thermocouples and the work-piece. For this reason, the
experiments were repeated with some experiment materials
until the measurement results in the Figure 13 were obtained.
The temperatures rise up to a maximum value during a
time period of 5 sec. of the frictional contact. They then
remain at a somewhat steady state level at the end of the
heating stage and during the forging stage. Thus, steady
conditions are approached during the deformation stage. The
measured temperature values are harmonious with the prior
experimental studies as demonstrated (Sluzalec, 1990; Fu and
Duan, 1998; Balasubramanian et al., 1999).
 Evaluation of temperature and properties Assembly Automation
Hilmi Kuscu, Ismail Becenen and Mumin Sahin Volume 28 · Number 4 · 2008 · 308 –316

Figure 11 Microstructures of the joint 4. Conclusions

.
In this study, temperature variations were measured at
different points by thermocouples. Even though the small
amounts of changes in the room temperature are
negligible, some measurement errors can be seen during
the measurements. Hence, to use some varnishes or
special solutions which can stand high temperatures and
form an isolation layer by solidifying at those high
temperatures can be useful in order to avoid the short
circuits during the experiments.
25 µm .
The variations in the welding pressures primarily affect the
rate of the deformation of the rubbing surfaces and
the temperature gradient. The maximum temperature in
the joint during frictional heating depends not only on the
pressure, but also on the temperature gradient which
(a) Microstructure of basemetal
depends on the rotational speed in particular.
. Temperature has a substantial effect on the mechanical
and metallurgical properties of the joint.
.
The tensile strengths of the welded parts are about
95 percent of those of the AISI 1040 parts which are the
base metal. As can be seen in Figures 5 and 6, the
changing of the friction time and the friction pressure
results in the changing of the welding strengths of the
joints. For the lower values of the friction time or the
friction pressure in Figures 5 and 6, welding strengths
25 µm increase with increasing friction time and pressure. As
expected, the welding strength reaches a maximum value
and turns down. Beyond the maximum point, the
produced heat causes regional melting, which decreases
(b) Microstructure of weld interface the welding strength.

Figure 12 Hardness variations along the horizontal distance

AISI 1040 Joints
D = 10mm - d = 10mm
750
Rotating Part Sliding Part
700

650

600 Horizontal
Distances (x)
550

500
Vickers Hardness (HV)

450 Weld-Center

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
Horizontal Distance (mm)

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Table IV Temperature values obtained in the experiments

Temperatures (08C)
Time (sec) R1 5 2R/3 R2 5 R/2 R3 5 R/3 R4 5 0
0 0 0 0 0
1 269.2913386 153.8057743 0 115.4855643
2 307.6115486 230.7086614 38.58267717 115.4855643
3 576.9028871 346.1942257 153.8057743 384.5144357
4 769.0288714 807.3490814 538.32021 501.365
5 1,368 1,191.863517 812.472 1,001.858
6 1,076.251969 922.4461942 513.493 667.824
7 999.3490814 783.8635171 423.5144357 571.356
8 922.4461942 745.5433071 385.1942257 545.989
9 845.5433071 706.9606299 346.6115486 473.652
10 806.9606299 652 346.6115486 416.9317585
11 768.6404199 630.0577428 308.2913386 378.8740157
12 730.0577428 591.7375328 308.2913386 378.6115486
13 691.7375328 553.1548556 308.2913386 378.8740157
14 653.1548556 484 269.7086614 340.0288714
15 614.8346457 464 308.2913386 378.8740157
16 576.2519685 421.523 269.7086614 340.0288714
17 499.3490814 425.871 269.7086614 301.7086614
18 461.0288714 400.982 231.3884514 263.3884514
19 422.4461942 365.254 231.3884514 263.3884514
20 384.1259843 347.281 231.3884514 263.3884514
21 384.1259843 345.5433071 235.414 301.9711286
22 345.5433071 307.2230971 231.3884514 283.653
23 307.2230971 282 192.8057743 224.8057743
24 268.9028871 268.9028871 192.8057743 224.8057743
25 268.9028871 230.32021 192.8057743 263.3884514
26 230.32021 230.32021 192.8057743 224.8057743
27 192 192 192.8057743 206.8355206
28 192 191 192.8057743 192.5273091

Figure 13 Measured temperature values in friction welds

1,600
R1=2xR/3
1,400 R2=R/2
R3=R/3
1,200 R4=0
Temperature (°C)

1,000

800

600

400

200

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Time (s)

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 Evaluation of temperature and properties
Hilmi Kuscu, Ismail Becenen and Mumin Sahin
.
In this study, the effect of the welding optimum values
achieved with the help of the statistical analysis on the
joining quality was important, and helped in the case of
carrying out experiments in a short time and obtaining
results.
.
As it can be seen from the microstructures, although the
sizes and forms of the pearlite and ferrite grains were
changed, all the structures consisted of pearlite and ferrite.
For that reason, the strength of the joints is nearly the
same as that of the original material strength.
.
Subsequently, the maximum hardness values are obtained
from the weld interface because of the increasing
temperature and the rapid cooling at the joint-interface
as seen from the temperature measurement. Then, the
deformation at the interface causes a strong decrease in
the grain size, which leads to a hardening in the region of
the interface. Therefore, it can be observed that hardness
at the weld interface is increased by deformation.
.
It is important to note that the measurement process was
successfully accomplished in this study although it was
particularly difficult to obtain a temperature measurement
due to the large deformations at the interface.
References
Akata, H.E. and Sahin, M. (2003), “An investigation on the
effect of dimensional differences in friction welding of AISI
1040 specimens”, Ind. Lub. & Tribo., Vol. 55 No. 5,
pp. 223-32.
Balasubramanian, V., Li, Y., Stotler, T., Crompton, J.,
Soboyejo, A., Katsube, N. and Soboyejo, W. (1999),
“A new friction law for the modelling of continuous drive
friction welding: applications to 1045 steel welds”, Mat. and
Man. Proc., Vol. 14 No. 6, pp. 845-60.
Bendzsak, G.J., North, T.H. and Li, Z. (1997), “Numerical
model for steady-state flow in friction welding”, Acta
Matellurgica, pp. 1735-45.
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Corresponding author
Mumin Sahin can be contacted at: mumins@trakya.edu.tr