NOTE : WEIGHT OF INFANT

3-6 months --- x2

7-12months --- x3

APGAR Scoring
Rooting – Stroke the cheek of the infant, it will search for it then it opens it
mouth for feeding.

It will fade out after 4 months

Palmar Grasp / GRASPING / Gripping – Something that is placed in the infant’s

hand

It will fade out after 5-6months

BABINSKI / Toe Curling – do an inverted J , toes will fan out

It will fade out after 2yrs of Age

MORO REFLEX / STARTLE – Sudden Noise or Movement

It will fade out after 2 months

BALLARD SCORING-

Scores are given for 6 phyisical and 6 Nerve and muscle development
(Neuromuscular) SIGNS OF MATURITY
CONDUCTION- Felt Directly
EVAPORATION – heat evaporates (from heat to moist)
CONVECTION – Felt from Air (Aircon to person / air to person)
RADIATION- Felt by Radioactive material (SUN- Rays)
 INFANT 1Month – 1 Year

TODDLER 1yrs – 3yrs

PRE- SCHOOL 3yrs – 6yrs

SCHOOL AGE 6yrs – 12yrs

ADOLESCENT 12yrs – 18yrs old

Sigmund FREUD – PSYCHOSEXUAL Development

Erik ERIKSON – PSYCHOLOGICAL development
Lawrence KOHLBERG –MORAL Development
Jean PIAGET – COGNITIVE developments / SENSORIMOTOR

INFANT (0 mnt – 1yrs old)

Erikson – Trust vs Mistrust
Basic Needs must be give (consistency/tuloy tuloy)
Freud : ORAL (Mouth) – Risk for aspiration
Piaget: Sensorimotor : More senses = ↑ Development
Kohlberg:
-Play: SOLItary (Solo)
-Fear: STRANGER anxiety
TODDLER 1- 3yrs old

Erikson - Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

Autonomy ( Self Determination )
Shame and Doubt – Offer Choices
Freud : ANAL STAGE
Toilet Training (Automatic)
Criteria:
-Can sit & Squat
-Remain dry for 2 HOURS
-Verbalize to need to defacate & Urinate
-SOILED DIAPER wants to be change ASAP

MOST IMPORTANT: APPROACH AND ATTITUDE OF PARENTS

Piaget : Pre Operational (EGOCENTRIC – MAKASARILI)

Wala pakeelam sa Opinion ng iba
(Inability to see the point-of-view of others)

Kohlberg: Pre Conventional (Punishment and obedience)

NO TO SPANKING!
Only TIME OUT  face the wall
It must have an AUDIBLE ALARM
-1min : 1 year of age
Play: Parallel Play (Side by side play)
They can play within the same place but won’t play with each other

Fear: SEPARATION Anxiety

PRE SCHOOLER ( 3- 6 y/o) HIGHEST IMAGINATION

☺ Magical Thinking

Erikson: Initiative Vs Guilt

Initiative= the ability to be resourceful and work without
always being told what to do
Guilt: Allow them to participate

Freud : PHALLIC STAGE

Oedipus – Son to Mother
Electra – Daughter to Father

Piaget : Pre Operational (Egocentric/ Symbol)

Symbolization:
Stick = Sword
Takip = Shield
Tansan = Money
Kohlberg : PRE CONVENTIONAL ( Self Only)
Play: Associative / COOPERATIVE
Play Together
Fear: Body Mutilation & castration
*Lalabas yung kanin*
SCHOOL AGE ( 6- 12y/o )

Erikson: INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY

Industry : Pabibo
Inferiority: Parang Extra lang ,
(quality or state of being lesser or lower in rank, position, quality)

Freud: LATENT STAGE (same sex orientation)

Male  Male play
Female  Female Play

Piaget: CONRETE OPERATIONAL (Marunong na umintindi)

e.g
Conservation : Space, Height , Content
Reversibility: Tubig  Ice and Vice Versa

Kohlberg: Conventional (Good to the eyes of others)

Play: Competitive play (INDOORS)
Board Games, Chess etc.

Fear: DEATH

Adolescent ( 12 – 18 y/o)
Erikson: IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION
(focus: BODY IMAGE)
Freud: Genital (Sexual Curiosity)
Sex Education as Early as 9 years old
Kohlberg: Post Conventional – (knows law, moral, responsible)
Play: Competitive Play (OUTDOOR) / Interactive
Fear: Peer Rejection
Try it yourself :

When to take a 2 yr old to a dentist? Between 2-3 yrs old –

Completement of teeth
26months is the completion of teeth
6months = 1tooth (Milk teeth)
6 yrs later = Milk teeth will loose then (+2) permanent
Age in month – 6 = #of teeth

♦ Decidous teeth usually begin to fall out at age of 6 yrs old

SIGMUND FREUD (PsychoSEXUAL theory of development)

STAGE AGE EROGENOUS ZONES CONSEQUENCE

0-18months / 1 year and RISK FOR

ORAL MOUTH
6mos (INFANT) ASPIRATION
BOWEL AND
1- 3yrs old
ANAL BLADDER BLADDER TRAINING
(TODDLER)
ELIMINATION
PRE SCHOOL (3-6yrs
PHALLIC GENITALS Curiosity
old)
Playing with the same
SCHOOL AGE (6 yrs- SAME SEX
LATENCY sex (Male - Male ) (
16) ORIENTATION
Female to Female)
GENITAL ADOLESCENT SEXUAL CURIOSITY Early Pregnancy

the Oedipus or Electra complex can develop.

Oedipus – Son to Mother
Electra – Daughter to Father
ABNORMAL:
Hyospadias with chordee – Urethra opening is on the
Ventral Side of the penis

Cystic Fibrosis –(inability to form mucus due to

faulty protein) Both parents must be carriers of the
trait in order for the child to have the disease
Rh incompatibility –
When MOTHER is Rh negative and infant is Rh Positive –
RhoGAM is given
Note: First Pregnancy is not affected
(-) Mother – (+) Baby

How to check of compatibility?

During Pregnancy: AMNIOCENTESIS
Checks for ↑Bilirubin in amniotic fluid

As early as 28 weeks – give RhoGAM

After Delivery : COOMBS Test

Direct: Antigen: Baby
Indirect: Antibody: Mother
Give RhoGAM within 48-72hrs

If history of Rh Incompatibility give Rhogam

throughout succeeding pregnancy for safety
(regardless)
Maternal history of POLYHYDRAMNIOS = Esophageal
Problem
Maternal history of PROLONGED LABOR = Oligohydraminios
= Kidney Problem

Cleft Palate – Includes Palate – POOR suckling =

aspiration

Cleft lip – appearance is problem ONLY

PhenylKETONuria – will occur when newborns are
SCREENED before they have tolerated protein feedings
for atleast 48hrs
Blonde hair, Blue eyes, Musky odor Urine
MENTAL RETARDATION

Reduce incidence of Respiratory Distress Syndrome is

to give Corticosteroids (betaMETHA ,dexaMETHA )
To increase lung surfactant / lung development

Note : Steroids can make the mother immunosuppressed

Myringotomy with placement of Tympanostomy Tube –
To equalize pressure in the tympanic membrane

Wilms Tumor/ Nephroblastoma - it's the most common

cancer of the kidneys in children
Appendix:
Oedipus – Son – Mother (mama’s boy)
Electra – Daughter – Father ( daddy’s girl )
*** Sex education as early as 9y/o
Symbolization : Stick = Sword , Takip = Shield
Object Permanence : (peek-a-boo) understanding that
whether an object can be sensed
Egocentrism : Do not care about others point of view

Animism: (child scolds floor) – inanimate object

belief that objects, places, and creatures
all possess a distinct spiritual essence.

Magical Thingking (pre schooler) : Superstitious

thingking

Negativism : Always say NO!

Decentering: World of arts or Play (withdraw from
current reality)

Denver II Test : most widely used to assess a young

childs development

Breast fed neonate stools looks like a Golden Yellow ,

Soft and Seedy
Formula is Light Yellow in color