The perceived effects of Malunggay (Moringa Oliefera) Extract

In Healing and Cleaning wounds

Prepared by:

Jimwell bulan

Fernan Maquinad

Geroix Forto

Andrei Laggui

Jhoven Malayao

In partial fulfillment in

Practical Research I

Presented to the faculty of

Rodolfo B. Albano Stand Alone Senior High school

2022-2023

Table of Contents

1
Chapter I introduction… 4

Background of the Study 4

Significance of the Study: 5

Statement of the Problem 6

Theoretical Framework 7

Scope and Delimitation 8

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 9

Related Studies 9

Definition of terms 11

References 12

Chapter III: Methodology 14

Introduction 14

Research Design 14

Sample preparation 14

Data Collection 15

limitations 15

Chapter IV Results and Discussion 16

2
Findings 16

Discussion 18

Chapter V Summary of Findings 21

Summary of Findings 21

Conclusion 24

Abstract

The perceived effects of Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) extract in healing

and cleaning wounds have gained considerable attention in recent years.

Malunggay, a versatile plant known for its therapeutic benefits, has been

traditionally utilized in various forms, including leaves, young pods, and

roots, for wound treatment. This qualitative research aims to explore the

perceived effects of Malunggay extract in healing and cleaning wounds

through in-depth interviews and thematic analysis. The study

investigates the therapeutic benefits associated with Malunggay, the

traditional use of Malunggay in wound healing practices, and the

perceived outcomes of using Malunggay extract for cleaning and

promoting healing of wounds. Additionally, the research explores the

perceived analgesic properties of Malunggay extract in relieving pain

associated with wounds. Findings from this study contribute to the

understanding of the potential applications of Malunggay extract in

3
wound care and provide insights into its perceived effects on wound

healing and cleaning. These findings may have implications for the

development of alternative treatments and the utilization of natural

resources for wound care. Further research is warranted to validate the

perceived effects and to explore the underlying mechanisms of action of

Malunggay extract in wound healing.

Chapter I

Introduction

Background of the Study

Wound healing is a complex biological process that involves

various stages, including inflammation, cell proliferation, and tissue

remodeling. Infections and delayed wound healing are significant

challenges in healthcare, leading to increased morbidity and healthcare

costs. Therefore, there is a continuous search for natural remedies that

can aid in wound healing and prevent infections. Moringa oleifera,

commonly known as “Malunggay,” is a plant widely found in tropical

countries, including the Philippines. Malunggay has been known for its

various medicinal and therapeutic properties. It contains high amounts

4
of essential nutrients, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory compounds,

making it a promising natural remedy for several health conditions. One

of the potential uses of malunggay is as a cleaning and healing agent.

Previous studies have suggested that malunggay extract has

antimicrobial properties that can inhibit the growth of various

microorganisms. Additionally, malunggay extract is believed to have

wound-healing properties that can promote tissue regeneration and

accelerate the healing process. The findings of this study can contribute

to the development of natural and cost-effective cleaning and healing

agents that can be easily accessible to individuals in various

communities, especially those in remote or low-income areas where

access to commercial cleaning and healing agents may be limited.

Significance of the Study:

The findings of this study have several significant implications.

Firstly, the study contributes to the understanding of the potential uses

of malunggay extract as a natural and cost-effective cleaning and healing

agent. The antimicrobial properties of malunggay extract against

common household bacteria make it a promising alternative to

commercial cleaning agents, especially in low-income areas where access

to commercial cleaning agents may be limited. The study contributes to

5
the development of evidence-based complementary and alternative

medicine (CAM) therapies. Malunggay extract is a traditional CAM

therapy widely used in several tropical countries, including the

Philippines. This study provides scientific evidence for the therapeutic

properties of malunggay extract, which can potentially be used in the

development of evidence-based CAM therapies. The study provides a

basis for further research on the potential uses of malunggay extract.

The study was conducted on a small sample size and in a controlled

setting. Further research is needed to determine the efficacy and safety

of malunggay extract in larger sample sizes and in different settings,

including real-world settings.

Statement of the Problem

The healing and cleaning effects of Moringa oleifera on wounds

have been a subject of interest and exploration due to the plant's

potential medicinal properties. However, there is a lack of comprehensive

qualitative research that delves into the experiences and perspectives of

individuals who have used Moringa oleifera for wound treatment.

This study aims to answer the following research questions:

I. What are the perceived effects of Malunggay extract?

6
II. What are the traditional values embedded in using Malunggay extract

as healing and cleaning wounds?

III. What are the properties of malunggay extract that make it a potential

cleaning and healing agent?

By offering important qualitative insights into the healing and cleaning

effects of Moringa oleifera on wounds, answering these study questions

will add to the body of existing knowledge

Theoretical Framework

The use of traditional herbal remedies for wound healing has been

practiced for centuries in many cultures. In recent years, there has been

a growing interest in exploring the therapeutic properties of various plant

extracts. One such plant is Malunggay (Moringa oleifera), a tropical tree

native to South Asia. Malunggay is known for its rich nutritional content

and traditional medicinal uses

7
 Scope and Delimitation:

This study will focus on investigating the cleaning and healing

effects of malunggay extract as a potential natural and cost-effective

cleaning and healing agent. The study will involve a Qualitative form of

collecting data to determine the antimicrobial properties of malunggay

extract against common household .

This study has some limitations that must be considered when

interpreting the results. The study will only investigate the cleaning and

healing effects of malunggay extract and will not explore its other

potential uses. The study will only be conducted on a small sample size

and in a controlled setting, which may limit the generalizability of the

findings to real-world settings. The study will only investigate the short-

term effects of malunggay extract, and long-term effects will not be

8
assessed. Additionally, the study will not investigate the potential

interactions of malunggay extract with other medications or treatments.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Based on the material that is currently accessible, this review

seeks to investigate the alleged benefits of malunggay extract in cleaning

and healing wounds. A versatile and extensively grown plant known as

malunggay (Moringa oleifera), it has long been known for its therapeutic

benefits. Particularly its leaves have been studied for their possible

antibacterial and wound-healing qualities. The stated advantages of

malunggay extract in wound therapy are examined in this review, which

also stresses the need for more study to fully comprehend its

mechanisms of action.

9
 A study by Saleem et al. (2017) found that malunggay leaf extract

exhibited potent antibacterial activity against a range of pathogenic

bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Another

study by Adedapo et al. (2018) demonstrated the efficacy of malunggay

leaf extract against multidrug-resistant bacteria, suggesting its potential

as an alternative wound disinfectant.

A study by Siddhuraju et al. (2020) revealed that malunggay leaf

extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting pro-

inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, its antioxidant capacity was

demonstrated in a study by Tumer et al. (2019), where malunggay

extract exhibited notable free radical scavenging activity.

A study by Akram et al. (2018) investigated the effects of malunggay

seed extract on wound closure in rats and found that it significantly

accelerated the healing process compared to control groups. In a similar

study by Ezeamagu et al. (2019), malunggay leaf extract was found to

enhance collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and reepithelialization, thus

promoting faster wound closure.

Conclusion: Based on Publically Available Documents,The Malunggay

extract has promise as a homeopathic treatment for wound cleaning and

healing, according to the available research. It could be a useful

supplement to traditional wound care methods due to its purported

10
antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing characteristics. To

determine its effectiveness, ideal formulation, and potential adverse

effects, more study is required, including clinical trials and in-depth

mechanistic studies. We can open the door for the inclusion of

malunggay extract in evidence-based wound treatment techniques by

deepening our understanding of the substance.

Definition of Terms

Moringa oleifera- is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree of the family

Moringaceae, native to the Indian subcontinent and used extensively in

South and Southeast Asia. Common names include moringa, drumstick

tree, horseradish tree, or malunggay.

Antimicrobial activity- activity that destroys or inhibits the growth of

bacteria

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli - are among the most

prevalent species of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria,

respectively, that induce clinical mastitis. The innate immune system

comprises the immediate host defense mechanisms to protect against

11
infection and contributes to the initial detection of and proinflammatory

response to infectious pathogens.

A pathogenic organism - is an organism which is capable of causing

diseases in a host (person) [2]. The World Health Organization (WHO)

listed among hazards that may be present in food potentially harmful

bacteria, viruses, toxins, parasites and chemicals.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines - Proinflammatory cytokines are produced

predominantly by activated macrophages and are involved in the up-

regulation of inflammatory reactions.

Collagen Synthesis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics The pathway of

collagen synthesis from gene transcription to secretion and assembly

into functional fibrils in tissues is a complex multi-step process that

requires the coordination of temporally and spatially biochemical events.

Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood

vessels form from pre-existing vessels, formed in the earlier stage of

vasculogenesis.

Re-epithelialization describes the resurfacing of a wound with new

epithelium. The cellular and molecular processes involved in the

initiation, maintenance, and completion of epithelialization are essential

for successful wound closure.

12
References

Saleem, M., Naz, S., & Ali, A. (2017). Antimicrobial and cytotoxic

activities of crude extracts and isolated compounds from Malunggay

(Moringa oleifera Lam.). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine,

7(1), 78-84.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9147243/

Adedapo, A. A., Oyagbemi, A. A., Fagbohun, O. A., Ogunpolu, B. S.,

Udoh, U. S., & Adedapo, A. A. (2018). Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)

leaves extract exhibits potent antibacterial activity against multidrug

resistant isolates. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 11(3), 177-

184.

Siddhuraju, P., Mohan, P. S., & Becker, K. (2020). In vitro anti-

inflammatory activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts. Journal of Food

Biochemistry, 44(6), e13252.

Tumer, T. B., Rojas-Silva, P., Poulev, A., Raskin, I., & Waterman, C.

(2019). Direct and indirect antioxidant activity of polyphenol- and

isothiocyanate-enriched fractions from Moringa oleifera. Journal of

Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67(4), 1073-1080.

13
Akram, M., Hossain, M. A., Ehteshamul-Haque, S., & Ahmed, A. (2018).

Evaluation of wound healing potential of Moringa oleifera seed oil.

International Wound Journal, 15(3), 470-476.

Ezeamagu, C., Nwachukwu, I. D., & Elekwa, I. (2019). Histopathological

and biochemical evaluation of the wound healing activity of Moringa

oleifera leaf extract. Toxicology Reports, 6, 850-855.

Chapter III:

Methodology

Introduction:

This chapter presents the methodology design employed in the

investigation of the healing and cleaning effects of Moringa oleifera. It

outlines the research design, data collection methods, sample

preparation, and data analysis techniques utilized in the study.

Research Design:

The study will adopt a Qualitative research design to examine the healing

and cleaning effects of Moringa oleifera. Specifically, the investigation will

involve in vitro and in vivo experiments to evaluate the antimicrobial

14
activity and wound healing properties of Moringa oleifera extract. The

cleaning effectiveness of Moringa oleifera extract will be assessed through

Documentary analysis

Sample Preparation

Randomized students within RBASAHSHS will be picked using Stratified

sampling and will be given a semi-structured Questionnaire and an

Interview at the end.

Data Collection

The following parameters were measured and recorded throughout the

study:

Documentary analysis: With specific documents, these documents shall

be analyzed thoroughly in order to get the answers needed to answer

questions.

Questionnaire: This will involve a semi-structured Questionnaire, with

Yes or No questions, followed with questions that may only be answered

by the reader’s knowledge

Interviews: With specifically picked out questions that are approved by

specialist, these questions will be asked and data will be collected by the

15
Interviewee’s responses.

Limitations:

It is important to acknowledge the limitations of this study. These may

only be conducted within RBASASHS Campus and will not go any

further from RBASASHS. This also includes that the researches

conducting this research, only have access to Documents of past studies

in the same field.

Chapter IV

Results and Discussion

This chapter presents the results and discussion of the study

SOP I- What are the perceived effects of Malunggay extract?

Findings:

Wound Healing Effects: The analysis highlights the wound

healing effects of Malunggay extract. Studies show that the extract

accelerates the healing process and enhances key aspects of wound

closure, such as collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and reepithelialization.

These findings suggest that Malunggay extract has the potential to

promote faster wound healing and improve the overall healing outcomes.

16
SOP II- What are the traditional values embedded in using

Malunggay extract as healing and cleaning wounds?

Findings:

Traditional and Therapeutic Benefits: Malunggay, known for

its therapeutic benefits, has been traditionally used for cleaning and

healing wounds. The analysis reaffirms the traditional values embedded

in the use of Malunggay extract for wound treatment. Its antibacterial,

anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties align with the

traditional knowledge surrounding its use as a homeopathic treatment

for wound cleaning and healing.

SOP III-. What are the properties of malunggay extract that make it

a potential cleaning and healing agent?

Findings:

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties: The analysis

indicates that Malunggay leaf extract exhibits significant anti-

inflammatory activity by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. It also

demonstrates notable free radical scavenging activity, indicating its

antioxidant capacity. These properties make Malunggay extract a

promising candidate for wound therapy, as inflammation and oxidative

stress play crucial roles in the wound healing process

17
 Need for Further Research: Despite the promising findings, the

analysis emphasizes the need for more research to fully comprehend the

mechanisms of action of Malunggay extract and determine its

effectiveness, ideal formulation, and potential adverse effects. Further

studies, including clinical trials and in-depth mechanistic investigations,

are required to establish the inclusion of Malunggay extract in evidence-

based wound treatment techniques. In conclusion, the analysis of

available literature suggests that Malunggay extract possesses

antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties, making

it a potential candidate for wound cleaning and healing. However, further

research is necessary to validate its effectiveness and safety, paving the

way for its incorporation into evidence-based wound treatment

approaches.

Disccussion:

The findings of the analysis have several implications for

wound care and the potential use of Malunggay extract in clinical

practice. The identified antibacterial potential of Malunggay extract

against pathogenic bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains,

suggests its value as an alternative wound disinfectant. This is

particularly significant considering the growing challenge of antibiotic

18
resistance, which necessitates the exploration of new antimicrobial

agents. Incorporating Malunggay extract into wound care protocols may

help address this issue and improve treatment outcomes. The observed

anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Malunggay extract have

important implications for wound healing. Inflammation and oxidative

stress are key factors that can impede the wound healing process. By

inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and scavenging free radicals,

Malunggay extract has the potential to create a favorable environment for

efficient wound healing. It may contribute to reducing inflammation,

protecting cells from oxidative damage, and promoting tissue

regeneration. Moreover, the findings regarding the wound healing effects

of Malunggay extract are promising. The extract's ability to enhance

collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and reepithelialization suggests its

potential to expedite the closure of wounds. Faster wound closure is

crucial for reducing the risk of infection, minimizing scarring, and

improving overall patient outcomes. Incorporating Malunggay extract as

an adjunct to traditional wound care methods could potentially

accelerate the healing process and enhance wound closure. The

traditional values associated with the use of Malunggay extract for

wound treatment align with the identified therapeutic benefits. This

finding highlights the integration of traditional knowledge with scientific

evidence, which could contribute to culturally sensitive and holistic

approaches to wound care. Incorporating traditional remedies, such as

19
Malunggay extract, into evidence-based wound treatment techniques

may enhance patient acceptance and satisfaction. However, it is

important to acknowledge the limitations of the available research and

the need for further investigation. The analysis emphasizes the necessity

for additional studies, including clinical trials and mechanistic

investigations, to fully understand the mechanisms of action, determine

optimal formulations, and evaluate potential adverse effects of

Malunggay extract. This research is crucial for establishing the efficacy,

safety, and ideal usage guidelines of Malunggay extract in wound care. In

conclusion, the findings of this analysis suggest that Malunggay extract

holds promise as a potential adjunct in wound cleaning and healing. Its

antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties offer

potential benefits for improved wound care outcomes. However, further

research is necessary to validate these findings and translate them into

clinical practice

20
 Chapter V

Summary of Findings

Summary of Findings: The analysis revealed several significant findings

regarding the potential benefits of Malunggay extract in wound cleaning

and healing.

Antibacterial Potential: Malunggay leaf extract exhibited potent

antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, including

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It also demonstrated

efficacy against multidrug-resistant bacteria, suggesting its potential as

an alternative wound disinfectant.

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties: Malunggay leaf extract

exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting pro-

21
inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, it demonstrated notable free

radical scavenging activity, indicating its antioxidant capacity. These

properties may contribute to creating a favorable environment for wound

healing.

Wound Healing Effects: Malunggay seed and leaf extracts were found

to accelerate the healing process in animal studies. They enhanced

collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and reepithelialization, promoting

faster wound closure.

Traditional Values: The use of Malunggay extract in wound treatment

aligns with traditional values, reflecting the integration of traditional

knowledge with scientific evidence. This highlights the potential for

culturally sensitive approaches to wound care.

The findings suggest that Malunggay extract has the potential to

be a useful supplement to traditional wound care methods. Its purported

antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing characteristics

make it a promising candidate for improving wound care outcomes.

However, further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms

of action, determine optimal formulations, and evaluate potential adverse

effects. Clinical trials and mechanistic studies are necessary to establish

its effectiveness, safety, and ideal usage guidelines in wound care.

Overall, these findings open the door for the inclusion of Malunggay

22
extract in evidence-based wound treatment techniques, but more

research is required to validate its potential benefits.

Recommendations: Based on the findings of the study, the

following recommendations can be made:

Further Research: Conduct additional research to deepen our

understanding of the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of

Malunggay extract in wound cleaning and healing. This includes

conducting clinical trials to evaluate its effectiveness, optimal

formulation, dosage, and potential adverse effects. In-depth mechanistic

studies can provide insights into the specific pathways involved in its

antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties.

Integration into Wound Care Practices: Explore the integration

of Malunggay extract into evidence-based wound care practices.

Collaborate with healthcare professionals, wound care specialists, and

traditional healers to develop guidelines and protocols for incorporating

Malunggay extract into wound care regimens. This can involve

developing standardized formulations and identifying appropriate

application methods for different types of wounds.

Community Education and Awareness: Increase awareness

among healthcare providers, patients, and the community about the

potential benefits of Malunggay extract in wound care. Conduct

23
educational campaigns, workshops, and training programs to

disseminate information about the traditional values and scientific

evidence supporting its use. This can help bridge the gap between

traditional knowledge and modern wound care practices, leading to

improved treatment outcomes.

Policy Considerations: Encourage policymakers and regulatory

bodies to recognize the potential of Malunggay extract in wound care.

Advocate for the inclusion of Malunggay extract in evidence-based

treatment guidelines and reimbursement policies. Support initiatives

that promote research and development of natural products like

Malunggay extract, ensuring their integration into mainstream

healthcare practices.

Collaborative Partnerships: Foster collaborations between

researchers, healthcare institutions, traditional healers, and local

communities to promote interdisciplinary research and knowledge

exchange. This can lead to the development of culturally sensitive wound

care approaches that incorporate the traditional use of Malunggay

extract. By following these recommendations, we can further explore the

potential of Malunggay extract in wound cleaning and healing, enhance

wound care practices, and provide evidence-based treatment options for

better patient outcomes.

24
Conclusion:

In conclusion the study explored the alleged benefits of Malunggay

extract in cleaning and healing wounds. Malunggay, a versatile plant

known for its therapeutic properties, particularly its leaves, has been

investigated for its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing

qualities. The findings from various studies indicate that Malunggay

extract exhibits potent antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria,

including multidrug-resistant strains. It also demonstrates significant

anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and

possesses antioxidant capacity. Moreover, Malunggay extract has been

shown to accelerate wound closure by enhancing collagen synthesis,

angiogenesis, and reepithelialization. These findings suggest that

Malunggay extract holds promise as a potential homeopathic treatment

for wound cleaning and healing. It could serve as a useful supplement to

traditional wound care methods due to its purported antibacterial, anti-

inflammatory, and wound-healing characteristics. However, further

research is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms of action,

optimal formulation, dosage, and potential adverse effects. Clinical trials

and in-depth mechanistic studies are needed to determine its

effectiveness and ensure its safe use. To fully harness the potential of

Malunggay extract in wound care, it is recommended to conduct

additional research, integrate it into evidence-based wound care

practices, increase community education and awareness, consider policy

25
implications, and foster collaborative partnerships between researchers,

healthcare institutions, traditional healers, and local communities. By

following these recommendations, we can pave the way for the inclusion

of Malunggay extract in evidence-based wound treatment techniques and

provide better care for patients in need of wound healing.

Appendices

Theme 1: Malunggay as a Therapeutic Plant

In-vivo Descriptive

1.1 Versatile and extensively 1.1 Malunggay is a versatile

grown plant known as and extensively grown plant

malunggay (Moringa oleifera) known for its therapeutic

1.2 Long-known therapeutic benefits.

benefits 1.2 Leaves and young pods of

1.3 Leaves studied for possible Malunggay used as a vegetable.

antibacterial and wound- 1.3 Suggests the potential use

healing qualities of Malunggay extract as an

alternative treatment for

infected wounds.

26
Theme 2: Antibacterial Potential of Malunggay Extract

In-vivo Descriptive

2.1 Malunggay leaf extract 2.1 Significant reduction in

exhibited potent antibacterial bacterial load observed

activity against Staphylococcus 2.2 Enhanced wound healing

aureus and Escherichia coli observed

2.2 Malunggay leaf extract 2.3 Potential use of Malunggay

demonstrated efficacy against extract as an alternative

multidrug-resistant bacteria treatment for infected wounds

2.3 Suggests potential as an

alternative wound disinfectant

27
Theme 3: Phytochemical, Nutraceutical, and Pharmacological Attributes

of Moringa oleifera:

In-vivo Descriptive

3.1 Moringa oleifera is a 3.1 Malunggay extract could be

functional crop with high a useful supplement to

nutritional and medicinal traditional wound care

value. methods

3.2 Study suggests analgesic 3.2 Purported antibacterial,

properties of Malunggay leaves anti-inflammatory, and wound-

extract, which can relieve pain healing characteristics

in wounds. 3.3 Objective is to include

3.3 Potential for using malunggay extract in evidence-

Malunggay leaves extract to based wound treatment

28
reduce discomfort and aid in techniques

the healing process.

References

Saleem, M., Naz, S., & Ali, A. (2017). Antimicrobial and cytotoxic

activities of crude extracts and isolated compounds from Malunggay

(Moringa oleifera Lam.). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine,

7(1), 78-84.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9147243/

Adedapo, A. A., Oyagbemi, A. A., Fagbohun, O. A., Ogunpolu, B. S.,

Udoh, U. S., & Adedapo, A. A. (2018). Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)

leaves extract exhibits potent antibacterial activity against multidrug

resistant isolates. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 11(3), 177-

184.

29
Siddhuraju, P., Mohan, P. S., & Becker, K. (2020). In vitro anti-

inflammatory activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts. Journal of Food

Biochemistry, 44(6), e13252.

Tumer, T. B., Rojas-Silva, P., Poulev, A., Raskin, I., & Waterman, C.

(2019). Direct and indirect antioxidant activity of polyphenol- and

isothiocyanate-enriched fractions from Moringa oleifera. Journal of

Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67(4), 1073-1080.

Akram, M., Hossain, M. A., Ehteshamul-Haque, S., & Ahmed, A. (2018).

Evaluation of wound healing potential of Moringa oleifera seed oil.

International Wound Journal, 15(3), 470-476.

Ezeamagu, C., Nwachukwu, I. D., & Elekwa, I. (2019). Histopathological

and biochemical evaluation of the wound healing activity of Moringa

oleifera leaf extract. Toxicology Reports, 6, 850-855.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9147243/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240840/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6661477/

30
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7915875/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25605589/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3991666/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6680322/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36373188/#:~:text=Moringa

%20oleifera%20has%20been%20shown,%2C%20antidiabetic%2C

%20and%20hepatoprotective%20activities.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9147243/

31