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Instrumentation and Control

Semester: Fall 2023

Week 1-2-3
Introduction

Dr. Naseer Ahmad

Department of Mechanical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore
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Books:

Modern Control Systems by Richard C. Dorf and Robert

H. Bishop, 12th edition, Prentice Hall.

Automatic Control Systems by Farid Golnaraghi and B.C

Kuo, 9th edition, John Wiley & Sons.

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Chapter 1
Introduction to Control Systems
System: Block Diagram Description of
• An interconnection of elements and System
devices for some functional task.
Input Output
Examples: System
name
Element/components in
Heater.(Class Discussion)
Heater -Casing
-Heating spring
-Reflector sheet
-Power cord
Block Diagram of Heater.
-End caps
Each component has its
function related properties. Heater
Electric Heat
Energy Energy

Heater, is a system (interconnection of various components), used to convert

the electrical energy to Heat energy.
Introduction to Control Systems (contd.)

System:
• An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.

Block Diagram of Heater.

Bicycle Element/components
and their properties
In Heater.

-Class Discussion
Bicycle
Force Speed

Bicycle, is a system (interconnection of various components), used to convert

the Force to Speed (Distance Travelled)
Introduction to Control Systems (contd.)

System:
• An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.

Element/components Block Diagram of Motor.

Motor and their properties
In Heater.

-Class Discussion
Motor
Electric
13 Torque
Energy

Motor, is a system (interconnection of various components), used to convert

the Electrical Energy to Mechanical Energy.
System System System System System
Name Figure Description Block Diagram Engineering Description
Torque Air flow Mech Energy to air flow.
By applying torque
Fan Blade it induces air flow. Mech
FanBlade

Energy
(Energy to Desired Variable)
Force Speed Mech energy to speed.
By applying torque Bicycle
Bicycle it travels distance. Mech
Energy
(Energy to Desired Variable)
Voltage Heat Flux
By applying voltage Mech energy to heat energy
Heater Heater
it produces heat. Electric Heat ( One form of Energy to another
Energy Energy form of Energy)
Voltage Torque Electrical energy to mech energy
By applying voltage Motor
Motor it produces torque. Electric Mech ( One form of Energy to another
Energy Energy form of Energy)

Numeric Data Numeric Data

Numeric data is Numeric data to numeric data
Calculator
Calculator processed by key Information Information ( One form of information to another
pressing. form of information)
Alpha/Numeric Alpha/Numeric Alpha/Numeric data to Alpha/numeric data
Data is processed by
Graphic Data Graphic Data
Computer programs
Computer ( One form of information to another
(software). Information Information form of information)
System System System System System
Name Figure Description Block Diagram Engineering Description
Heat Torque Heat energy to Mech energy
Class Discussion.
IC Engine Heat
Engine
Mech
( One form of Energy to another
Energy
form of Energy)
Energy

Neuron Signals Neuron Signals Signals to Signals

Information is Brain
Brain processed. ( One form of information to another
Information Information form of information)

Thrust Distance Mech energy to distance/speed.

By applying thrust(force) Rocket
Rocket it travels distance. Mech
Energy
(Energy to Desired Variable)

By applying high Flow Torque Fluid energy to mech energy

Pelton pressure fluid it P.Wheel
( One form of Energy to another
Hydal Mech
Wheel produces torque. Energy Energy form of Energy)

Gas flow Heat flux

Methane (Potential Numeric data to numeric data
Burner
Burner Energy) to heat Potential Heat ( One form of information to another
energy. Energy Energy form of information)

Wind flow will Wind Flow Torque Alpha/Numeric data to Alpha/numeric data
Wind
Windmill develop the rotation
Wind mill Mech ( One form of information to another
of propellor form of information)
Energy Energy
 Energy Source
Intention /Heat Energy

Desired Neuron Actual

speed Controller Signal Actuator Force Process/Plant Speed
Rider/
Brain Bicycle
Muscles

Controller is Actuator is Process/Plant is

▪ Information ▪ Energy converting/processing ▪ Physical system
processing system system
▪ Input is
▪ Input is information ▪ Input is in form of manipulated form
in form of signal source/bulk energy and of energy
▪ Output is again in output is again in form of
▪ Output is
form of signal processed/ converted energy.
controlled/desired
▪ Amount of energy converted variable.
is proportional to input signal

An interconnection of systems (controller, actuator and Human riding a bicycle is a

process/plant) that will provide a desired system response SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM
is known as CONTROL SYSTEM.
Temperature Control System of an Oven

Energy Source
/Electrical Energy
Intention
Desired Electrical Heat Actual
Temp Controller Signal Actuator Energy Process/Plant Temperature
Switch/Dim Heater Oven/Furnace
mer

Controller is Information Actuator is Energy Process/Plant is Physical

processing system converting system system
▪ Desired temp to ▪ Electrical Energy ▪ Manipulated form of
electrical signal to Heat Energy energy to
controlled/desired
variable.

An interconnection of systems (controller, actuator and

process/plant) that will provide a desired system response
is known as CONTROL SYSTEM.
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Speed Control System of a Fan

Energy Source
/Electrical Energy
Intention
Desired Electrical Mech Actual
Airflow Controller Signal Actuator Energy Process/Plant Airflow
Switch/Dim Motor Fan Blades
mer

Controller is Information Actuator is Energy Process/Plant is Physical

processing system converting system system
▪ Desired temp to ▪ Electrical Energy ▪ Manipulated form of
electrical signal to Mech Energy energy to
controlled/desired
variable.

An interconnection of systems (controller, actuator and

process/plant) that will provide a desired system response 18

is known as CONTROL SYSTEM.

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Water Flow Control System of a Pump

Energy Source
Intention /Electrical Energy

Desired Actual
Waterflow Electrical Mech Waterflow
Controller Signal Actuator Energy Process/Plant
Switch/Dim Motor Pump
mer

Controller is Information Actuator is Energy Process/Plant is Physical

processing system converting system system
▪ Desired flow rate to ▪ Manipulated form of
▪ Electrical Energy
electrical signal to Mech Energy energy to
controlled/desired
variable.
An interconnection of systems (controller, actuator and
process/plant) that will provide a desired system response
is known as CONTROL SYSTEM. 19

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 Week2

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SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM of BICYCLE

Energy Source
Intention /Heat Energy

Desired Neuron Actual

speed Controller Signal Actuator Force Process/Plant Speed
Rider/
Brain Bicycle
Muscles

Controller is Actuator is Process/Plant is

▪ Information ▪ Energy converting/processing ▪ Physical system
processing system system

An interconnection of systems (controller, actuator and process/plant) that will provide

a desired system response is known as CONTROL SYSTEM.
Speed Control System of Motorbike

Energy Source
/Fuel/Heat Energy
Intention
Desired Mechanical Mech Actual
Speed Controller Signal Actuator Energy Process/Plant Speed

Driver Throttle Engine Bike

Force

An interconnection of systems (controller, actuator and process/plant) that will provide a desired
system response is known as CONTROL SYSTEM.

An open loop control system utilizes an actuating device to control the process directly
without using feedback.

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Speed Control System of Motorbike
Rider intends to maintain the speed of 60km/h.

Energy Source
/Fuel/Heat Energy
Intention

Desired Mechanical Mech Actual

Speed 60km/h Controller Signal Actuator Energy Process/Plant Speed
Error
+ Driver Throttle Engine Bike
- Force

Sensor/Transducer
Speedometer/
Feedback signal Rider vision

An close loop control system uses a measurement of the output and

feedback of this signal to compare it with the desired output (reference or
command). 23
Speed Control System of Motorbike
Rider intends to maintain the speed of 60km/h.
Energy Source
/Fuel/Heat Energy

Of Energy
Raw form

Manipulated
Manipulated
Reference

Energy
signal

signal

signal
Error
Controlled
Controller Actuator Process/Plant Variable

+ Driver Throttle Engine Bike

Desired Mech Actual
-
Speed 60km/h Energy Speed
Feedback Measurement
signal
Speedometer/
Rider vision

An close loop control system uses a measurement of the output and

feedback of this signal to compare it with the desired output (reference24or
command). 24
General Form of a Feed back Control System.

Of Energy
Raw form

Manipulated
Manipulated
Reference

Energy
signal

signal

signal
Error

Controlled
Controller Actuator Process/Plant Variable

+
-

Feedback Measurement
signal

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Understand the function of over as a Control
System and Draw its complete Block Diagram

Of Energy
Raw form

Manipulated
Manipulated
Reference

Energy
signal

signal

signal
Error

Controlled
Controller Actuator Process/Plant Variable

+
-

Feedback Measurement
signal
Room Temperature Control System
(Cognitive Level: Understand)

Controlled Variable: Room Temperature

Electrical
Energy
Error signal

Heat Flow
Reference
signal/command Controller Actuator Process/Plant Controlled Variable
On/Off Air
+ Conditioner Room
Desired Temp Switch Actual Temp
-

Feedback signal Measurement

Thermocouple
Measured Temp
Understand this task as a Control System and
Draw its complete Block Diagram

Of Energy
Raw form

Manipulated
Manipulated
Reference

Energy
signal

signal

signal
Error

Controlled
Controller Actuator Process/Plant Variable

+
-

Feedback Measurement
signal
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Understand this task as
a Control System and
Draw its complete Block
Diagram

Of Energy
Raw form

Manipulated
Manipulated
Reference

Energy
signal

signal

signal
Error

Controlled
Controller Actuator Process/Plant Variable

+
-

Feedback Measurement
signal
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Understand this task
as a Control System
and Draw its
complete Block
Diagram

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Understand this task
as a Control System
and Draw its
complete Block
Diagram

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Exercises:

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 Reference
signal

+
-
Error

signal
signal

Feedback
Controller

Manipulated
signal

Raw form
Of Energy
Measurement
Actuator

Manipulated
Energy
Process/Plant
Variable
Controlled
Airplane
Cruise Control System

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Book: Modern Control Systems (R.C.Dorf, Global Edition)

Chapter 1: Introduction to Control Systems

Course Contents:
Article 1.1: Introduction
Article 1.2: History of Control Systems
Article 1.3: Examples of Control Systems
Example 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9,
Article 1.4: Engineering Design
Article 1.7: Green Engineering

Skill Check
Exercises: E1.1, E1.2, E1.9, E1.13, E1.15
Problems: P1.2, P1.3, P1.10, P1.11, P1.16, P1.20
Advanced Problems: AP1.1, AP1.6, AP1.7
Design Problems: DP1.9, DP1.10
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End of Lecture

Jaza k Allah
Question and Answer
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