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F@ruk English Academy

(HSC & Admission)
English Grammar Note
Contact No: 01791-211876

Parts of speech
Noun
The name of anything is called Noun.

Noun

Concrete Noun Abstract Noun

Proper Common Collective Material

Concrete Noun: ‡h Noun Øviv †Kv‡bv wKQz †`Lv, †kvbv I ¯úk© Kiv hvq ev ¯^v` MªnY Kiv hvq Zv‡K
Concrete Noun e‡j|
Abstract Noun: ‡h Noun Øviv †Kv‡bv wKQz †`Lv, †kvbv ev ¯úk© Kiv hvq bv ïaygvG Abyfe Kiv hvq
Zv‡K Abstract Noun e‡j|
A_ev,
‡h Noun Øviv †Kv‡bv ¸‡bi bvg, K‡g©i bvg ev fv‡ei bvg eySvq Zv‡K Abstract Noun e‡j|
‡hgb: Love, Knowledge, Beauty
Proper Noun: Capital Letter Øviv m~wPZ †Kv‡bv wbw`ó e¨w³, e¯‘i ev ¯’v‡bi bvg‡K Proper Noun
ejv nq|
‡hgb: Dhaka, Bangladesh, The Padma, The Sundarban
Common Noun: ‡h Noun Øviv GKRvZxq ev mgRvZxq c„w_exi mKj wKQz eySvq Zv‡K Common
Noun e‡j| ‡hgb: Boy, Girl, Teacher, Doctor, Cow etc.
Collective Noun: Common Noun Gi ÿz`ªZg mgwó‡K Collective Noun e‡j|
‡hgb: Cow ‡_‡K Cattle, Player ‡_‡K Team, Soldier ‡_‡K Army etc.
Material Noun: ‡h Noun Øviv ‡Kvb Dcv`v‡bi bvg eySvq Zv‡K Material Noun e‡j|
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‡hgb: Wood, Gold, Plastic, Water etc.

N.B. Material Noun ‡_‡K hv Drcvw`Z nq ZvB Common Noun.
Suffix of Noun : tion, sion, ity/ty, er, or, ace, ence, dom, ness, hood, ship, ment, ist,
ism, cy, gy, phy, ice, ture, ee, th, v+al, adj+ery, my, ure, ty, age
Tion = Education, Pollution My = Economy, Enemy, Anatomy
Sion= Decision, Conclusion, Occasion Ure = Pleasure
Ity/ty= Humanity, Nationality Ty = Cruelty, Dirty
Er= Cooker, Reader, Doer, Maker Age = Marriage
Or= Editor, Junior, Emperor
Ance = Importance
Ence = Difference, Confidence
Dom = Freedom, Kingdom, Wisedom
Ness = Kindness, Goodness
Hood = Childhood, Boyhood,
Adulthood
Ship = kinship, friendship, relationship
Ment = Development, Improvement
Ist = Artist, Journalist
Ism = Criticism, Journalism,
MarsilismCy = Infancy, Vacancy,
Accuracy
Gy = Biology, Cosmology, Psychology
Phy = Philosophy, Photography
Ice = Cowardice, Advice
Ture = Creature, Adventure, Future,
Feature
Ee = Committee
Th= Growth, Youth, Depth, Truth
V+al = Proposal, Removal
Adj + ery = Bravery
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Tude -- Servitude = অধীনতা

Let – Booklet = পুস্তিকা
Mony --- Matrimony = বিিাহ
Ock – Bullock = িলদ

Noun

Countable Noun Uncountable Noun/Non count

Singular
Singular Plural
× the
a an the the ×

Countable Noun Uncountable Noun

i. C N – Singular I Plural `yBUvB nq| i. Always singular nq|
‡hgb: pen, pens Water, money
ii. CN Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m| wKš‘ G‡`I Av‡M s/es ‡hvM Ki‡j A‡_©i
Salma is a girl. cwieZ©b n‡q hvq|
iii. CN Gi verb singular I plural `yBUvB water – waters (Rjvkq)
nq| †hgb: The people of Time —Times (evi)
Bangladesh are illiterate Work – Works (mvwnZ¨Kg©)
iv. A number of/ the number of িসে। ii. mvaviYZ article e‡m bv | wKš‘ wbw`ó K‡i
A number of students attend the eySv‡j the e‡m|
class. × water is life.
v. CN G A few, the few, only a few The water in the glass is colorful.
িসে। iii. Uncountable Noun Gi verb
I have a few friends in the USA. singular nh|
vi. Many a e‡m Water is life.
Many a students attends the class. iv. An amount of
v. Little, a little, the little, only a
little
There is a little water in the glass.
vi. Much e‡m|
How much money do you have?
Both countable and uncountable determiner.
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More most most of rest of a lot of lots of a plenty of a great deal of

some some of the majority of
I bought some furniture.
wKQz wKQz kã Av‡Q †h¸‡jv mvaviYZ uncountable ‡m¸‡jv plural nq bv Ges G‡`i mv‡_ s/es †hvM nq bv|
Advice, Anger, Courage, Equipment, Fun, Knowledge, Poverty, Information, Ignorance,
Damage, Leisure, Music, Money, News, Scenery, Furniture, Traffic, Work/Home work.
wKQz Noun Zv‡`i A_© GKB iKg wKš‘ Zv‡`i GKwU countable Ab¨wU uncountable nq|
Countable Uncountable
i. A Climate/calamities i. Weather
ii. A laugh/ laughs ii. Laughter
iii. A job/jobs iii. Work
iv. A machine/machines iv. Machinary
v. A man/men v. Mankind
vi. Traffic jam/traffic jams vi. Traffic
vii. A poet/ a poem vii. Poetry
viii. A sunbeam/sunbeams viii. Sunlight/sunshine
ix. A tool/ tools ix. Equipment
x. A piece of news x. News
‡Kvb uncountable noun †K countable Ki‡Z n‡j G‡`i c~‡e© piece, item, slice, bar, loaf, car, clap.
i. Advice = a piece of advice/ two pieces of advice
ii. Furniture = a piece of furniture/two pieces of furniture
iii. Thundar = a clap of thundar/ two claps of thunder
iv. Soap = a bar of soap/ two bars of soap
v. Corn = a ear of corn/ two ears of corn
vi. Bread = a slice of bread/ a loaf of Bread
vii. Food = an item of food/ two items of food
I need a bar of soap to wash my dress.
wKQz Noun Av‡Q hvi mv‡_ s/es bv _vK‡j ও Zv plural countable noun wn‡m‡e e‡m|
‡hgb: peasantry, police, aristocracy, cattle, children, people, poultry, gentry, public, clergy,
➢ Uncountable Noun singular nq wKš‘ Gi GKK¸‡jv Plural nq| --
Ten miles is not a long distance.

Function and position of Noun

Industry is the key to success.
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Lovely is a girl.
➢ mvaviYZ ev‡K¨i Sub I Obj wn‡m‡e Noun e‡m|
• Try your best
• I am satisfied with this car.
• Give me one idea.
• Lets play another round.
• This is the go of nature.
➢ mvaviYZ Determiner Gi ci GKwU word _vK‡j Zv noun nq|
Prepositon + 1wU word _vK‡j noun nq|
To tell a lie is sin.
Reading novels is very interesting.
Walking is a good exercise.
➢ mvaviYZ Infinitive, Participle I Gerund Gi object noun nq| Gerund wb‡RB noun.
Gerund= Verb+ing (Noun)
= Swimming is a good exercise.
I love sleeping.
Participle = Verb+ ing (Adjective)
Running towards a running bus I met my friends.
Reading novels is very interesting.
Pronoun
Noun Gi cwie‡Z© Pronoun e‡m|
1. Personal pronoun: I, We, You, He, She, They, etc.
2. Possessive pronoun: my, our, your, his, her, their, etc.
3. Interrogative pronoun: Wh --- word, (What, When, Where, Which, Whom etc)
4. Indefinite pronoun: Some, Every, One, Any
One Body Thing
Someone Somebody Something
Everyone Everybody Everything
No one Nobody Nothing
Anyone Anybody anything
5. Relative pronoun: Wh- word (Who, Whom, Which etc) that, this, these, those G¸‡jv g~jZ `yBUv
evK¨‡K hy³ K‡i|
6. Reciprocal pronoun: Each other, One another
Each other = `yBR‡bi g‡a¨ e¨envi Kiv
One another = `yB‡qi AwaK Gi g‡a¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|
The boys are fighting with each other.
The students are fighting with another.
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7. Reflexive pronoun: Myself, Ourselves, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Themselves, etc.

8. Demonstrative pronoun: This, That == Singular
These, There == Plural
This, That == Present
These, Those == Past
9. Distribute pronoun: Each, Every, Either, Neither.

Chart of pronoun
Subjective Objective Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Pronoun Pronoun Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
I Me My Mine Myself
We Us Our Ours Ourself
You You Your Yours Yourself
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
They Them Their Theirs Their selves
It It Its Its itself
I have invited everyone but he/him.
I want to give she/her a pen.
❖ Use of possessive adjective: My, Our, Your, His, Her, Their, Its.
❖ Noun Gi Av‡M possessive adjective nq|
You are my teacher.
I will try my best.
❖ Gerund Gi Av‡M Possessive afjective e‡m|
Naima insists on you/ your doing the work.
She insists on me/my going home.
❖ Use of possessive pronoun: Mine, Ours, yours, his, hers, theirs, its.
❖ Possessive + Noun
My pen is better than your pen/yours.
❖ Use of reflexive pronoun: Myself, yourself, ourselves, herself, themselves, itself.
‡h mKj pronoun Gi †k‡l self/selves ‡hgb
I do the work myself.
Subject Gi c‡i hw` reflexive pronoun e‡m Zvn‡j Zv‡K Emphatic pronoun e‡j|
Avwg wb‡R KvRwU K‡iwQ|
I have done the work myself.
❖ Use of subjective pronoun: I, we, you, he, she, they, it.
❖ g~j verb I be verb Gi c‡i pronoun Gi subjective form nq anticident Abyhvqx verb nq|
It is he/him who is/are a student.
He is taller than/me/I.
❖ As I than Gi ci pronoun Gi subjective form nq|
I am not so tall as he/him.
❖ None but Gi c‡I pronoun Gi subjective form nq|
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None but them/they can help me.

❖ Tag question G cÖkœ Ry‡o w`‡Z subjective form nq|
Maysha has few friends in India has she?
❖ Use of objective form: me, us, you, him, her, them, it.
❖ g~j verb Gi c‡i pronoun Gi objective form nq|
I know he/him.
❖ Preposition Gi c‡I pronoun Gi objective form nq|
Everyone has came except Maria and I/me.
❖ Gerund, participle I infinitive Gi object wn‡m‡e pronoun Gi objective form nq|
AvwgI KvRwU K‡iwQ|
I myself have done the work.
❖ Use of reciprocal pronoun:
`yBR‡bi g‡a¨ cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK© eySv‡Z Each other
`yBR‡bi †ewki g‡a¨ cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK© †evSv‡Z One another.
❖ Use of who/whom:
Who = ‡K (subjective form)
Whom = Kv‡K/ hv‡K (adjective form)
❖ hw` †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ subject ev finite verb Gi mgZv weivR Ki‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î Whom n‡e|
Avevi †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ hw` subject Ges finite verb mgvb bv n‡j Who n‡e|
❖ Antecedent memgq relative pronoun Gi cv‡k e‡m|
Antecedent Abyhvqx verb nq|
mvaviYZ Antecedent bv _vK‡j who Ges whom Gi mv‡_ ever hy³ nq|
He was the writher who I knew wrote very well.
I invited the boy whom you liked.
I saw whoever wrote the letter.
(a) He was the tall man who wrote the letter.
(b) The man who wrote the letter was tall.
❖ fv‡jv Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î pronoun 231 = You, He and I
❖ g›` Kv‡Ri ‡ÿ‡Î pronoun 123 = I, You and he.

Adjective
The word which modifies a noun or pronoun is called Adjective.
Suffix of Adjective: ful, less, istic, ry, ish, tive, ate, sive, ous, nountly, ian, nountal, less, ble,
ed/v3, ic
Ian: Indian, American
Tive: Active, Educative, Communicative
Sive: Conclusive, Exclusive, Passessive
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Ous: Industrious, Conscious, Dangerous

Noun + ly: Friendly, Brotherly, Fatherly, Motherly
Noun + al: National, Economical
Less: Helpless, Careless, Jobless, Hopeless
Ish: Turkish, Childish
Ble: Adorable, Capable, Comparable, Notable
Istic: Fantastic, Optimistic
Ed/ V3: Educated, Gone, Written
Ic: Economic, Dynamic, Static, Prolific
Ry: Necessary, Mandatory, Obligatory, Compulsory,
Ful: Beautiful, Colorful, Careful
Ate: Fortunate, Temperate
Linking Verb: be, become, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, remain, close, stay, taste, appear,
grow, behave, go, stand, turn, keep.
Linking verb Gi ci Adjective e‡m|
N.B: Z‡e Linking verb Gi ci preposition _vK‡j adverb Ki‡Z nq|
 The food tastes sweet.
 She looks up beautifully.
❖ Noun + ly = Adjective
Father+ ly= fatherly
❖ Adjective + ly = Adverb
Quick + ly = quickly
Slow + ly = slowly
Ex: He behaves with me in a friendly way.
N.B: ly hy³ adjective ‡K adverb Ki‡Z n‡j in a + cÖ‡kœi ly hy³ adjective + way/manner.
Hyphenated Adjective:
nvB‡dbhy³ word hLb noun †K modify K‡i A_ev noun Gi †`vl¸b eySvq ZLb Zv‡K Hyphenated Adjective
e‡j|
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Hyphen hy³ word KL‡bv plural nq bv|

 I saw a ten-year-old mosque.
 He is a bad-mannered person.
Noun Functioning as Adjective
i. I have lost my money bag.
ii. He studies in Dhaka university.
iii. She sat under a mango tree.
Noun hLb adjective Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv‡K noun functioning as adjective A_©vr hw` cvkvcvwk `yBwU noun
_v‡K Zvn‡j †k‡liUv noun nq Av‡MiUv adjective.
Verb

Verb

Finite Verb Non-Finite Verb

Principle
Gerund Participle Infinitive

Transitive Intransitive Linking

Present Past Parfect
Strong/ irregular

Weak/ regular

Primary auxiliary Modal Auxiliary

To be To do To have

1. Capulative Verb
2. Factitive verb
3. Cognate verb
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4. Quassi passive verb

5. Causative verb
6. Subjunctive verb
❖ Finite Verb: ‡h verb number, person I tense Abymv‡i cwieZ©b nq Zv‡K finite verb e‡j|
❖ Non-finite verb: ‡h verb number, person I tense Abymv‡i cwieZ©b nqbv Zv‡K Non-finite verb e‡j|
❖ Principal verb: ‡h verb Ab¨ verb Gi mvnvh¨ e¨ZxZ ¯^vaxb fv‡e ev‡K¨i A_© m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K principal verb
e‡j|
I did the work.
❖ Auxiliary verb: ‡h verb, principal verb ‡K tense voice Ges mood MV‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv‡K ausiliary verb
e‡j|
He has gone to school.
Be verb == am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being
Have == have, has, had,
Do== do, did, does.
❖ Modal auxiliary: shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, ought to, dare, need, used to,
had better, would rather, must (have to, has to) be going to (am going to, is going to, are going to)
i. Subject + e¨w³evPK + be/become + get +used to+ verb + ing + ex
ii. Subject + e¯‘yevPK + be/become + get +used to+ verb Gi base form.
❖ Transitive Verb: ‡h verb Gi object _v‡K Zv‡K transitive verb e‡j| Avi transitive verb Gi object me©`vB
noun phrase A_ev pronoun nq|
The boy reads a book.
❖ Intransitive verb: ‡h verb Gi object Z‡Kbv Zv‡K ejv nq intransitive verb e‡j|
Mother laughs
mnR K_vq †hme verb Gi c‡i it e‡m here ev there e¨envi Kiv nq|
come here, go there.
Object: object gyjZ `yB cÖKvi h_v :
i. Direct object
ii. Indirect object
Direct: e‡K¨ verb Gi GKwU gv_ object e¨w³/e¯‘y Zv Direct object n‡e|
He was reading a book.
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Indirect object: ev‡K¨ verb Gi `y‡Uv object _vK‡j mvaviYZ cÖ_g object indirect (e¨vw³evPK) Avi 2q wU‡K direct
object ejv nq (e¯‘evPK)

• Verb ‡K Kv‡K ev Kvi Rb¨ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j indirect object cvIqv hvq|
• Verb ‡K wK Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j direct object cvIqv hvq|
❖ Linking Verb: ‡h verb sub I complement ‡K hy³ K‡i Zv‡K linking verb e‡j|
❖ Strong verb: ‡h verb Gi ga¨eZ©x vowel cwieZ©b K‡I Zvi form cwieZ©b Kiv nq Zv‡K strong verb e‡j|

Do Did Done
Eat Ate Eaten
Sing Song sung
❖ Weak verb: ‡h mKj verb Gi †k‡l d, ed ev + †hvM K‡i form cwieZ©b
Hope Hoped Hoped Kiv nq Z‡K weak verb e‡j|
Cook Cooked Cooked
Build Built Built
Dream Dreamt dreamt

❖ Sami modal: †h modal, verb, main verb I model verb Gi KvR K‡i (need, dare, wed to)
I need not do the work.
I need a pen.
❖ Copulative verb: ‡h mKj intransitive verb Gi c‡i adjective e‡m Avjv`v ev wfbœ A_© cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K
Copulative verb e‡j|
My dream came true.
The girl went mad.
❖ Factitive verb: †h verb AwZwi³ object Qvov A_© cÖKv Ki‡Z cv‡ibv Zv‡K ejv nq Factitive verb.
We made him CR.
We elected him chirman.
❖ Cognate verb: ‡h mKj verb Zvi GKB A_© ev noun form ev mgRvZxq noun ‡K object wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K
Cognate verb e‡j|
He sings a song.
She dreamt a sweet dream.
He ran a race.
❖ Causative verb: ‡h verb wb‡R KvR bv K‡i Ab¨‡K w`‡q KvR Kivq Zv‡K causative verb e‡j|
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Eat (LvIqv) Feed (LvIqv‡bv)

rise (DVv) Raise (DVv‡bv)
See (‡`Lv) Show (‡`Lv‡bv)
Know (Rvbv) Know (Rvbv‡bv)
evK¨wU Passive n‡j

Causative verb Passive verb/object

Make/ made 2q verb
Help/helped Base form
Let Be+v3
Have/had V3
Get/got V3
I got the car repaired (repaired).
Subject active n‡j

Causative Active object

Make Verb Gi base form
Help
Let
have
Get V3
a. Let the car be repaired repair. (passive)
b. I helped the car repair repair.
c. He had the car repair (repair) itself.
d. Let me repair (repaire) the car (active)
❖ Subjunctive verb:
➢ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ command, Demand, ask, advise, Require, Request Prefer, Propose, Urge, Stipulate,
Recommed, etc. Verb Qvov necessary, obligatory, mandatory, important, urgent suggested,
requested cÖf‚wZ Adjective _vK‡jv Ges G‡`i ci that clause _vK‡j verb Gi base form nq|
➢ Avi hw` subjunctive word Gi ci that clause bv _vK‡j infinitive nq| Z‡e, suggest, prefer, recommend
Gic‡i that clause bv _vK‡j V+ ing nq|
➢ Suggest word Øviv civgk© bv eywS‡q AwfgZ †evSv‡j Gi cieZ©x subject Abymv‡i verb nq|
a. One theory suggest that dreams are, the results of our brains trying to interprete the external
stimuli during our sleep.
b. The man suggested me that leave (leave) the place.
c. He suggested me leaving (leave) the palce.
d. He requested me to leave (leave) the place.
❖ Quasi – Passive Verb: ‡h mKj sentence active wKš‘y A_© passive Gi g‡Zv Zv‡K ejv nq Quasi – Passive
Verb.
Rice cell cheap.
Honey tastes sweet.
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Adverb
Adverb: ‡h word ‡Kv‡bv Adjective, verb ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv adverb ‡K modify K‡i Zv‡K Adverb e‡j|
 Sabiha walks fast.
 She walks very fast.
He abruptly came to my office yesterday.
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Adverb cvkvcvwk em‡j Zviv GKUv sequence AbymiY K‡i|
MPT: M= Manner, P= Place, T= Time
Orlando spoke quickly in the meeting last night.
➢ Hard, fast, late G¸‡jv ly QvovB Adverb G¸‡jvi mv‡_ ly hy³ Ki‡j A_©B cwieZ©b nq|
Ex: My father has been recently transferred from Dhaka to India.
➢ Hardly, Scarcely, Rarely, Barely, Seldom, Generally, Occasionally, Normally, Usually,
Almost, Often, Also, Quite, Never, Ever cÖf…wZ word ¸wj Auxiliary verb Gi c‡i Avi gyj verb Gi
Av‡M e‡m|
Ex: I have recently received your letter.
I could hardly go to school.
She barely like me.
➢ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, seldom, no sooner, few, little _vK‡j evK¨¸‡jv
Ggwb‡ZB negative nq|
AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv negative word Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
Ex: Hardly I could do the work.
Hardly could I do the word.
Only after entering the store did Noyon realize that he was in danger.
➢ Only Gi mv‡_ hw` †Kv‡bv preposition ev adverb hy³ n‡q sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z e‡m Zvn‡j subject Gi Av‡M
auxiliary verb e‡m|
Ex: only if, only after, only until, only because, you had a serious problem, should you
called.

Inversion
❖ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ negative adverb (hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, seldom, no sooner, not once, not until,
never) ïiæ‡Z _vK‡j Principal clause G auxiliary verb, subject Gi Av‡M e‡m|
Hardly I could solve the problem.
= Hardly could I solve the problem.
Rarely they will stay in the hotel.
= Rarely will they stay in the hotel.
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❖ Only Gi c‡I preposition ev adverb hy³ n‡q ev‡K¨i ïiy‡Z em‡j auxiliary verb principal clause Gi Av‡M e‡m|
Only after entering the room , Akhinoor realized that she was in danger.
= Only after entering the room did akhinoor realize that she was in danger.
Only recently dreams have been subjected to empricical reachers and scientific study.
= Only recently have dreams been subjected to empricaical research and scientific study.
❖ ‡h‡Kv‡bv Complex sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z only if, only after only, when, only because cÖf‚wZ _vK‡j verb
principal clause Gi Av‡M e‡m|
Only if you come, I will go.
= Only if you come, will I go.

Preposition
Preposition: Pre = c~‡e©
noun ev pronoun Gi c~‡e© Ae¯’vb
Position = Ae¯’vb
Ex: I am on the floor. Ex: Asraful is on the Bench.
➢ Preposition: ‡h word ‡Kv‡bv noun Gi Av‡M e‡m sentence Gi Ab¨ GKwU noun Gi mv‡_ m¤úK© ‰Zwi K‡i
Zv‡K preposition e‡j|
Happiness consists in contentment.
The water is falling into the glass.
There is some water in the glass.
➢ ‡Kv‡bv wKQzi wfZ‡i eySv‡Z in, MwZ eySv‡Z into
I can’t live without you.
Everyone has come except Mahin.
Nadia is expert in economics besides English.
I bought a pant with shirt.
Without = Qvov/ e¨ZxZ
Negative sense
Except = Qvov/ e¨ZxZ
Besides = cvkvcvwk Positive
➢ ‡Kv‡bv wKQzi mv‡_ ev GK‡Î eySv‡j with e‡m|
I have been working for a month.
He has been writing a letter since morning.
Starting time = since
Total time = for
➢ wKQz wKQz verb Av‡Q hvi c‡i mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv preposition e‡m bv|
command, recommend, discuss, resign, order, reach, paint, violent, investigate, sign,
resemble, enter
Ex. We discuss × the matter with him.
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The teacher entered × the classroom.

➢ mvaviYZ enter Gi ci †Kv‡bv Preposition e‡m bv| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv Pzw³ ev †ckv‡Z cÖ‡ek Kiv eySv‡Z into e‡m|
Ex. Sadia entered into marriage life.
Mithila entered into a job.
➢ Dc‡i wmni eySvv‡j above, MwZkxj eySv‡j over, †j‡M _vKv eySv‡j on e‡m|
Ex. The fan is rounding above my head.
The plane is flying over the building.
The book is on the table.
Dcv`vb eySv‡j of e‡m
Made Dcv`vb bv eySv‡j from
e‡m
‡`kR Dcv`vb eySv‡jZ in e‡m

Ex. The fan is made of iron.

Paper is made from wood.
My phone is made in Japan.
Preposition Article Part of the day
At × Dawn
In The Morning
At × Noon
In The Afternoon
At × Dusk
In The Evening
At × Night
At × late night/ midnight
Consist = of – MwVZ nIqv
Consist = in – wbwnZ _vKv
The team consist of five members.
Happiness consist in contentment.
Surprised, Satisfied = e¨vw³ _vK‡j with
Annoyed, astonished = Ab¨wKQz eySv‡j at
Ex. I was surprised at your behaviour.
He was annoyed with you.
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‡iv‡M gviv †M‡j of

`~N©Ubv ev AvZ¥nZ¨vq gviv †M‡j by
AwZwi³/ bv †L‡q gviv †M‡j from
‡`‡ki Rb¨ gviv †M‡j for
Die
wg‡k hvIqv ev wgwj‡q hvIqv A‡_© away
Ae‡njvi Kvi‡b gviv †M‡j through
`vwi`ªZvi Kvi‡b gviv †M‡j in
KvwšÍ/hy‡×I Rb¨ gviv †M‡j in
HwZn¨ ev kw³ nviv‡j down
Ex. He died of diorrhoea.
Nadia died by accident/ Rajib did by suicide.
The girl died from overeating. / The boy died from hunger.
Rofiq died for his country.
The sound died away.
The oldman died through ignorance.
He died in poverty.
The man died in war/peace.
The tradition has died down.
➢ Gcvi Icvi A_© cÖKvk Ki‡j across, iv¯Ív eivei eySv‡Z along (¯’vb ev `~iZ¡ eySv‡Z)
Ex. He swam across the river.
He was walking along the rough road.
➢ Last time eySv‡Z by Ges in the middle of the time eySv‡j within e‡m|
Ex. I will go to Dhaka by Tuesday.
He will finish the work within a week.
Look up – ‡LvuRv
Make up – gbw¯’i Kiv
Brought up – jvjb cvjb Kiv
Give up – Z¨vM Kiv
Put up – mn¨ Kiv
Ex. You can always look up her address in the directory if you have forgotten it.
I can not make up my mind about the plane.
My mother brought me up.
He gave up smoking.
You have to put up with him.
 17

➢ ‡Kv‡bv wKQyi gvSvgvwS w`‡q hvIqv eySv‡j through

➢ iv¯Zv eivei hvIqv eySv‡j along
➢ w`K ev MwZ eySv‡Z to
➢ cv‡k Ae¯’vb eySv‡j by gv‡S gv‡S beside (e¨w³ eySv‡Z)
➢ evB‡i †_‡K wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek eySv‡j into
➢ wfZ‡i cv‡k eySv‡Z inside.
Ex. Ashiq was walking through the Edward College field along the road with his friend.
They sat by the Isamoti. They were going to private. They went in the room. They saw a
desk inside the room.
About
Ex. Now it is about 10 pm.
He is telling me about his career.
I know about him.
Why are you so angry about?
➢ Angry Gi c‡i e¨w³ _vK‡j with, e¨w³ bv _vK‡j about|
Preposition Transportation Location Time
At × Exact Location Exact Time.
Now I am at Saifurs. The class will be started
at 9 am.
On Public Property Bus, Dc‡i †j‡M _vKv Day, Date, Occasion
Train, Plane, Bicycle eySv‡Z|
In Private Property Car, ‡Kv‡bv wKQzi wfZi eySv‡Z Month, Year, Season,
Taxi Century
By How do you come? ‡Kv‡bv wKQzi cv‡k Ae¯’vb Last time

Preposition Transportation Location Time

At Except time/ clock
time
On Public, property, train, plain ‡Kv‡bv wKQzi Ici †j‡M _vKv i. Pay
Exception: bicycle, rickshaw †evSv‡j ii. Date
iii. Occasion
In Private, Property, car taxi, CNG ‡Kv‡bv wKQzi †fZ‡i Ae¯’vb i. Month
etc †evSv‡j ii. Year
iii. Season
iv. Century
 18

By How do you come? I came by ‡Kv‡bv wKQzi cv‡k Ae¯’v‡b Last time ‡evSv‡j by
bus. e‡m|
cv‡q nvUv = on foot
small boat = on
big boat = at
▪ wefvMxq kni †evSv‡j in nq|
He lives in Sylhet in Bangladesh.
▪ ‡Kv‡bv wKQzi Dc‡i bq wecix‡Z †evSv‡j against.
i. He heard some sounds above his head.
ii. The plane is flying over my hand.
iii. The cat is jumping over the building.
iv. The book is on the table.
i. ‡Kv‡bv wKQzi Dc‡i †j‡M _vKv eySv‡j on
ii. Dc‡i MwZkxj eySv‡j over.
iii. Dc‡i w¯’i _vKv eySv‡j above.
Exception rule:
❖ ‡Kv‡bv future tense evK¨ åg‡Yi GKUv wbw`ó w`‡bi K_v D‡jøL _v‡K Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î by n‡e|
‡hgb, I will go to Dhaka by Wednesday.
❖ Avi hw` wbw`©÷ w`b‡K D‡jøL bv K‡I mßvn‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Z‡e within, nq A_¨©v IB mßv‡ni †h‡Kv‡bv GKw`b hv‡e|
I will go to Dhaka within a week.
Article c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©kK
Noun Article c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©kK

A, an, the

Adjective

Noun

Before Vowel = the/ w`

Before Consonant = `¨v
‡h word ‡Kv‡bv noun Gi Av‡M e‡m wbw`óZv ev Awbw`óZv †evSvq ZvB Determiner ev article.
I saw a girl the girl is beautiful.
 19

Article

Definite article indifinite article

i. Indifinite article:
a) BD a ewe.
b) BD a university.
c) BD a unique.
d) Iqv a one tk note.
e) A an honest
f) G an heir.
g) ‡n + x hair (uncountable)
h) B an elephant
i) Av an umbrella
j) we + G a BA.
k) G + g an BMA.
An = use before a vowel sound.
Vowel sound = G, B, G¨v, A, Av
❖ mgRvZxq e¨vw³ e¯‘y ev ¯’v‡bi Zzjbvq Ges hvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq Zvi Av‡M the e‡m|
You are an Akbar, I see.
Nazrul is the Byron of Bangladesh.
Dhaka is the Kalkata of Bangladesh.
❖ Amg e¨vw³i e¯‘ ev ¯’v‡bi Zzjbvq Ges hvi mv‡_ Zzjbvq Kiv nq Zvi mv‡_/ Av‡M a e‡m|
Q‡›` Q‡›` Definite article:
b`x, mvMi, ØxccyÄ, RvnvRvw`, wMwicyÄ
RvwZ ag©, ag©MÖš’, †KvU©, wm‡bgv, msev`cÎ
Zvwi‡Li mv‡_ gv‡mi bvg Av‡Q hZ L¨vZavg
Puv`, m~h©, MÖn, Zviv, Av‡iv Av‡Q wek^avi
`j mgwó RvwZi bvg, ÿz`ª mshy³
 20

❖ ‡`‡ki bvg c„w_ex‡Z hv Av‡Q Zv‡`i Av‡M the e‡m kv¯¿wewagZ

i. The English speak x English well.
ii. The Indian speak the hindi language well.
iii. Do you know about x world war.
iv. Do you know about the second world war.
Cordinal number Ordinal number
One Frist
Two Second
Three third
G¸‡jvi ci mvaviYZ the e‡m|
I can play x chess.
I have bought a piano.
I can play the piano.
❖ mvaviYZ ev`¨h‡š¿i Av‡M a e‡m Avi evRv‡bv n‡j e‡m the †Ljvi wKQz n‡j x
I can paly x chess.
I have bought a piano.
I can play the piano.
Emission of definite article:
➢ ‡jL‡Ki bvg hw` Zvi iwPZ mvwnZ¨Kg© †evSv‡Z e¨eüZ Zvn‡j Zvi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv article e‡mbv|
I have read x Rabindranath.
➢ mvaviYZ telephone, television BZ¨vw` Gi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv article e‡m bv| Z‡e we‡klv‡_© †evSv‡j e‡m|
Telephone has had enormous impact on how we communicate. (we‡klv‡_©)
= the, an
➢ mvaviYZ breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper BZ¨vw` Gi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv article e‡mbv|
We have x breakfast at 7 a.m.

Number
Number `yB cÖKvi|
i. Singular Number
ii. Plural Number
❖ ‡h noun ev word Øviv GKwU, gvÎ msL¨v †evSvq ZvB singular number (pen, books, boy, girl etc)
❖ ‡h noun Øviv G‡Ki AwaK noun ‡K eySvq †mUvB Plural Number.
wb‡P number cwieZ©‡bi wbqg¸‡jv †`Iqv n‡jv|
❖ k‡ãi †k‡l s ‡hvM K‡i plural Kiv hvq|
Singular Plural
Boy Boys
 21

Girl Girls
Ball Balls
Cow cows
❖ hw` †Kv‡bv singular number Gi †k‡l s,ss,sh, ch, x _v‡K Zvn‡j es ‡hvM K‡i plural Kiv hvq|
Singular Plural
Box Boxes
Class Classes
Match Matches
Exception : Monarch = Monarchs
Stomach = Stomachs
❖ ‡ewkifvM noun ‡h¸‡jv O w`‡q †kl Zvi mv‡_ e, es ‡hvM K‡i Zv plural Kiv hvq|
Singular Plural
Hero Heroes
Mango Mangoes
Potato Potatoes
Exception: Photo = photos
Piano = Pianos
❖ hw` †Kv‡bv noun Y w`‡q †kl nq Zv Y Gi cwie‡Z© I Ges es ‡hvM K‡i Zv plural Kiv hvq|
Singular Plural
City Cities
Galaxy Galaxies
Country Countries
Party Parties
Body Bodies
Lady ladies
wKš‘y hw` Y Gi Av‡M Vowel _v‡K †m‡ÿ‡Î s ‡hvM K‡i Plural Ki‡Z n‡e|
Singular Plural
Boy Boys
Day Days
Toy toys
❖ ‡Kv‡bv noun, singular ‡_‡K plural Kivi mgq †Kvb cwieZ©b nqbv|
Singular Plural
Food Food
Deer Deer
Sheep Sheep
Aircraft aircraft
❖ ‡Kvb †Kvb noun, singular ‡_‡K plural Kivi mgq †Kvb cwieZ©b nqbv|
Singular Plural
Calf Calves
Half Haves
Wife Wives
Life Lives
 22

Knife Knives
Leaf Leaves
Loaf Loaves

Exception
Singular Plural
Chief Chiefs
Cliff Cliffs
Brlef Briefs
Gulf Gulfs
Hoof Hoofs
Roof Roofs
❖ mvaviY ga¨eZx© vowel cwieZ©b K‡i plural Kiv hvq|
Singular Plural
Man Woman
Gentleman Gentleman
Mouse Mise
Louse Lice
Ox Oxen
Brother Brothern

Singular Plural
Father-in-law Father-in-law
Maid-servant Maid-servants
Man-of-war Men-of-wer
Stepson Step--sons
Compound noun Gi cÖavb word Gi †k‡l s/es vowel change Kiv hvq|
❖ Brothers = Sons of some parents
Brethern = Members of the same society
Fish = Collectively fish
Fishes = Fishes of different types
Cloth = Piece of cloth
Clothes = Garments
❖ wKQz Word Av‡Q hv always singular hw`I Zviv †`L‡Z plural.
Physics, Economics, Statistics, News, Ethics, Civics, Mathematics, Athletic etc.
❖ KZ¸‡jv noun Av‡Q hvi mv‡_ s/es bv _vK‡j I Zv plural number wn‡m‡e e‡m|
Police, Catte, Peasantry, Aristocracy, children, People, Centry, Public, Clerguy
❖ KZ¸‡jv noun hvi singular I plural same.
Singular Plural
Deer Dear
Sheep Sheep
Pice Pice
 23

Public public

Foreign Plurals
❖ k‡ãi †k‡l um _vK‡j a ewm‡q plural Kiv hvq|
Singular Plural
Datum Data
Dictum Dicta
Erratum Errata
Forum Fora
Agendum Agenda
Symposium Symposia
Medium media
❖ Singular G is _vK‡j plural I es ‡hvM K‡i plural nq|
Singular Plural
Oasis Oases
Anis Axes
Basis bases
❖ Singular G us _vK‡j plural G I nq|
Singular Plural
Radius Radi
Syllabus Syllabi
Focus Foci

Singular Plural
Bureau Bureax
Phenomenon Phenomena
Vertex Vartics
Appendix Appendics

Tense
wµq †h mg‡q msNwVZ nq| †mB mg‡qi mv‡_ wµqvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©‡K ejv nq wµqvi Kvj|
Tense Indifinite Tense
i. Present Continuous Tense
ii. Past
iii. Future Perfect Tense

Perfect Continuous Tense

❖ 1g Ask Present indefinite/ perfect tense n‡j since, as if, as though cieZ©x Ask Past Indifinite
nq|
 24

❖ 1g Ask Past indefinite n‡j since, as if, as though cieZ©x Ask Past Parfect nq|
He behaved as though he ---- (be) a leader.
= had been
He behaves as if he ---- (know) everything.
= knew
It was many years since ---- (see) him.
= had seen.
❖ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ soon, shortly, immediately, next time (next day, next week, next month etc) tomorrow
cÖf‚wZ _vK‡j future indefinite.
The news ---- (telecast) soon.
= will be telecast.
Our report ---- (publish) shortly.
= will be published
❖ By + time _vK‡j Future perfect tense nq|
I ---- (finish) the work by next month.
= will have finished.
He ---- (go) abroad by 2023.
= will have gone.
❖ Before Gi c~‡e© Past perfect Avi c‡i Past Indifinite nq|
After Gi c‡i Past perfect Avi c~‡e© Past Indifinite nq|
AZx‡Zi `ywU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †h KvRwU c~‡e© nq †mwU Past perfect Ges †h KvRwU Zzjbvg~jK c‡i nq Zv‡K Past indefinite
nq|
He ---- (leave) the place before he --- (do) the work.
= Had left, did
❖ Pjgvb KvR + mgq Parfect continuous
I ---- (draw) a picture since afternoon.
= have been drawing.
He ---- (swim) in the river for an hour.
= has been swimming.
❖ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ recently, already, just, just now, yet, ever, never cÖf…wZ _vK‡j Perfect tense nq|
I recently ---- (transfer).
= have recently been transferred.
He just ---- (write) an application.
= has just written
❖ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ now, at this time, at this moment, gradually, day by day cÖf‚wZ _vK‡j Present continuous
tense nq|
He --- (sing) now.
= is singing.
 25

He ---- (sleep) at this time.

= is sleeping
❖ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ then, at that moment, at that time _vK‡j Past continuous nq|
He ---- (sleep) at that time.
= was sleeping
❖ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ as well as, along/ together with, in addition to, and, with cÖf„wZ _vK‡j 1g subject Abyhvqx verb
nq|
I along with my friends am (be) a doctor.
He as well as I has (to have done the work.
❖ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ eighter --- or, neighter ----nor, not only ---- but also cÖf„wZ _vK‡j 2q subject Abyhvqx verb nq|
Eighter he nor I am (be) a student.
Neighter I nor you are (be) a student.
❖ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ Everyday, daily, regularly, normally, usually, occasionally, always, often cÖf„wZ _vK‡j
Present indefinite tense nq|
He --- (go) to school regularly.
= goes.
She --- (read) the holy Quran daily.
= reads.
❖ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ long ago, ago, yesterday, once, last time, last day, last week, etc cÖf„wZ _vK‡j Past
indefinite nq|
Our report was (publish) yesterday.
Once there were (be) two friends in the village.
❖ Present indefinite tense G subject 3rd person singular number n‡j verb Gi mv‡_ s/es ‡hvM nq|

Subject verb – agreement

❖ ‡`‡ki bvg Øviv `‡ji bvg †evSv‡j verb plural nq|
Bangladesh --- to (have) lost the match.
= have
Avi †`‡ki bvg‡K †evSv‡j verb singular nq|
Bangladesh ----- (to have) many natural resource.
❖ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z Adjective _vK‡j Zvici verb Gi subject Abyhvqx verb nq|
Sweet is (be) the use of adversity.
Honored are (be) the honest.
❖ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨I verb Zvi Head word Aiæhvqx nq head word Gi Ae¯’vb Preposition Gi Av‡M Ges Determiner Gi
c‡i|
The colour of her eyes is (be) black.
The people of our country are (be) unconscious.
❖ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ Fraction _vK‡j Gi c‡ii subject Abyhvqx verb nq|
One theird of the people already ---- (do) the work.
= have already done.
Two theird of the building recently ---- (complete).
 26

= has recently been compledted.

❖ Collective Noun Zv‡`i wmØvšÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î GKgZ n‡j verb singular nq| Avi wfbœgZ †cvlY Ki‡j verb plural
nq|
The jury is (be) unanimous in the decision.
The committee are divided in their opinion.
❖ And Øviv hy³ `ywU wfbœ Noun hy³ n‡q hw` GKB welq‡K †evSvq Zvn‡j verb singular Avi Avjv`v welq‡K †evSv‡j verb
plural nq|
Time and tide wait (wait) for none.
Slow and steady wins (win) the race.
Two and two makes (make) four.
Bread and omlet is (be) may favourite dish.
❖ Avi Avjv`v †evSv‡j,
The principal and professor calls (call) a meeting.
The headmaster and the teacher participate (participate) in the program.
❖ More than one = _vK‡j verb singular
More than two = _vK‡j verb plural
More than a boy sings (sing) a song.
More than three boys sing (sing) a song.
❖ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ each and each, every and every, no and no BZ¨vw` _vK‡j subject I verb singular nq|
Each boy and each girl ---- (join) the meeting.
= joins
Every boy and every girl --- (write) an applications.
=Writer.
❖ Adjective Gi Av‡M article em‡j †mUv plural common noun nq Zvi verb I plural nq|
The rich are (be) not always happy.
❖ ‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki bvg, †Kv‡bv MÖš’i bvg Dcb¨v‡mi bvg plural n‡jI verb singular nq|
Economics is (be) a difficult subject.
His economies are (be) good.
The united states of America is a big country.
Right form of verb
i. Causative verb
ii. Subjunctive verb
iii. M‡í M‡í gerund (verb + ing)
iv. wPwV‡Z infinitive (to+v1)
v. Conditional sentence
vi. Tense
vii. Subject verb agreement
M‡í M‡í gerund: Appreciate, mention, Avi Practise Giv wZb eÜz| Zviv cixÿvi c~‡e© Suggestion wb‡q discuss
KiwQ‡jv| Zviv delay bv K‡i risk ‡K avoid K‡i admit wb‡q cixÿvi †K‡›`ª †Mj| wM‡q †`‡L cixÿv Complete/ finish
 27

n‡q wM‡Q| Zviv m¨vi‡K recall ev remember K‡i report ev commend Kij †hb Zv‡`i cixÿv stop/ quit/
postpone Kiv nq| m¨vi Zv‡`i K_v Deny bv K‡i consider ev understand K‡i keep Ki‡jb| ZLb Zviv mKj
regret ‡K fz‡j wM‡q enjoy Ki‡Z miss Ki‡jv bv|
He suggested me leaving. (leave) the place.
He stopped smoking (smoke).
I have enjoyed watching (watch) movie.
wPwV‡Z infinitive:
wcÖq Avkv, (hope/ expect) promise K‡iv Avgvq fzj‡e bv (forget)| Awfbq (pretendtend) K‡i gZvgZ (consent)
†`Iqvi `iKvi (need) †bB| Avevi †Zvgv‡K ûgwK (threat) w`‡q (manage) Ki‡Z PvBbv| (fail) n‡Z PvBbv (want)|
Avgvi g‡b nq (seem/appear) hesitate bv n‡q (wait) K‡i decide wb‡q agree nIqv fv‡jv plan Gi Rb¨ mgq bvI|
Gici Avgvi offer/wish, refuse Ki‡j (demand/claim/acclaim) `vwe †bB| Avwg Rxeb mvRv‡Z arange wkLe
learn| Avgvi KvQ †_‡K wRÁvmv K‡iv ask bv| GB cvMjvwg c`‡ÿ‡ci (attempt) cÖ¯‘wZ (prepare) wK?
BwZ †ZvgviB
g›Uz (to+v1)
I hope to do (do) the work.
He expects to lead. (lead) a happy life.
COWLAMP
C= Confess to
O = Object to, Owing to
W = With a view to, Worth
L = Look forward to, Love, Like
M = Mind
P = Prefer to
G¸‡jvi cieZx© verb Gi mv‡_ ing nq|
I prefer ------ (die) to ------- (tell) a lie.
= Dying, telling
I do not mind ---- (sing) a song.
= singing.
I love ---- (swim)
 28

= swimming
❖ ‡Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ see, hear, notice _vK‡j verb + ing nq|
He noticed me ---- (paly) football.
= playing

Conditional Sentense
If = hw` (affirmative)
Unless = hw`bv (Negetive)
Incase = hw` (m¤¢vebv Kg †evSv‡j)
Conditional Sentense
i. Zero condition
ii. First condition
iii. Third condition
iv. Second condition
Zero Condition: If hy³ complex sentence Gi `ywU clause B present tense A_ev past tense nq Z‡e †mUv Zero
conditional | Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, If hy³ S,C ‡Kv‡bv cÖKvi mZ¨Zv †evSv‡j Principal clause present indefinite tense
nq|
If you heat water at 100`C, It --- (boil).
= boils.
If it is winter, we ---- (feel) cold.
= feel
If it is spring the cuckoo ----- (sing) a song.
= sings
❖ First condition: If hy³ evK¨ subordinate clause prosent indefinite tense n‡j principal clause
future indefinite nq|
If you work hard, you ----- (succed) in life.
= will succeed
If you study hard you ---- pass.
= will pass.
❖ Second condition: If hy³ subordinate clause past indefinite tense n‡j principal clause future in
the past n‡e|
 29

If you worked hard, you ----- (succeed) in life.

= would succeed
If you studied hard you ----- would (pass)
= would pass.
❖ Third condition: If hy³ subordinate clause past tense n‡j principal clause future in the past
perfect n‡e|
If you had worked hard, you ----- (succeed)
= you would have succeed.
If you had studied hard. You ---- (pass)
= would have passed.
If you had killed him you ---- (hang)
= would have been hanged.
If the police had arrested the criminal the news ---- (publish)
= would have been published.
New:
Had I been a rich man, I (help) the poor.
= would have helped.
Had I the wings of a bird I ---- fly.
= would fly.
Narration
He said to me, “The sun rises in the east”.
= He told me that the sun rises in the east.
The man said to me, “ I did the work yesterday”.
= The man told me that he had done the work the previous day.
He says to me. “ I will go to Dhaka tomorrow”.
Note- 1: Reporting verb present ev future tense n‡j reported speech G ïaygvÎ person Gi cwieZ©b nq| Ab¨
†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nqbv|
Note -2: Reported speech ‡Kv‡bv cÖKvi mZ¨Zv †evSv‡j Zvn‡jI Reported speech Gi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nqbv|
 30

Note-3: Reporting verb past tense n‡j mvaviYZ reported speech Gi cwieZ©b nq|
➢ Narration G cvuPwU wRwbm cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq|
i. Reporting verb
ii. Inverted comma
iii. Person
iv. Tense
v. ‰bKU¨evPK kã
➢ Person cwieZ©b
1st person --- subject Abyhvqx (I, we)
2nd person --- object Abyhvqx (you)
3rd person --- No change
➢ Tense cwieZ©b:
Present indefinite tense --- past indefinite tense
Present continuous tense --- past continuous
Present perfect tense --- Past perfect tense
Present perfect continuous tense --- Past perfect continuous
Past indefinite tense --- Past perfect tense
Past continuous tense --- Past perfect continuous
Past perfect continuous --- No change
Past perfect --- No change
Future --- Future in the past
Can --- Could, shall --- should
May --- Might , will --- Would
➢ ‰bKU¨evPK kã:
Come – go
Here – there
Now – then
This = that
These = Those
Today = That day
Tomorrow = the next day, the following day
Yesterday = The previous day/ the day before.
Sir = Respectfully
Ago = Before
Must = Had to
Yes = Replied in the affirmative
No = Replied in the negative.
Assertive Sentence
i. Said = Said
ii. Said to = told
 31

iii. Inverted comma = that.

Nahin said to me, “I wrote a letter.”
= Nahin told me that he had written a letter.
Basher said to me, “I did not do the work”.
= Basher told me that he had not done the work.
Interrogative Sentence
Inverted comma Gi cwie‡Z©
eowk hw` _v‡K (?)
said/said to Gi cwie‡Z© asked w`‡Z n‡e, mvnvh¨Kvix verb hw` _v‡K if/weather w`‡Z n‡e|
WH- Word hw` cvIqA hvq †mUvB ivL‡Z n‡e|
He said to me, “Did you know me”?
= He asked me if I had known him.
He said to me, “What does cook”?
= He asked me what he cooked.
Imperative Sentense
Said/ Said to Gi cwie‡Z©
Zzwg ev Zzwg ej‡j orderd (Av‡`k †evSv‡j)
‡m ej‡j commanded
fv‡jv Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î advised
please/ kindly _vK‡j requested
Never _vK‡j forbade
He said to me, “Do not tell a lie”.
= He advised me not to tell a lie.
He said to me, “Never tell a lie”.
= He forbade me to tell a lie.
He said to me, “kindly help”.
= He requested me to help him.
The captain, “March on”.
 32

= The captain Commanded to march on.

Mahin said to me, “ Please help me”.
= Mahin requested me to help him>
Let’s:
Let Gi c‡i us _vK‡j cÖ¯Íve †evSvq G‡ÿ‡Î said/ said to Gi cwie‡Z© Proposed, inverted comma D‡V that e‡m Ges
subject Gici should e‡m|
Masud said to me, “Let’s sings song”.
= Masud proposed me that we should sings a song.
Jaima said to me, “Let’s draw a picture”.
= Jaima proposed me that we should draw a picture.
Z‡e, suggest I e¨envi Kiv hvq wKš‘y suggest e¨envi Ki‡j verb Gi mv‡_ ing w`‡Z nq|
Jaima said to you, “ Let’s sing a song”.
= Jaima suggested you singing a song.
Let him: Let Gi c‡i us Qvov Ab¨ wKQy _vK‡j 1g Ask assertive Gi wbq‡g nq| Avi Inverted comma D‡V wM‡q that
Ges subject Gici might nq|
He said to me, “Let me play cricket”.
= He told me that he might play cricket.
He said to me, “Let him do the work.”
= He told me that he might do the work.

Tag Question:
GKUv c~Y©v½ evK¨‡K ausiliary verb I pronoun Gi subjective form Øviv cÖkœ Ry‡o †`qv nq|
I sing a song don’t I?
Mita drew a picture, didn’t she?
Maysha has few friends in the USA, has she?
Can Can’t
Shall Shan’t
Will Won’t
Am Ain’t/ aren’t
Have Haven’t/ don’t
 33

Has Hasn’t/ doesn’t

Had Didn’t
Used Didn’t
Nobody believes a lier, do they?
Everybody respects an honest man, don’t they?
The father loved in his child, didn’t it?
If you come, I will go, won’t I?
Imperative Sentence:
Open the door, won’t you/ will you?
Draw a picture, will you?
Let’s/ Let us: cÖ¯Íve †evSv‡j shall we nq|
Let’s go to picnic, shall we?
Let’s do the work, shall we?
Let me do the work, will you? [ GwU‡Z cÖ¯Íve bv †evSv‡bvi Kvi‡Y will you n‡q‡Q|]
Redundency

GKB A_©‡evaK kã cybivq/ evievi e¨envi Kiv‡K evûj¨‡`vl ejv nq|

Please repeat again the question.
I have sufficient enough money.
It’s a new innovation.
Agrement
Agreement

Affirmative Negetive

So (and Gici) Too/also ev‡K¨i †k‡l Neither and Not + either

– Gici ev‡K¨i †k‡l

I am student and so you are/ you are also.

 34

I wrote a letter and so you did/ you did also.

I draw a picture and so does he/he does also.
I play cricket and so does he/ he does also.
❖ Negetive Agreement:
I did not like you and/ neither are you/you did not either.
I am not a doctor and neither are you/you are either.
I am studying university and are you /you are also too.
I did not play chess and neither did you /you did not either.

Dangling Modifier
Modifier _v‡K modify K‡i subject wn‡m‡e ïiy‡ZB Zv‡KB Avb‡Z n‡e|
Going to market, a snake bit me.
= Going to market I was bitten by a snake.
GLv‡b market G hvIqvi KvR †`Lv‡bv mvc Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| ZvB †h‡nZz e¨w³‡K Bw½Z i‡q‡Q †m‡nZz I ‡K cÖ_‡g Avbv n‡q‡Q|
Flying outside the window, I grabbed some papers.
= Flying outside the window, some papers were grabbed by me.
Nominal that clause:
ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z that hy³ clause ‡K nominal that clause Avi Gi verb mgmgq singular nq|
That he is honest, he is known to all.
That they are hardworking person is known to me.
Parallelism
hLb †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨I avivevwnK wKQz Z_¨ †`Iqv _v‡K cÖ‡Z¨K Z_¨ MVb Kivi Rb¨ GKB MVbiæc e¨envi Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K
parallelism ejv nq|
g‡b ivLv `iKvi, parallelism structure by co-ordinating and correlatives conjunctions and, or, but, is
BZ¨vw`i Av‡M I hv e‡m c‡I I Zv e‡m| Avevi, Both- and, not only, but – also, either or, neither-nor, whether-
or, prefer to BZ¨vw` correlatives Gi Dfq cv‡k mgRvZxq parts of speech e‡m|
He is poor but honest.
= He is poor but honest.
I prefer --- (read) to ---- (write)
= reading, writing
 35

Zerin is a scholar, an athlete and an artist.

Phrase
Phrase is a group of word where there is no subject and no finite verb.
Phrase – Gi ‰ewkó¨:
i. Phrase G subject I finite verb _v‡Kbv|
ii. Phrase ev‡K¨ parts of speech Gi g‡Zv KvR K‡i|
Phrase cÖavbZ mvZ cÖKvi| Pronoun ev‡` mKj cÖKvi Parts of speech B Phrase wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
1. Noun phrase
2. Adjective Phrase
3. Verb Phrase
4. Adverb Phrase
5. Prepositional phrase
6. Conjunction Phrase
7. Interjection Phrase
Noun Phrase: ‡Kv‡bv Phrase hLb noun Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv‡K noun phrase e‡j|
➢ mvaviYZ Determiner, Preposition Gi c‡i noun e‡m †hgb
Maruf is a man of letters.
➢ mvaviYZ sentence Gi subject, object I complement wn‡m‡e noun phrase e‡m|
➢ Noun phrase Rvbvi Rb¨ wb‡¤œi structer ¸‡jv LyeB `iKvi|
 Article adjective + Noun _vK‡j Zv GK‡Î noun phrase wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
He is an excellent boy
She is a beautiful girl.
 Noun + Preposition + Noun _vK‡j Zvn‡j Zv noun phrase nq|
He repaired the broken leg of the chair.
 Possessive adjective + noun _vK‡j noun phrase nq|
Kawsar’s father is a doctor.
Mamun’s sister has recently passed in the exam.
 Noun + and/so + noun _vK‡j noun phrase nq|
He works day and night.
She has brought six or seven books.
 Determiner/ article + Noun + noun _vK‡j noun phrase nq|
He sat under a mango tree.
He has lost his money bag.
 Infinitive (to+v1) + noun _vK‡j Noun phrase nq|
I want to do the work.
 36

He promises to give me a pen.

 Gerund + noun _vK‡j noun phrase nq|
I like watching movie.

Adjective phrase: ‡Kv‡bv phrase hLb adjective Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Adjective phrase e‡j|
A_¨vr †Kv‡bv phrase hLb †Kv‡bv noun ev Pronoun Gi †`vl ¸Y Ae¯’v, cwigvY msL¨v BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Adjective
phrase e‡j|
Adjective + Preposition + noun _vK‡j Adjective phrase e‡j|
The boy is good at English.
She is expert in Bengali.
❖ Noun + of/with + noun + noun Gi condition _vK‡j Zv Adjective phrase nq|
I saw a man of a good manner.
I saw a girl of a good habit.
❖ Present participle + preposition + Extension _vK‡j Adjective phrase n‡e|
The boy in the classroom is very brilliant.
The girl standing by the riverside is my cousin.
❖ Past participle + preposition + Extension= Adjective phrase.
Mahin is a well mannered man.
She is a narrow minded woman.
❖ Adjective + Hypenated Adjective + noun = Adjective phrase.
Mahin is a well-mannered man.
She is a narrow-minded woman.
❖ As/so + adjective+ as + noun.
Maria is as brilliant as Mim.
❖ Adjective + Infinitive + Noun = Adjective phrase
Verbal Phrase: ‡Kv‡bv phrase hLb verb Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Verbal Phrase e‡j|
He look after his parents
The girl takes after his fathers.
Adverbial Phrase:
❖ Intransitive verb + preposition + extension [ Article + Adjective + Noun]
He runs at a great speed.
He works in the field.
❖ Preposition + mgq wb‡`©kK kã _vK‡j Zv adverbial phrase nq|
At Present, I am very busy.
❖ Preposition + Article (hw` _v‡K) + ¯’vb mgq _vK‡j Zv adverbial phrase nq|
 37

I went there in time.

I sleep on the ground flour.
❖ Every year, Every week, Every time, Every month BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Zv Adverbial phrase nq|
Everyday he goes to school.
Prepositonal phrase:
❖ Transitive verb + Prepositon + Noun/ Noun phrase _vK‡j Prepositional pharase.
I have lost my phone in the playground.
N.B: I paly in the playground (Adverbial phrase)
= Intransitive verb + preposition + Noun/ noun phrase
Conjunctional Phrase: Phrase hLb Conjunction Gi KvR K‡i Zv‡K Conjunctional Phrse e‡j †hgb:
He as well as I is a lawyer.
Interjection phrase:; hLb †Kv‡bv phrase Interjection Gi KvR K‡i ZvB Interjectional phrae.
What a pity! The man is dead.
Oh dear me! What shall I do.
Infinitive Phrase:
To walk in the morning is good for health.
To tell a lie is a sin.
Gerundial phrase:
Walking in the morning is good for health.
I love swimming in the river.
Participle Phrase:
I saw a boy playing in the field.
The book written by Rabindranath is interesting.
Clause:
Clause is group of word where there is subject and finite verb.
Clause ‡K cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq h_v:
i. Principal clause
ii. Subordinate clause
iii. Co-ordinate clasue
 38

Principal Clause: ‡h mKj clause Zv‡`i A_© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv clause Gi wbf©ikxj bq Zv‡K Principal clause
e‡j|
I know
The children are safe.
g‡b ivLv `iKvi, Principal clause Gi Av‡M †Kv‡bv clause marker, wh word _v‡K bv|
Sub-ordinate clause: ‡h mKj clause Zv‡`i A_© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Principal clause Gi Ici wbf©ikxj Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq
subordinate clause | Avi wb¤œ³ welq¸‡jv subordinate clause Gi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K Though, although, if , as if, as
though, after, before, that, so that, in order that, who, whom, which, whrer, when, how, while, till, until,
than etc.
Rahim said that he was good.
Co-ordinite Clause: `y Bev Z‡ZvwaK mg‡kÖwYi principal clause hLb co-ordinating Øviv hy³ n‡q compound
sentence MVb K‡i Zv‡`i‡K co-ordinate clause e‡j| Avi G welq¸‡jv co-ordinate clause Gi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K|
FAN BOYS PAIR CONJUNTION
F = for Either …. or
A = and Neither …. nor
N = not/nor Not only …. But also
B = but
O = or
Y = yet
S = so
I went there and found them ill.
Function Abymv‡i sub-ordinate clause wZb cÖKvi:
i. Noun Clause
ii. Adjective Clause
iii. Adverbial Clause
Noun Clause: ‡h sub-ordinate ‡Kv‡bv noun Gi KvR K‡i Zv‡K noun clause e‡j| Avi GwU mvaviYZ who, what,
whom, where, why, how, if, weather, that BZ¨vw` Øviv m~wPZ _v‡K|
❖ That/ wh word w`‡q ïiæ †Kv‡bv clause, verb Gi subject n‡j clause wU noun clause nq|
Where he was born is not known.
How the mon died is a mystery.
 39

❖ Transitive verb Gi object wn‡m‡e noun clause nq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq †h mKj verb Gi c‡i it emv‡bv hvq Zv‡`i
c‡i that/ wh word Øviv ïiæ †Kv‡bv clause wU noun clause nq|
I know that you are right (I know it ejv hvq|)
❖ Wonder, ask, enquire, discuss, advice BZ¨vw` transitive verb Gici noun clause e‡m| G‡ÿ‡Î clause wU
that Øviv ïiæ bv n‡q why, where, how, if, weather Øviv ïiæ n‡e|
He asked me weather I would help him.

❖ Preposition Gi object wn‡m‡e noun clause e‡m|

It depends on how he behaves.
❖ Missing preposition Gi object wn‡m‡e|
We felt sorry that we lost the game crushingly (sorry for)
❖ Verb Gi complement wn‡m‡e|
Life is what we make it.
❖ Adjective Clause: ‡h sub-ordinate clause ‡Kv‡bv noun/ pronouon Gi c‡I e‡m H noun/ pronoun ‡K
modify K‡i Zv‡K adjective clause e‡j|
Noun clause Ges adjective GKB cÖKvi Linker w`‡q ïiæ nq| Z‡e cv_©K¨ n‡jv noun clause Gi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv
antecedent _v‡Kbv wKš‘ adjective clause G _v‡K|
I know the boy who called you yesterday.
❖ Noun Gi ci that + sub + verb wewkó clause wU noun clause I adjective clause `y‡UvB n‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e, adjective cluse n‡j that Gi c‡i clause wUi A_© cwic~Y© n‡ebv D³ clause wU transitive verb _v‡K wKš‘
object _v‡Kbv D³ object B that Gi c~‡e© e‡m G‡ÿ‡Î that ‡K DwV‡q †`qv hvq|
The news that you heard yesterday is false. (adjective clause)
GLv‡b Heard n‡”Q transitive verb Gi †Kv‡bv object ‡bB Ges †mwU n‡”Q the news G ‡ÿ‡Î that DwV‡qI Kiv hvq|
The news he gave me is false.
Avi noun clause Gi †ÿ‡Î that Gi c‡ii clause wUi A_© I cwic~Y© _v‡K object I _v‡K transitive verb I _v‡K
GQvov linking verb I intransitive verb I _v‡K †Kv‡bv wKQzi NvUwZ _v‡Kbv|
The news that he has died is false.
❖ Adverbial clause: Verb ‡K how (Kxfv‡e) where, when, why Øviv cÖkœ K‡i †h cluse cvIqv hvq Zv‡K adverbial
clause e‡j|
I will go when he will come.
❖ Adverbial clause of place: mvaviYZ principal clause Gi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi ¯’vb wb‡`©k K‡i|
Stay where you are.
❖ Adverbial clause of time: Principal clause Gi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi mgq wb‡`©k K‡i| when, whenever, while,
after, before, till, until BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ n‡e|
He came when I was there.
❖ Adverbial clause of reason: Principal clause Gi KvR bv nIqvi KviY wb‡`©k K‡i| (because, as, since, that)
BZ¨vw` _v‡K|
He cannot come because he is ill.
❖ Adverbial clause of manner: Principal clause Gi Kv‡Ri aiY wb‡`©k K‡i (as, as if, as though, how,
however, like, the way) Øviv ïiæ nq|
 40

Alamgir plays as he usually does.

❖ Adverbial Clause: Principal clause Gi Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ cÖKvk K‡i that, in order that, so that, lest Øviv ïiæ nq|
We read that we may learn.
❖ Adverbial clause of condition: Principal clause Gi Kv‡Ri kZ© cÖKvk K‡i (if, unless, incase, whether, on
condition, provided that BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ nq|
I shall not go unless you come.
Gerund Vs Participle
Gerund: Verb+ ing hLb noun Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Gerund e‡j|
Avevi Gerund verb ‡_‡K Drcbœ n‡q noun Gi b¨vq KvR K‡i e‡j Gi Aci bvg Verbal Noun.
Example:
Swimming is a good exercise.
I love walking.
Walking is good for health.
❖ Participle: Verb+ing hLb Adjective Gi KvR K‡i ZLb Zv‡K participle e‡j|
Participle

Present Participle Past Participle Perfect Participle

i. Present Participle: Verb+ ing hLb Adjective Gi KvR K‡i Zv‡K Present Participle e‡j|
I saw a sleeping girl
ii. Past Participle: Verb Gi (V3) Past Participle hLb Adjective Gi KvR K‡i Zv‡K Past Participle e‡j|
Having + V3 †K ejv nq Parfect Participle
Having done the work he left the place.
I have a broken phone.
Rule – 1: Preposition Gi c‡ii object Gerund nq|
I have no objection to eating.
Rule – 2: Preposition Gi c‡i GKUv word _vK‡j †mUv Gerund nq|
The customer grew theird of waiting.
Rule- 3: Be verb Gi ci hw` Kv‡Ri bvg †evSvq Zvn‡j Gerund nq| wKš‘ ¸‡Yi bvg †evSv‡j Participle.
Teaching is interesting.
 41

Gerund Participle
Rule -4: Determiner ev adjective Gi c‡i verb+ ing _vK‡j Gerund ev Noun n‡q hvq|
A little learning is dangerous thing.
Rule -5: Can not help, can not bear Gi c‡i verb+ ing _vK‡j Gerund n‡q hvq|
A cannot help smoking.
Rule -6: Verb + ing Gi c‡ii word hw` H verb Gi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j Zv participle, Avi hw` bv Ki‡Z cv‡i
Zvn‡j Gerund.
The old man has a walking stick.
I have a reading room.
Reading novels has become my favorite hobby.
I saw a running bus.
He saw a playing bird.
A droning man catches at a straw.
❖ Difference between participle and Gerund
i. Transitive verb + ing em‡j Zv gerund n‡e |
He avoided making the same mistakes again.
ii. Intransitive verb Gi c‡i object Gi c‡i V + ing _vK‡j †mwU nq Present participle.
She went away dancing.
iii. Preposition Gi c‡i V+ ing _vK‡j Gerund.
By working hard, you can prosper in life.
iv. Objective Gi c‡i V+ing _vK‡j Present Participle.
I found him sleeping.
v. Complement wn‡m‡e V+ing hw` Kv‡Ri bvg †evSvq gerund n‡e|
Seeing is believing.
vi. Complement wn‡m‡e V+ ing e‡m †Kv‡bv noun ev Pronoun Gi we‡klY †evSv‡j Zv Present participle.
The discussion was enlightening.
vii. V + ing hw` noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m compound noun ‡evSv‡j V+ing gerund nq|
A sleeping room.
viii. Article and Noun ga¨eZ©x verb+ ing e‡m noun evsjvi gvb/AšÍ/ Ki cÖZ¨q wb‡`©k Ki‡j Present participle.
I helped a draowing man.
ix. ‡Kv‡bv evK¨‡K meaningful present continuous Kiv †M‡j Present Participle.
A swmming snake --- A snake is swimming.
x. ‡Kv‡bv evK¨‡K present continuous Kiv bv †M‡j gerund.
A swimming pool --- A pool for swimming.
 42

xi. ‡Kv‡bv evK¨‡K What w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j gerund cvIqv hv‡e|
His profession is teaching.
=What is his profession.
= Teaching. (Gerund)
xii. ‡Kv‡bv evK¨‡K how w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j Participle cvIqv hv‡e|
Education is enlightening
=How is education.
= enlightening (participle)

Figure of speech
IP Shampoo
I = Irony
P= Personification
S = Simile
H = Hyperbole
A= Alliteration
M = Metaphor
P = Paradox
O = Oxymoron
O = Onomatopoeia
❖ Simile: hLb `yBwU wfbœ ag©x wel‡qi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq Ges Zzjbvi †ÿ‡Î as, like, so e¨envi Kiv nq ZvB simile.
i. My lifer is like a local bus
ii. You are like an angel.
iii. Our heroes are as brave as lion.
Nazrul is a brilliant as Rabindranath is an example of ----
(a) Simile (b) Metaphor (c) Personification (d) None
❖ Metaphor : hLb `yBwU wfbœ wel‡qi Zzjbv Kiv nq wKš‘y Zzjbvq (as, like, so) e¨envi Kiv nqbv ZvB Metaphor.
i. Youth is wild.
ii. Life is a broken winged bird.
iii. Life is a barren field.
❖ Personification: hLb †Kv‡bv e¨w³i ¸Y‡K Ae¨w³i Dci Av‡ivc Kiv nq Zv‡K personification e‡j|
i. Thou art not so unkind.
ii. Mr. Pneumonia is a polite and gentleman.
 43

iii. Examination is knocking at the door.

❖ Irony : gy‡L hv ejv nq cÖK…Z A_© hw` Zvi †_‡K wfbœ wKQz nq ev Avjv`v nq Zv‡K ejv nq Irony.
i. The people of Bangladesh are not corrupted.
ii. I never eat anything for luncheon.
iii. I eat never than more than one thing.
❖ Hyperbole: AwZwi³ ‡Kv‡bv wKQz‡K evwo‡q ejv‡K Hyperbole e‡j|
i. The river of blood is flooded in the battle field.
ii. I was so hungry that I could eat a cow. (I never eat more than one thing.
❖ Oxymoron : cvkvcvwk wecixZ agx© `ywU kã e‡m hw` †Kv‡bv evK¨ MwVZ nq Zv‡KB oxymoron e‡j|
i. I am regularly irregular.
ii. It is an open secret.
iii. I am clearly confused.
❖ Paradox: wecixZagx© Clause/ Phrase cvkvcvwk e‡m †Kv‡bv evK¨ MVb Ki‡j Zv‡K Paradox e‡j|
i. More money, less shopping.
ii. More books, less knowledge.
iii. Though he is rich, he is unhappy.
❖ Apostrophe : hLb †Kv‡bv absent ev Noun existing welq‡K capable of understanding (eySv‡Z mÿg) K‡i
cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq Apostrophe.
i. Life! I can not understand you.
ii. Why do not you work? You stupid computer.
❖ Alliteration: e¨ÄbeY© aŸwbi cybive„wˇK ejv nq Alliteration.
The repetition of consonant sound is called alliteration.
i. Cold coffe.
ii. Time to time.
❖ Onomatopoeia : ‡Kv‡bv wel‡qi netural sound ‡mfv‡e †jLv nq Zv‡K Onomatopoeia e‡j|
i. The buzzing bee flew away.
ii. The dog said, “Bow-Bow”.

Linking Verb
‡h verb subject I complement ‡K hy³ K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq Linking verb.
mvaviYZ verb Gi c‡i Adverb e‡m| wKš‘y Linking verb Gi c‡i adjective e‡m| Z‡e Linking verb Gici
Preposition _vK‡j Adverb emv‡Z nq|
i. Noun +ly= Adjective [brotherly, sisterly, fatherly]
ii. Adjective +ly= Adverb [slowly, quickly, loudly, nicely]
Example:
i. He works hard. (Adverb)
 44

ii. The work is hard. (Adjective)

iii. He behaved friendly
He behaved with me in a (friendly) way manner.
N.B: (ly) hy³ Adjective ‡K Adverb Ki‡Z n‡j ina+ly adjective hy³ + way A_ev manner.
Chart of Linking verb
Be Become Feel
Look Seem Smell
Sound Remain Close
Stay Taste Appear
Stand Turn keep

wkUwfwËK
❖ When Gi GKUv Ask Past indefinite n‡j Aci Ask Past continuous tense nq|
When I was eating, the phone rang.
He brunt her finger when he was cooking.
❖ As/like GLv‡b as n‡”Q conjunction A_¨v©r clause ‡K join K‡i Avi like n‡”Q Preposition A_¨v©r †Kv‡bvc word
A_ev phrase ‡K join K‡i|
He looks like me
It was done, as you wanted.
GKBiKg fv‡e unless GKwU conjunction Ges without n‡jv Preposition.
I would have failed unless you helped.
I would have failed without your help.
❖ Not only ---- but also, both ---- and, either --- or, Neither ---- nor Gi cy‡ivcywi expression wU GK‡Î
conjunction wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| G‡`i †Kv‡bv Ask‡K KL‡bv cwieZ©b K‡i use Kiv hv‡e bv|
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer.
He is both a footballer and a cricketer.
❖ GKB welq †evSv‡Z and nq Avevi opposite theme Gi `ywU clause ‡K join Ki‡Z but use Ki‡Z|
I went there and found him.
I went there but did not find him.

❖ Sentense affirmative nq Zvn‡j as ----- as.

Sentense wU negative n‡j Zvn‡j so ---- as
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear.
❖ Besides A_© cvkvcvwk Beside cv‡k †evSvq|
 45

Besides studies, students should be involved in activities.

We sat beside the teacher.
❖ Hundred, thousand wKsev million G Av‡M em‡j plural nqbv|
The total population is over 600 million.
wKš‘ wbw`ó bv eywS‡q AMwYZ †evSv‡Z Avevi s n‡Z cv‡i|
Hundreds of our people starve everyday.
Thousands of people starve everyday in our everyday.
❖ Some/ Any
Sentence Affirmative n‡j some e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
Avi sentence negative n‡j any e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
❖ Only
Only Gi mv‡_ KL‡bv ïay little wKsev few use n‡ebv hw` use Ki‡Z nq Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î a little wKsev a few n‡e|
❖ Sequence
Another, other, the other
Some, other, the others