Mathematics

Rules for Adding & Subtracting Integers

SIGN OPERATION TO USE ANSWER SIGN EXAMPLE

Add (+) 4+3=7

+

Add (-) (-5) + (-3) = -8

+

Subtract 6 + (-2) = 4
+ Use sign of the bigger
number
Subtract (-9) + 4 = - 5
+

Module 1
Patterns & Regularities

Patterns - are regular, repeated or recurring Spiral - Chameleon & Rose

forms of design. Waves - Sea & Sand
Numeric Patterns - also known as “number Cracks - Ice & Land
patterns”, have a group or series of numbers Foam - Soap suds & Caramelized sugar
following a specific rule, which allows you to Stripes and Spots - Zebra, Tiger, Hyena &
predict the next element. Lady bug
❖ Example : 2,4,6,8,10,12… Fibonacci Sequence - is a set of numbers
Geometric Patterns - Visually represent that starts with a one or a zero, followed by
hand, shapes and designs. one, and proceeds based on the rule that
Fibonacci Sequence - next number is the sum each number is = the sum of the preceding
of the two previous numbers two numbers.
Golden Ratio - is denoted by Φ (phi)
Patterns in Nature
Divine proportion - special rat
Symmetry - indicates that when you draw an
imaginary line across an object, the resulting
parts should be mirror images of each other.
Fractals - is a detailed pattern that looks
similar at any scale and repeats itself over
time.
❖ Example : Fern, Lightning Bolt
Tessellations - are patterns that are formed
by repeated cubes or tiles; is an arrangement
of shapes closely fitted together
❖ Example : Turtle, Snake,
Pineapple, Honeycomb
Module 2
Transformation - Is a process that Reflection - moves an object into a new
manipulates a polygon or other position that is a mirror imageof the original
two-dimensional object on a plane or position.
coordinate system.
Line of reflection - mirror is a line
Geometrical Transformation - Describes
Rotation - keeps one point fixed and moves
how two - dimensional figures move around a
plane or coordinate system. all other points a certain angle relative to
Transformation maps - (moves) an initial the fixed point.
image to a new image. Glide Reflection - consists of a translation
Preimage -(initial image) is the followed by a reflection.
two-dimensional shape before any
transformation.
Image - is the figure after transformation.
Prime - A tick mark; is attached to the new
name of the image after transformation.

4 Basic types of Transformation

Translation - figure slides in any direction.
Reflection - figure flips over a line.
Rotation - figure turns about a point.
Dilation - figure is enlarged or reduced.

2 Classification of Transformation
Rigid Transformation - is any
transformation that does not affect the
pre-image's shape and size.
Non - rigid Transformation - can change
the size / shape, or both size and shape, of
the preimage.

Dilation - is a transformation that changes

the length of all line segments by the
same proportion.

Isometry - is a transformation that

preserves the length, angle measures,
perimeter, and areas.
Cartesian Coordinate Plane - wherein the
original coordinates are mapped into new
coordinates, w/c will still give us a congruent
preimage and image.
Translation - moves every point in the plane
a fixed distance in a fixed direction.
Module 3 “The set of all real numbers is an infinite set,
Language of Mathematics while the set of two digit numbers is a finite
Characteristics of Mathematical Language set”
is PRECISE Null or empty set - is a set with no elements in
- Able to make very fine distinctions. it.
is CONCISE “The set of even numbers that are also odd
- Canstate expositions of sentences numbers is a null set”
briefly. Singleton Set - is a set containing one element
is POWERFUL only.
- Can express complex ideas with relative “The set of all even prime numbers is a singleton
ease. set”
is SYMBOLIC Set Relationship
- It can describe a subset of the real
world using only symbols.
is an ABSTRACT STRUCTURE
- There are areas of pure mathematics
which have to known physical
counterparts at all.

Set (S) - is a well defined collection of objects

called elements (ϵ) of the set. Capital letters
represent the set while lowercase represent its
elements.
Different ways to write a set
Verbal Description - sentences are used to
describe sets and its elements.
Roster Method - the elements are listed down,
Set Operations
separated from each other by commas and
enclosed within a pair of braces.
Set Builder Notation - presents the elements
using their similar properties.

Set Cardinality
Cardinality - (η) of a set is the number of
element inside the set.
Finite set - is a set with a definite number of
elements.
Infinite set - is a set with infinite cardinality.