MMW FIRST SEMESTER MIDTERM
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
LESSON 1: NATURES & PATTERNS
 Pattern is defined as
1. Regular
2. Repeated
3. Recurring forms of designs
4. Identify relationships
5. Find logical connections to form
generalizations
Examples: spirals, bees honeycomb,
flower petals
 Symmetry indicates that you can draw an
imaginary line across an object and the
resulting parts are mirror images of each
other.
Examples:
Butterfly- is about the axis indicated by the
line. Note that the left and the right
portions are exactly the same. This type
of symmetry is called bilateral symmetry.
Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man- shows
that proportion and symmetry of the
human body.
 Rotational symmetry- that if you rotate
the starfish, you can still achieve the
same appearance as the original
position.
 Angle of rotation- the smallest
measure of angle that a figure can be
rotated while still preserving the
original position.
 Order of rotation- common way of
describing rotational symmetry.
 Order of Notation
A figure has a rotational symmetry of order
fold rotational symmetry if of a
complete turn leaves the figure
unchanged.
Angle of rotation=
Example: The pattern on the snowflake
repeats six times, indicating that there is a
6-foldsymmetry. Using the formula, the
angle of rotation is 60°.
LESSON 2: SERIES & SEQUENCE
 Sequence- is a list of items / objects which
have been arranged in a sequential way.
 is a list of things that are in order
and is usually expressed in
numbers.
 an arrangement of any objects or
as set of numbers in a particular
order followed by some rule.
 If ..etc., denotes the
terms of the sequence, then 1, 2,
3, 4... denotes the position of the
term.
 Series- the sum of all the terms in a
sequence.

 the series is finite or infinite
depending if the sequence is finite
or infinite.
 Arithmetic Sequence – every term is
created by adding or subtracting a definite
number to the preceding number.
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 Geometric Sequence - every term is
obtained by multiplying or dividing a
definite number with the preceding
number.
 Harmonic Sequence - if the reciprocals of
all the elements of a sequence form an
arithmetic sequence 4.
 Fibonacci Numbers – each element is
obtained by adding two preceding
elements and the sequence start with 0
and 1.
LESSON 3: MATHEMATICS AS A LANGUAGE
 Language- the systematic way of
communication with other people use of
sounds or convention symbols.
 Language was invented to communicate
ideas to others.
 The language of Mathematics was
designed:
- numbers
- sets
- functions
- perform operation
 Set- is a well-defined collection of distinct
objects.
 It is usually represented by capital
letters.
 Separated by commas.
 Elements are the members of the
set.
 Can be represented by listing its
elements between braces {}.
 A set is said to be well-defined if
the elements in a set are
specifically listed.
Definitions Regarding Sets:
 A set is finite if the number of elements is
countable.
 A set is infinite if the numbers of elements
cannot be counted.
Equal and Equivalent Sets:
 Equal sets are sets with the same
elements and cardinality.
 Equivalent sets are set with the same
number of elements or cardinality.
Joint and Disjoint Sets:
 Joint sets are sets with common elements
intersection.
 Disjoint sets are set with no common
elements.
Universal Set:
 The set of all elements. We will use the
letter U to denote universal set.
 The empty set or null set is the set that
contains no elements. The symbol Ø
represents the empty set.
Subsets:
 If A and B are sets, then A is called a
subset of B, written A ⊆ B, if, and only if,
every element of A is also element of B.
 A ⊆ B means that for all elements of x, if x
∈ A then x ∈ B.
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The Four Basic Operations on Set:
1. Union of Sets – The union of two sets is
simply the set containing the combined
elements of the given sets.
A = {1,3,5,7,9}
B = {2,4,6,8,10}
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
2. Intersection of Sets – The intersection of
sets is a set containing the common
elements of the given sets.
A = {1,2,3,5,7,11}
B = {2,4,6,8,10}
A ∩ B = {2}
3. Difference of Sets – The difference of two
sets is the set whose elements resulted
when the elements common to the two
sets are subtracted from the minuend set.
A ={1,2,3, 5,7,11}
B ={2,4,6,8,10}
A − B = {1,3, 5,7,11}
B − A = {4,6,8,10}
4. Complement Set – is the set having
elements found in the universal set that is
not found in any of the subsets of the
universal set.
A ={odd numbers less that 15} =
{1,3,5,7,9,11,13}
B = {prime numbers less than 15} =
{2,3,5,7,11,13}
U ={numbers less than 15} =
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14}
A’ ={4,6,8,10,12,14}
LESSON 4: THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS
AND FUNCTIONS
1. Relation is…
1. a rule that relates values from a set of
values (called the domain) to a second
set of values (called the range).
2. is also a set of ordered pair (x, y).
Example: R = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4,
8), (5, 10)}
2. Function
1. a relation where each element in the
domain is related to only one value in
the range by some rule.
2. is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such
that no two ordered pairs have the
same x-value but different y-values.
3. the domain can be imagines as input
to a machine that applies a rule so that
each input corresponds to only one
output.
RULES IN DOMAIN AND RANGE IN
FUNCTIONS:
1. One to one relations
2. Many to one relations
 Domain- collection of elements of x.
 Range- Collection of elements of y.
Example:
x 2 4 6
y 1 5 9
The domain are the values of x {2, 4, 6}
Range= {1, 5, 9}
 Vertical Line test- a graph represents a
function if and only if each vertical line
intersects the graph at most once.
LESSON 4.1: BINARY OPERATIONS
 Binary operation- is an operation that
takes two input elements from a set and
gives a unique result that belongs to the
same set.
 Denoted by * (subtraction, addition,
multiplication, division, and exponent).
 Properties of Binary Operations:
 Additions are binary operations on
each of the sets of natural
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numbers (N), Integer (Z), Rational
Numbers (Q), Real Numbers (R).
While addition on the set of all
irrational numbers is not a binary
operation.
 Multiplication is a binary operation
on each of the sets of natural
numbers (N), Integer (Z), Rational
Numbers (Q), Real Numbers (R).
While addition on the set of all
irrational numbers is not a binary
operation.
 Subtraction is a binary operation
on each of the sets of Integer (Z),
Rational Numbers (Q), Real
Numbers (R). Except on the set of
Natural numbers (N).
 Division is not a binary operation
on any of the set of Natural
numbers (N), Integer (Z), Rational
Numbers (Q), Real Numbers (R).
Type of Binary Operations:
 Commutative
 If for all a, b ∈ A, a *b= b*a.
 Addition and multiplication are
commutative on set of integers Z
but subtraction is not a
commutative binary operation,
since 2-3 ≠ 3-2.
 Associative
 For a non-empty set A, we can
write (a*b)*c=a*(b*c).
 Addition and multiplication on real
numbers R are associative binary
operation.
 Distributive
 Let A be a non-empty set. Let *
and ∆ be two binary operations on
A.
 Then * is said to be distribute over
∆ on set A for all a,b,c ∈ A we
have that a*(b∆c)=(a*b) ∆ (a*c).
 Identity Element (e)
 If A be the non-empty set and * be
the binary operation.
 An element (e) is the identity
element of a ∈ A, if a*e= e*a=a.
 If the binary operation is addition
(+), e=0 and for * is multiplication
(x), e=1.
 Inverse element ( )
 If a binary operation * on a set A
which satisfies a*b=b*a=e, for all
a, b ∈ A.
 is invertible if for a*b=b*a=e,
=b. 1 is invertible when * is
multiplication.
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LESSON 5: PROBLEM SOLVING: INDUCTIVE
AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING
 A problem is a statement requiring a
solution, usually by means of
mathematical operation/ geometric
construction.
 Problem solving- is a process or an
ongoing activity in which we take know to
discover what we don’t know.
 Method- the ways of techniques used to
get answer which will usually involve once
or more problem solving strategies.
 Problem-solving involves three basic
functions:
1. Seeking information
2. Generating new knowledge
3. Making decisions
 Mathematical Reasoning- the ability of a
person to analyze problem situations to
justify the process or hypothesis, to create
both conceptual foundations and
connections, in order for him to be able to
process the information.
 Inductive Reasoning- the process of
reaching a general conclusion by
examining specific examples.
 ex. Arnel is a grandfather. Arnel is
bald. Therefore, all grandfathers
are bald.
 The conclusion doesn’t follow
logically from the statements.
 Scientist use it to form hypotheses
and theories.
 Even if all the premises are true in
a statement, inductive reasoning
allows for the conclusion to be
false.
 Counterexamples- If you can find one case
for which a statement is not true, called a
counterexample, then the statement is a
false statement.
 ex. Every number that is multiple
of 10 is divisible by 4.
 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160,
170, 180, 190, 200
 100 ÷ 4 = 25, 120 ÷ 4 = 30,
110 ÷ 4 = 27.5
 not all multiples of 10 are divisible
by 4. So, we call 110 as a
counterexample.
 Deductive Reasoning- process of reaching
a conclusion by applying general;
assumptions, procedures, or principles.
 ex. 12 is divisible by 2. Therefore,
12 is an even number.
 If ∠A and ∠B are supplementary
angles, their sum is 180°.
Therefore, m∠A = 100, then m∠B
= 80.
 Pick a number. Multiply the
number by 8, add 6 to the product,
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divide the sum by 2, and subtract
3.
LESSON 6: PROBLEM SOLVING: POLYA’S
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES
Who is George Polya?
 Hungarian Mathematician
 Father of the Modern Problem Solving
 He made fundamental contributions to
combinatorics, number theory, numerical
analysis and probability theory. He is also
noted for his work in heuristics and
mathematics education.
 POLYA’S FOUR-STEP PROBLEM-
SOLVING STRATEGY:
 Understanding the problem
 Devise a plan
 Carry out the plan
 Review the solution
 Example: One number is 7 more than
another. Twice the larger is equal to four
times the smaller decreased by 2. Find the
numbers.
 “Mathematics is the cheapest science.
Unlike physics or chemistry, it does not
require any expensive equipment. All one
needs for mathematics is a pencil and
paper.” –George Polya
LESSON 7: MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
 Measure of central tendency- is a single
value that attempts to describe a set of
data by identifying the central position
within the set of data.
 a.k.a measures of central location
 Classed as summary statistics
 Composed of Mean, Median, and Mode
 Mean:
 The “average”
 It is the arithmetic average in
which you will add all the values
and divide by the number of
observation in the data set.
 Symbol:
 Median:
 The “middle score”
 is the middle score of a set of data
that has been arranged in order of
magnitude.
 If the set is a set of ten numbers of
any even number, arrange, then
add the two middle numbers and
find its average. Its average will be
the median.
 Mode:
 The mode is “the most frequent
score in the data set”.
 we use mode for categorical data
where we want to know which is
the most common category.