Math in modern world - deals with the nature of
mathematics appreciation of its practical, intellectual
and aesthetic dimensions and applications regular,
recurring, and repeating forms or designs that are
commonly observed in natural objects
Population - entire group that you want to draw
conclusions about
Mean - average of all of the numbers.
Median - middle number, when in order.
Mode - most common number
Set - is a collection of objects called elements
Permutation - a mathematical calculation of the
number of ways a particular set can be arranged
Pattern - are found in physical and geometric
situations as well as in numbers. These patterns can
be found in many different forms and can be extended
or generalized. Is something that happens in a regular
and repeated way
Relation - defines the relationship between sets of
values of ordered pairs
Combination - a way of selecting items from a
collection where the order of selection does not matter
Sample - specific group that you will collect data from
Standard deviation - Stated as quantity calculated to
indicate the extent of deviation for a group as a whole
THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS IN
OUR WORLD
Mathematics ‘Máthēma’ that which is learnt,
derived from manthano’, and modern Greek
‘mathaino’ which means to learn the science of
structure, order, and relations that has evolved from
elemental practices of counting,measuring, and
describing the shapes and characteristics of
objects (Encyclopedia Britannica)the science that
deals with the logic of shape,quantity, and
arrangement
PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE AND THE
WORLD
Patterns
are regular, repeated forms or designs studying
patterns help students identify relationships and finding
logical connections to form generalization
and make predictions indicate a sense of structure and
organization that it seems only humans are capable of
producing it is from this perspective that some people
see an “intelligent design: in the way that nature forms
Mathematics as a Science of Patterns
connotes order, regularity, and lawfulness natural or
man-made patterns of counting, measuring, reasoning,
motion, shape etc
Bilateral Symmetry known as line or bilateral
symmetry most evident in most animals including
humans the butterfly is symmetrical about an axis as
the left and right portions are exactly the same
Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man is an example of
bilateral symmetry
Rotational Symmetry For example, rotating Gerdenia
Crape Jasmine by several degree, you can still
achieve the appearance as the original position
LOGIC PATTERNS - Deals with the characteristics of
various objects
Arithmetic sequence - ordered set of numbers that the set P in set-builder form is written as :
have a common difference between each P = {x : x is a counting number and greater than 12) or
consecutive term P = {x | x is a counting number and greater than 12}

Equal and Unequal Sets

If X = {a, e, i, o, u} and H = {o, u, i, a, e} then both of
a_n = the nᵗʰ term in the sequence
these sets are equal.
a_1 = the first term in the sequence
If C = {1, 3, 5, 7} and D = {1, 3, 5, 9} then both of these
d = the common difference between terms
sets are unequal.
If A = {b, o, y} and B = {b, o, b, y, y} then also A = B
because both contain the same elements.
Geometric sequence - ordered set of numbers in
which each term is a fixed multiple of the number that
Equivalent Sets
comes before it.
- equal number of elements irrespective of what the
elements are
|A| = |B| . Symbol: (~)
Ex: X = {1, 2, 3} Y = {a, b, c}
|X| = |Y|, so X ~ Y and Y ~ X
a_n = the nᵗʰ term in the sequence
a_1 = the first term in the sequence
r = the common ratio Finite and Infinite Sets
n-1 = previous term A = {a, e, i, o, u} is a finite set because it represents
the vowel letters in the English alphabetical series.
B = {x : x is a number appearing on a dice roll} is also
Fibonacci sequence - sequence in which each a finite set because it contains – {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
number is the sum of the two preceding ones. elements.
C = {p: p is a prime number} is an infinite set.
Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2, where n > 1 D = {k: k is a real number} is also an infinite set.

Universal Set - ALL the elements

U = {a, b, c, d, x, y, z}
A = {a, b, c, d} B = {x, y, z}

Joint Disjoint

A = { X, Y ,Z } L = { 1,2,3,4 }
B = { E, Y ,S } M = { A,B,C }
A=Y Disjoint set - Two sets without
common elements.
B=Y

Subset If set A has {X, Y} and set B has {X, Y, Z},

Set and Numbers
- Collection of numbers, called elements
Roster form or tabular form:
In this, elements of the set are listed within the pair of
brackets { } and are separated by commas.
(i) Let N denote the set of first five natural numbers.
Therefore, N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} → Roster Form
Rule form
- Let P is a set of counting numbers greater than 12;
then A is the subset of B because elements of A are
also present in set B.
B ⊂ A or B ⊆ A read as “B is a subset of A.”
Empty or Null Set – sets having no elements. Symbol:
{ } or ∅
Measures of Central Tendency
- is a single value that attempts to describe a set of
data by identifying the central position within that set of
data
Mean (Arithmetic) - the sum of all values divided by Variance and Standard Deviation
the total number of values.
Standard Deviation - is a measure of how spread out
numbers are.

Its symbol is σ (the greek letter sigma)

The formula is easy: it is the square root of the

Median - the middle number in an ordered dataset.
Variance
The Variance is defined as:
65 55 89 56 35 14 56 55 87 45 92
The average of the squared differences from the
Mean.
14 35 45 55 55 56 56 65 87 89 92

65 55 89 56 35 14 56 55 87 45

14 35 45 55 55 56 56 65 87 89
5th and 6th score in our data set and average them
to get a median of 55.5.

Mode - most frequent value.

Weighted average