CHAPTER 1 – Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World

In this book, it is mentioned that we live in a universe of pattern – Nature by numbers

Who wrote the book Nature by numbers? – Ian Stewart

In this book, Ian Stewart claims that “Mathematics” is numbers – Nature by numbers

Who is the father of Mathematics? – Archimedes

Who is the father of modern Mathematics? – Rene Descartes

It is the foundation of all creation, the world cannot move even a single inch without it – Mathematics

Everything needs numbers

Nature is full of Patterns and Shapes

Visible consistencies found in Nature – Patterns

Regular, repeated, or recurring forms of design – Patterns

What are the types of Patterns? – Symmetries, Trees/Fractal, Spiral, Meanders, Waves, Foams,
Tessellations, Cracks and Stripes

Identical on both halves when folded and has equal parts – Symmetry

What are the 2 types of Symmetry? – Radical and Bilateral symmetry

Numerical symmetry referred to as Fibonacci sequence – Radical symmetry

It could be split into two matching halves – Bilateral symmetry

What is the other term for Bilateral symmetry? – Mirror symmetry

Give examples of symmetry – Butterfly, Starfish, Sunflower

Bigger and smaller size, there is recurring pattern, formed from chaotic equations and form similar
patterns of complexity increasing with magnification – Trees/Fractal

Give example of Trees/Fractal – Tree branches, roots, veins, leaves, lungs

Tightening curves, complicated mathematical algorithm, sequences, and equations – Spiral

Give example of Spiral – Fern, Desert big horn sheep, snail, fingerprint, spider web, hurricane, tornado,
typhoon

These are bends in Rivers and Channels – Meanders

Give examples of Meanders – Salt pans of the desert, Kelp leaves, Brain

Disturbances that carry energy as they move, there is force – Waves

Wind waves are created as wind passes over a large body of water – Waves

Give examples of Waves – Dunes, Ripples, Beach waves

Mass of bubbles, other types of foam can be seen in animals - Foams

Give example of Foams – Leopard, giraffe, Tortoise, Cheetah

Repeating tiles over the surface, no gaps no space, commonly seen in reptiles - Tessellations

Give examples of Tessellations – Snake, Alligator

Long narrow, evolutionary increases the chance of survival through camouflage - Stripes

Give example of Stripes – Zebras, butterflies, coral snakes, nemo

Ordered lists of objects or events, like a set, it contains members (elements/terms) - Sequence

Number of ordered elements (possible infinite) – Length of sequence

Uses for Patterns/ Sequence – Human behavior, Architecture, Biology, Physics, Astronomy

Who developed the Fibonacci sequence? – Leonardo Pisano Bigollo

In what real life occurrence does Fibonacci came from? – Rabbit and Sunflower

Series of numbers that often occurs in nature – Fibonacci numbers

What is the Latin term of Fibonacci of Fibonacci, and what’s its meaning? – Filius Bonacci, The Son of
Bonacci

Ordered set of numbers, shapes, or any mathematical objects arranged into a rule – Sequence

Uses of Fibonacci sequence – Aesthetics, Archiitecture, Music, Painting, Design, Nature, Optimization

What is the Binet’s formula?

Mathematical tools, gathering data, online posting using software, ex: Business sales – Mathematics for
Organization

Can generate analysis and interpretations using existing data to make predictions, can calculate the
change by using probability – Mathematics for Predictions

As a tool, man can exert control of himself and the aspect of Nature – Mathematics for Control

Needed in every aspect of this world, Mathematics is useful tool – Mathematics is Indispensable

CHAPTER 2 – Math as a language

Systems of words, signs, and symbols. People use to express Ideas, thoughts and feelings – Language

Systems used to communicate Mathematical ideas – Mathematical Language

Collection of distinct objects – Set

What are the two ways to describe a set? – Roster Method/ Roster form, Set Builder Notation/ Set-
builder form

All elements of set are enclosed in braces, elements are separated by coma – Roster form

Common property of all the elements of set is written – Set-builder form

Give the 9 Kinds of Set – Empty set/Null set, Finite set, Infinite set, Universal set, Unit set, Equal sets,
Equivalent set, Join sets, Disjoint sets

A set that has no elements Empty set/Null set

It is a set that contains countable number of elements – Finite set

A set that has no ends – Infinite set

A set that contains all elements under consideration – Universal set

A set that contains only one element – Unit set

A set that contains same elements but different placements – Equal sets

A set that contains same number of elements – Equivalent sets

A set that have at least one common element – Joint set

A set that have no common element – Disjoint sets

Give the 4 operations of Sets – Union of Sets, Intersection of sets, Difference of sets, Compliment of
Set

It contains all elements of both set A & B – Union of Sets

All the elements common to set A & B – Intersection of Sets

It contains all elements in set A which are not in set B – Difference of Sets

It contains all elements in universal set that are not in set A – Complement of set

It represents the relationships between sets – Venn diagram

Set of objects, such as numbers, grouped together which may or may not represent a pattern – Relation

A set of ordered pairs that are arranged in orderly manner, It is also a set of ordered pairs – Relation

Each value of X is unique and associated with unique value of Y – One-to-one correspondence

Two or more values of X is associated with the same value of Y – Many-to-one correspondence

Some values of X are associated with more than one value of Y – One-to-many correspondence

Some values of X and Y are associated with more than one value of their counterpart – Many-to-many
correspondence
A special kind of relation, each element in the domain is related by only one value in the range by some
value – Function

A set of real numbers is an operation or a rule that combine two real numbers to produce another real
numbers – Binary operations

CHAPTER 3 – PROBLEM SOLVING

Specific examples to general conclusions – Inductive reasoning

Conclusion from Inductive reasoning, may or may not be correct – Conjecture

Process of reaching conclusion by applying general principles and procedures, general to specific –
Deductive reasoning

Can be solved using deductive reasoning and chart that enables us to display the given information in a
visual manner – Logic puzzles

Each category of the frequency distribution – Class

Number of data values falling within each class - Frequency