MAMTHEMATICS IN MODERN WORLD

MATHEMATICS – derived from the Greek word

“Mathema” means “that which is learnt” while the
Greek equivalent is “Mathaimo”
 The science of structure, order, and relations
that has evolved from elemental practices of
counting. Measuring and describing the
shapes and characteristics of objects
 Helps organize patterns and regularities in
the world
PATTERNS IN NATURE & REGULARITIES
IN THE WORLD
 BILATERAL SYMMETRY – similar
anatomical parts are arranged on opposite
sides of median axis
 RADIAL SYMMETRY – symmetry
around the central axis
 SPHERICAL SYMMETRY – ability to
draw an endless but finite number of
symmetry axes through the body
 GOLDEN RATIO – also known as
logarithmic spiral a geometric way of
measuring Fibonacci
FRACTALS – mathematical formula of a pattern
that repeats over a wide range of size and time
scales. Described by Benoit Mandelbrot, the
Father of Fractals
MATHEMATICS LANGUAGE AND
SYMBOLS
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION – correct
arrangement of mathematical symbols used to
represent a mathematical object of interest
MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE – analogue of
English sentence, a correct arrangement of
mathematical symbols and must state a complete
thought

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE – integer in the infinite

sequence named after Leonardo Pisano
 RECURSIVE FORMULA – defines any
term of a sequence in terms of its preceding
terms.
F 1=1 , F 2=1 then Fn =Fn−1 + F n−2 for n ≥3
 BINET’S FORMULA
Fibonacci Number
 R – Real numbers
 N – Natural numbers
 W – Whole numbers
 Z – Integer numbers
 Q – Rational number
 Q’ – Irrational number
– for the nth  Ǝ – There exist
 ∀ – For every
 ∈ – Element of
 E or I – Such that
Variable – any letter used to stand for a
mathematical object
KIND OF MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT
 UNIVERSAL STATEMENT – idea that is
true for all the elements
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENT –
conditional idea that if one thing is true then
some other thing also has to be true
 EXISTENTIAL STATEMENT –
expresses an idea that may or may not be
true or at least one thing for which the
property is true.
SETS – a well- designed collection of objects called
element. It was introduced by George Cantor in
1879
 ROSTER METHOD – “listing method”
where the elements are listed (e.g. Set of
natural number less than five; S =
{ 0 , 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 }
  SET BUILDER METHOD – used
whenever it is convenient or impossible to
list all elements of a set. (e.g. The set whose
elements are all integers; N= { x I x ∈ Z }
TYPES OF SETS
 UNIVERSAL SET – the totality of all
points or element under study
 FINITE SET – set whose elements are
countable
 INFINITE SET – set where the numbers of
elements is unlimited or uncountable
 UNIT SET – finite set that has only one
element
 EMPTY OR NULL SET – set that has no
elements usually denoted by {} and ∅
 EQUIVALENT SET – sets that have
exactly the same numbers of elements
 EQUAL SET – sets that have exactly the
same elements
VENN DIAGRAM – a geometric representation
named after John Venn of sets, set relation, and
operations.
 Counting Problem Example: An activities
director for a cruise ship surveyed 240
passengers. 135 like swimming, 150 like
dancing, 65 like games, 80 like swimming
and dancing, 40 like swimming and games,
25 like dancing and games, 15 like all of
these activities. How many passengers a)
like exactly two of the three types of
activities; b) like none of these activities
Games
65-25-15-10
= 15
1
Dancing Swimming
150- 65 -15 - 135-65-15-25
10 =60 = 30
20

SET THEORY
 UNION (U) – set composed of elements that
belong to either sets or both
 INTERSECTION (∩) – set containing all
elements common to A and B
 DIFFERENCE – set containing all
elements common to A and B are taken out
 COMPLEMENT – set A with respect to
Universal Set U is the set of elements that
are not in A, denoted by `
 CARTESIAN PRODUCT – set of all
possible pairs of elements
Proper Subset – denoted by ⊂, every element of
Set A is also an element of Set B
ELEMENTARY LOGIC – a statement or
proposition that can be true or false
 2n = number of rows per truth tables
 True = 1; False = 0
RULES FOR ELEMENTARY LOGIC
 ~P – opposite or inverse of the said value
 P^Q – true when both are true, false
otherwise
 P v Q – it is true if either one or both is true
 P → Q – if the first statement is true and the
second statement is false then it is false
 P ↔ Q – if both has the same value then it is

Improper Subset – denoted by ⊆, indicate that Connective Symbol Type or statement

equal sets are subsets of one another and ^ conjunction
or v disjunction
Power Set – composed of all the subsets of a given
not ~ or ¬ negation
set
if…then → conditional
if and only if ↔ biconditional
true
o Tautology – all value are true
o Contradiction – all value are false
o Contingency – combination of true
and false
REASONING
INDUCTIVE REASONING – reasoning from
specific cases to more general but uncertain
conclusion. The conclusion formed is called
conjecture. Also known as bottom-up logic
 Example: Jenny leaves for school at 7:00
am. Jenny is always on time. Therefore,
Jenny assumes then that if she leaves for
 school of 7:00 am. She will always be on  STUBS – known as classes and row
time heading, these are categories which describe
the data
DEDUCTIVE REASONING – reasoning from
general premises which are known or presumed to VISUAL AND GRAPHICAL METHOD –
be known to more specific certain conclusions. Also techniques used in organizing and presenting data
known as top-down logic using pictures, shapes, and other figures such as
lines and dots.
 Example: All dogs has good sense of smell.
Therefore, logic tells us that black eye has a  BAR GRAPH – diagram in which the
good sense of smell frequency or magnitude of quantities of each
category, useful in comparing two to three
COUNTER EXAMPLE – a situation which shows
datasets
that the argument can have true premises and a false
 PIE CHART – diagram which uses circle
conclusion
divided into a number of slices each
 Logic Puzzles Example: Brianna, Ryan, represent a category of a given variable,
Tyler, and Ashley were recently elected as ideal when percentage distributions are
the new class officers of the sophomore involved
class at Summit College. From the following  LINE GRAPH – commonly used to present
clues, determine which position each hold. or visualize the value of a given variable
1. Ashley is younger than the president but over a period of time
older than the treasurer o Trend – a pattern in a set of results
2. Brianna and the secretary are both the same displayed in a graph
age, and they are the youngest of the group o Fluctuation – the irregular rising
3. Tyler and the secretary are next door and falling in number over time
neighbors  STEM AND LEAF PLOT – type of plot
President V-Pres Secretary treasurer which combines the groupings of a
Brianna X2 X2 X2 frequency distribution and the pictorial
Ryan X3 X2 X2 display of a histogram.
Tyler X2 X3 X2 MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY –
Ashley X1 X2 X1 summary measure that attempts to describe a whole
set of data with a single value that represents the
DATA MANAGEMENT middle or center of data set

STATISTICS – involves the collection,  MEAN – average of all the observation

organization, summarization, presentation, and  MEDIAN – middle number or the mean of
interpretation of data two middle number that have been arrange
in numerical order
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS –
 MODE – value in the dataset which occurs
branch of mathematics that involves the
most frequently
collection of organization,
summarization, and presentation MEASURE OF DISPERSION – quantity that
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS – describes the spread of variability of the
branch that interprets and draws observations in a given data (higher the value the
conclusions from the data greater the variability)
TABULAR METHOD – a systematic way of  RANGE – difference between the maximum
organizing data in rows and columns based from the value and the minimum value
pre-identified categories or classifications R=max−min
 VARIANCE – used in inferential theory
 TABLE HEADING – includes the table
Population: ϑ 2 =∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ Sample: s2=∑ ¿2¿¿
2
number and title
 BODY – considered as the main part of the
table containing the vital information or  STANDARD DEVIATION – used more in
figures being presented applications
 CAPTION – it designates the information Population: ϑ =√∑ ¿ ¿ ¿2¿ Sample:2
contained in the columns, usually referred as
s= √ ∑ ¿¿ ¿ ¿
column heading
MEASURE OF POSITION
  QUARTILES – divide a set of observations o The value of the correlation
into four equal parts arranged from smallest coefficient varies between -1 and +1.
to largest
o Guilford’s suggested interpretation
 DECILES – divide a set of observations
for the value of r .
into 10 equal parts
 PERCENTILES – divides observations r value Interpretation
into 100 equal parts. < 0.20 Almost negligible
 Z- SCORE – The z-score for a given data relationship
value x is the number of standard deviations 0.20 – 0.40 Definite but small
that x is above or below the mean of the relationship
data. 0.41 – 0.70 Substantial
o negative z-score value represent Relationship
0.71 – 0.90 Marked
value less than the mean and vice
Relationship
versa
0.91 – 1.00 Very Dependable
o Z = 0 the value is equal to the mean Relationship
x−μ
Population: z x = Sample:
σ
n ∑ XY −( ∑ X )( ∑ Y )
x−x r=
zx=
s √ [ n ∑ X −(∑ X ) ][ n ∑ Y −(∑ Y ) ]
2 2 2 2

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION – forms a bell-

shaped curve that is symmetric about a vertical line
through the mean of the data also known as REGRESSION ANALYSIS – a statistical method
“Gaussian Distribution”. One of the most important used to describe the nature of the relationship
statistical distributions between variables.

PROPERTIES OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTION o This functional relationship may then

 The graph is symmetric about a vertical line
through the mean of the distribution.
 Areas under the curve that are symmetric
about the mean are equal. The total area
under the curve is 1.
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION –
often helpful to convert data values x to z-scores, It
has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. The
area of the distribution from z= a to z=b represents
 the percentage of z-values that lie in the
interval from a to b.
 the probability that z lies in the interval from
a to b.
CORRELATION AND REGRESSION
CORRELATION – a statistical method used to
determine whether a relationship between variables
exist. A variable is a characteristic of the population
being observed or measured.
 It is the most widely used in Statistics to
measure the degree of the relationship
between the linear related variables.
 Correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r) is a
measure of the linear strength of association
between two variables. It is founded by Karl
Pearson.
be formally stated as an equation,
with associated values that describe
how well this equation fits the data.
 SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION – an
independent (predictor variable) and a
dependent (response variable).
 MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION -
two or more independent variables used to
predict the dependent variable.
Y^ =a+bX
a=Y −b X
N ( ∑ XY )−( ∑ X ) ( ∑ Y )
b=
N ¿¿
MATHEMATICS OF FINANCE
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT – process of
planning, organizing, directing, controlling, and
monitoring financial resources with a view to
achieve personal or organizational goals and
objectives
SIMPLE TERMINOLOGIES
 DEBTOR OR MAKER – the person or
institution who borrows the money
  LENDER – the person or institution who
loans the money
 INTEREST – the payment for the borrowed
money
 PRINCIPAL – the capital or sum of money
invested or lend
 TERM OR TIME – number of units of
time for which the money is borrowed and
for which interest is calculated.
 RATE OF INTEREST – the fractional part
of the principal that is paid on the loan and
is usually expressed in percent
 FINAL AMOUNT OR MATURITY
VALUE – the sum of the principal and
interest which is accumulated at a certain
time
P = present value or Principal
I = Interest
F = Amount or Maturity Value
When time expressed in- between- dates it is
necessary to determine the actual and approximate
time
 APPROXIMATE TIME – it is where all
the months in a year contains 30 days
 ACTUAL TIME – it is the exact or actual
number of days in a given month
DISCOUNT – a deduction from the final amount or
maturity value of a loan or obligation
 SIMPLE DISCOUNT – often called bank
discount or interest-in-advance
D=Fdt

 PRESENT VALUE OR PROCEEDS – Where:

amount received by the borrower D = discount
SIMPLE INTEREST – interest in which only the F = final amount
original principal bears interest for the entire term of a
loan or investment d = discount rate
I =PRT t = time
ORDINARY INTEREST
days PRESENT VALUE FORMULA (DISCOUNTING)
I =PR
360
P=F ( 1−dt )
EXACT INTEREST
MATURITY VALUE OR AMOUNT
days (ACCUMULATION)
I =PR
365∨366
P
F=
Where: 1−dt
I = interest
P = principal COMPOUND INTEREST
R = rate
T = time in years
AMOUNT AND PRESENT VALUE OF
SIMPLE INTEREST
ACCUMULATION
F=P+ I
Or
F=P ( 1+ RT )
DISCOUNTING
F
P=
1+ RT
Where: