MMW MIDTERM EXAMINATION REVIEWER
PATTERNS IN NATURE
PATTERN - Anything that repeats with recurring
characteristics or a series of a regular or consistent
arrangement according to a specific rule or sequence
1. SYMMETRY - a pattern that will show if an imaginary
line is drawn across an object, the resulting parts are
mirrors of each other
2. SPIRAL - a curved pattern that focuses on a center
point and a series of circular shapes that revolve
around it.
3. MEANDER - a series of regular sinuous curves,
bends, loops, turns, or windings in the channel of a
river, strea, or other watercourses.
4. CRACKS - linear openings that form in materials to
relieve stress.
5. STRIPES - is a line or band that differs in color or
tone from an adjacent area.
LOGICAL PATTERNS - includes studying of shapes and
colors and can be seen on aptitude tests
GEOMETRIC PATTERNS - collection of shapes,
repeating, or altered to create a cohesive design.
 TESSELATIONS - repeating patterns of polygons.
 FRACTALS - mathematical constructions
characterized by self-similarity. Two objects are self-
similar if they can be turned into the same shape by
stretching or shrinking and sometimes rotating.
 SIERPINSKI TRIANGLE - an equilateral triangle
which recursively replaces the triangle with three
smaller congruent equilateral triangles such that
each smaller triangle shares a vertex with the
large triangle.
 PASCAL’S TRIANGLE - contains numerical
coefficients of binomial expansions.
 FRACTAL TREE
 KOCH SNOWFLAKE
WORD PATTERNS
 ANALOGY - compares two different things, but they
do it by breaking them into parts to see how they are
related
 RHYME SCHEME - the rhymes’ pattern at the line of
a poem or song
NUMBER PATTERNS - a list of numbers that follow a
particular sequence or order
 GEOMETIRC SEQUENCE - a sequence where a
term is multiplied by a constant, called the common
ratio, to get the next term
 TRIANGULAR NUMBERS - the terms are related to
the number of dots needed to create a triangle
 SQUARE NUMBERS - the terms are the squares of
their position
 CUBE NUMBERS - the terms are the cubes of their
position
 FIBONACCI NUMBERS
THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE - can be seen in nature,
phenomena, human body and photographs
 LEONARDO PISANO
 “Leonardo of Pisa”
 Born in Pisa, Italy, 1170
 “Fibonacci” - “fillius Bonacci” - son of Bonacci
 Guglielmo Bonaccio
FIBONACCI SPIRAL - first ten numbers are 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,
13, 21, 34, 55
THE GOLDEN RATIO
 “phi” - Ф (upper), φ(lower)
 Named after greek sculptor Phidias
 Irrational number approximately equal to 1.618
 Known as divine ratio/proportion
 Continued fraction
INDISPENSABILITY OF MATHEMATICS
1. MATHEMATICS HELPS ORGANIZE PATTERNS
AND REGULATIONS IN THE WORLD - relation to
the patterns of the world, and nature
2. MATHEMATICS HELPS PREDICT THE BEHAVIOR
OF NATURE AND PHENOMENA IN THE WORLD -
determining patterns of nature to track its behaviors
3. MATHEMATICS HELPS CONTROL NATURE AND
OCCURRENCE IN THE WORLD FOR OUR OWN
ENDS - helps control nature and occurrences in the
world. PREDICTION
4. MATHEMATICS HAS NUMEROUS APPLICATIONS
IN THE WORLD, MAKING IT INDISPENSABLE
LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS
(refer to module 5)
LANGUAGE OF SETS
SET - collection of distinct objects
(sets must only have one of the unique letter/number it
contains)
SETO F REAL NUMBERS
1. N - NATURAL NUMBERS - counting numbers (positive
integers - 1, 2, 3, . . .
2. Z - INTEGERS - Natural numbers, their negatives and 0
3. Q - RATIONAL NUMBERS - can be represented as a/b
where and b are integers and b is not equal to 0. decimal
representations are terminating or repeating
4. Q’ - IRRATIONAL NUMBERS - numbers that can be
represented as non-repeating and non-terminating
decimals
5. R - REAL NUMBERS - rational and irrational
KINDS OF SETS
1. FINITE SET - set whose elements are limited or
countable
2. INFINITE SET - set whose elements are unlimited or
cannot be counted
3. UNIT SET OR SINGLETON SET - set with only one
element
4. EMPTY SET OR NULL SET - set with no object or
element
5. EQUAL SETS - two sets containing the same elements
are equal
6. EQUIVALENT SETS - if sets A and B have the same
number of elements or the same cardinality
7. DISJOINT SETS - two sets with no common elements
are disjoint
SUBSETS
 A is a subset of B ( A ⊆ B )
 Every set is a subset of itself
 The empty set is a subset of every set
PROPER SUBSET
 If every element of A is in B but there is at least one
element in B that is not in A, then A is a proper
subset of B
 A⊂B
 Every set is not a proper subset itself
 Null set is a proper subset of every set
SUPERSET
 If A is a subset of B, then we can say that B is a
superset of A
 B⊇A
POWER SETS
 The set of all subsets of a set A is called the power
set of A

UNIVERSAL SET - the set containing all the possible

elements under consideration
COMPLEMENTARY SETS - Sets A and B are
complementary if they have no common elements, and
their union is the universal set

OPERATIONS OF SETS
UNION - union of two sets A and B is the set containing all
the elements of both sets. A ∪ B.
INTERSECTION - set containing the common elements of
both sets. A ∩ B
COMBINATIONS

PRODUCT SETS - the set of two non-empty sets is the

set of all ordered pairs