Disaster Preparedness Manual For Tsunami (Pre-Final)

LISTO MANUAL ON DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR TSUNAMIS
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LISTO MANUAL ON
DISASTER
PREPAREDNESS
FOR TSUNAMIS
GUIDE FOR LOCAL CHIEF EXECUTIVES
(CITY AND MUNICIPALITIES)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS.........................................................................................................................................................................4
DEFINITION OF TERMS........................................................................................................................................................7
1. BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................................12
HEEDING THE CALL TO SCALE UP TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS..............................................................................12
THE ROLE OF THE LOCAL CHIEF EXECUTIVE:.......................................................................................................13
TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS – WHY DO WE NEED IT?...........................................................................................15
WHICH LGUS SHOULD PREPARE?........................................................................................................................16
2. STATUTORY AND POLICY FRAMEWORK GUIDING TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS...............................................17
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE - PLAN TO AVOID DISASTERS, PLAN TO RESPOND AND RECOVER.......................19
EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE, PROMOTION OF THE GENERAL WELFARE AND PROVISION
OF BASIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES ...................................................................................................................19
REPUBLIC ACT 10121..........................................................................................................................................20
FOUR THEMATIC AREAS OF PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE, PREVENTION/MITIGATION
AND REHABILITATION/RECOVERY........................................................................................................................20
UPDATED NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR 2020-2030 ............21
THE MANDANAS RULING....................................................................................................................................26
3. TSUNAMI HAZARD CHARACTERISATION AND TSUNAMI RISK..........................................................................29
ORIGIN OF THE TSUNAMI TERMINOLOGY.........................................................................................................29
CHARACTERISTICS OF TSUNAMIS......................................................................................................................29
TYPES OF TSUNAMI............................................................................................................................................31
PHILIPPINE TYPES OF TSUNAMIS ...................................................................................................................31
TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS (PHIVOLCS)..............................................................................................................31
TSUNAMI MONITORING....................................................................................................................................32
ELEMENTS-AT-RISK:......................................................................................................................................32
LOCAL TSUNAMI EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR HIGH RISK COASTAL COMMUNITIES OF THE PHILIPPINES 33
LOCAL TSUNAMI NATURAL SIGNS ...................................................................................................................33
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UNDERSTANDING PHILIPPINES’ TSUNAMI RISK................................................................................................33

EXPOSURE TO TSUNAMI..............................................................................................................................33
VULNERABILITIES TO TSUNAMI ...................................................................................................................35
CHECKLIST OF QUESTIONS ON LGU PREPAREDNESS.........................................................................................38
TSUNAMI HAZARD.......................................................................................................................................38
EXPOSURE TO TSUNAMI RISK......................................................................................................................39
VULNERABILITIES AND CAPACITIES TO TSUNAMI ......................................................................................39
4. TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS FRAMEWORK: INVESTING IN EARLY PREPAREDNESS.............................................40
PREPAREDNESS CONTINUUM............................................................................................................................40
BANKING ON EARLY PREPAREDNESS MEASURES..............................................................................................48
EARLY PREPAREDNESS CHECKLIST.....................................................................................................................50
5. ROLE OF THE GOVERNOR AS LOCAL CHIEF EXECUTIVE.....................................................................................68
6. EARLY PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS OF THE LOCAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION OFFICER (LDRRMO)..................70
EARLY PREPAREDNESS CHECKLIST - LDRRMO....................................................................................................70
MEASURES TO PREVENT/MITIGATE LOSSES AND DAMAGES FROM TSUNAMI...................................................72
PRE-HAZARD PREPAREDNESS TO AVERT LOSSES AND DAMAGES.......................................................................77
RESPONSE AND EARLY RECOVERY PREPAREDNESS TO AVOID CASCADING DISASTERS......................................84
RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION PREPAREDNESS TO REDUCE PROBABILITY OF ANOTHER DISASTER................9
7. EARLY PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS OF THE BARANGAY........................................................................................91
TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS IN THE BARANGAY LEVEL........................................................................................91
HOW WILL A BARANGAY PREPARE FOR A TSUNAMI? ......................................................................................91
ABC CHAIR .........................................................................................................................................................95
MEASURES TO PREVENT/MITIGATE LOSSES AND DAMAGES FROM TSUNAMI ..................................................95
PRE-HAZARD PREPAREDNESS TO AVERT LOSSES AND DAMAGES ......................................................................96
RESPONSE AND EARLY RECOVERY PREPAREDNESS TO AVOID CASCADING DISASTERS ......................................97
RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION PREPAREDNESS TO REDUCE PROBABILITY OF ANOTHER DISASTER...............97
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PUNONG BARANGAY / BARANGAY CAPTAIN ..........................................................................................................97

MEASURES TO PREVENT/MITIGATE LOSSES AND DAMAGES FROM TSUNAMI .........................................................98
PRE-HAZARD PREPAREDNESS TO AVERT LOSSES AND DAMAGES ...........................................................................100
RESPONSE AND EARLY RECOVERY PREPAREDNESS TO AVOID CASCADING DISASTERS ...........................................102
RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION PREPAREDNESS TO REDUCE PROBABILITY OF ANOTHER DISASTER ...................104
BARANGAY SANGGUNIAN ....................................................................................................................................................................... 105
MEASURES TO PREVENT/MITIGATE LOSSES AND DAMAGES FROM TSUNAMI .......................................................105
BARANGAY TANOD ................................................................................................................................................ 108
MEASURES TO PREVENT/MITIGATE LOSSES AND DAMAGES FROM TSUNAMI .......................................................108
TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS FOR BOAT OWNERS .....................................................................................................110
SAFETY PLANNING FOR SHIPS AND BOATS IN PORTS AND HARBOURS ...........................................................111
8. EARLY WARNING 112

PHIVOLCS ................................................................................................................................................................113
GREEN ADVISORY – NO TSUNAMI THREAT, NO EVACUATION: ................................................................................114
YELLOW ADVISORY – SEA LEVEL CHANGE MONITORING, NO EVACUATION: ..........................................................114
ORANGE ADVISORY – MINOR SEA LEVEL DISTURBANCE, PRELIMINARY EVACUATION ...........................................114
RED ADVISORY – TSUNAMI WARNING – IMMEDIATE EVACUATION .......................................................................114
DSWD ......................................................................................................................................................................117
WHITE ALERT STATUS – NORMAL SITUATION .................................................................................................118
BLUE ALERT STATUS – EARLY WARNING STANDBY READINESS IN PREPARATION FOR A FULL
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SCALE RESPONSE.............................................................................................................................................118
RED ALERT STATUS – EMERGENCY RESPONSE OPERATIONS ..........................................................................118
LEVEL 1 – AGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE OPERATIONS .................................................................119
LEVEL 2 – SPECIFIC CLUSTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE OPERATIONS ................................................119
LEVEL 3 – INTER-CLUSTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE OPERATIONS .....................................................119
RESPONSE CLUSTER DEACTIVATION DURING TRANSITION FROM EARLY RECOVERY TO RECOVERY
& REHABILITATION PHASE ......................................................................................................................................119
THE 11 RESPONSE CLUSTERS AND THEIR CLUSTER LEADS ARE: .............................................................................120
EARLY ACTION/ EARLY PREPAREDNESS MEASURES .................................................................................................122
ALPHA – DISTANT TSUNAMI ....................................................................................................................................122
BRAVO – LOCAL TSUNAMI .......................................................................................................................................123
CHARLIE –EMERGENCY RESPONSE ..........................................................................................................................123
DELTA – EARLY RECOVERY / DEACTIVATION OF THE NATIONAL RESPONSE CLUSTER ..............................................124
ANNEX A –TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS MEASURES ...............................................................................................................125

RISK BASED TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS ................................................................................................................................125
LGU SPECIFIC TSUNAMI INUNDATION MAPS .......................................................................................................................125
STRATEGIC TSUNAMI MITIGATION .......................................................................................................................................127
TSUNAMI RESISTANT BUILDINGS ............................................................................................................................128
ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS – ARTIFICIAL BARRIERS SEAWALLS, BREAKWATERS, TIDE GATES .................................129
NATURE BASED APPROACH FOR STRATEGIC TSUNAMI MITIGATION ......................................................................130
ZONE OF AVOIDANCE FOR SETTLEMENT AND STRUCTURES ..........................................................................130
EASEMENT/ SET BACK FOR COASTAL AREAS AND DELTAS .............................................................................131
TSUNAMI CONTROL FOREST BELTS & COASTAL VEGETATION BELT (Mangroves Greenbelt/ Coastal Forests).131
LANDBANK IN TSUNAMI SAFE AREAS .............................................................................................................133
ANNEX B – DECLARATION OF A STATE OF CALAMITY ...........................................................................................................134
ANNEX C – MATRIX OF RELEVANT LAWS AND POLICIES .......................................................................................................136
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ACRONYMS
ACDV Accredited Community Disaster Volunteers DA Department of Agriculture

AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines DANA Damage and Needs Assessment
AIP Annual Investment Plan DENR Department of Environment and
BDRRMC Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Natural Resources
Management Committee DepEd Department of Education
BFP Bureau of Fire Protection DILG Department of the Interior and Local
BJMP Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Government
BLGD Bureau of Local Government Development DND Department of National Defense
BLGS Bureau of Local Government Supervision DOE Department of Energy
BPATs Barangay Peacekeeping Action Teams DOH Department of Health
BRGY. Barangay DOST Department of Science and Technology
C/MHO City or Municipal Health Officer DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways
CBDRRM Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management DRRM Disaster Risk Reduction And Management
CCA Climate Change Adaptation DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development
CCC Climate Change Commission DTI Department of Trade and Industry
CCCM Camp Coordination and Camp Management EC Evacuation Center
CDP Comprehensive Development Plan EO Executive Order
CDRA Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment EOC Emergency Operations Center
CDRRMO City Disaster Risk Reduction Management EPA Early Preparedness Action
Office EWS Early Warning System
CDV Community Disaster Volunteers F/NFI Food and Non-Food Items
CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan HLURB Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
CODIX Central Office Disaster Information HSDN Health Service Delivery Network
Coordinating Center IC/UC Incident Commander/Unified Commander
COP Chief of Police ICS Incident Command System
CPA Critical Preparedness Action IMT Incident Management Team
CSWDO City Social Welfare and Development Officer JMC Joint Memorandum Circular
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LCCAP Local Climate Change Action Plan MLGOO Municipal Local Government Operations
LCC Local Chamber of Commerce Officer
LCCAP Local Climate Change Action Plan MMDA Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
LCE Local Chief Executive MNAO Municipal Nutrition Action Officer
LCP League of Cities of the Philippines MoA Memorandum of Agreement
LDRRM Local Disaster Risk Reduction and MoP Management of The Pilgrims
Management MoU Memorandum of Understanding
LDRRMC Local Disaster Risk Reduction and MPHS Municipal Public Health Services
Management Council MSWDO Municipal Social Welfare and Development
LDRRMF Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Officer
Management Fund NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information
LDRRMO Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Authority
Management Office NBOO National Barangay Operations Office
LDRRMP Local Disaster Risk Reduction and NDCP National Defense College of the Philippines
Management Plan NDPP National Disaster Preparedness Plan
LGA Local Government Academy NDRP National Disaster Response Plan
LGU Local Government Unit NDRRMC National Disaster Risk Reduction and
LMP League of Municipalities of the Philippines Management Council
LOG Logistics NDRRMF National Disaster Risk Reduction and
LPP League of Provinces of the Philippines Management Framework
LRI Learning Research Institute NEDA National Economic and Development Authority
MDRRMO Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction NGA National Government Agency
Management Office OCD Office of Civil Defense
MC Memorandum Circular OpCen Operations Center
MDM Management of the Dead and Missing PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
MGB Mines and Geosciences Bureau Astronomical Services Administration
MHO Municipal Health Office PB Punong Barangay
MHPSS Mental Health and Psychosocial Support PDANA Post-Disaster Assessment And Needs Analysis
MISP Minimum Initial Service Package PDRA Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment
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ACRONYMS
PDRRMO Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office

PHIVOLCS Philippine Institute of Volcanology & Seismology
PIA Philippine Information Agency
PNP Philippine National Police
PNRI Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
PO Provincial Office
PPO Police Provincial Office
PRO Police Regional Office
PSI Psycho Social Integration
PTTC Philippine Trade Training Center
PWD Person With Disability
QRF Quick Response Fund
RA Republic Act
RA 10121 Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010
RDANA Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis
RO Regional Office / Responsible Officer
SAR Search and Rescue
SRR Search, Rescue, and Retrieval
VMS Volunteer Management System
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
General Disaster Preparedness Terms
"Disaster Preparedness" - the knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery
organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the Impacts of likely, imminent
or current hazard events or conditions. Preparedness action is carried out within the context of disaster risk reduction and
management and aims to build the capacities needed to efficiently manage all types of emergencies and achieve orderly transitions
from response to sustained recovery. Preparedness is based on a sound analysis of disaster risk and good linkages with early
warning systems, and includes such activities as contingency planning, stockpiling of equipment and supplies, the development
of arrangements for coordination, evacuation and public information, and associated training and field exercises. These must be
supported by formal institutional, legal and budgetary capacities1.
"Preparedness" - pre-disaster actions and measures being undertaken within the context of disaster risk reduction and
management and are based on sound risk analysis as well as pre-disaster activities to avert or minimize loss of life and property
such as, but not limited to, community organizing, training, planning, equipping, stockpiling, hazard mapping, insuring of assets,
and public information and education initiatives. This also includes the development/ enhancement of an overall preparedness
strategy, policy, institutional structure, warning and forecasting capabilities, and plans that define measures geared to help at-risk
communities safeguard their lives and assets by being alert to hazards and taking appropriate action in the face of an Imminent
threat or an actual disaster.2 ”
"Disaster Mitigation" - the lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. Mitigation measures
encompass engineering techniques and hazard-resistant construction as well as improved environmental policies and public
awareness3.
"Mitigation" - structural and non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental
degradation, and technological hazards and to ensure the ability of at-risk communities to address vulnerabilities aimed at
minimizing the impact of disasters. Such measures include, but are not limited to, hazard-resistant construction and engineering
works, the formulation and implementation of plans, programs, projects and activities, awareness raising, knowledge
management, policies on land-use and resource management, as well as the enforcement of comprehensive land-use planning,
building and safety standards, and legislation4 .
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Sec. 3(j), R.A. 10121 (2010).
2
Sec. 3(bb), R.A. 10121 (2010).
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Sec. 3(i), R.A. 10121 (2010).
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Sec. 3(x), R.A. 10121 (2010).
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"Disaster Prevention" - the outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. It expresses the concept
and intention to completely avoid potential adverse impacts through action taken in advance such as construction of dams or
embankments that eliminate flood risks, land-use regulations that do not permit any settlement in high-risk zones, and seismic
engineering designs that ensure the survival and function of a critical building in any likely earthquake5 .
"Disaster Response" - the provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order
to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected. Disaster
response is predominantly focused on immediate and short-term needs and is sometimes called "disaster relief'6.
"Post-Disaster Recovery" - the restoration and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihood and living conditions. of
disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors, in accordance with the principles of "build back
better"7.
“Exposure”
1. The situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities and other tangible human assets located in hazard-
prone areas. Measures of exposure can include the number of people or types of assets in an area. These can be combined
with the specific vulnerability and capacity of the exposed elements to any particular hazard to estimate the quantitative
risks associated with that hazard in the area of interest8.
2. “(t) Exposure”– the degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard events of different magnitudes9.
"Rehabilitation" - measures that ensure the ability of affected communities/areas to restore their normal level of functioning by
rebuilding livelihood and damaged infrastructures and increasing the communities' organizational capacity10.
“Nature based solutions” - that ‘protect, sustainably manage and restore natural or modified ecosystems which address societal
challenges effectively and adaptively, while simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits.11’
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Sec. 3(k), R.A. 10121 (2010).
6
Sec. 3(l), R.A. 10121 (2010).
7
Sec. 3(aa), R.A. 10121 (2010).
8
Open-ended Intergovernmental Expert Working Group (OIEWG) report to the General Assembly on Indicators and Terminology.
Accessed on February 20, 2021 at https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/852089?ln=en.
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Sec. 3(t), R.A. 10121 (2010).
10
Sec. 3(ee), R.A. 10121 (2010).
11
Concept Note - Ecosystem Approaches for shifting the world onto a sustainable pathway. Joint meeting of the UNGA Second Committee and ECOSOC quoting
the definition of Nature Based Solutions of IUCN (2016) 15 October 2019. Accessed on February 20, 2021 at https://www.un.org/ecosoc/sites/www.un.org.
ecosoc/files/files/en/2019doc/Joint%20meeting%20between%20the%20C2%20and%20ECOSOC%20concept%20note.pdf
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"Post-Disaster Recovery" - the restoration and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihood and living conditions. of
disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors, in accordance with the principles of "build back
better"12.
“Pre-disaster Recovery Plans” – contains the steps and activities that need to be undertaken before the hazard arrives to
ensure that the Post-Disaster Recovery phase may be carried out efficiently and ensures the continuity of LGU services should a
catastrophic tsunami impacts upon the LGU.
“Vulnerability”
1. The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the
susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of hazards13.
2. (nn) “Vulnerability” – the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the
damaging effects of a hazard. Vulnerability may arise from various physical, social, economic, and environmental factors
such as poor design and construction of buildings, inadequate protection of assets, lack of public information and awareness,
limited official recognition of risks and preparedness measures, and disregard for wise environmental management14.
Tsunami Glossary
The following definition of terms particular to tsunamis have been drawn from the ITIC Tsunami Glossary15.
“ITIC” – International Tsunami Information Center. ITIC was established in November 1965 by the IOC Assembly of UNESCO
to support the ICG/ITSU in the Pacific. The ITIC also provides technical and capacity building assistance to Member States for
the global establishment of tsunami warning and mitigation systems in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, the Caribbean and
Mediterranean Seas, and other oceans and marginal seas, and as the oldest, supports Tsunami Information Centres starting in
other regions. In the Pacific, the ITIC specifically monitors and recommends improvements to the PTWS, coordinates tsunami
technology transfer among Member States interested in establishing regional and national tsunami warning systems, acts as a
clearinghouse for risk assessment and mitigation activities, works with the World Data.
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12
Sec. 3(aa), R.A. 10121 (2010).
13
UNISDR. Words Into Action Guidelines: National Disaster Risk Assessment – Governance System, Methodologies, and Use of Results. 2017. p.28. Retrieved on
November 30, 2020 from https://www.unisdr.org/files/52828_nationaldisasterriskassessmentpart1.pdf
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Section 3 paragraph (nn), RA10121.
15
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. Fourth Edition. Tsunami Glossary, 2019. Paris, UNESCO. IOC Technical Series, 85. (English, French, Spanish,
Arabic, Chinese) (IOC/2008/TS/85 rev.4) accessed on February 21, 2021 at http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/images/stories/about_tsunamis/tsunami_glossary/
tsunami_glossary_en_v19.pdf
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Service for Geophysics to collect historical event data, and serves as a resource for the development, publication, and distribution of
tsunami education and preparedness materials.
“ETA/ Estimated Time of Arrival” - Time of tsunami arrival at some fixed location, as estimated from modelling the speed and
refraction of the tsunami waves as they travel from the source. ETA is estimated with very good precision if the bathymetry and
source are well known (less than a couple of minutes). The first wave is not necessarily the largest, but it is usually one of the first
five waves.
“Recession” - Drawdown of sea level prior to tsunami flooding. The shoreline moves seaward, sometimes by a kilometer or
more, exposing the sea bottom, rocks, and fish. The recession of the sea is a natural warning sign that a tsunami is approaching.
(Corresponds to “Drop” of sea level in the natural signs of a tsunami)
“Runup”
1. Difference between the elevation of maximum tsunami penetration (inundation line) and the sea level at the time of the
tsunami. In practical terms, runup is only measured where there is a clear evidence of the inundation limit on the shore.
2. Elevation reached by seawater measured relative to some stated datum such as mean sea level, mean low water, sea level
at the time of the tsunami attack, etc., and measured ideally at a point that is a local maximum of the horizontal inundation.
Where the elevation is not measured at the maximum of horizontal inundation, this is often referred to as the inundation-
height.
“Travel time” - Time required for the first tsunami wave to propagate from its source to a given point on a coastline.
“Tsunami generation” - Tsunamis are most frequently caused by earthquakes, but can also result from landslides, volcanic
eruptions, and very infrequently by meteorites or other impacts upon the ocean surface. Tsunamis are generated primarily by
tectonic dislocations under the sea which are caused by shallow focus earthquakes along areas of subduction. The upthrusted and
downthrusted crustal blocks impart potential energy into the overlying water mass with drastic changes in the sea level over the
affected region. The energy imparted into the water mass results in tsunami generation, i.e. energy radiating away from the source
region in the form of long period waves.
“Tsunami hazard” - The probability that a tsunami of a particular size will strike a particular section of coast.
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“Tsunami hazard assessment” - Documentation of tsunami hazards for a coastal community is needed to identify populations and
assets at risk, and the level of that risk. This assessment requires knowledge of probable tsunami sources (such as earthquakes,
landslides, and volcanic eruptions), their likelihood of occurrence, and the characteristics of tsunamis from those sources at
different places along the coast. For those communities, data of earlier (historical and paleotsunamis) tsunamis may help quantify
these factors. For most communities, however, only very limited or no past data exist. For these coasts, numerical models of
tsunami inundation can provide estimates of areas that will be flooded in the event of a local or distant tsunamigenic earthquake
or a local landslide.
“Tsunami impact” - Although infrequent, tsunamis are among the most terrifying and complex physical phenomena and have
been responsible for great loss of life and extensive damage. Because of their destructiveness, tsunamis have important impacts
on the human, social, and economic sectors of societies. Over the last 3600 years, there have been 252 fatal tsunamis and more
than 540,000 deaths. The worst catastrophe in history was the 26 December 2004 Sumatra, Indonesia tsunami that killed 228,000
people in 14 Indian Ocean countries and caused $10 billion in damage. The Pacific Ocean, however, is where 70% of the world’s
tsunamis occur. 99% of the deaths were caused by local tsunamis, which are those hit in less than 1 hour tsunami travel time. Since
81% of the tsunamis are generated by shallow great earthquakes, shaking and damage from the earthquake is the 1st hazard to
address before the tsunami arrives. In Japan, which has one of the most populated coastal regions in the world and a long history
of earthquake activity, tsunamis have destroyed entire coastal populations. There is also a history of severe tsunami destruction
in Alaska, the Hawaiian Islands, Indonesia, and South America. The last major Pacific-wide tsunami was the 11 March 2011 Japan
tsunami which killed more than 18,000 in Japan and 2 persons in the far field.
“Tsunami preparedness” - Readiness of plans, methods, procedures, and actions taken by government officials and the general
public for the purpose of minimizing potential risk and mitigating the effects of future tsunamis. The appropriate preparedness for
a warning of impending danger from a tsunami requires knowledge of areas that could be flooded (tsunami inundation maps) and
knowledge of the warning system to know when to evacuate and when it is safe to return.
“Tsunami risk” – The probability of a particular coastline being struck by a tsunami multiplied by the likely destructive effects of the
tsunami and by the number of potential victims. In general terms, risk is the hazard multiplied by the exposure.
“Tsunami source” – Point or area of tsunami origin, usually the site of an earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide that caused
large-scale rapid displacement of the water to initiate the tsunami waves.
“Tsunami zonation (tsunami zoning)” – Designation of distinctive zones along coastal areas with varying degrees of tsunami risk
and vulnerability for the purpose of disaster preparedness, planning, construction codes, or public evacuation.
“Tsunamigenic” – Capable of generating a tsunami. For example: a tsunamigenic earthquake, a tsunamigenic landslide.
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1 BACKGROUND
HEEDING THE CALL TO SCALE UP TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS

The Local Government Academy of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG LGA) pursued the development of
the L!STO Manual on Disaster Preparedness for Tsunami – Local Chief Executives (Cities and Municipalities) in recognition of the
recommendations made by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology of the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST-PHIVOLCS). PHIVOLCS recommended the urgent scaling-up of the country’s preparedness for the devastating impact of
high-magnitude earthquakes and tsunami from the imminent movement of the West Valley Fault and the Manila Trench.
This L!STO Manual on Disaster Preparedness for Tsunamis – Local Chief Executives (Cities and Municipalities) is part of the DILG
LGA implementation of the Program on Strengthening Capacities on Disaster and Climate Resiliency: Operation L!STO. Operation
Listo program is the umbrella program of DILG aimed at strengthening LGU preparedness for disasters using the whole-of-
government and whole-of-society approach for disaster resiliency. A key component of the Operation L!STO is the Building LGU’s
Climate and Disaster Resilience: L!STONG Pamahalaang Lokal.
In 2014, a Disaster Preparedness Manual for hydro meteorological hazard was developed with the end view of equipping city/
municipal LGUs in preparing for typhoons. The latest version was completed in 2018. Hydro meteorological hazards such as
typhoons remain to be the most frequent and destructive hazard faced by the country. LGUs have expressed how this manual has
provided valuable guidance to LGUs to take proactive measures in dealing with hydro meteorological hazards.
This L!STO Manual is anchored on the mandates of LGUs as specified in RA 7160 and RA 10121 alongside all the other policies
mentioned in the draft document. Having said this, the LGU’s primary role is to avert loss of lives and assets in the context of
hazards like tsunamis. From a DRR framework, where natural hazards are unavoidable, the more logical path for risk reduction
and management are to REDUCE EXPOSURE and VULNERABILITY.
It is in this context that this draft manual has emphasized in the different section the value of EARLY PREPAREDNESS or we can call
it EARLY ACTION -- informing prevention and mitigation, pre-hazard preparedness, response preparedness, and preparedness for
rehabilitation and recovery.
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THE ROLE OF THE LOCAL CHIEF EXECUTIVE:
This manual has been prepared for the Local Chief Executives of Cities and Municipalities. It emphasizes the need to understand
the scale of damage which waterfront barangays of cities and municipalities may incur from Tsunamis. The magnitude of potential
damage in turn show the level of early preparedness local governments need to undertake. It also emphasizes that effective early
preparedness measures rests on the cooperation between different local chief executives in waterfront cities and municipalities,
and adjacent land-locked areas.
Local Chief Executives need to look at their role under RA 10121 as Chairperson of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council. The function of first response is devolved to the local government level (Sec15, RA 10121), and the entry of
National Response clusters to augment or take over shall only kick in once this has been requested by the LGUs. At the same time,
given the scale of anticipated damage from Tsunamis, the Local Chief Executives need to understand the mandates provided for
under the Local Government Code to protect the general welfare of the people.
In reference to RA 10121, Local Chief Executive used in the law refers to three levels – Governors as LCEs of Provinces, Mayors as
LCEs of Cities and Municipalities, and the Punong Barangays (Barangay Chairpersons) as LCEs of Barangays. The role of these LCEs
to lead the Local DRRM Council for their specific geographic unit is similar. The LCEs are the persons primarily responsible that the
LDRRM Council functions well. They are the persons primarily responsible that the LDRRMC is able to craft plans which saves more
lives. They are likewise primarily responsible in assessing whether the National Government response cluster should come in to
augment local resources and manpower, or whether a full takeover of responsibilities is necessary. (Sec11 (a), RA 10121)
Local Chief Executives have a crucial role to play in preventing the loss of lives and livelihoods from the onslaught of a Tsunami.
They are mandated under our DRRM Law (RA 10121) to lead the Local Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council as its
Chairperson. The Local DRRM Council plans and programs for disaster risk reduction and climate risk mitigation would need to be
translated into ordinances with corresponding budgets. The Local Chief Executive, as head of the LGU and as Chairperson of the
LDRRM Council, is in the best position to shepherd these plans to the Local Council (Sanggunian) for the passage of the appropriate
ordinance, resolution and inclusion in the annual investment plan and budget.
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The mandate of the Local Chief Executive provided by the Local Government Code on the other hand includes:
1. Approval or Veto of Ordinances passed by the Local Sanggunian (Council) and this may include ordinances related to Tsunami
preparedness and plans regarding foreshorelands and waterfront infrastructure (Sec 54, LGC)
2. Submission of Annual Reports to the Local Sanggunian (Council) which may include reports on Tsunami risk and Tsunami early
preparedness measures that need to be undertaken (Sec 97, LGC)
3. As Co-Chairperson of the Local School Board, can push for the review of building Tsunami safety of schools and the inclusion of
Tsunami awareness and Tsunami evacuation plan awareness in elementary and secondary public education. (Sec98(b)(2) and
Sec 99 , LGC)
4. As Chairperson of the Local Health Board, to put on the agenda the health implication of a tsunami disaster and the level of
readiness existing and aimed for. This includes reviewing the building/ structural integrity and locational exposure of critical
public health facilities and critical services that support public health facilities. (Sec 102(a)(2), 102(a)(3), 102(b) LGC)
5. As head of the Local Development Council, to lead in formulation the long term, medium term and annual economic recovery
development plans and policies, public investment programs in Tsunami early preparedness measures, business continuity
programs of private /local businesses, among others. (Sec 107 (b) Sec.109 LGC)
6. As head of the Local Development Council, to push for the timely discussion of Tsunami early preparedness and Tsunami
recovery programs with the Local Sanggunian and the Regional Development Councils (Sec114 LGC)
7. As head of the City or Municipality, the LCE exercises general supervision over component barangays (Sec32 LGC) and
reviews the executive orders promulgated by the Punong Barangays within the latter’s jurisdiction.(Sec30 LGC). This general
supervision and review function may include reviewing plans for their consistency with risk reducing/ risk mitigating objectives
relative to Tsunamis such as the approvals of Foreshore lease agreements in Tsunami prone areas and the institutionalization
of regular Tsunami drills, Tsunami evacuation maps and Tsunami risk communication.
22
8. Exercise general supervision and control over all programs, projects, services and activities of the municipal government.
This may include ensuring the formulation of the municipal development plan consistent with Tsunami risk assessments
and Tsunami mitigation plans, and ensuring / proposing to the Local Sanggunian (Council) the passage of a comprehensive
land use plan which takes into consideration the Tsunami risk areas and the need for resettlement of critical infrastructure
and residential areas away from the Tsunami run up areas. This may also include visiting component barangays of the
municipality/ city. (Sec444(b)(1), Sec447(a)(2)(vii,viii,ix)LGC).
9. Enforces all laws and ordinances and implement all approved policies, programs, projects, services and activities of the
municipality. This ensuring that executive orders relative to peace and order situation in the aftermath of a Tsunami disaster,
and conducting evacuations for local and distant tsunamis are discussed with the local law enforcers and signed. (Sec444(b)(2)
(iii,v,vi)LGC)
10. Initiate and maximize generation of resources and revenues, and this may include raising resources for Tsunami mitigation
measures (Sec444(b)(3)LGC)
11. Ensure the delivery of basic services and provision of adequate facilities. This may include the inspection of building for
Tsunami safety, the retrofitting or transfer of public buildings, public schools and other critical facilities ((Sec444(b)(4)(ii)LGC)
and the provision of immediate relief and recovery support after the occurrence of a Tsunami disaster.
In the section of this manual on early preparedness measures ( Chapter 4. EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS
FRAMEWORK: INVESTING IN EARLY PREPAREDNESS), a more detailed list of action points may be seen divided into the
following three (3) key result areas:
1. Institutionalizing Structures and Partnerships
o Institutionalise / Operationalise Structures
o Establish Partnerships
2. Risk Assessment, Communication, Risk-Sensitive Policies and Programs

o Conduct Assessments (Disaster/Climate Risk) and Produce Ground Truthed Tsunami Inundation Projection Maps
o Plans & Policies / Ordinances
o Public Awareness
o Monitoring, Evaluation, Learning Systems
o Steps for Engaging Scientific Institutions
23
3. Risk-informed Investments
o LDRRMF and Annual Investment Program
TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS – Why do we need it?

Apart from exposure to hydro meteorological hazards, the Philippines is equally susceptible to geological hazards such as
earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. The country is geo located within the Pacific Ring of Fire where 90% of the world’s
strongest volcanic eruptions and 81% of the world’s most damaging earthquakes have occurred. Earthquake generators such
as trenches and active faults are distributed within and around the whole archipelago. These geological hazards render the
Philippines susceptible to local/ near source and distant/ far-source tsunamis. While tsunami events are not as frequent as hydro
meteorological hazards, these have been catastrophic, wreaking widespread damage to livelihoods, infrastructure and loss of lives
along the Philippine archipelago’s coastal cities and coastal municipalities.
Historical records of locally generated tsunamis in the country has shown that highly destructive tsunami waves may hit coastal
communities within as little as 2 minutes from the time the hazard is generated. There is little that the community can do by way
of response once the surging waves arrive.
WHICH LGUs SHOULD PREPARE?
LDRRM PLANS
NATURE BASED MITIGATION 832 COASTAL MUNICIPALITIES
RESETTLEMENT OF HIGH RISK AREAS 25 COASTAL CITIES
CONTINGENCY PLANS (62% OF PHILIPPINE POPULATION)
DRILLS, EVACUATION
KNOWLEDGE, AWARENESS
COOPERATION AGREEMENTS ALL LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS
24
The Philippines being archipelagic and located in the Pacific Ring of Fire has a very high exposure to Tsunami Risk. There are
832 coastal municipalities, 25 coastal cities, 62% of Philippine population are in coastal municipalities/ cities16. The Philippines
is frequently visited by tsunamis17. On 17 August 1976, a magnitude 8.1 earthquake in Moro Gulf produced up to 9-meter (29.5
feet) high tsunamis which devastated the southwest coast of Mindanao and left more than 3,000 people dead, with at least 1,000
people missing18 . Also on 15 November 1994 Mindoro Earthquake also generated tsunamis that left 49 casualties.
Does this mean that knowledge and preparedness vs-a-vs tsunamis is limited to coastal LGUs? Does this mean that preparedness
measures for tsunamis are only for coastal LGUs?
We know that depending on the size of the tsunami and the geography of the area, the tsunami run up area may reach even
landlocked areas. We also know that while some geographic zones do not face tsunami risk, our local tourism and foreign tourism
efforts have resulted in the exposure not just of the local coastal population but the tourism population flocking the coastal
areas. If we want our constituents to be safe even outside of our geographic areas, they would need to know what kind of hazard
tsunamis are.
Our LGUs might also be the site of evacuation/relocation/ resettlement of populations and businesses from
tsunami affected or tsunami prone areas. Our LGUs might be responding to calls for aid of neighbouring tsunami
affected or tsunami prone areas in the unfortunate event of a devastating tsunami. The Local Government
Code lays down the assumption that LGUs’ concern over the general welfare of the Filipino people pushes it to
respond to LGUs which are in need. At the minimum, all LGUs would need to be part of the overall effort at public
awareness about tsunamis and be prepared to respond to calls for aid by other LGUs in the event of a tsunami.
________________________________________________
16
DENR, et.al. 1997 - DENR BFAR DA DILG Coastal Resources Management Guidebook
17
PHIVOLCS website
18
PHIVOLCS website
25
2 STATUTORY AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

GUIDING TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS
1987
PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION The Philippine Constitution lays down
the foundation of the mandate, roles and
responsibilities of the different spheres of
governance which affect the readiness of local
government units to prepare for Tsunami
hazard, reduce exposure to tsunamis and
reduce vulnerabilities of citizens, businesses,
critical basic services and critical basic
TSUNAMI facilities. Under the Constitution, the Local
RA 7160 RISK RA 10121 Government Code governs the roles and
GOVERNANCE responsibilities of the Local Government
Unit officials. The Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Act (Republic
Act 10121) on the other hand provides
the overall DRRM framework guiding the
government across the nation, and not just
local government units.
OTHER LAND,
RESOURCE USE,
INFRASTRUCTURE-
RELATED
POLICIES
26
A third set of laws and policies are important in establishing effective Early Preparedness Measures. These statutes and policies
pertain to land use, resource use, the limitations such as easements over these land and resources and the standards used in the
planning and construction of critical facilities and structures which are in waterfront areas. These are referred to in Annex C of this
manual.
1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
RA 10121 Land, Resource

(DRRMLaw) RA 7160 Use and
(Local Infrastructures
Government
Code) Public
NDRRMP Land Fisheries
Act Code
NDPP NDRP Civil National

Code Building
Code
Water National
Code Structural
Code
JUDICIAL RULINGS:
MANDANAS ET AL V. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY OCHOA
(G.R. No. 199802, April 20,2019) Full Devolution
27
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE - PLAN TO AVOID DISASTERS, PLAN TO RESPOND AND RECOVER
EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE, PROMOTION OF THE GENERAL WELFARE AND PROVISION OF
BASIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES
The role of the local government officials as provided for in the Local Government Code is expansive. It covers the mandate to
initiate measures to protect citizens from the harmful effects of man-made or natural disasters and calamities (preparedness), to
provide relief and assistance during and after a calamity has struck (response), and to provide assistance to its citizens to return to
post-disaster productive livelihood (recovery and reconstruction). The citizens and its government would also want to make sure
that lessons from past experiences are learned where changes are applied in its preparedness, response, and recovery measures.
Section 16 and Section 17 of Republic Act 7160 or the Local Government Code provides the overarching framework of the role
that the Local Government Units perform in their community. LGUs are called upon to exercise the powers expressly and implicitly
granted unto them to establish efficient and effective governance that are essential to the promotion of the general welfare of the
people. It provides the principle of aiming for self-reliance and to prioritise the use of local government funds for the provision
of basic services or facilities before its application for other purposes. Section 17 also outlines in detail the responsibility of the
different levels of local government units and the basic services and facilities which each LGU level is responsible for.
The Local Government Code also has specific provisions which outline the responsibility of local government officials and local
government councils (Sanggunians) to:
1. Adopt measures to protect inhabitants of the LGU from the harmful effects of man-made or natural disaster and calamities and
to provide relief services and assistance for victims during and in the aftermath of said disasters or calamities and their return
to productive livelihood following such events19;
2. Carry out such emergency measures as may be necessary during and in the aftermath of man-made and natural disasters and
calamities20;
3. Submit supplemental reports to the next higher public official on unexpected events and situations which arise during the year,
particularly when man-made or natural disasters or calamities occur affecting the general welfare of the municipality, province,
region or country21; and
________________________________________________
19
Sec 447 (a)(1)(iv), Sec 458 (a)(1)(iv), and Sec 468 (a)(1)(iv), R.A. 7160 (1991).
20
Sec 444 (b)(1)(vii), Sec 455 (b)(1)(vii), and Sec 465 (b)(1)(vii), R.A. 7160 (1991).
21
Sec 444 (b)(1)(xx), Sec 455(b)(1)(xx), and Sec 465 (b)(1)(xx), R.A. 7160 (1991).
28
4. In the event of general crop failure or substantial decrease in price of agricultural or agri-based products or calamity in any
province, city or municipality, by ordinance, condone or reduce wholly or partially the taxes and interests thereon for the
succeeding year or years in the city or municipality affected by the calamity22 .
In looking at the Tsunami hazard, the Local Government Code calls upon the local government officials to PLAN TO AVOID
DISASTERS AND CALAMITIES which may stem from a tsunami and to PLAN TO RESPOND AND RECOVER should preparations
prove inadequate to prevent the calamity. The Local Chief Executive would need to be cognizant that LGU officials are responsible
for carrying out these mandates before, during and after a tsunami hazard in order to avoid further suffering of the citizens and
prevent cascading disasters from occurring. It is incumbent upon the Local Chief Executive to lead in examining what is the
general welfare interest which needs to be safeguarded against the tsunami hazard, how this general welfare could be protected
efficiently and effectively and how destruction of critical basic services and facilities could be avoided.
It is notable that the level of devastation seen in both Philippine historical Tsunami experience and the more recent Tsunamis
in Japan, Chile, Indonesia, Indian Ocean behoves the local government unit – officials and citizens alike – to put more effort in
planning to avoid Tsunami disasters and calamities.
The Local Government Code further provides for particular local government posts which have specific roles during and in the
aftermath of man-made or natural disasters. These roles are in place to ensure that the delivery of critical basic services and
functional critical facilities is continuous before, during and after a major hazard has struck. While some of these positions are
optional, the Local Chief Executive has the mandate to institute them if needed by their local government. Considering the level
of devastation which may occur in the event of a Tsunami, these local government officials need to understand the Tsunami
hazard and reflect on how their different roles have an important role in early preparedness.
_____________________
22
Sec 276, R.A. 7160 (1991).
29
REPUBLIC ACT 10121 –
FOUR THEMATIC AREAS OF PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE, PREVENTION/MITIGATION

AND REHABILITATION/RECOVERY
RA10121, passed in the aftermath of Typhoon Ondoy (2009), identifies four (4) thematic areas of work within the National Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Council23. These thematic areas of work include: a) Disaster Preparedness led by the Secretary
of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG); b) Disaster Response led by the Secretary of the Department of
Social Welfare and Development (DSWD); c) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, led by the Secretary of the Department of Science
and Technology (DOST); and d) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery led by the Director General of the National Economic and
Development Authority (NEDA).
The law also defines Disaster Preparedness and, in so far as the content of this Disaster Preparedness Manual for Earthquake
and Tsunamis tackles preparedness, it will be guided by these definitions. RA 10121 likewise distinguishes disaster preparedness
from Disaster Mitigation, Disaster Prevention, Disaster Response and Recovery/ Rehabilitation. These may be referred to in the
Definition of Terms section of this document.
UPDATED NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR 2020-2030
The NDRRMF, in compliance with RA 10121, has been reviewed and updated and draws from developments both nationally and
internationally. The updated NDRRM Framework for 2020-203024 has five (5) new aspects:
● “First, the emphasis on the centrality of risk and focus on an all hazards approach. It recognizes that risks have a dynamic
nature that changes over time with the interplay of people’s level of capacity and vulnerabilities amidst the changing climate,
including extreme and slow onset events and man-made activities. It brings attention to the increasingly interconnected,
cascading and complex nature of natural and human-induced hazards which links the discussion on DRRM, CCA and
sustainable development (UNDRR and ISC, 2020).
● Second, the inclusion of risk governance shows that institutional mechanisms and inclusive environments are enabling factors
in empowering communities and giving them voices and spaces in decision making at different levels.
_______________________
23
Sec. 5, R.A. 10121 (2010).
24
NDRRMF 2020-2030 page 47
30
● Third, by focusing on resilience strengthening, it underlies the importance of building adaptive, anticipatory, responsive, and
transformative capacities of people and government. These four factors are important to be addressed in order to reduce
existing risks and prevent new risks from developing.
● Fourth, coherence and mutual reinforcement of strategies among actors and across thematic pillars is emphasized to improve
the system and avoid working in silos. The framework recognizes the need to establish credible linkages to enhance coherence
and harmonization across goals, systems, plans, and policies to avoid duplication, overlapping of efforts and wastage of
resources. Thus, the thematic pillars and its corresponding Outcomes as seen in Figure 4 are organized and clustered into
three (3) Key Result Areas (KRAs): KRA 1: Disaster Risk Reduction; KRA 2: Preparedness and Response; and, KRA 3: Build Back
Better.
● Fifth, the adoption of the four priorities for action of the SFDRR as strategies to achieve the overall goal of disaster risk
reduction and resilience.
The conceptual framework illustration for NDRRMF 2020-2030 retains the spirallingq transition progress of the four thematic areas
(figure in the left showing a spiral) but it now connects towards three Key Result Areas of (1) Disaster Risk Reduction, (2) Disaster
Preparedness and Response, and (3) Build Back Better. In keeping with the provisions of RA10121, the NDRRMF of 2020-2030
retains the four (4) thematic areas, and the four vice-chairpersons of the NDRRMC.
Under NDRRMF 2020-2030, the Vision of having a Safer, Adaptive, Disaster Resilient communities towards Sustainable
Development is looking into:
SAFER – to build upon the increased awareness and understanding of citizens and government of Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management and Climate Change Adaptation, and ensure this is consistent across the board and is translated into actions on the
ground including mainstreaming it into national and local policies.
ADAPTIVE –to improve upon the coherence of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation work through integrated
risk management linking DRR, CCA and ecosystems-based approaches. This also includes preparing for future events based on
scientific forecasts and models which look at both disaster risk and climate risks and incorporating this in policy. This manifests
adaptive capacity and will be key in achieving resilient communities and livelihoods.
31
DISASTER RESILIENT – to improve on establishing a strong culture of safety among communities, applying risk-centered
approaches to address current disaster risks and to bounce forward and improve on the situation of communities while ensuring no
new risks are formed along the way.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – to contribute to achieving sustainable development goals of ending poverty and other
deprivations by ensuring that in reducing disaster risks and adapting to climate change, the work will strengthen the safety and
resilience of individuals and communities, leaving no one behind.
The corresponding NDRRM Plan has also been updated to reflect the Key Result Areas of Disaster Risk Reduction, Preparedness and
Response, and Rehabilitation and Recovery. The diagram shows that the Key Result Areas have overlapping components within the
four thematic areas.
32
The new National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework for 2020-2030 is instructive in identifying the outcomes
which need to be considered during Early Preparedness. When applied to Tsunami Preparedness, specific outcome indicators that
will ensure averting loss in lives and assets are reflected in the outcomes for early action in each pillar of the DRRM governance in
the Philippines. Please see the illustration on the NDRRMP- attuned KRAs for Tsunami Preparedness above.
Key Result Area 1 on Disaster Risk Reduction identifies eleven (11) outcomes covering Disaster Prevention/Disaster Mitigation
and Disaster Preparedness work.
From an Early Preparedness lens, these Outcomes could be grouped together into work on
a) Integrated Risk Assessment
b) Exposure Reduction, and
c) Vulnerability Reduction.
Key Result Area 2 on Preparedness and Response identifies five (5) outcomes on Pre-Hazard preparedness, and Disaster
Response and Early Recovery.
Using an Early Preparedness lens, these Outcomes could be grouped together into work on:
a) Response Preparedness Plans,
b) Response Operation Systems and Early Action
c) Risk Communications System
d) Continuity of basic services and critical facilities
Key Result Area 3 on Building Back Better identifies seven (7) outcomes on Early Recovery, Recovery and Rehabilitation.
Using an Early Preparedness lens, these Outcomes could be grouped together into work on anticipating what would be needed
in:
a) Early Recovery/ Recovery Preparedness Plans and Policies,
b) Access to Income and Restoration of Livelihoods
c) Housing in Safe Zones
d) Education
e) Health
f) Social Protection
g) Infrastructure
Following the illustration on the NDRRMP-attuned KRAs for tsunami preparedness, a related illustration is presented above to
highlight KRAs meant to help reduce hazard, exposure, and vulnerabilities to tsunamis.
33
THE MANDANAS RULING
IMPLICATIONS OF THE RULING ON MANDANAS ET AL V. EXECUTIVE SECERATARY OCHOA

(G.R. No. 199802, April 20,2019)
This case was filed by then Representative of the 2nd District of Batangas and now Batangas Governor Hermilando I. Mandanas,
and former Bataan Governor Enrique Garcia Jr. to question the basis used in computing the local government internal revenue
allocation by the Department of Budget and Management25. In fine, the High Court ruled that the DBM should compute the
internal revenue allotment of LGUs on all national taxes collected. This includes the collection of the Bureau of Customs, including
tariffs, customs duties, value-added taxes, documentary stamp taxes, and excise taxes.
The Supreme Court clarified that “the national taxes to be included in the base for computing the just share the LGUs shall
henceforth be, but shall not be limited to, the following:
1. The NIRTs enumerated in Section 21 of the NIRC, as amended, to be inclusive of the VATs, excise taxes, and DSTs collected by
the BIR and the BOC, and their deputized agents;
2. Tariff and customs duties collected by the BOC;
3. 50% of the VATs collected in the ARMM, and 30% of all other national taxes collected in the ARMM; the remaining 50% of the
VATs and 70% of the collections of the other national taxes in the ARMM shall be the exclusive share of the ARMM pursuant
to Section 9 and Section 15 of R.A. No. 9054;
4. 60% of the national taxes collected from the exploitation and development of the national wealth; the remaining 40% will
exclusively accrue to the host LGUs pursuant to Section 290 of the LGC;
5. 85% of the excise taxes collected from locally manufactured Virginia and other tobacco products; the remaining 15% shall
accrue to the special purpose funds pursuant created in R.A. No. 7171 and R.A. No. 7227;
6. The entire 50% of the national taxes collected under Section 106, Section 108 and Section 116 of the NIRC in excess of the
increase in collections for the immediately preceding year; and
7. 5% of the franchise taxes in favor of the national government paid by franchise holders in accordance with Section 6 of R.A.
No. 6631 and Section 8 of R.A. No. 6632.”
_____________________
25
Ganzon-Ozaeta
34
The Court ruled that, the just share of the LGUs shall be based on the all national taxes collected on the third fiscal year preceding
and in the absence of any amendment, Section 284 of the Local Government Code, as modified, shall prevail. This fiscal autonomy
is guaranteed by the 1987 Constitution to the Local Government Units.
I. CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES

The ruling of the Supreme Court in the case of Mandanas, et al v. Executive Secretary Ochoa implies that, cities and municipalities
will have more funds to support their DRRM activities, plans and programs and priority development projects. The government-
run Philippine Institute of Development Studies (PIDS) estimated that by 2022, the total internal revenue allotment (IRA) for local
governments will reach around P1.1 Trillion from P847.4 Billion26. For 2019
Local Government Units will have more resources to provide basic services and facilities for its constituencies before, during
and after a tsunami hazard. Local Government Units will be able to support and prioritize tsunami-risk management activities,
plans and programs to prevent or mitigate losses and damages and prevent cascading disasters. This increase in the budget will
encourage the creation of more plantilla positions for LDRRM Officers and staff. LGUs will have more budget to invest in early
preparedness measures. LGUs will also have the capacity to increase its budget to support partner LGUs/ sister cities and sister
municipalities.
II. LDRRMO
The ruling implies a corresponding increase in the LDRRMF and can facilitate a meaningful impact on the government's effort to
support DRRM activities. This will give an opportunity for the LDRRMO to, whenever possible, encourage the local Sanggunian
to create more plantilla positions through local ordinances. These positions will allow continuous operations of the LDRRMO and
increased capacities in undertaking early preparedness measures.
In the study conducted by Enriquez, Caleda and Bunao, the existing LDRRMF is insufficient to meet the needs of the LGU as
LGUs budgets are too low to address multiple hazard scenarios and multiple disasters. Also, the study expressed that the lack of
capacities in most LGUS hinders access to additional resources coming from the national government, agencies, international and
local non-government institutions, bilateral partners and the private sector27.
________________________________________________
De Vera, Ben O. LGUs to get P1.1T in funding in 2022 – Impact of Supreme Court ruling on internal revenue allotment. Philippine Daily Inquirer (August 25,
26
2020). Available at https://business.inquirer.net/305888/lgus-to-get-p-1-1t-in-funding-in-2022.

Enriquez, Kriszia Lorrain and Caleda, Mary and Bunao, David, Capacity and Funding: Examining Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Gaps,
27
Challenges, and Solutions for High-Risk, Low-Income (LGUs) (May 30, 2018). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3192947 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/
ssrn.3192947
35
The increase in the budget resulting from the Mandanas ruling will increase the resources of the LDRRMO for priority activities,
plans and programs.
III. BARANGAY
The application of Mandanas Ruling could potentially save lives at the waterfront coastal barangay communities. The additional
funds could be used for risk reducing development and mitigation projects.
Under Sec. 287 of LGC, each local government unit shall appropriate in its annual budget no less than twenty percent (20%) of
its annual allotment for development projects. The increase in the IRA of LGUs results in a proportional increase in the annual
allotment for development projects. Under Sec. 285 of LGC, the share of Barangays is at Twenty percent (20%). The increase
in the IRA would also proportionally increase the actual amount to be received by the barangays in the IRA for risk reduction
interventions.
This additional funds can be used by barangays in strengthening their resilience vs-a-vs hazards and unavoidable losses, build/
rehabilitate critical facilities, purchase emergency equipment, invest in training, forums for disaster response and recovery. For
high risk areas, this additional funds could be used to implement nature-based solutions to mitigate tsunami risks of coastal
communities and the actual resettlement of waterfront high-risk population and facilities.
IV. FULL DEVOLUTION AND INCREASING CAPACITIES AT THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEVEL
The full implementation of the Mandanas-Garcia ruling is scheduled in 2022, and a corresponding shift in devolving governmental
functions is on hand. The DILG issued Department Order 2020-609 and created the DILG Transition Management Committees and
Subcommittees. This transition mechanism is tasked to mobilize efforts for the implementation of the ruling on the Mandanas-
Garcia Petitions including ensuring the capacities of local government units to carry out part of what currently comprises national
government functions are present.
Thus, the increase in total LGU budget is accompanied with the devolution of functions and a corresponding need to increase
capacities at the local level. Increasing the plantilla posts of technical experts at the LDRRMO would be in keeping with this full
devolution process.
36
3 TSUNAMI HAZARD CHARACTERISATION and TSUNAMI RISK
ORIGIN OF THE TSUNAMI TERMINOLOGY

Tsunami is a word of Japanese origin to commonly refer to a harbor wave (tsu-harbor and tsunami- wave).
CHARACTERISTICS OF TSUNAMIS
Tsunamis are generally a series of sea waves that are commonly generated by under the sea earthquakes. Tsunamis are primarily
characterized by a large volume of water uplifted by the physical displacement of the seabed. In brief, PHIVOLCS characterizes the
salient features of a tsunami in this manner:
● A series of waves
● Interval between 5-10 minutes
● Could last for hours
● Run-up height: 10 meters or more
● 800 kph in deep ocean but does not affect vessels
● 45 5o 80 kph near shorelines
Tsunamis are secondary hazards triggered by a range of geophysical events28. PHIVOLCS gives emphasis that tsunamis can be
generated by earthquakes with a magnitude of 6.5 and up and with an offshore epicentre.
The UNESCO International Tsunami Information Center in 2014 outlined these following characteristics29:
● series of traveling ocean waves of extremely long length generated primarily by earthquakes occurring below or near the
ocean floor
● Underwater volcanic eruptions and landslides can also be tsunamigenic
__________________________________________
28
G. M. Smart, K. H. M. Crowley & E. M. Lane. Estimating tsunami run-up. Natural Hazards. Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation
of Natural Hazards. ISSN 0921-030X. Nat Hazard. DOI10.1007/s11069-015-2052-8. Accessed on February 20, 2021 at https://www.researchgate.net/publication
/283481448_Estimating_tsunami_run-up
29
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. 2014. Tsunami, The Great Waves, Revised Edition.
Paris, UNESCO, 16 pp., illus. IOC Brochure 2012-4. (English.), revised 2014.
Language versions at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?lin=1&catno=148609 Accessed at http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/images/stories/awareness_and
education/great_waves/great_waves_en_low_v14.pdf
37
● great length between wave crests, often exceeding 100 km (60 miles [mi]) or more in the deep ocean, and by the time
between these crests, ranging from 10 minutes to an hour
● In the deep ocean, the tsunami waves propagate across the deep ocean with a speed exceeding 800 kilometers per hour
([km], ~500 miles per hour), and a wave height of only a few tens of centimeters (1 foot [ft]) or less.
● When tsunamis reach the shallow waters of the coast, the waves slow down and the water can pile up into a wall of
destruction tens of meters (30 ft) or more in height. The effect can be amplified where a bay, harbor or lagoon funnels the
wave as it moves inland.
● Large tsunamis have been known to rise over 30 meters (100 ft). Even a tsunami 3–6 meters [m] high can be very
destructive and cause many deaths and injuries.
In 2016, UNESCO-ITIC included the following in its explanation of tsunamis:
“Meteorological tsunami (meteotsunami) Tsunami-like phenomena generated by meteorological or atmospheric disturbances.

These waves can be produced by atmospheric gravity waves, pressure jumps, frontal passages, squalls, gales, typhoons, hurricanes
and other atmospheric sources. Meteotsunamis have the same temporal and spatial scales as tsunami waves and can similarly
devastate coastal areas, especially in bays and inlets with strong amplification and well-defined resonant properties (e.g. Ciutadella
Inlet, Baleric Islands; Nagasaki Bay, Japan; Longkou Harbour, China; Vela Luka, Stari Grad and Mali Ston Bays, Croatia). Sometimes
referred to as rissaga.”30
It is important to note that tsunami is a wave or series of waves in a wave train, generated by the sudden, vertical displacement of
a column of water due to seismologic, volcanic, submarine landslides, meteorological phenomenon and asteroid impact. These
waves can be generated in almost any body of water --- oceans, bays, lakes, rivers, or even reservoirs. Before 1990s, the general
perception was that earthquakes were only generated from large, distant, underwater earthquakes. Furthermore, studies show
that tsunamis can be generated by near coastal events (e.g. small earthquakes , sub-marine landslides) with minimal warning to
local inhabitants. (Case of Papua New Guinea, 1998 – wave too big for the size of the earthquake)31.
The window of opportunity for waterfront communities and establishments to evacuate depends on whether it is a local or distant
tsunami. It can be 2 minutes to 24 hours. The Moro Gulf EQ Tsunami of 1976 produced tsunami waves which reached the shores
as quickly as 2 minutes.
______________________________
30
http://tap.pdc.org/TAPResources/Tsunami%20Glossary/tsunami_glossary_en_2016_sm.pdf
Bryant, Edward, 2014, Tsunami: the Underrated Hazard, https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tOkpBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=tsuna-
31
mi&ots=hMynstUPKA&sig=S_xJRAif4baDNUQOQkKD_Vh1klU&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=tsunami&f=false
38
TYPES OF TSUNAMI
1. LOCAL TSUNAMI is one that originates from within about 100 km or less than 1 hour tsunami travel time from the impacted
coastline. Local tsunamis can result in a significant number of casualties since authorities have little time to warn/evacuate the
population.
2. DISTANT TSUNAMIS can travel from 1 to 24 hours before reaching the coast of the nearby countries. These tsunamis are less
frequent, but more hazardous than regional tsunamis, as they usually start as a local tsunami that causes extensive destruction
to a shoreline near the source, and the waves continue to travel across an entire ocean basin with sufficient energy to cause
additional casualties and destruction on shores more than a 1,000 km from the source. These tsunamis have the ability to
cause widespread destruction, not only in the immediate region but across an entire ocean. All ocean-wide tsunamis have been
generated by major earthquakes.
PHILIPPINE TYPES OF TSUNAMIS

1. trench-related local tsunamis – case of the 1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake and Tsunami
2. trench-related local and distant tsunamis
3. offshore fault-related tsunamis
4. submarine landslide-related tsunamis – case of 2011 magnitude 6.9 Negros earthquake and tsunami; earthquake triggered
submarine landslide followed by a tsunami
It is also important to note that based on scientific studies and the 120-year study of tsunamis (1900-2019), there are other
tsunami classifications based on occurrences:
1. Seismogenic (65%)
2. Landslide-generated (19%)
3. Volcanic (8%), and
4. Meteorological (8%)
The annual occurrence of large tsunamis was relatively stable throughout the twentieth century, but with some increase during the
last 27 years (since 1992).32
______________________________
32
Gusiakov, V. K. (2020). Global occurrence of large tsunamis and tsunami-like waves within the last 120 years (1900–2019). Pure and Applied Geophysics. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00024-020-
39
TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS (PHIVOLCS)

PHIVOLCS has initiated an intensive awareness raising on understanding the tsunami hazard. Learning materials on the tsunami
for community use can be found in https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/tsunami/tsunami-preparedness. The site includes
materials on the tsunami, detecting natural signs of tsunamis, hazard map for tsunami prone areas, and conducting a tsunami drill,
among others.
TSUNAMI MONITORING
Philippines has a tsunami monitoring network in the
Philippines under PHIVOLCS that aims to provide effective
monitoring and communication system; to monitor all
tsunami events that may potentially affect the Philippines
so that timely tsunami advisories and warnings may be
issued; to develop a database on expected wavelengths and
arrival times at certain forecasts; and to release tsunami
information based on Standard Operation Procedures33 .
The network of tsunami detection points can be found in the
image below:
ELEMENTS-AT-RISK: People and assets (Coastal residen-

tial, market, industrial, public spaces, recreation, farming/
fishing and other livelihoods , power/energy asset, hospital,
water system, communication assets, road networks, and
other essential service areas ) in low coastal elevation close
to shorelines in coastal areas at eastern and western margins
fronting major seas and inland seas closest to the Manila,
Negros, Sulu,Cotabato, Philippine Trenches , the Eastern Lu-
zon Trough; fronting other countries within the Pacific Ring
of Fire; and areas prone to fault and submarine landslides .
(adapted from Haruo Hayashi, 2000)
__________________________________________
33
PHIVOLCS, Tsunami Monitoring, https://www.phivolcs.dost.
gov.ph/index.php/tsunami/tsunami-monitoring
40
LOCAL TSUNAMI EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR HIGH RISK

COASTAL COMMUNITIES OF THE PHILIPPINES
To address concerns over local tsunamis, Philippines also instituted a local tsunami warning system directed at coastal
communities called the Tsunami Detection and Early Warning System (TeWS). The process of institutionalizing the system involved
technological inputs at detection from the PHIVOLCS and the Advanced Science and Technology Institute (ASTI) and a package of
capacity building initiatives including familiarization with basic concepts and tsunami hazard maps and the preparation of tsunami
evacuation plans.
The technological input from PHIVOLCS and ASTI include a Community Tsunami Detection System and a warning siren. Using a
platform with a 15-meter high pole, an ultrasonic tide gauge sensor detecting the rise and fall of the sea and wet and dry sensors
that detects post-earthquake receding water are installed. Information from these sensors reach LGU in real-time. Subject to
standards advised by PHIVOLCS and ASTI, the warning siren is triggered by the occurrence of an earthquake with a tsunami
potential.34
LOCAL TSUNAMI NATURAL SIGNS

The following are the tsunami natural signs for LOCAL tsunamis generated by earthquakes:
1. A felt earthquake - A ground shaking in coastal regions may reflect the occurrence of a large undersea earthquake nearby
that may generate a tsunami.
2. Unusual seal level change - The sea may, but not always, withdraw from the beach (like a very low and fast tide) before
returning as a fast-moving tsunami. Never attempt to go down to the exposed seabed no matter how attractive the sight is.
3. Rumbling Sound of Approaching waves - A roaring sound may precede the arrival of a tsunami. Don’t attempt to go
ashore to watch a tsunami. Anybody who can see the waves is usually too near to escape and survive the devastating effects.
__________________________________
34
DOST, DOST’S TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM MAKES COASTAL COMMUNITIES SAFER, https://dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/35-2012-news/213-dost-s-
tsunami-warning-system-makes-coastal-communities-safer.html
41
UNDERSTANDING PHILIPPINES’ TSUNAMI RISK

Like other disaster risks, tsunami risk is a confluence of the hazard, exposure, and vulnerability (the inverse of which is capacity). It
is, thus, important to know and understand the elements that constitute our tsunami risks.
EXPOSURE TO TSUNAMI The following map shows the tsunami-

prone areas across the archipelago
The Philippines’ as an archipelago has a high exposure to
tsunamis. Its exposure to tsunamis may be described as:
“People and assets in low coastal elevation close to

shorelines in coastal areas at eastern and western
margins fronting major seas and inland seas closes
to the Manila, Negros, Sulu, Cotabato, Philippine
Trenches, the Easter Luzon Trough; fronting other
countries within the Pacific.”
DOST-PHIVOLCS attributes the Philippines’ exposure to

tsunamis to the following:
1. The country sits in the Pacific Ring of Fire;
2. Archipelago surrounded by subducting tectonic plates:
The Philippines’ seat plate in the East and the Eurasian
sea plate in the West;
3. Earthquakes normally occur in the areas of the
Philippine Trench, East Luzon Trough, Manila Trench,
Negros Trench, Sulu Trench, Cotabato Trench;
4. There are tsunamis triggered by earthquakes. And
because the Philippines is located in areas where there
are earthquake generators, the country’s exposure to
tsunami is high.
42
VULNERABILITIES TO TSUNAMI
The Philippines’ vulnerability to tsunamis may be illustrated in the following conditions where:
Coastal residential, market, industrial, public spaces, recreation, farming/ fishing and other livelihoods, power/energy asset,
hospital, water system, communication assets, road networks, and other essential service areas with:
● Absence of natural barriers to break the force of the waves is a source of vulnerability. These include loss or absence of coral
cover, sea grass, beach forests, mangrove areas, or greenbelts;
● Absence of end-to-end and community-managed and community-based tsunami EWS;
● Unestablished DRRM system, offices (including DRRMC, DRRMO, ICS, EOC, Tsunami informed – CDRA, development plans,
DRRMP, contingency and humanitarian logistics plans, community preparedness plans, etc);
● Low-rise buildings; high rise infrastructure with poor structural integrity;
● Poor waste management;
● Land use planning that does not factor in tsunami risk;
● Absence of redundant assets in non-tsunami prone areas (e.g. Housing, water, communications, utilities, construction
equipment, social services, goods, food, money, and other essential assets;
● Poor social, political, institutional networks;
● High level of socio-economic deprivations: densely populated informal or formal settlements with low-rise settlements made
of light materials;
● High cases of morbidity;
● High level of dependency;
● Population used to a culture of transport-related mobility and with poor physical capacity for mobility; with low awareness of
tsunami risk; and
● Population with weak psychological resilience.
43
Coastal residential, market, industrial, public spaces, recreation, farming/fishing and

other livelihoods, power/energy asset, hospital, water system, communication assets,
road networks, and other essential service areas with
TSUNAMI RISK CHARACTERISATION • Absence of natural barriers to break the force of the waves is a source of
vulnerability. These include loss or absence of coral cover, sea grass, beach
forests, mangrove areas, or greenbelts;
Understanding Philippines’ • Absence of community-managed and community-based tsunami EWS
Tsunami Risk • Unestablished DRRM system, offices (including DRRMC, DRRMO, ICS, EOC,
tsunami informed-CDRA, development plans, DRRMP, contingency, and
humanitarian logistics plans, community preparedness plans, etc)
• Low-rise buildings; high rise infrastructure with poor structural integrity; poor
Y
waste management, land use planning that do not factor in tsunami risk
LIT
BI
• Absence of redundant assets in non-tsunami prone areas (e.g. housing, water,
RA
communications, utilities, construction equipment, social services, goods, food,
NE
money, and other essential assets
L
VU • Poor social, political, institutional networks
• Earthquake-
induced (local • High level of socio-economic deprivation : densely populated informal or formal
and distant) settlements with low-rise settlements made of light materials; high cases of
• Submarine HAZARD DISASTER morbidity; high level of dependency
landsline- (Local and distant RISK • Population used to a culture of transport-related mobility and with poor physical
induced Tsunamis) capacity for mobility, with low awareness of tsunami risk;
• Volcanic • Population with weak psychological resilience
• Meteotsunami
EX
Adapted from Haruo Hayashi, 2000

OSP
UR
• People and assets in low coastal elevation close to shorelines in coastal areas and
E
western margins fronting major seas and inland seas closest to the Manila, Negros,
Sulu, Cotabato, Philippine trenches, the Eastern Luzon Trough; fronting other
countries within the Pacific Ring of Fire; and areas prone to fault and submarine
Adapted from IPCC, 2012
landslides
44
DAMAGES FROM TSUNAMIS

According to the International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC)35 , the damage which can be caused by tsunami waves result from
three factors: (1) inundation, (2) wave impact on structures; and (3) erosion.
1. Tsunami waves are turbulent, and carry a lot of floating debris. The debris includes boats, cars, and trees that become
dangerous projectiles that may crash into buildings, piers, and other vehicles.
2. People may perish from drowning from the waves and the physical impact or trauma of being caught in the waves and the
debris.
3. Tsunami waves can be strong enough to cause erosion of foundations, the collapse of bridges and seawalls, movement of
houses, overturning of cars, demolition of frame buildings and other structures.
4. Ships and port facilities have been damaged by surge action caused by even weak tsunamis.
5. Fires resulting from oil spills or combustion from damaged ships in port, or from ruptured coastal oil storage and refinery
facilities, can cause damage greater than that inflicted directly by the tsunami.
6. Damage can also result from sewage and chemical pollution following the destruction.
7. Damage of intake, discharge, and storage facilities also can present dangerous problems.
8. Effect of tsunami drawdown, when receding waters uncover cooling water intakes associated with nuclear power plants.
CHECKLIST OF QUESTIONS ON LGU PREPAREDNESS

Reflecting on the preparedness measures which LGUs needs to undertake, LGUs may ask:
Tsunami Hazard
FF What kind of a tsunami hazard does our LGU geographic area face?
FF Is our City/ Municipality exposed to Local tsunamis? Far Field/ Distant Tsunamis? Both types of tsunamis?
FF If our LGU is exposed to Local tsunamis, how can we make our people safe within 2 minutes?
_________________________________
35
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. Fourth Edition. Tsunami Glossary, 2019. Paris, UNESCO. IOC Technical Series, 85. (English, French, Spanish,
Arabic, Chinese) (IOC/2008/TS/85 rev.4) accessed on February 21, 2021 at http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/images/stories/about_tsunamis/tsunami_glossary/tsunami_
glossary_en_v19.pdf
45
FF If our LGUs are at risk to distant tsunamis, how much time does the community have to remove people out of harm’s way?
FF Is horizontal evacuation possible and sufficient?
FF Is vertical evacuation possible and sufficient?
Exposure to Tsunami Risk

FF Which barangays are at most risk to the Tsunami?
FF Who are the people in the LGU territory most exposed to the tsunami?
FF What structures/ buildings/ businesses and essential services are at the waterfront and vulnerable to the tsunami?
FF Are the critical infrastructure and facilities of the LGU located in Tsunami run-up areas? Is the municipal hall, hospital/
clinics, electricity grid transformer, petrol fuel storage in the projected Tsunami run-up areas?
FF How many people and vital assets have homes at the waterfront/ Tsunami prone areas? What kind of housing do they
have? Can these withstand smaller tsunamis?
Vulnerabilities and Capacities to Tsunami

Do the LGUs most exposed to tsunami have
FF Natural barriers to break the force of the waves is a source of vulnerability. These include loss or absence of coral cover,
sea grass, beach forests, mangrove areas, or greenbelts?
FF An end-to-end and community-managed and community-based tsunami EWS?;
FF Established DRRM system, offices (including DRRMC, DRRMO, ICS, EOC, tsunami informed – CDRA, development plans,
DRRMP, contingency and humanitarian logistics plans, community preparedness plans, etc)?
FF Low-rise buildings; high rise infrastructure with poor structural integrity; poor waste management; land use planning that
do not factor in tsunami risk?
FF Redundant assets in non-tsunami prone areas (e.g. housing, water, communications, utilities, construction equipment,
social services, goods, food, money, insurance, and other essential assets?
FF Social, political, institutional networks?
46
FF High level of socio-economic deprivations: densely populated informal or formal settlements with low-rise settlements
made of light materials; high cases of morbidity; high level of dependency?
FF Populations used to a culture of transport-related mobility and with poor physical capacity for mobility; with low
awareness of tsunami risk?
FF Populations with weak psychological resilience?
4 TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS FRAMEWORK:

INVESTING IN EARLY PREPAREDNESS
The Philippines’ high exposure to tsunamis coupled by the character of tsunamis as rapid onset, low-frequency hazards which have
a wide range of size and location of the tsunami source makes tsunami hazard mitigation and preparedness very complex36 . The
complex scenario of events requires EARLY PREPAREDNESS continuum across all pillars of the Philippine DRRM system and EARLY
ACTION in order to prevent massive loss of lives and assets. Preparedness, in the context of tsunamis, will require:
1. Measures to prevent/mitigate losses and damages due to tsunamis;

2. Pre-hazard preparedness to avert losses and damages;
3. Response and Early Recovery Preparedness to avoid cascading disasters; and
4. Recovery and rehabilitation preparedness to reduce probability of another disaster.
_______________________________________
36
G. M. Smart, K. H. M. Crowley & E. M. Lane. Estimating tsunami run-up. Natural Hazards. Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation
of Natural Hazards. ISSN 0921-030X. Nat Hazard. DOI10.1007/s11069-015-2052-8. Accessed on February 20, 2021 at https://www.researchgate.net/
publication/283481448_Estimating_tsunami_run-up
37
Sections , Republic Act 7160
47
PREPAREDNESS CONTINUUM
Our existing laws and policies dealing with disasters and calamities place an important responsibility on the shoulders of Local
Government Units and Local Chief Executives in preventing, responding to and recovering from hazards and disasters. The Local
Government Code has specific provisions which outline the responsibility of local government officials and local government
councils (Sanggunians) to
a. Adopt measures to protect inhabitants of the LGU from the harmful effects of man-made or natural disaster and calamities and
to provide relief services and assistance for victims during and in the aftermath of said disasters or calamities and their return
to productive livelihood following such events37.
b. Carry out such emergency measures as may be necessary during and in the aftermath of man-made and natural disasters and
calamities38;
c. Submit supplemental reports to the next higher public official on unexpected events and situations which arises during the
year particularly when man-made or natural disasters or calamities affecting the general welfare of the municipality, province,
region or country occurs39.
d. In the event of general crop failure or substantial decrease in price of agricultural or agri-based products or calamity in any
province, city or municipality, by ordinance, condone or reduce wholly or partially the taxes and interests thereon for the
succeeding year or years in the city or municipality affected by the calamity40.
Our existing Disaster Risk Reduction and Management law RA10121 likewise provides the mandate to Local Government
Units and Local Chief Executives in preventing, responding to and recovering from hazards and disasters. RA 1012141 makes
it clear that (1) Local Government Units (LGUs) have the primary responsibility as first responders, and (2) Local Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Councils (LDRRMCs) which is chaired by the Local Chief Executive shall take the lead in preparing
for, responding to and recovering from the effects of any disaster.
_______________________________________
38
Sections Republic Act 7160
39
40
41
Section 15, Republic Act 10121
48
Institutionalizing Risk assessment,

In looking at the Tsunami hazard, the Local communication, risk- Risk-Informed
Structures and
Government Code and the DRRM Act call partnershipsDRILLS, sensitive policies and Investments
upon the local government officials to PLAN EVACUATION programs
TO AVOID DISASTERS AND CALAMITIES which
may stem from a Tsunami and to PLAN TO
RESPOND AND RECOVER should preparations PREPARE, REVIEW,
prove inadequate to prevent the calamity. CONDUCT ASSESSMENTS
MAINSTREAM TSUNAMI
LGU officials are responsible for carrying out TO INCORPORATE
INSTITUTIONALISE IN THE LDRRMFIP, LDIP,
TSUNAMI (CDRA, PDRA,
these mandates before, during and after STRUCTURES ANNUAL INVESTMENT
RDANA, PDNA)
a Tsunami hazard in order to avoid further PROGRAM
suffering of the citizens and prevent cascading LDRRMO, LDRRMC,
disasters from occurring. The Local Chief ICS, EOC, Volunteer PREPARATION, CRAFT TSUNAMI –
Service PASSAGE, UPDATING RESPONSIVE PPAs
Executive is tasked to lead in examining what
OF TSUNAMI
is the general welfare interest which needs to (END-TO-END EARLY
RISK SENSITIVE
be safeguarded against the Tsunami hazard, PLANS/ POLICIES/ WARNING SYSTEM,
how this general welfare could be protected ORDINANCES/ NATURE-BASED
efficiently and effectively and how destruction CONTINGENCY PLANS SOLUTIONS /ACTIONS
of critical basic services and facilities could ESTABLISH GREENBELTS,
be avoided. The level of devastation seen in PARTNERSHIPS AND INFRASTRUCTURE,
both Philippine historical Tsunami experience COORDINATION PUBLIC AWARENESS CAPACITY BUILDING,
and the more recent Tsunamis in Japan, Chile, MECHANISMS (FROM RISK TO PREPOSITION ASSETS,
Indonesia, Indian Ocean behoves the local DEVELOPMENT REDUNDANT ASSETS,
COMMUNICATION) REDUNDANT SYSTEMS
government unit – officials and citizens alike –
& OTHER MEASURES)
to put more effort in strategically planning to
avoid Tsunami disasters and calamities. IMPLEMENTATION,
MONITORING, APPROVAL OF
EVALUATION, SECURE TSUNAMI-SENSITIVE
The overall track for Early Preparedness includes the following: ANNUAL INVESTMENT
ACCOUNTABILITY
MECHANISMS PROGRAM AND
● Institutionalizing Structures and partnerships BUDGET
● Risk assessment, risk communication, development of risk sensitive
policies and programs
● Risk-informed investments PROGRAMMED
RESOURCE
GENERATION
49
TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS FOR LCEs in MUNICIPALITIES / CITIES
EARLY PREPAREDNESS
Recovery and
Measures to Prevent/ Pre-Hazard Preparedness Response and Rehabilitation
Mitigate losses and to avert losses and Early Recovery Preparedness to
damages from Tsunami damages Preparedness to avoid reduce probability of
cascading disasters another disaster
1)PROVISION OF
HOW TO HOW TO IMMEDIATE RELIEF, WHAT DO WE NEED
MANAGE MANAGE TO DO TODAY TO
RISKS, REDUCE RISKS, REDUCE 2)RETURN BASIC ENSURE WE ARE
EXPOSURE, REDUCE EXPOSURE, REDUCE SERVICES, ABLE TO BUILD
VULNERABILITY VULNERABILITY 3)RESTORE CRITICAL BACK BETTER AND
(Strategic, Long Term) (Immediate, Short FACILITIES, BOUNCE FORWARD
Term) IN THE FUTURE
4)PREVENT FURTHER
LOSS
EARLY ACTION MINIMUM CRITICAL

PREPAREDNESS
50
LISTOLISTO
MANUAL ONON
MANUAL DISASTER
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS FOR
PREPAREDNESS FOR TSUNAMIS
TSUNAMIS
PRE-HAZARD PREPAREDNESS
TO AVERT LOSSES AND DAMAGES
MANAGE RISKS, REDUCE EXPOSURE, REDUCE

VULNERABILITY
(Immediate, Short Term)
Operationalization of LDRRMO, ICS, EOC, End to End Tsunami EWS including

tsunami signage
For distant tsunami cases, convene LDRRMC to discuss and decide on pre-emptive
evacuation protocols
Operationalization of Partnerships and coordination mechanisms
Assessments (PDRA)
Updating/ Review/ Implementation Plans (LDRRMP, Contingency Plans) & Policies
/ Ordinances and preparation of the Pre-disaster Recovery Plans
Order the preparation of the local tsunami-response protocols;
Enhancement of Nature-Based Solutions/ Action; Retrofit infrastructure
Public Awareness: Early Warning and Risk communication
Preposition Assets and personnel in low lying tsunami-risk areas (especially in
those with existing MOUs)
Capacity Building Preparation of LDRMMFIP and incorporation in the Annual
Investment Plan / Annual Budget
Pre-emptive Evacuation; Early Pre-emptive Evacuation for Most Vulnerable
EARLY ACTION TO AVERT LOSS OF

LIVES/ASSETS
51
LISTO MANUAL
LISTO MANUALON
ON DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FORFOR TSUNAMIS
TSUNAMIS
MEASURES TO PREVENT/ MITIGATE LOSSES

AND DAMAGES FROM TSUNAMI
MANAGE RISKS, REDUCE EXPOSURE, REDUCE

VULNERABILITY (Strategic, Long Term)
Convene and Institutionalize the LDRRMC, LDRRMO, ICS, EOC and systems
Enter into and approve partnerships (MOU/MOAs) with LGUs, private sector, I/
NGOs and institutionalization of coordination structures especially with national
government agencies
Conduct Tsunami-informed Assessments (CDRA)
Order the preparation of plans (LDRRMP, Contingency Plans including Pre-disaster
recovery plans) /Policies / Ordinances
Ensure the incorporation of Nature Based Solutions; Coastal Greenbelts;
Restoration approaches in the PPAs of the LGU
Ensure the review of the Land-use Plan, Foreshoreland Lease Agreements;
Infrastructure support for tsunami-protection
Initiate Land Banking for Resettlement of high-risk areas;
Encourage Public Awareness: Risk Communication
Lead the Programmed Resource Generation on tsunami preparedness
Support tsunami-preparedness capacity Building including drills (for all sectors
including boat owners)
Secure the preparation of LDRMMFIP and incorporation in the Annual Investment
Plan / Annual Budget

LIVES/ASSETS
52
LISTOLISTO
MANUAL ONON
MANUAL DISASTER
TSUNAMIS
RESPONSE AND EARLY RECOVERY PREPAREDNESS

AVOID CASCADING DISASTERS
1)PROVISION OF IMMEDIATE RELIEF, 2)RETURN

OF BASIC SERVICES, 3)RESTORATION OF CRITICAL
FACILITIES, 4)PREVENT FURTHER LOSS
Timely mobilization of ICS, EOC and of assets; Activation of Contingency Plan

Convene the LDRRMC re State of Calamity ; submit to Sanggunian for legislative
action; Secure augmentation from national agencies where needed
Mobilization of Partnerships and coordination mechanisms (especially in those with
existing MOUs with the LGU)
Immediate assessments (RDANA)
Implementation Tsunami-Related response protocols; Activation of Cluster approach
Mobilization of the 30% of the LDRRMFIP and support from partnerships and
from augmentation of national agencies; Activate 70% of LDRRMFIP for recovery;
Mainstream recovery and rehabilitation in AIP;
Include in negotiated response plans the following:
Evacuation and provision transitory shelters
Provision of food, non-food, WASH. livelihoods support
infrastructure restoration (e.g roads, bridges, telecommunications,
markets; fuel source)
Public Awareness: Crisis Management; Psychosocial support-
Continuity of LGU Core Business
Mobilization of Partnerships and coordination mechanisms

LIVES/ASSETS
53
LISTO MANUAL
LISTO MANUALON
TSUNAMIS
RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION PREPAREDNESS

REDUCE PROBABILITY OF ANOTHER DISASTER
WHAT DO WE NEED TO DO TODAY

TO ENSURE WE ARE ABLE TO BUILD BACK BETTER
AND BOUNCE FORWARD IN THE FUTURE
Order the Review and updating of the pre-disaster recovery plan and
implementation
Pursue the Mobilization of Partnerships and coordination mechanisms
Coordinate with and Inform the nationally-led Post Disaster Needs Assessment
(PDNA)
Review, Updating of Tsunami-related Plans & Policies / Ordinances
Secure mainstreaming of tsunami-DRRM in recovery and rehabilitation especially
Nature Based Solutions/Action: Restoration of greenbelts, beach forests,
mangrove areas; Assisted natural regeneration (forests); Assisted Evolution
(marine); Conservation of marine and coastal protective assets
Resettle population from high-risk tsunami prone-areas areas
Public Awareness: Development Communication on tsunami-sensitive
development
Programmed Resource Generation
Mainstream DRRM in rehabilitation and recovery in Annual Investment Plan /
Annual Budget
54
The Preparedness Continuum looks at how LGUs and the Local Chief Executive as Chairperson of the Local DRRMC prepare
measures along the thematic areas of disaster risk reduction and management by (1) identifying strategic, long-term changes
which need to be put in place and (2) identifying the minimum critical preparedness which needs to take shape while long-term
and medium-term changes are still being achieved.
Early Preparedness Measures. In the Preparedness Continuum, Early Preparedness Measures are instituted prior to the
advent of the Tsunami hazard. This entails looking at how the LGU/LCE/LDRRMC can prepare for each DRRM thematic area.
Identifying these Early Preparedness Measures provides the LGU/LCE/LDRRMC a blue-print of considerations relative to their
Tsunami risk and are based on scientific-evidence based assessment of the LGU geographic area. It takes into account:
1. the strategic or long-term considerations to prevent losses and damages such as moving settlements, economic
activities, critical facilities and other assets out of harm’s way
2. the medium-term and immediate mitigation considerations to lessen the impact if losses and damages are inevitable;
3. the urgent and immediate actions needed pre-hazard or pre-disaster based on pre-disaster needs assessment;
4. the readiness of the LGU/LDDRMC to be first responders and lead in response and early recovery, and
5. pre-disaster estimation of recovery and rehabilitation needs.
Minimum Critical Preparedness Measures. Minimum Critical Preparedness centers on Pre-Hazard Preparedness and
Response and Early Recovery Preparedness. These are urgent and immediate actions to be undertaken once a hazard threat is
detected and there is still a window of opportunity to take action to reduce exposures and vulnerabilities by:
1. bringing people, services, resources out of harm’s way;

2. prepare provisions for immediate relief for displaced populations;
3. plan to ensure basic services continue before, during and in the after hazard has struck;
4. plan to secure critical facilities or install redundant critical facilities;
5. anticipate and plan for cascading risk and prevent further loss of lives and livelihoods;
6. identify stakeholders /agreements necessary to undertake measures; and
7. identify and activate the risk communications and operations command system
55
2 minutes to 24 hours Window of Opportunity. In the case of Tsunami hazards, the window of opportunity to take action
is as little as 2 minutes for locally generated tsunamis, to as wide as 24 to 48 hours for far source or distant tsunamis.
Banking on Early Preparedness Measures

This stark reality characterising the tsunami hazard informs the great emphasis given by the Listo Manual on Disaster Preparedness
for Tsunami – Local Chief Executives (Cities and Municipalities) on Early Preparedness Measures.
In order to avoid loss of lives and livelihoods, it is imperative for tsunami prone coastal communities to resolutely undertake Early
Preparedness Measures. This includes understanding the level of exposure to tsunamis of the city or municipality especially
to local tsunamis, the level of vulnerability of people and critical structures to the damage of tsunamis and the strategic plans
to reduce both the exposure and vulnerability to tsunamis. This will entail a serious look at existing structures, livelihoods and
settlements which are at the waterfront, the tsunami run-up zones and flooding zones, and the safe zones and evacuation areas.
Using a whole-of-society approach, this may entail that cities and municipalities embark on a community wide, participatory
decision making process to clear waterfronts, implement wider coastal easements and install nature-based solutions that would
weaken tsunami waves.
The requirements of genuine Early Preparedness that prevents loss of lives and livelihoods vs-a-vs the Tsunami hazard is a tall order
for any Local Chief Executive. The overall intent of this Listo Manual on Disaster Preparedness for Tsunami – Local Chief Executives
(Cities and Municipalities) is to provide as systematic guidance to the Local Chief Executive of coastal cities and municipalities on
how their local government unit could embark on identifying their risks and strategically reduce exposures and vulnerabilities.
56
EARLY PREPAREDNESS CHECKLIST

A more detailed Early Preparedness Checklist by the Local Chief Executive that builds on the earlier LISTO Manuals can also be seen
below:
INSTITUTIONALISE / OPERATIONALISE STRUCTURES
OFFICE/ INSTITUTION TO ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN

RELATE WITH
a. Sangguniang Bayan Coordinate with the Vice Mayor/ Members of the Sanggunian to
FF Ensure that there is a Committee tackling Climate and Disaster
Risk of the City/Municipality
FF Ensure that a session of the Sanggunian is allocated to review
the multiple hazard risk assessment of the City/Municipality
including its Tsunami Risk
FF Pass an ordinance for the plantilla positions of an LDRRM Offi-
cer and 3 LDRRMO staff as required by R.A. 10121
b. Local Disaster Risk FF Appoint a qualified and competent, LDRRM Officer

Reduction and FF Ensure that an OIC LDRRM Officer is appointed in case of
Management Office vacancy.
FF Issue Executive Order to the Local Social Welfare and
Development Office, Local Engineering Office, and Local
Health Office to provide support to the Local Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Office
57

RELATE WITH
c. Local Disaster Risk FF As Chairperson of the LDRRMC, call for a meeting to convene
Reduction and the LDRRMC, through the assistance of the LDRRM Office/
Management Council LDRRM Officer
FF Issue the corresponding Executive Order to assign officers-in-
charge for positions which have not been filled out
1. The Local Planning and Development Officer
2. The Head of the Local Social Welfare and Development
Office
3. The Head of the Local Health Office
4. The Head of the Local Agriculture Office
5. The Head of the Gender and Development Office
6. The Head of the Local Engineering Office
7. The Head of the Local Veterinary Office
8. The Head of the Local Budget Office
FF Issue the corresponding Executive Order to request

representation for positions under the jurisdiction of other
agencies
1. The Division Head/Superintendent of Schools of the
DepED, member;
2. The highest-ranking officer of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines assigned in the area
3. The City/Municipal Chief - Philippine National Police (PNP)
4. The City/ Municipal Fire Marshall - Bureau of Fire Protec-
tion (BFP)
5. The President - Association of Barangay Captains (ABC)
6. The Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC)
58

RELATE WITH
c. Local Disaster Risk FF As Chairperson of the LDRRMC, call for a meeting to convene
Reduction and the LDRRMC, through the assistance of the LDRRM Office/
Management Council LDRRM Officer
FF Issue the corresponding Executive Order to assign offi-
cers-in-charge for positions which have not been filled out
1. The Local Planning and Development Officer
2. The Head of the Local Social Welfare and Development
Office
3. The Head of the Local Health Office
4. The Head of the Local Agriculture Office
5. The Head of the Gender and Development Office
6. The Head of the Local Engineering Office
7. The Head of the Local Veterinary Office
8. The Head of the Local Budget Office
FF Issue the corresponding Executive Order to request represen-

tation for positions under the jurisdiction of other agencies
1. The Division Head/Superintendent of Schools of the
DepED, member;
2. The highest-ranking officer of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines assigned in the area
3. The City/Municipal Chief - Philippine National Police (PNP)
4. The City/ Municipal Fire Marshall - Bureau of Fire Protec-
tion (BFP)
5. The President - Association of Barangay Captains (ABC)
6. The Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC)
59

RELATE WITH
FF Issue the corresponding Executive Order to review and
accredit the members as recommended by the LDRRMO for
the following allocated seats in the LDRRMC prescribed by RA
10121
1. Four (4) accredited CSOs
2. One (1) private sector representative
FF Issue the corresponding Executive Order to allow the

participation of other relevant stakeholders in the
consultation process of the LDRRMC on tsunamis such as but
not limited to:
1. State College / University within or nearest to the City/
Municipality
2. Philippine Coast Guard
3. Philippine Navy
4. AFP Civil-Military Coordinating Center (AFPCMCC) nearest
present
5. Municipal Agrarian Reform Office
6. BFAR Regional Office
7. Municipal/City Environment and Natural Resources Office
8. Municipal Fisherfolks representative
9. Department of Information and Communications
Technology Cluster Office
10. Office of Muslim Affairs if the area has Moslem
constituents
11. National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) if the
area has indigenous peoples constituents
60

RELATE WITH
d. Incident Command System FF As Chairperson of the LDRRMC, ensure that the LDRRMC
issues an Executive Order related to enhancing the Incident
Command System and Incident Management Team
1. LDRRMO to present existing/new Incident Command
System
2. LDRRMO ensures that the following offices are part of the
ICS and IMT consultation process
a. Philippine Coast Guard
b. Philippine Navy
c. AFP Civil-Military Coordinating Center (AFPCMCC)
nearest present
d. Office of Muslim Affairs if the area has Moslem
constituents
e. National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) if
the area has indigenous peoples constituents
3. LDRRMO to present Incident Management Team
4. LDRRMC to review the Incident Command System if
existing, and if not to create an Incident Command System
5. LDRRMC to review the Incident Management Team
6. LDRRMC conducts training on the Incident Command
System
FF Issue Executive Order approving the Incident Command

System
FF Issue Executive Order approving the Incident Management
Team and assigning positions
61

RELATE WITH
e. Emergency Operations FF As Chairperson of the LDRRMC, ensure that the LDRRMC
Center (EOC) issues an Executive Order related to identifying an Emergency
Operations Center (EOC) in a Tsunami safe zone and the
possible creation of a redundant EOC
1. LDRRMO to present existing/new EOC
2. LDRRMO to present plans for redundant EOC
3. LDRRMC to review the proposed new/ redundant EOC
plans
FF Issue Executive Order approving the Tsunami-safe EOC and

redundant EOC
f. Community Disaster FF As Chairperson of the LDRRMC, ensure that the LDRRMC

Volunteers discusses and issues an Executive Order related to
establishing guidelines, registration, formation and training
of Community Disaster Volunteers
1. LDRRMO to ensure that Private Professional response
organisations and humanitarian organisations are
consulted in the process of establishing the guidelines
2. LDRRMO to ensure that Sanggunian Kabataan officers,
Student Councils and other youth organisations
participate in the process of crafting the guidelines.
FF Pass an Executive Order approving the Guidelines for

Community Disaster Volunteers discussed and produced by
the LDRRMC
62
RELATE WITH
g. Response Cluster / FF As Chairperson of the LDRRMC, ensure that the LDRRMC discusses
Department of Social and issues an Executive Order related to reviewing and updating the
Welfare and Development existing Response Cluster which follow the Department of Social
(DSWD) Welfare and Development (DSWD) Cluster System to include the
following agencies in the consultation processes of the Response
Cluster:
1. State College / University within or nearest to the City/
Municipality
2. Philippine Coast Guard
3. Philippine Navy
4. AFP Civil-Military Coordinating Center (AFPCMCC) nearest present
5. Municipal Agrarian Reform Office
6. BFAR Regional Office
7. Municipal/City Environment and Natural Resources Office
8. Municipal Fisherfolks representative
9. Department of Information and Communications Technology
Cluster Office
10. Office of Muslim Affairs if the area has Moslem constituents
11. National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) if the area has
indigenous peoples constituents
FF Pass an Executive Order approving the enhanced Response Cluster

System following the Department of Social Welfare and Development
(DSWD) Cluster System
1. SRR - Security and Search, Rescue, and Retrieval
2. Health – with subclusters on
a. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH);
b. Psycho-Social Integration (PSI);
c. Municipal Public Health Services (MPHS);
d. Nutrition, Sexual and Reproductive Health, and Medical;
e. Camp Coordination and Camp Management (CCCM)
3. MDM - Management of the Dead and Missing
4. LOG - Logistics
5. F/NFi - Food and Non-Food Items
63
PARTNERSHIP ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN

a. Cooperation among FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement
Municipalities along among coastline municipalities to undertake measures
the Coastline regarding regarding Tsunami risk which may include
Tsunami
FF risk assessments;
FF early warning;
FF response and recovery; and
FF public awareness / risk communications
b. Cooperation among FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement

Municipalities in Landlocked with Landlocked Upland municipalities to undertake measures
Upland areas for support regarding Tsunami risk which may include
FF early warning;
c. Cooperation with other FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement

Local Government Units with other local government units (Cities/ Municipalities)
for possible support during Tsunami risk assessments, early
warning, response and recovery and public awareness
campaigns.
d. Cooperation with Scientists FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement

from National Government with Scientists from designated National Government
Agencies (DOST PHIVOLCS, Agencies (DOST PHIVOLCS, DOST PAGASA, ASTI), nearest
DOST PAGASA, ASTI) State College or University, learning research institutes (LRI)
and State Colleges and and the Private Sector including Non-profit organisations
Universities, LRIs and for technical support during Tsunami risk assessments,
the Private Sector in early warning, response and recovery and public awareness
undertaking Tsunami Risk campaigns
Assessments
64

a. Cooperation among FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement
Municipalities along among coastline municipalities to undertake measures
the Coastline regarding regarding Tsunami risk which may include
Tsunami
FF early warning;
b. Cooperation among FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement
Municipalities in Landlocked with Landlocked Upland municipalities to undertake measures
Upland areas for support regarding Tsunami risk which may include
FF early warning;
c. Cooperation with other FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement

Local Government Units with other local government units (Cities/ Municipalities)
for possible support during Tsunami risk assessments, early
warning, response and recovery and public awareness
campaigns.
d. Cooperation with Scientists FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement

from National Government with Scientists from designated National Government
Agencies (DOST PHIVOLCS, Agencies (DOST PHIVOLCS, DOST PAGASA, ASTI), nearest
DOST PAGASA, ASTI) State College or University, learning research institutes (LRI)
and State Colleges and and the Private Sector including Non-profit organisations
Universities, LRIs and for technical support during Tsunami risk assessments,
the Private Sector in early warning, response and recovery and public awareness
undertaking Tsunami Risk campaigns
Assessments
65

e. Cooperation with Private FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement
Professional Groups, with Private Professional Groups, such as but not limited to
such as but not limited Engineers, Architects, Health Professionals in undertaking
to Engineers, Architects, Tsunami Risk Assessments and Preparedness early warning,
Health Professionals in response and recovery and public awareness campaigns
undertaking Tsunami
Risk Assessments and
Preparedness
g. Cooperation with hospitals, FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement

private clinics, lying-in, with health care providers for the provision of emergency
birthing facilities and other and acute care, transport and referral of injured persons and
health care providers patients within the service delivery network
h. Cooperation with FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement

pharmacies, drug stores, with health support services for the provision / availability of
laboratories, blood banks drugs, medicine, medical supplies and blood
i. Cooperation with FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement

funeral parlor, mortuary with funeral parlors, mortuary association, crematoriums
associations, crematoriums and churches/ mosques for the implementation of culturally
and churches/ mosques appropriate management of the dead
j. Cooperation with FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement

transportation providers with transportation providers for support in logistics needs
(land, sea, air) during immediate relief and early recovery
k. Cooperation with fuel FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement

stations and other energy with fuel/gas stations and other energy providers such as
providers solar and other renewable energy for ensuring gasoline, fuel
and energy supply and price control
66

l. Cooperation with FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement
telecommunication with telecommunication providers for support in
companies and Bureau of telecommunication needs during immediate relief and early
Posts recovery, including setting up of emergency communications
stations and use of satellite and telegraph facilities
m. Cooperation with FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement with

volunteer groups, faith volunteer groups, faith based organisations, local construction
based organisations, local companies and humanitarian organisations for the provision
construction companies and of support during SRR, debris clearing operations, emergency
humanitarian organisations evacuation and transitional shelter, relief operations and
provision of other components of humanitarian response
n. Cooperation with media FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement with
organisations and media media organisations, media practitioners, radio stations and
practitioners including local print media on risk communications and communicating with
radio stations and print affected communities
media
o. Cooperation with local FF Initiate meeting and reach a Memorandum of Agreement

chambers of commerce, with the private sector chambers of commerce and business
business groups groups on business continuity plans, and post-disaster early
recovery and rehabilitation efforts including generation of
resources to support micro, small and medium enterprises
67
CONDUCT ASSESSMENTS (DISASTER/CLIMATE RISK) AND PRODUCE

GROUND TRUTHED TSUNAMI INUNDATION MAPS
INSTITUTIONS TO ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN

WORK WITH
a. Local Disaster Risk FF As Chairperson of the LDRRMC, ensure that the LDRRMC
Reduction and discusses and issues an Executive Order related to reviewing
Management Council the existing Disaster and Climate Risk Assessment to include
(LDRRMC) steps for the inclusion of Tsunami Risk and the relevant LGU
offices, Barangay LGUs, national government agencies, other
stakeholders who need to be part of the Risk Assessments.
FF Make sure to implement a tsunami-informed Climate and
Disaster Risk Assessment (CDRA)
FF Pass an Executive Order approving the LDRRMC plans

for reviewing and updating the Disaster and Climate Risk
Assessment of the City/ Municipality to include Tsunami Risk
and to also include:
FF Ordering relevant offices and Barangay LGUs to actively
participate
FF Assigning LDRRMO to organize the implementation of the
LDRRMC and LCE approved plans for updated Disaster and
Climate Risk Assessments for inclusion of Tsunami Risk
FF Assigning LDRRMO to use the Memorandum of Agreements
earlier forged with Scientists from National Government
Agencies and State Colleges and Universities and the Private
Sector to call for their support in the Risk Assessments
68

WORK WITH
FF As Chairperson of the LDRRMC, ensure that Risk Assessment
and Tsunami Inundation Maps are presented and discussed
with the LDRRMC, the Sangguniang Bayan and the Municipal
Planning and Development Office by the technical team which
conducted the assessment and discuss needed enhancements
in the
FF Programs/Projects/Activities (PPA)
FF Comprehensive Land Use Plan
FF Comprehensive Development Plan
FF Policies regarding Municipal Waters and Foreshore Lands
FF Policies regarding Nature-based solutions to Tsunami Risk
FF Policies regarding Land-use and Resettlement
FF Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan
(LDRRMP)
FF Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan
(BDRRMP)
FF Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP)
FF Contingency Plan (per hazard)
FF Public Service Continuity Plan
FF Evacuation Plan
69

WORK WITH
b. Local Disaster Risk FF Ensure LDRRMO submits to the LCE updates on:
Reduction and
Management Office FF LDRRM Office to prepare plan of action for the conduct
(LDRRMO) of risk assessment
FF LDRRM Office to convene, coordinate and lead in the
science-based participatory risk assessment activities
FF LDRRM Office to prepare update report on conduct of
risk assessment
FF LDRRM Office to coordinate with scientists group in the
preparation of the enhanced Risk Assessment Report
FF LDRRM Office to ensure that the Risk Assessment Report
identifies barangays, populations, businesses, and critical
facilities in high risk Tsunami inundation areas.
c. Engaging Scientific FF Check with PHIVOLCS on the availability of LGU Tsunami

Institutions in Determining Hazard Maps. Maps are available online;
and Addressing Tsunami FF Check with other agencies on other related risks like
Risks (DOST, DENR, MGB for e.g. liquefaction, subsidence, and rainfall in-
PHIVOLCS, MGB, PAGASA, duced landslide; PAGASA for sea-level rise and hydro-
SUCs) meteorological events that may compound the hazards.
More often, data will already be initially available online.
FF Identify elements, assets, and sectors of population that
may be affected by the hazards;
FF Determine the vulnerability of those elements, assets
(including physical, social, economic, cultural, historical,
environmental assets), and sectors vis a vis the tsunami;
70

WORK WITH
FF Write a letter to local DOST to request for a copy of
maps relevant to LGU and request for them explain the
hazards to the LGU.
FF In the event that the maps are not yet available for
the LGU, request the local DOST in helping explain the
tsunami hazard and to help prepare a tsunami risk map.
Invite other scientific institutions that may have similar
researches in the area (e.g. SUCs);
FF Should DOST and/or the other scientific institutions
accept the invitation, ensure LDRRMC is present in the
meeting with the local DOST;
FF Engage DOST and/or other scientific institutions in the
identification of hazards, exposures, and vulnerabilities
and in the analysis of how tsunami will interact with
LGU’s exposure and vulnerabilities to ascertain the ex-
tent of LGU’s risks;
FF Involve the scientists in crafting your tsunami-informed
CLUP, CDP, ELA, AIP, DRRM plans, Contingency Plans;
71
TSUNAMI RISK SENSITIVE PLANS/ POLICIES/ ORDINANCES/

CONTINGENCY PLANS
INSTITUTIONS / OFFICES ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN

TO WORK WITH
a. Local Disaster Risk Reduction FF As LCE and as Chairperson of the LDRRMC ensure that there is
and Management Council a discussion and proposals made relative to Tsunami Preven-
(LDRRMC) tion and Mitigation
b. Agencies/ Offices related to Structural Assessments

Identification of Strategic
Tsunami Mitigation FF Issue Executive Order to the Building Official and in
coordination with the DPWH for the crafting of a program
of action to review the tsunami risk of buildings and the
Building Official possibility of tsunami resistant infrastructure especially for
DPWH
critical facilities and basic / essential services and possibility of
vertical evacuation structures near shore
Building Official
Municipal/City Architect Engineering Solutions and Safety Planning.
FF Issue Executive Order creating a Committee to review

possibility of (i) engineering solutions such as break waters
or tide gates and (ii) safety planning for which is led by the
Building Official and the City/Municipal Architect
72

TO WORK WITH
Philippine National Police FF Engineering Solutions and Safety Planning process may in-
(PNP) clude the participation of:
Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP)
Association of Barangay a. The City/Municipal Chief - Philippine National Police (PNP)
Captains (ABC) b. The City/ Municipal Fire Marshall - Bureau of Fire
Philippine National Red Cross Protection (BFP)
(PNRC)
State College / University c. Association of Barangay Captains (ABC)
within or nearest to the d. The Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC)
City/Municipality e. State College / University within or nearest to the City/
Philippine Coast Guard Municipality
Philippine Navy
AFP Civil-Military Coordinating f. Philippine Coast Guard
Center (AFPCMCC) g. Philippine Navy
Municipal Agrarian Reform
Office h. AFP Civil-Military Coordinating Center (AFPCMCC) nearest
BFAR Regional Office present
Municipal/City Environment i. Municipal Agrarian Reform Office
and Natural Resources
j. BFAR Regional Office
Office
Municipal Fisherfolks k. Municipal/City Environment and Natural Resources Office
representative l. Municipal Fisherfolks representative
Office of Muslim Affairs
National Commission on m. Office of Muslim Affairs if the area has Moslem
Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) constituents
Private Sector Representative n. National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) if the
NGO representative area has indigenous peoples constituents
o. Private Sector Representative
p. NGO representative
73

TO WORK WITH
LDRRMO Nature Based Solutions Actions
Social Welfare and
Development Officer FF Issue an Executive Order creating a Committee to discuss the
Environment and Natural possible nature based solutions actions to mitigate tsunami
Resources Officer risk that would include options regarding:
LGU Architect a. Mangroves/ Seagrass, Beach Forests, Forest Belts
LGU Agriculturist
Cooperatives Officer b. Enforcement of easements and setbacks along foreshore,
LGU Legal Officer estuaries, riverbanks
CPDMO/ MPDO c. Zone of Avoidance for Settlement
d. Resettlement sites Land bank
State College / University
within or nearest to the FF The Committee may be composed of
City/Municipality a. LDRRMO
Philippine Coast Guard b. Social Welfare and Development Officer
Philippine Navy c. Environment and Natural Resources Officer
AFP Civil-Military Coordinating d. LGU Architect
Center (AFPCMCC) e. LGU Agriculturist
Municipal Agrarian Reform f. Cooperatives Officer
Office g. LGU Legal Officer
BFAR Regional Office h. City/Municipal Planning and Development Office
74

TO WORK WITH
Municipal/City Environment FF The Committee may also involve in the consultation processes
and Natural Resources
Office a. State College / University within or nearest to the City/Municipality
b. Philippine Coast Guard
Municipal Fisherfolks
c. Philippine Navy
representative d. AFP Civil-Military Coordinating Center (AFPCMCC) nearest present
Office of Muslim Affairs e. Municipal Agrarian Reform Office
National Commission on f. BFAR Regional Office
Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) g. Municipal/City Environment and Natural Resources Office (DENR)
Private Sector Representative h. Municipal Fisherfolks representative
NGO representative i. Office of Muslim Affairs if the area has Moslem constituents
PRA j. National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) if the area has
PPDO indigenous peoples constituents
Office of the Governor k. Private Sector Representative
l. NGO representative
m. Philippine Reclamation Authority if applicable
n. Provincial Planning and Development Office
Sangguniang Bayan o. Representative from the Office of the Governor
FF Review, Approve and Recommend to Sanggunian the Tsunami-risk-in-

formed Land-Use prioritisation and Land bank plan for displaced
Sangguniang Bayan communities
FF Review and Approve Programmed resource generation to fund na-

ture-based solutions, land use changes and land banking for displaced.
Coordinate with Sangguniang Bayan
Other LGUs FF Identification of Cooperation Agreements with other LGUs for na-
ture-based solutions, land use changes, and land banking
75

TO WORK WITH
c. Municipal Planning and FF Issue an Executive Order directed to the Municipal Planning and
Development Office (MPDO) Development Office (MPDO) or City Planning and Development Office
or City Planning and (CPDO) to review and comment on proposed enhancements on the
Development Office (CPDO) following:
● Comprehensive Land Use Plan
● Programs/Projects/Activities (PPA)
● Comprehensive Development Plan
● Policies regarding Municipal Waters and Foreshore Lands
● Policies regarding Building Code/ Structural Code compliance
● Policies on Critical Facilities in relation to Public Service Continuity
Plan
● Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (LDRRMP)
● Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (BDRRMP)
● Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP)
● Contingency Plan (per hazard)
● Evacuation Plan
d. LDRRMO End-to-End Tsunami Early Warning System
DOST PHIVOLCS FF Pass an Executive Order instructing the LDRRMO to coordinate with
DICT DOST PHIVOLCS, DICT Cluster Office, DepED to establish coordination
DepED mechanisms for the End-to-End Early Warning System for Tsunamis
FF Ensure that community level EWS for local tsunami and EWS
communication mechanism from Municipal / City to Barangay and
Province for distant tsunami have been established
FF Identify and conduct regular community and Municipal/City wide
tsunami evacuation drills in accordance with DOST PHIVOLCS guidelines
FF Ensure that equipment necessary for local early warning system have
been provided to at-risk barangays
76
PUBLIC AWARENESS & RISK COMMUNICATION STRATEGY

TO WORK WITH
a. LDRRMO FF Issue an Executive Order creating a Committee that would develop
LGU Information Officer the appropriate Risk Communication strategy / Public Awareness
DICT campaign on Tsunami risk and the solutions identified.
PHIVOLCS
Social Welfare and FF Committee may include
Development Officer •• LDRRMO
•• LGU Information Officer
•• Representative from the Department of Information and
Communications Technology Cluster Office
•• Representative from DOST PHIVOLCS area office
•• Social Welfare and Development Officer
DepED
State College / University FF Committee may invite to participate in consultation processes
within or nearest to the •• Department of Education (DepED)
City/Municipality
Municipal Fisherfolks
•• State College / University within or nearest to the City/
Municipality
representative
Office of Muslim Affairs •• Municipal Fisherfolks representative
National Commission on •• Office of Muslim Affairs if the area has Moslem constituents
Indigenous Peoples (NCIP)
Private Sector Representative •• National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) if the area
NGO representative has indigenous peoples constituents
•• Private Sector Representative
•• NGO and people’s organisations’ representative
77
LDRRMF AND ANNUAL INVESTMENT PROGRAM (AIP)

TO WORK WITH
a. Vice Mayor and FF Coordinate with Vice Mayor/ Sangguniang Bayan to prioritise
Sangguniang Bayan interpellation and passage of ordinances if approved by the
Sanggunian on matters related to recommended updates to
the
a. Programs/Projects/Activities (PPA)
b. Comprehensive Land Use Plan
c. Comprehensive Development Plan
d. Policies regarding Municipal Waters and Foreshore Lands
e. Policies regarding Building Code/ Structural Code
compliance
f. Policies on Critical Facilities in relation to Public Service
Continuity Plan
FF Coordinate with Vice Mayor/ Sangguniang Bayan for

the review of the AIP and LDRRMF necessary for Early
Preparedness and Critical Preparedness Measures
o Sangguniang Bayan approves revised AIP to utilize
unexpended LDRRMF
FF LCE issues Executive Order for the utilization of the allocated

AIP or the revised AIP
78

TO WORK WITH
b. Local Disaster Risk FF As Chairperson of the LDRRMC, ensure that the LDRRMC
Reduction and discusses and issues an Executive Order related to reviewing
Management Council the existing Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
(LDRRMC) Fund and Annual Investment Program to fund Early
Preparedness and Critical Preparedness Measures
LDRRMO FF LDRRMC through the LDRRMO to review if the Enhanced risk
assessment may be considered within the approved Local
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (LDRRMP)
and Annual Investment Program (AIP) of the LGU as per
NDRRMC DBM DILG JMC 2013-01
FF If there are insufficient funds to conduct the enhanced risk
assessment in the existing AIP, LDRRMC to recommend an
amended / revised Annual Investment Program (AIP) to
utilize unexpended LDRRMFs from previous years lodged in
a special trust fund or to seek funding from other sources for
approval of the Sangguniang Bayan and LCE (NDRRMC DBM
DILG JMC 2013-01)
79
MONITORING, EVALUATION, LEARNING SYSTEMS

TO WORK WITH
a. Local Disaster Risk As Chairperson of the LDRRMC, ensure that
Reduction and
Management Council FF the LDRRMC and the LDRRMO regularly produce reports
(LDRRMC) for submission to the NDRRMC, DOST PHIVOLCS (for early
warning and drills) and other government agencies
LDRRMO FF LDRRMO conducts learning activities on risk communication
regarding Tsunami, EWS and strategic Tsunami prevention and
mitigation measures
b. DILG CODIX As Chairperson of the LDRRMC ensure that:

OCD
LGA FF the LDRRMC and the LDRRMO identify additional capacity
building trainings related to knowledge on tsunami, risk
communications, early warning systems in addition to the
trainings already identified in previous Listo Manuals
FF the LDRRMC through the LDRRMO coordinates closely with
the DILG CODIX, OCD, LGA for the conduct of capacity building
trainings related to tsunami
FF the LDRRMC through the LDRRMO documents prior tsunami
experience in the locality, including terminologies used by
locals
80
5 ROLE OF THE GOVERNOR AS LOCAL CHIEF EXECUTIVE
Highly destructive local tsunamis hardly affect the coastal area of single municipalities. Tsunami waves often affect large swaths of
coasts affecting multiple municipalities and at times multiple islands. The potential for damage is likewise very high. Thus, the role
of the Governor as a local chief executive cannot be over emphasized.
The Provincial Governors have an important role to play in both early preparedness measures and in times of relief operations.
ROLE OF GOVERNOR IN EARLY PREPAREDNESS. The Provincial government is given the mandate to regulate measures
which can support nature based solutions and engineering solutions to tsunami risk. Under the Local Government Code, the
provincial government looks into the implementation of forestry law, community based forestry projects, small scale mining, and
environmental protection42. It also has the mandate to look into reclamation projects43 . Expansion of coastal greenbelts, and
prevention of further degradation of mangroves and beach forests by limiting reclamation projects are within the mandate of
the provincial government. Close coordination with its component cities and municipalities in developing tsunami-risk informed
development plans and nature based solutions can prevent loss of lives and assets.
ROLE OF GOVERNOR DURING RESPONSE PHASE. The provincial government also has the mandate to regulate tertiary
health services and hospitals44 and to conduct relief operations45. Under the DRRM Act46, the provincial DRRMC shall take the lead
in preparing for, responding to and recovering from the effects of any disaster if two (2) or more cities/municipalities are affected.
Given the characteristics of tsunamis, the Governor as the chairman of the Provincial DRRM Council will have a crucial role in
preparing for, responding and recovering from highly destructive local tsunamis.
The Governor has similar Chief Executive Powers to the Municipal and City LCEs as prescribed by RA 7160 and RA 10121. Relevant
to tsunami preparedness, the Governor must:
● Act as chair of the LDRRMC and, thus, call for and engage the members of the LDRRMC on policy and operational matters
related to disaster risks including tsunamis;
___________________________________
42
Section 17 (b)(3)(iii), R.A. 7160 (1991).
43
Section 17 (b)(3)(vi), R.A. 7160 (1991).
44
Section 17 (b)(3)(iv), R.A. 7160 (1991).
45
Section 17 (b)(3)(v), R.A. 7160 (1991).
46
Section 15, R.A.10121 (2010).
81
● In the period of the minimum critical preparedness, the Governor has to
FF convene the LDRRMC,

FF ensure the monitoring of its constituencies, ensure the activation of the Emergency Operations Center,
FF the activation of the ICS,
FF provide relief, rescue, retrieval support for LGUs within its constituency,
FF coordinate with the regional field offices and the national government agencies, and more importantly,
FF initiate action and supplemental support in the event that 2 or more LGUs within the Province’s constituency are affected.
It is important for the Governor to be cognizant of the inter-operability platform for coordination to be able to connect
with relevant agencies that can help the LGU constituency of the Province:
82
LISTOLISTO
MANUAL ONON
MANUAL DISASTER
TSUNAMIS
6 EARLY PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS OF THE LOCAL

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION OFFICER (LDRRMO)
EARLY PREPAREDNESS CHECKLIST - LDRRMO
TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS FOR LDRRMOs in MUNICIPALITIES / CITIES

MANAGE RISKS, REDUCE EXPOSURE,

REDUCE VULNERABILITY
(Strategic, Long Term)
Institutionalize the LDRRMO, ICS, EOC, End to End Tsunami EWS;

Include an end-to-end tsunami early warning system in the PPAs and LDRRMFIP;
Conduct Tsunami-informed Assessments (CDRA);
Maintain an integrated database of tsunami-risk resources;
Consolidate information and maintain local tsunami- risk map;
Institutionalize a decision-making support platform on tsunami concerns for the
LDRRMC and act on matters authorized by LDRRMC

LIVES/ASSETS
83
LISTO MANUAL
LISTO MANUALON
TSUNAMIS


(Strategic, Long Term)
Preparation of tsunami-sensitive LDRRMP consistent with national standards,

LDRRMFIP and incorporation in the Annual Investment/Plan/
Annual Budget and secure approval of the LDRRMC, LDC
Establish a mechanism for tsunami partnership or networking; Secure MOUs or
Partnership Agreements;
Promote and raise public Awareness, conduct training, orientation, knowledge
management activities on tsunami risks =and encourage compliance to tsunami-
related policies;
Organize, train, equip and supervise local emergency response teams and ACDVs
on tsunami preparedness and response;

LIVES/ASSETS
84
The Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (LDRRMO) plays a major role in protecting lives and properties of
communities exposed and vulnerable to tsunami. It is mandated by RA 10121 to direct, develop, implement and coordinate
disaster risk management programs. It is highly important for LCEs of Municipalities and Cities to understand the role of the
LDRRMO and how the LCE as Chairperson of the LDRRMC supervises and directs the actions of the LDRRMO.
Measures to Prevent/Mitigate losses and damages from Tsunami

The following strategic and long-term preparedness measures are necessary and desirable for preventing or mitigating losses and
damage from tsunami:
1. LDRRMO, ICS, EOC, End to End Tsunami EWS47 shall be institutionalized. For effective tsunami-preparedness
measures, it is important that the LDRRMO, ICS, EOC and End to End Tsunami EWS are established and incorporated in DRRM
policies and ordinances.
2. Include an end-to-end tsunami early warning system in the PPAs and LDRRMFIP.48 LDRRMO must be
decisive with its responses and actions after evaluating an information provided by the national warning agencies. These
actions should be included in the Contingency Plan of the LGU. A 24/7 end-to-end warning system is important to disseminate
clear, straightforward and comprehensible information on tsunami to all stakeholders concerned. It is important that there are
funds readily available to finance a 24/7 operations of the EWS at the local level;
3. Conduct a tsunami-informed assessment49. Preparedness, once established must be maintained to ensure effective
tsunami response operations. Tsunami-informed assessments are very important in understanding how stakeholders can
effectively prevent or mitigate losses and damages from tsunami. LDRRMO shall hold itself responsible for managing risks and
reducing vulnerability and exposure and decide appropriate actions based on such assessments;
4. Maintain an integrated database of tsunami-risk resources.50 Tsunami-risk resources must be gathered,

consolidated and evaluated by the LDRRMO and shared with the Planning and Development Office and other members of
the LDRRMC. It is important that this risk-informed, science and evidence based database shall be able to guide all tsunami-
preparedness activities, policies and programs;
____________________________
47
Sec 12(b) (5)& (23), RA 10121
48
Sec 12(b)(5)&(7), RA10121
49
Sec 12(b)(2),RA10121
50
Sec 12(b)(12),RA10121
85
5. Consolidate information and maintain local tsunami-risk map51 .Tsunami-risk map is necessary in identifying
safe zone and hazard prone areas. All types of data relevant to tsunami preparedness must be gathered and evaluated. The
information should be shared to all stakeholders in a regular meeting called for the purpose of consolidating local disaster risk
6. Institutionalize a decision-making support platform on tsunami concerns for the LDRRMC and act
on matters authorized by LDRRMC.52 LDRRMO must establish decision-making support platforms available to all
stakeholders. Through its platform, it must be able to provide decisive and timely advice to tsunami response organizations
and the general public;
7. Work with the Planning and Development Office to ensure that tsunami and other hazards are factored into the
Comprehensive Land Use Planning, Comprehensive Development Planning, Executive and Legislative Agenda processes.
8. Preparation of tsunami-sensitive LDRRMP consistent with national standards, LDRRMFIP and

incorporation in the Annual Investment Plan/Annual Budget and secure approval of the LDRRMC and
LDC53. LDRRMP must include tsunami as a hazard and must be dealt with urgency. Plans must consider the demographic,
geographical and social conditions of a particular locality. It must be a product of a collaborative effort of government agencies,
private institutions/organizations and scientists. Included in the plan is a risk communications plan to ensure material readily
understandable by all members of the community are produced and disseminated. To prevent any liability and loss of public
trust, LDRRMP must be compliant with national standards. For a seamless implementation, LDRRMP shall be consistent with
LDRRMFIP, incorporated in the Annual Investment Plan/ Annual Budget and approved by the LDRRMC, LDC and Sangguniang
Bayan;
9. Establish a mechanism for tsunami partnership or networking and secure through MOUs or Partnership
Agreements.54 LDRRMO must emphasize that cooperation and mutual support between local government units, private
sector, CSOs, volunteer groups and other agencies is important. It would be highly beneficial for LDRRMOs of similarly affected
LGUs especially adjacent LGUs along the coastline to convene and discuss their tsunami risk profiles and mechanisms for
coordination. Relating with LDRRMOs of neighbouring LGUs which could provide support during evacuation, response and
_________________________
51
Sec12(b)(3),RA10121
52
Sec 12(b)(24)& (25),RA10121
53
Sec12(b) (7)&(24),RA10121
54
Sec 12(b) (14),RA10121
86
early recovery are important to relate with and arrive agreements with. Partnership will ensure that, whenever necessary,
access to food, water, shelter and other critical facilities will be readily provided by partner agencies, organizations or
institutions. These agreements and partnerships can help facilitate the accomplishment of tsunami preparedness activities;
10. Promote and raise public awareness, conduct training, orientation, knowledge management activities
on tsunami risks and encourage compliance to tsunami-related policies55. A risk communications strategy on
tsunamis should be developed. This includes identifying key messaging to be contained in public awareness and knowledge
management activities. Activities must be continuous, clear, detailed and comprehensible to all members of the community
to avoid confusion and reinforce compliance. Trainings, orientation and knowledge management activities shall be facilitated
and scheduled by the LDRRMO in coordination with barangays to encourage active public participation to prevention and
mitigation activities. These activities shall be able to encourage communities to willingly contribute to preparedness actions to
prevent and mitigate losses and damages from tsunami; and
11. Organize, train, equip and supervise local emergency response teams and ACDVs on tsunami
preparedness and response56. Local emergency response teams and ACDVs must be organized, trained and equipped
with relevant and necessary knowledge and skills so that they are always prepared to respond to tsunami-hit areas. This
includes knowledge about the natural signs of a local tsunami generated by an earthquake, the standard evacuation procedure
taking into account the condition of the most vulnerable, and the management of the tsunami evacuation points. LDRRMO
must be able to supervise local emergency response teams and ACDVs in coordination with the barangay so they will be able
to understand their key operational responsibilities thus effectively responding to tsunami-hit area. Preparedness plans must
include non-event operations like readiness of staff and ensuring availability of resources.
_________________________
55
Sec 12(b)(4),RA10121
56
Sec 12(b)(15),RA10121
87
LISTO MANUAL
LISTO MANUALON
TSUNAMIS
PRE-HAZARD PREPAREDNESS TO AVERT LOSSES

AND DAMAGES

Upon the signoff of the LCE: Operationalize the LDRRMO, ICS, EOC, End to End
Tsunami EWS;
Activate the end-to-end tsunami early warning system for local and distant
tsunamis;
Regularly update a tsunami-risk informed local risk map in the tsunami-sensitive
PDRA;
Implement tsunami-sensitive LDRRMP as approved by the LDRRMC, LDC and the
Sanggunian;
Updating/ Review/ Implementation Plans (LDRRMP, Contingency Plants) & Policies
/ Ordinances and preparation of the Pre-disaster Recovery Plans (including draft
Declaration of the State of Calamity)
Prepare the local tsunami-response protocols for tsunami-responsiveness.
Secure implementation of Enhancement, Retrofit infrastructure,

LIVES/ASSETS
88
LISTOLISTO
MANUAL ONON
MANUAL DISASTER
TSUNAMIS
PRE-HAZARD PREPAREDNESS TO AVERT LOSSES

AND DAMAGES

Pre-emptive Evacuation systems have to be set in place

Public Awareness: Early Warning and risk communication
Preposition Assets
Capacity Building on tsunami preparedness and response
Institutionalize tsunami drills in high risk areas
Preparation of LDRMMFIP and incorporation in the Annual Investment Plan /
Annual Budget
Initiate a community registry of households and redundant data systems
Activate Partnerships and coordination mechanisms

LIVES/ASSETS
89
Pre-Hazard Preparedness to avert losses and damages

The following actions immediate and short-term actions are necessary and desirable in managing risks, reducing exposure and
vulnerability:
1. Upon the signoff of the LCE, operationalize the LDRRMO, and tsunami risk-informed ICS, EOC , End
to End Tsunami EWS58. LDRRMO has the duty to establish the City/Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Operations Centers. ICS and EOC that are informed by the tsunami risk assessment are vital in the response operations of the
LDRRMO as it serves as the central command and control facilities. Through an End to end Tsunami EWS, communications and
monitoring before, during and after tsunami are easier and convenient.
2. Activate the end-to-end tsunami early warning system59 for local and distant tsunamis. The end-to-
end tsunami early warning system crafted during the mitigation/prevention phase and approved by the LCE should now be
activated. EWS simulations of different scenarios for local and distant tsunamis should be conducted by the LDRRMO in
coordination with barangay level EWS mechanisms. EWS simulation can help identify gaps in the EWS system. Vertical EWS
simulation from the municipality/city to the province, region, and national warning agencies is also advisable to identify
possible gaps. Information tree on who to contact within the different agencies/LGUs and how to contact them should
regularly be updated. EWS simulation of public risk communication messages would be important during this phase;
3. Regularly update the tsunami risk-informed local risk map in the tsunami-sensitive PDRA60 . Risk maps
are very important in identifying safe areas and danger zones. Local risk map and evacuation routes need to be informed by
changes in infrastructure developments, growth and demographics of the population and topography of the area. Local risk
maps should be able to quickly identify the location of the most vulnerable, most at-risk members of the community. Changes
in infrastructure and growth in population impact upon the tsunami risk of the communities;
4. Implement tsunami-sensitive LDRRMP as approved by the LDRRMC, LDC and the Sanggunian61. LDRRMO
must implement plans, policies and programs at the earliest opportunity. The LDRRMO should monitor the implementation
of nature based solutions and engineering solutions to mitigate the effects of tsunamis and report the developments to the
LCE/LDRRMC. To reinforce obedience to all policies, plans and programs, it is important that communities understand their
exposure and vulnerability to tsunami. LDRRMO must encourage community participation which will contribute to effective
preparedness plans, policies, and programs.
___________________________________
57
Sec12(b)(23),RA10121
58
Sec 12(b)(5),RA10121
59
Sec 12(b)(5), RA10121
60
Sec12(b)(2) &(3),RA10121
61
Sec12(b)(22),RA10121
90
5. Update/ Review/ Implement Plans (LDRRMP, Contingency Plans) & Policies / Ordinances and
preparation of the Pre-disaster Recovery Plans (including draft Declaration of the State of Calamity)62.
LDRRMO shall ensure that the LDRRMC-approved tsunami risk assessment and corresponding mitigation and preparedness
actions are incorporated into the LDRRMP, Contingency Plans, and other plans, policies and ordinances of the LGU. LDRRMO
shall lead in reviewing plans and policies to ensure their adaptability to the changing risk of every locality. LDRRMO shall
recommend the necessary updating or changes in the plans for approval of the LCE/ LDRRMO/ Sangguniang Bayan as
appropriate LDRRMO must endeavour to encourage and ensure compliance of all stakeholders to the updated plans and
policies related to managing tsunami risk. On the basis of the tsunami risk assessments and estimated possible levels of
devastation the LGU may suffer from a catastrophic tsunami (bad, worse, worst case scenarios in the Contingency Plan), the
LDRRMO by its own initiative and whenever necessary, provide assistance to the Sangguniang Bayan and LCE in the process
of drafting a declaration of a state of calamity. LDRRMO shall also lead in identifying the Pre-disaster Recovery Plan actions
which need to be undertaken soonest to ensure that Post-Disaster Recovery and continuity of LGU services is realisable.
The Pre-disaster Recovery Plan may include the purchase of equipment for recovery, purchase of risk insurance, forging of
Memorandum of Agreements/ Understanding with different stakeholders whose future assistance would be indispensable for
recovery.
6. Prepare the local tsunami-response protocols for tsunami-responsiveness. Secure implementation of:
a) Enhancement, retrofitting infrastructure63. The LDRRMO has a duty to consolidate local disaster risk information which
includes natural hazards, vulnerabilities, and climate change risks, and maintain a local risk map64. These vulnerabilities
include buildings, roads, bridges, and other infrastructure which may not be strong enough to withstand strong tsunami
waves. To manage these hazard vulnerabilities, LDRRMO may work with the LGU Building Official/ Municipal Engineer and
DPWH to make sure that the infrastructures are in compliance with the National Building Code, National Structural Code
and other best practices within the industry vs-a-vs tsunami risk. This may include best practices and recommendations at
the international level or other countries that also face tsunami risk. On the basis of the structural assessment, LDRRMO
shall ensure that the corresponding reports area immediately shared by the Building Official/ Municipal Engineer to the
LCE/ LDRRMC. Recommendations on retrofitting of buildings shall be monitored by the LDRRMO and the progress of
retrofitting buildings shall bereported to the LCE/LDRRMC.
_______________________________________
62
Sec 12(b)(21)&(22),RA10121
63
Sec 12(b)(2),(9)&(11),RA10121
64
Sec 12(c )(3),RA10121
91
b) Pre-emptive Evacuation65 . LDRRMO to lead in preparing the evacuation plan of the Municipality/ City for both
distant and local tsunami. LDRRMO shall also ensure that barangay level evacuation plans have been identified, crafted by
the BLGU and that these are in harmony with the municipal/city-wide evacuation plan. These evacuation plans must be
tested through trainings, simulations and drills. It’s also important for the people to be aware of the risk and the damage
that could be caused by a tsunami. As time is of the essence during tsunamis, pre-emptive evacuation ensures that orderly
evacuation to a safe place is done and highly vulnerable members of the community are evacuated with assistance. The
earlier the people can evacuate to a safe place, the more people could be saved.
c) Early Warning and risk communication 66. LDRRMO has the duty to disseminate information and raise public
awareness about the characteristics of the tsunami hazard, the possible damage impact on the coastline of the LGU, early
warning signs of local tsunamis generated by earthquakes and counter-measures 67 . It is the duty of LDRRMO to inform
the people of the threat of a tsunami so that they will be able to make informed decisions to protect their lives. The people
must also be informed of early warning signs of a local tsunami (Shake, Drop, Roar), what to do, and where to go when
they see one. LDRRMO must also a establish communication system with stakeholders in order to have a speedy transfer of
information and warnings in the event of a tsunami and other disasters. Risk communication prior to the disaster ensures
the broad participation of community members in capacity building activities such as trainings and simulation drills. The
more the people know about tsunamis, what do to and not to do, the faster they will be able to evacuate which means
more lives will be saved;
d) Public Awareness68 . LDRRMO shall ensure that the public awareness content is in-line with the tsunami risk
communications strategy, the evacuation protocols, and post disaster calamity scenario. Public awareness materials should
be disseminated through multiple forms of media. Radio is one of the more consistent and accessible information pathway
to the public. It is important for the LDRRMO to ensure that community radio and public warning systems are able to reach
the most vulnerable and transmitted in formats that are easily understandable by all members of the community.
______________________
65 Sec 12(b)(5),RA10121
66 Sec 12(b)(10), RA10121
67 Sec 12(c )(10),RA 10121
68 Sec 12(b)(10),RA10121
92
e) Preposition Assets and supplies. LDRRMO must ensure that the necessary resources and critical infrastructure for
tsunami response operations have been budgeted, purchased, acquired and put in place at the central stockpile. The
LDRRMO needs to ensure that the barangay has identified necessary resource and supplies and that these have been
budgeted, acquired and deployed at the barangay evacuation points. It also needs to ensure that the Memorandum
of Agreements/ Understanding with local supermarkets and grocery stores at the municipal/city level and with small
grocery stores / convenience stores at the barangay level are put in place for the immediate access to immediate food,
water, shelter and medical supplies. In addition to this, LDRRMO must have an established mechanism for the immediate
transport of food, water, shelter and medical supplies from the outside to augment internal supplies 6970 ;
f) Capacity Building. LDRRMO is mandated by RA10121 to organize, train, equip and supervise emergency response
teams and ensure that they are capacitated to perform tsunami-response operations71. It is important the local response
teams have the capacity to respond to and carry out recovery activities72. This may include (a) developing the minimum
capacity building training materials, (b) ensuring municipal and barangay level emergency teams and local volunteers
have sufficient training to manage vertical or horizontal tsunami evacuation, and (c) protocols for the care of the
most vulnerable during evacuation are in place. At community level, there must be community members capable of
administering first aid, conducting search and rescue, initial debris clearing and managing the dead and missing in the
event of catastrophic damage.
g) Preparation of LDRMMFIP and incorporation in the Annual Investment Plan/Annual Budget. LDRRMO
is mandated to prepare, submit and implement the LDRRMO plans and budgets within the comprehensive LDRRMP.73
LDRRMO should monitor and shepherd that these plans are incorporated in the Annual Investment Plan / Annual Budget.
This will make resources readily available to finance or support all tsunami-preparedness and response operations;
_____________________________________
69
Sec 12(b)(16),RA10121
70
Sec 12(b) (12),RA10121
71
Sec12(b)(15),RA10121
72
Sec 12(b)(14),RA10121
73
Sec12(b)(6) &(7),RA10121
93
h) Initiate a community registry of households and store in redundant data systems74 . LDRRMO must
maintain a database of households and local businesses in at risk areas to avoid delays in making decisions and to have a
basis on assessing losses and damages. LDRRMO should coordinate with the municipal social welfare and development
office and the Department of Education/ local public schools for the maintenance and updating of the community registry
especially of the highly vulnerable households and vulnerable groups (senior citizens, persons with disability, single headed
households, very young children). Community registry would also be helpful in caring for and reuniting children separated
by floods from their family.
7. Activate Partnerships and coordination mechanisms75. LDRRMO must establish clear coordination mechanism.
It must be able to organize a core group, representing each responsible agency for clear, fast, and well-coordinated tsunami-
preparedness activities. LDRRMO must emphasize that cooperation and mutual support between local government units,
private sector, CSOs including peoples’ organisations, volunteer groups, local churches, and other agencies is important.
Partnership will ensure that, whenever necessary, access to food, water, shelter and other critical facilities will be readily
provided by partner agencies, organizations or institutions. This mechanism must be established to avoid any delay in tsunami
preparedness activities.
_________________________
74
Sec 12(b) (12),RA10121
75
Sec12(b)(13)&(19),RA10121
94
LISTOLISTO
MANUAL ONON
MANUAL DISASTER
TSUNAMIS


Timely mobilization of ICS, EOC for rescue and retrieval, management of the dead
and missing
Draft a Declaration of a State of Calamity where augmentation from national
agencies will be needed
Conduct Assessments (RDANA)
Implementation Tsunami-Related response protocols upon sign off of the LDRRMC
/LCE
Mobilization of the 30% of the LDRRMFIP and support from partnerships and
from augmentation of national agencies; Activate 70% of LDRRMFIP for recovery;
Mainstream recovery and rehabilitation in AIP
Include in negotiated response plans the following:
Evacuation and provision transitory shelters
Provision of food, non-food, WASH. livelihoods support
MINIMUM CRITICAL PREPAREDNESS

Meant to minimize unavoidable loss and
damage and cascading disasters
95
LISTO MANUAL
LISTO MANUALON
TSUNAMIS


Infrastructure restoration (e.g roads, bridges, telecommunications, markets

Public Awareness: Crisis Management
Psycho-social support
Timely mobilization of Assets
Continuity of LGU Core Business
Mobilization of Partnerships and coordination mechanisms
MINIMUM CRITICAL PREPAREDNESS

Meant to minimize unavoidable loss and
damage and cascading disasters
96
Response and Early Recovery Preparedness to avoid cascading disasters

To ensure provision of immediate relief, return basic services, critical facilities function and prevent further loss, LDRRMO must
perform the following measures:
1. Timely mobilization of ICS, EOC for rescue and retrieval, management of the dead and missing.76 Every
second late is a potential life lost. Rescuers must be able to respond quickly to the areas affected by the tsunami. The LDRRMO
should ensure that the Emergency Operations Center is located in safe zones, and if previously identified EOC location is unsafe
to make recommendations to relocate the EOC in safer ground. To do this, LDRRMO must be able to send in information to the
emergency response teams. LDRRMO must also set up an area for those who did not survive the tsunami so that the families
and loved ones of those who passed will be able to identify them. LDRRMO must also set up tent huts which would cater to
the reports of those who has missing family members as well as a record of those who survived. This information must be
communicated to the LDRRMO so that the information would be properly recorded and accurate information could be given to
the families of those who were reported as missing;
2. Draft a Declaration of a State of Calamity where augmentation from national agencies will be needed.77
LDRRMO shall gather all the required data to support the declaration of a state of calamity, in accordance with existing
guidelines78. Together with the data, the LDRRMO may recommend for approval of the LCE/ LDRRMC and Sangguniang Bayan
to declare a state of calamity. LDRRMO is mandated to formulate and implement comprehensive and integrated LDRRMP. The
LDRRMP may include draft declaration of a State of Calamity on the basis of the Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment (PDRA).
3. Conduct Assessments (RDANA)79 The tsunami damage, the needs of the LGU to continue the delivery of basic services
and the damage to the people may be initially determined through a Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis (RDANA).
This is an initial scanning of both the damage and the needs arising from the tsunami impact. Depending on the level of
vulnerability of the affected LGU, new needs may arise and succeeding cascading disasters may occur. The initial RDANA
will help the LDRRMO, ICS/rescuers in prioritising rescue and relief efforts. This may also be the basis for the LDRRMO to
recommend the request for augmentation to the next higher LGU unit and NDRRMC. The LDRRMO must cooperate with other
stakeholders in order to conduct RDANA in the areas hit by the tsunami;
________________________
76
Sec12(b)(8),(16) & (23),RA10121
77
Sec 12(b)(6)&(25),RA10121
78
NDRRMC Memorandum Order No. 60 Series of 2019 – Revised Guidelines for the Declaration of a State of Calamity
79
Sec12(b)(2),RA10121
97
4. Implementation Tsunami-Related response protocols upon sign off of the LDRRMC headed by the LCE.80
LDRRMO must be able to mobilize instrumentalities and entities necessary for tsunami-response and recovery activities.
In tsunami hit communities, it is necessary that coordination mechanisms are clear and established, standard operating
procedures must be in place, personnel must be prepared and ready to be deployed and redundant critical facilities must be
prepositioned in safe zones.
5. Mobilization of the 30% of the LDRRMFIP and support from partnerships and from augmentation of
national agencies; Activate 70% of LDRRMFIP for recovery; Mainstream recovery and rehabilitation in
AIP. The 30% of the Quick Response Fund shall be fully utilized to, as much as possible, normalize or alleviate the conditions
of the people in tsunami-hit areas. Under Sec 12(b)(7) of RA10121, it is the duty of the LDRRMO to prepare and submit annual
budget, proposed programming of the LDRRMF and other DRRM resources. It is important that funds are readily available to
finance seamless recovery operations. LDRRMF shall be fully utilized. LDRRMO must be able to incorporate in the LDRRMP/
LDRRMFIP tsunami-recovery and rehabilitation.81 The AIP is subject to the approval of the LCE and Sanggunian.82
6. Include in negotiated response plans the following:

1. Evacuation and provision of transitory shelters.83 LDRRMO must ensure tsunami safe evacuation locations,
provision of adequate transitory shelter and the clearly marked and safe evacuation route in order to go there. After
a tsunami hits, there will be residents whose houses have been completely destroyed or damaged and will not have
alternative houses or shelter to go to right away. Transitory shelter provisions where they will temporarily stay while their
houses are being repaired or rebuilt would be needed. This may take more than a few weeks or even months. It is the
duty of LDRRMO to ensure that plans for transitory shelters have been discussed at the LDRRMC level, that budget for
these have been allocated for and structures or provisions for materials for this have been acquired. Immediately after
the tsunami recedes, the LDRRMO needs to ensure that this transitory shelter is set up, ensuring the safety and well-being
of the evacuees. This can be done through the coordination and partnership with NGOs, private sector, volunteers, local
churches, and other humanitarian actors. The LDRRMO should ensure that the necessary policy, documentation and
authorisation have been put in place to receive donations from other humanitarian actors prior to the tsunami.
________________________
80
Sec12(b)(8),(16)&(18),RA10121
81
Sec 12(b) (6),RA10121
82
DILG Legal Opinion No. 42 S2015
83
Sec 12(b)(16),RA10121
84
Ibid.
98
2. Provision of food, non-food, WASH, livelihoods support.84 One of the duties of LDRRMO is to respond to and
manage the adverse effects of emergencies and carry out recovery activities in the affected area, ensuring that there is
an efficient mechanism for immediate delivery of food, shelter and medical supplies for the affected population including
the most vulnerable. Provisions should include the needs of women and children, and the LDRRMO should endeavour
to create a special place where internally-displaced mothers can find help with breastfeeding, feed and care for their
babies and give support to each other85. Thus, the LDRRMO needs to ensure that the Contingency Plan and plans for
stockpiling take this into consideration. If the LGU has no safe zone, LDRRMO needs to ensure that agreements to stockpile
goods safely in other areas and for immediate augmentation are discussed, signed and activated during response. These
stockpiles are reserved to be used during disasters such as tsunamis and can be done in cooperation or partnership with
local businesses, volunteer groups, NGOs, local churches, and cooperatives. Lack of clean water, sleeping materials, and
improper hygiene are some most common problems of the evacuees. It is the duty of the LDRRMO to make sure that the
evacuees have sufficient supply of food, clean water to drink and for bathing in the evacuation area and transitional shelter.
The LDRRMO should also ensure that the Post-disaster Recovery plan has considered resource generating activities and
livelihood programs which could help the evacuees recover from the effects of the tsunami;
3. Infrastructure restoration (e.g roads, bridges, telecommunications, markets.86 When a tsunami hits, roads,
bridges, markets, telecommunication towers may be damaged or destroyed. As these structures are essential to the daily
lives of the residents and for continued assistance, it is important to have these structures repaired as soon as possible.
It is also important to set up redundancies for communication such as the use of ham radios. On the basis of the PDRA
and the RDANA, the LDRRMO may make concrete recommendations on the situation of infrastructure damage and the
priority for repairs and reconstruction. These recommendations should be presented by the LDRRMO to the LCE/LDRRMC,
Sangguniang Bayan and other key stakeholders to have these structures repaired or rebuilt;
4. Public Awareness: Crisis Management.87 The LDRRMO should activate the risk communications strategy for the
phase of response and early recovery. This strategy should include clear steps on Communicating with Communities and
a feedback and grievance mechanism. There must be closer and regular communication between the LDRRMO and the
affected population and the information fed back to the ICS/ LCE/ LDRRMC. The LDRRMO must meet with the people
to communicate the status of LGU basic services continuity, safety situation and plans for recovery. This communication
mechanism ensures that the situation of residents feeds into decision making of the ICS/LCE/LDRRMC. The feedback from
the affected population should inform the post-disaster recovery and rehabilitation plan;
__________________
85
Ibid.
86
Ibid.
87
Sec 12(b)(17),RA10121.
99
5. Psycho-social support. Tsunamis are highly destructive and going through it is a highly traumatic experience. The
LDRRMO should ensure that the Health component of the LDRRMP for tsunami hazard includes a mechanism for building
capacity on how psycho-social support may be conducted at community level. Discussions on this should be done prior
to the onset of the hazard event because the first aid psycho-social support would be administered by survivors among
survivors. Long term psycho-social support for the affected population may need augmentation from non-affected
communities and by the entry of other humanitarian actors capable of providing psycho social support. It is important to
note that the role of the church/mosque/other faith based institutions may be crucial in this aspect especially in helping
survivors deal with the death of loved ones;
6. Timely mobilization of Assets.88 Since time is of the essence during disasters, timely mobilization of LDRRMO’s
resources is a must. This means that the assets of the LDRRMO must be ready to be used;
7. Continuity of LGU Core Business. After the community is hit by a tsunami, many establishments will not be open,
some might even be destroyed. This might lead to shortage of food, water, and other daily necessities. It is the duty of the
LDRRMO to make sure that the LDRRMP and AIP includes mechanisms where a) local businesses will be able to provide
food, water, and daily necessities, b) partnerships have been made with suppliers and service providers that will be able
to supply or augment basic needs, and c) provisions for the recovery of local business and their supply chain are restored
soonest;
8. Mobilization of Partnerships and coordination mechanisms.89 LDRRMO shall be able to support partnership
and coordination mechanisms in negotiating response plans particularly where they will need essential service providers
and suppliers. Partnership and coordination mechanisms facilitate accurate and reliable tsunami-response decisions. It is
also necessary for an effective and seamless operation.
______________________
88
Sec12(b)(8),RA10121.
89
Sec12(b)(20),RA10121
100
RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION PREPAREDNESS

REDUCE PROBABILITY OF ANOTHER DISASTER
BUILDING CAPACITIES FOR RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION.

ENSURE CAPACITY BUILDING, PROTOCOLS, AND OTHER
MEASURES TO BE ABLE TO UNDERTAKE TSUNAMI RECOVERY
AND REHABILITATION
In coordination with the LDRRMC,

Review and update of the pre-disaster recovery plan and implementation
Pursue the Mobilization of Partnerships and coordination mechanisms-conduct of
the Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA)
Review, Update of Tsunami-related Plans & Policies / Ordinances
Mainstream tsunami-DRRM in recovery and rehabilitation especially Nature
based Action: Restoration of greenbelts, beach forests, mangrove areas; Assisted
Evolution, Conservation of marine and coastal protective assets
Pursue resettlement of population in high-risk tsunami prone-areas areas
Public Awareness: Development Communication on tsunami-sensitive
development
Programmed Resource Generation
Mainstream DRRM in rehabilitation and
101
Recovery and Rehabilitation Preparedness to reduce probability of another disaster

To ensure that we have the capacity to Build Back Better and Bounce Forward, LDRRMDO in coordination with the LDRRMC, shall:
1. Review and update of the pre-disaster recovery plan and implementation 90 . LDRRMO must be able to
encourage communities, the government and private organizations/institutions to engage in a comprehensive recovery
efforts. LDRRMO must be able to determine impacts of tsunami and assess the capacity of stakeholders vis-a-vis recovery
plans and targets;
2. Pursue the Mobilization of Partnerships and coordination mechanisms-conduct of the Post Disaster
Needs Assessment (PDNA).91 LDRRMO shall be able to support partnership and coordination mechanisms in
assessing damages, impacts and effects of tsunami. Updates to the RDANA report should be prepared by the LDRRMO
and submitted to the LCE/ LDRRMC/ Sangguniang Bayan prior to the PDNA. This will inform the PDNA process. This will be
an opportunity to increase capacities, update recovery plans and build back better. It is an opportunity for the LDRRMO to
support country’s recovery;
3. Review, Update of Tsunami-related Plans & Policies / Ordinances 92 .LDRRMO is mandated to formulate
a comprehensive and integrated LDRRMP. Revising an updating these plans to incorporate tsunami is necessary and
incidental. LDRRMO must ensure that tsunami related plans, policies and ordinances are adaptable to changing
geographical conditions of localities;
4. Mainstreaming of tsunami-DRRM in recovery and rehabilitation especially Nature Based Solutions

Action: Restoration of greenbelts, beach forests, mangrove areas; Assisted Evolution, Conservation
of marine and coastal protective assets793. LDRRMO must be able to implement cost-effective measures. These
nature-based actions have long-term benefits to coastal communities;
5. Pursue resettlement of population from high-risk tsunami prone-areas94 . LDRRMO must be able to identify
and assess hazard vulnerabilities and risks of a particular locality.95 Upon its identification and assessment, LDRRMO will be
able to pursue for and a resettlement of population to protect the Constitutional guaranteed right to life and property.
_________________________
90
Sec12(b)(1)&(25)RA10121.
91
Sec12(b)(2)&(13)),RA10121.
92
Sec12(b)(6)&(21),RA10121.
93
Sec12(b)(11),RA10121.
94
Sec 12(b)(2),RA10121.
95
Sec 12(b)(9),RA10121.
102
6. Public Awareness: Development Communication on tsunami-sensitive development 96 . The

comprehensive LDRRMP content for recovery and rehabilitation developed prior to the onset of the tsunami hazard should
be implemented. It should also be informed by the realities of the aftermath of the hazard contained in the RDANA and
PDNA. Feedback of communities and their participation in decision making need to be factored in the enhancement of the
recovery and rehabilitation plan. These pre-disaster plan and post-disaster enhancements should be communicated in a way
that is understood by all members of the community. The recovery and rehabilitation plans need to factor in the protection
of the lives of the people as an utmost priority. Recovery and rehabilitation policies and programs must consider the adverse
or deadly effects of tsunami.
7. Programmed Resource Generation 97 . To assist the LCE/LDRRMC in sourcing for tsunami-risk informed recovery
and rehabilitation plans, the LDRRMO should provide the LCE/LDRRMC the information on the priority projects that need
to be undertaken, the location and the needed budget. The LDRRMO may also identify other sources of funds for tsunami-
preparedness, response and recovery operations for recommendation to the LCE/LDRRMC. It shall take into consideration
an increasing amount of resources to be spent for the operations. These resource generation shall be incorporated in the
LDRRMP and Annual Investment Plan/Budget Plan.
8. Mainstream DRRM in rehabilitation and recovery in Annual Investment Plan / Annual Budget 98.
Considering that no money shall be paid of the treasury except in pursuance of an appropriations ordinance or law,99 it
is important that DRRM rehabilitation and recovery activities, plans and programs, in the context of tsunami risks, shall
be incorporated in the annual LDRRMO Plan and budget so that it will be mainstreamed in the Annual Invest Plan/Annual
Budget which shall then be subject to the approval of the LCE and Sanggunian,
_________________________________________________
96
Sec12(b)(6)&(17),RA10121.
97
Ibid.
98
Sec 12(b)(7),RA10121.
99
Sec305(a),The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines
103
7 EARLY PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS OF THE BARANGAY
TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS IN THE BARANGAY LEVEL

The more people know about the characteristics of tsunamis, the better they will be able to prepare. The more prepared the
community, the less casualty it will incur. If people know about tsunami, they can prepare for it, even its arrival is unknown or
inevitable, our preparation can still minimize the risk or damage.
No one can predict when a tsunami would hit. Though there may be natural early warning signs, it may still be too late for
everyone to evacuate to safety. Local tsunamis can reach the shoreline within 2 to 5 minutes 100, thus, the importance of
preparedness at the local level.
HOW WILL A BARANGAY PREPARE FOR A TSUNAMI?

The barangay must:
1. Define the tsunami inundation areas (using Phivolcs’ tsunami hazard maps and past experiences, if any)
2. Map the tsunami hazard zones
a. Include tsunami hazard and community vulnerability information

b. This should include, where available, the following:
• A tsunami-hazard profile, including source locations, extent of inundation, run-up or height that a wave reaches
above sea level, previous tsunami occurrences, and likelihood of future tsunamis
• A description of community vulnerability, including areas exposed to inundation and an impact summary of the
resident population and specific sub-populations of people expected to be affected (e.g., individuals with access and
functional needs, visitors, seasonal workers), businesses, infrastructure, and critical facilities
Note: Estimates of population exposure in tsunami evacuation zones should be based on local knowledge or on
analysis of population data (e.g., census), and can include ranges of population counts to recognize daily or seasonal
fluctuations in workers, visitors, and temporary residents.
100
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/tsunami/introduction-to-tsunami
104
3. Develop evacuation maps (guided by official geo-hazard maps and community risk assessment)
a. Produce easily understood tsunami evacuation maps, as determined to be appropriate by local authorities, that depict
tsunami evacuation routes and assembly areas
b. Maps should be based on tsunami hazard zone mapping and in accordance with the community’s emergency operations
plan
c. The maps should be made available via appropriate print and/or digital media.
4. Install durable and highly-visible standardized evacuation route signs
a. Install signage, as needed, that identifies: (1) tsunami danger area and/or hazard zone (entering and leaving signs),
evacuation routes, and assembly area; and (2) provides tsunami response education (ex., go to high ground)
b. Signage should be implemented according to local policies or as determined to be appropriate by local DRRMCs,
and with possible assistance from partners. Wherever possible, signage should comply with specifications aimed at
standardization so that all coastal communities eventually will have identical signage. The continuity and standardization
of signage will benefit domestic residents and international visitors.
5. Support a sustained tsunami public education and outreach, which will include schools, in areas identified as susceptible
to tsunamis
a. Support a sustained tsunami public education effort, which should include the development and distribution of IEC
materials that include, where appropriate, tsunami evacuation maps, evacuation routes, safety tips, and information
about when and how to respond to warnings. They should be tailored to meet local information needs and be based
on location-specific tsunami threats. Distribution should use three or more wide-reaching diverse methods, including,
but not limited to: (1) Brochures and flyers distributed at public venues; (2) Local faith-based and civic organization
bulletins/mailings (3) Local radio and television; (4) Billboards, roadside, highway, or educational signs; (5) Historical
markers and interpretative signs; (6) Websites/social media; (7) Bulk email.
b. Hold at least one community-wide outreach or education activity annually.
105
6. Hold at least one community-wide outreach or education activity annually to educate community residents, businesses,
and visitors
a. With emphasis on those in the tsunami hazard zones, on tsunami hazards, evacuation routes, how warning information
will be received, safety, and response. These activities may be multi-hazard as long as they include tsunamis in the
content.
b. Acceptable activities include, but are not limited to:

• Booths at community events and local fairs
• Community tsunami safety workshops, town halls, or similar public meetings
• Presentations or workshops for faith-based organizations, community or civic groups
• Local public safety campaigns, such as “Tsunami Preparedness” week or month
• Local business workshops to help them develop response and business continuity plans
• Information for business owners for employee training, outreach, or education that targets high-occupancy
businesses in tsunami hazard zones (e.g., hotels, restaurants, fisheries, industrial sites)
• Door-to-door safety campaigns targeted to residents and businesses who live or work in the community’s tsunami
hazard zone.
7. Establish a 24-hour Emergency Operations Center (that can function as public warning point)
8. Support Emergency Operation Center (EOC) operations
9. Develop and operate more than one way to receive and disseminate tsunami warnings
10. Develop and maintain a clear and effective public tsunami warning system
a. Have redundant and reliable means for 24-hour EOC to disseminate official tsunami watch, advisory, and warning alerts
to the public. Alerts must be able to be disseminated from the 24-hour EOC through at least three of the following
methods:
• Emergency Alert System (EAS) message initiation and broadcast
• Cable television audio/video overrides (where available)
• Local flood warning systems ideally with no single point of failure
106
• Plan for siren/megaphone notification on emergency vehicles

• Outdoor warning sirens
• Other local alert broadcast system
• Local texting system
• Amateur radio operator network (ham radio)
• Telephone mass notification system
• Telephone hotline to critical facilities
• Coordinated jurisdiction-wide radio network
• Social media usage (Twitter, Facebook, etc.)
• Lifeguards on beaches and on patrol
• Others
11. Conduct regular evacuation plan simulation exercises

a. Conduct community exercises that reinforce the concepts in tsunami hazard mapping, public education efforts, and
tsunami education in schools. The exercises can focus solely on the tsunami hazard or can be a multi-hazard exercise
that also addresses the tsunami hazard.
b. The exercises could be tabletop, functional, or full scale.
12. Conduct annual community evacuation drills

a. Conduct evacuation drills for all public schools in the mapped tsunami evacuation areas to reinforce the concepts.
13. Develop a formal community emergency operations plan (EOP)

a. Address tsunami hazards in the community’s EOP
b. Address tsunami hazards in the EOP for all public schools in the tsunami hazard zones
c. Commit to supporting the emergency operations center (EOC) during tsunami incidents if an EOC is opened and
activated
107
d. Have redundant and reliable means for a 24-hour warning point (and EOC if activated) to receive and disseminate
official tsunami watch, advisory, and warning alerts
e. Conduct EOP exercises that will test the components of the community’s EOP
14. Address tsunami hazards in the community’s emergency operations plan (EOP)
a. If a community-level plan does not exist, other acceptable plans include a municipal EOP or a provincial
comprehensive emergency management plan. To meet this requirement, plans should:
• Identify tsunami as a hazard and provide for risk assessment
• Detail 24-hour EOC procedures relating to tsunamis
• Specify EOC activation criteria and staffing expectations
• Specify tsunami criteria and procedures for the activation of the public warning system in its area of responsibility
• Criteria and procedures for siren activation, and/or local activation in accordance with local DRRM plans, warning
dissemination procedures
• Provide contact information for all jurisdictional agencies and response partners
• Include evacuation plans for tsunamis, roles of community entities/agencies, tsunami hazard zone maps with
evacuation routes, and operational protocols
• Include procedures for updating information and determining when to issue advisories when it is safe for (1)
emergency response personnel to enter the evacuated zones, and (2) the public to return to their homes and
businesses in the evacuated zone(s)
• Include procedures for providing security for the evacuated zone(s)
• Include procedures for reporting tsunami impacts in the community.
15. Conduct emergency operations plan exercises that test components of the community’s EOP
a. The exercises can focus solely on the tsunami EOP or can be part of a multi-hazard exercise
b. The exercises could be tabletop, functional, or full-scale
108
ABC CHAIR
Under the law, the ABC chair is expected to exercise such other powers and perform such other duties and functions which will
bring about stronger ties between barangays and promote the welfare of the barangay inhabitants 101.
Partnerships (MOU/As) and institutionalization of coordination structures for tsunami preparedness amongst barangays within
the LGU: joint risk assessments, early warning communication protocols, co-supported PPAs on early action eg greenbelts
Enter into partnerships (MOU/As) and institutionalization of coordination structures with LGUs. LGUs must recognize that they
need sufficient resources to meet all the needs of its constituents not only before a tsunami strikes but also during and after
tsunami. They also have to recognize that they have to prepare for sudden or unanticipated risks or hazards. Thus, the ABC chair
must facilitate barangays to enter in MOU/As with each other to ensure that basic needs such as food, water, shelter and critical
infrastructures are readily available. It is important that coordination structures are established to ensure seamless tsunami-
preparedness activities.
Joint Risk Assessments. Assessments are important in determining and understanding hazard, exposure and vulnerability of each
stakeholder especially local communities. Since risk assessments may be expensive. The ABC chair may facilitate the joint risk
assessments of barangays.
Early Warning Communication protocols. There must be a team that can perform all the actions necessary and incidental to
tsunami-preparedness.There shall also be a team that shall steer all activities ensuring that objectives and responsibilities are met.
DRRM,BDRRMC, Quick Response and Community-based and Managed Tsunami EW System committees shall be institutionalized to
ensure that all all tsunami-preparedness actions are coordinated and monitored.
Co-supported PPAs on early action eg greenbelts. An ABC Chair must be able to recognize that, coastal forests and vegitation
protect coastal communities and mitigate effects of tsunami. ABC Chair must be able to emphasize coastal protection because
coastal communities are to be adversely affected by tsunami and that their lives are always at risk. The ABC chair may coordinate
with barangays for the conduction of PPA’s which could not only protect the areas around the coasts but will also give livelihood to
residents, and generate resources for the barangays.
101
Sec. 495 (f), RA 7160.
109
Coordinated drills. The ABC Chair may communicate with the barangay captains with a view of having a coordinate annual training
and tsunami evacuation drills. This will help build the tsunami awareness and the ability to cope of the residents when a tsunami
occurs. He must also keep in check with the new laws and ordinances pertaining to tsunami and other disasters preparation and
risk management.
Prepositioning of Assets. The ABC chair must communicate with barangay captains in their meetings to make sure that each
barangay has enough emergency food and other necessities which are stockpiled in a safe location and that emergency response
teams, equipment and evacuation facilities are ready on the event of a tsunami.
Pre-emptive Evacuation. The ABC chair must coordinate with barangay captains for the pre-emptive evacuation of citizens in cases
of distant tsunamis. He must also make sure that the residents do come back to their houses until the tsunami warning is lifted.
Data Management. The ABC Chair must coordinate with barangay captains and give them information, and updates which can be
used to update each barangay’s contingency plans, and evacuation plans and make sure it is up to date with the latest discoveries,
policies, and law updates.
Establishment of escape routes. The ABC chair must remind barangay captains to make their contingency and evacuation plans
that must identify evacuation areas and routes which can be tested with drills and exercises to determine whether or not it will
work on the event of a disaster.
Transitory shelters. The ABC Chair must see to it that barangays are capable in housing and assisting displaced households in the
building of temporary shelters.
Capacity Building. The ABC Chair can set up trainings and meetings to allow the barangay captains to present what they do to
prepare for disasters such as tsunami and to exchange ideas with each other. The more trained and knowledgeable the barangay
captains are, the more capable they are in preparing for a tsunami and respond to the inhabitants after a tsunami has occurred.
Consolidated PDRA. To have a more accurate assessment of tsunami risk within his area, the ABC Chair must coordinate with
barangays, LGU and other stakeholders to conduct a coordinated PDRA or Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment.
Establish coordination mechanisms including for evacuation, rescue, search, retrieval, crisis management, relief, and
management of the dead. The ABC Chair must also facilitate for the establishment of a inter-barangay coordination mechanism
which can be used in the coordinated evacuation, rescue, search, retrieval, crisis management, relief, and management of the dead
of the barangays
110
Activation of inter-barangay coordination mechanisms for rescue, search, retrieval, crisis management, relief, shelter, transport,
mobility, and management of the dead. Barangays must be ready for rescue and response operation. Thus, it is the duty of the
ABC chair to create a communication system with barangay captains for better response during disasters. The ABC chair must
ensure that local emergency response teams and the ACDVs of barangays are organized, trained, and ready to mobilize on the
event of a tsunami.With a good communication system, emergency responders will be able to rescue people faster. After a tsunami
has hit, the ABC Chair activate the inter-barangay coordination mechanism for the barangays to be able to better protect the
welfare of the residents and manage the dead.
Monitor conduct and secure consolidation of RDANA. The ABC chair must monitor the conduct of RDANA of the barangays and
communicate with the LGU and other stakeholders the results of RDANA. The damage assessment and needs analysis is needed for
faster and better response and recovery.
Coordinate immediate conduct of PDNA. The ABC chair must communicate with barangay captains, LGU and other stakeholders
and conduct Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) after a tsunami has occurred.
Ensure joint review of pre-disaster recovery plan vis a vis PDNA findings. ABC chair must collect data and share with the barangay
captains his learnings and experiences in the previous tsunami so that barangay captains can incorporate it in their pre- disaster
recovery plan.
Represent barangays in the provincial PDNA process and crafting of post-tsunami recovery programs. Since the primary purpose
of Liga ng mga Barangay is determining the representation of the Liga in the sanggunians, and for ventilating, articulating and
crystallizing issues affecting barangay government administration and securing, through proper and legal means, solutions thereto
102
, ABC chair must represent barangays in the provincial PDNA process and crafting of post-tsunami recovery programs.
102
RA 7160, Sec. 491
111
PUNONG BARANGAY / BARANGAY CAPTAIN

Barangays are defined by the Local Government Code as a basic political unit, the barangay serves as the primary planning and
implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs, projects, and activities in the community, and as a forum wherein the
collective views of the people may be expressed, crystallized and considered, and where disputes may be amicably settled 103. The
punong barangay is the chief executive of the barangay government104 .
Institutionalization of Committee on DRRM, BDRRMC, Quick Response and Community-based and managed tsunami EW systems.
The Barangay Captain has a duty to operate a multi-hazard early warning system, linked to disaster risk reduction to provide
accurate and timely advice to national or local emergency response organizations and to the general public, through diverse mass
media, particularly radio, landline communications, and technologies for communication105.
Time is very important in tsunami preparedness. Every second delayed on evacuation is a potential loss of life. Knowing this, the
barangays must be capacitated to determine early warning signs and to quickly communicate with its inhabitants, other barangays
and stakeholders. Thus, barangays are expected to set up warning sirens throughout the barangay and establish cooperation
and communication system with LDRRMO and nearby barangays for quick evacuation and response in the event of a tsunami.
To better be able to prepare for a tsunami, the Barangay Captain must set up a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction Management
Council or BDRRMC who will be in charge of setting the directions, development, implementation and coordination of disaster
risk management programs within their territorial jurisdiction and to organize and conduct training, orientation and knowledge
management activities on disaster risk reduction and management at the local level, organize, train and directly supervise the local
emergency response teams and the ACDVs106, among others. The BDRRMC must create a BDRRMP for the barangay.
Establish partnerships for mutual assistance with adjacent barangays. He must also coordinate with other LGUs, LDRRMO,
and civil society organizations. The Barangay Captain must establish partnerships for mutual assistance with adjacent barangays,
local businesses, volunteer groups, peoples’ organisations, cooperatives, and churches. He must also coordinate with other LGUs,
LDRRMO, and civil society organizations.
103
RA 7160, Sec. 384
104
RA 7160, Sec. 389
105
RA 10121, Sec 12 (c)(5)
106
RA 10121, Sec. 12 (b)
112
Tsunami-informed Risk Assessments. A TSUNAMI HAZARD MAP shows areas that can be affected by tsunami. Hazard maps
serve to educate and prepare the public. These are used as tool to assist emergency responders to plan an evacuation. Thus,
the Barangay Captain must acquire a tsunami hazard map from PHIVOLCS and prepare a detailed community map. Indicate the
boundaries, road system, landmarks, community buildings, houses and legend. Update the community map. Determine the high,
medium and low risk areas in the community. All stakeholders should be included in the development the risk map.
Formulate a Communication protocol for Tsunami-warning. Barangays must be capacitated to determine early warning signs and
to quickly communicate with its inhabitants, other barangays and stakeholders. Thus, barangays are expected to set up warning
sirens throughout the barangay and establish cooperation and communication system with LDRRMO and nearby barangays for
quick evacuation and response in the event of a tsunami.
Preparation of tsunami-sensitive plans (LDRRMP, CPS including pre-disaster recovery plans) & Policies / Ordinances. The
barangay captain must devise a plan on how to reduce the risks in his barangay, an evacuation plan on the event of a tsunami and
other disasters, and a rehabilitation and recovery plan which includes resource generating activities and livelihood programs for
the citizens.. The barangay captain must see to it that the BDRRMC is able to create and apply feasible risk reduction measures,
evacuation plan, and contingency plan in the barangay.
Barangay Captains know their area of responsibility best. Their insights are important in the preparation for tsunami. Having
identified risks and hazards in their areas, he can recommend through the LDRRMC the enactment of local ordinances107.
Secure coastal protection. The barangay captain must protect coastal areas through tree planting and mangrove planting in their
area as this would be the first line of defense against tsunami. He may work with the barangay sanggunian for the creation of
an ordinance protecting the sea and the shore from being damaged. He may also set up coastal clean up along with the other
barangay officials and residents since he also has a duty to enforce laws and regulations relating to pollution control and protection
of the environment108.
Identify area for evacuation, temporary shelter for residents and enter into partnership to guarantee access to land and shelter.
The barangay must have an evacuation areas and evacuation routes must be clearly specified on the evacuation plan. To avoid
issues in the evacuation, the barangay captain may enter into partnership with the land owners of areas going to the evacuation
site for the temporary grant of access to evacuees to pass by their property during emergencies. There must also be a TSUNAMI
EVACUATION MAP which shows areas identified as safe and areas that are within the hazard zones. This kind of map provides
information on how to evacuate to the identified safe areas.
107
RA 10121 , Sec. 12 (c)(21)
108
RA 7160, Sec.. 389 (b)(9)
113
The essential information provided in this map are:
1. Areas threatened by tsunami inundation (flooding);

2. Location of designated “safe areas” where people should gather in case of tsunami;
3. Recommended routes to the safe area for people to follow which are normally indicated as arrows;
4. Other significant information such as landmarks for people to identify location.
Barangay captains should encourage residents to familiarize the evacuation routes and evacuation areas to determine actual road
conditions and travel time.
Tsunami warning signages in barangays. The barangay must do Community information Campaigns.For this, the barangay can
set up tsunami signages with instructions on what to do during and after a tsunami placed on conspicuous places on top of the
training drills. These are large signs used to mark areas of high tsunami hazard, show routes to evacuation area and identify
evacuation sites. A signage is a good complementary tool after exhaustive community information campaigns.The faster the
residents can evacuate, the more lives will be saved. The barangay can also give residents pamphlets on tsunami, what to do and
what to expect when such hazard happens along with the evacuation plan and routes.
Negotiate with the municipality for resettlement. Since its impossible to avoid getting hit by a tsunami. The barangay captain may
negotiate with the municipality to resettle residents living in the vulnerable areas.
Establish community registry of households. In order to properly account for the residents in the barangay, the barangay captain
must see to it that the households in the community is registered. This can also help in the determination of number of casualties
or missing persons.
Preparation of tsunami-responsive BDRMMFIP and incorporation in the Annual Investment Plan / Annual Budget. The barangay
captain must ensure the inclusion of calamity and emergency fund in the barangay annual budget.
114
Conduct Assessments (PDRA). The barangay captain must identify, assess and manage the hazards vulnerabilities and risks that
may occur in their locality109. To have a more accurate assessment of tsunami risk within his area, the barangay captain must
coordinate with LGU and other stakeholders to conduct PDRA or Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment in his area of responsibility.
Build capacities for tsunami visualization and the use of community-based and community-managed tsunami EWS as well as
the designated end-to-end EWS. The barangay captain must disseminate information and raise public awareness about hazards,
vulnerabilities and risks, their nature, effects, early warning signs and counter-measures110. Every barangay must have a designated
& mapped tsunami hazard zones to in order to determine the evacuation route and evacuation sites. Such information must be
made know to the people through trainings and drills, so that people would know a tsunami’s natural warning signs and where to
evacuate immediately even before an official tsunami warning can be issued and received. If the residents has high awareness and
understanding of tsunami, it will be easier to evacuate and communicate with them the evacuation plan. Warning sirens must also
be set up throughout the barangay and establish cooperation and communication system with LDRRMO and nearby barangays for
quick evacuation and response in the event of a tsunami. The barangay may also establish people-centered early warning system
to include local volunteers. They may also train volunteers to monitor hazards and early warnings and have it communicated in a
timely manner and involve the community in the formulation of tsunami mitigation measures.
Build capacities for understanding of risk communication in the barangay. The barangay captain must disseminate information
and raise public awareness about hazards, vulnerabilities and risks, their nature, effects, early warning signs and counter-
measures111. Every barangay must have a designated & mapped tsunami hazard zones to in order to determine the evacuation
route and evacuation sites. Such information must be made know to the people through trainings and drills, so that people would
know a tsunami’s natural warning signs and where to evacuate immediately even before an official tsunami warning can be issued
and received.
If the residents has high awareness and understanding of tsunami, it will be easier to evacuate and communicate with them
the evacuation plan. Thus, the barangay captain must set up programs about tsunami, what to do and what to expect on such
occasion, in their barangays. They should also place on conspicuous places posters with instructions on what to do during and after
an earthquake has struck. The faster the residents can evacuate, the more lives will be saved. The barangay can also give residents
pamphlets on tsunami, what to do and what to expect when such hazard happens along with the evacuation plan and routes.
109
RA 10121, Sec 12 (c)(9)
110
RA 10121, Sec. 12 (c)(10)
111
RA 10121, Sec. 12 (c)(10)
115
Regular community tsunami drills. Another duty of a barangay captain is to promote the general welfare of the barangay112.
He needs to make sure the inhabitants in his barangay are safe and protected. Pursuant to this duty, the barangay captain may
conduct annual trainings and tsunami evacuation drills so that residents of a coastal community can practice what they will do
in case of tsunami warning based on the developed Tsunami Evacuation Plan. This will help build the tsunami awareness and the
ability to cope of the residents when a tsunami occurs. He must also keep in check with the new laws and ordinances pertaining to
tsunami and other disasters preparation and risk management.
Facilitate pre-emptive evacuation in cases of distant tsunamis. In cases of distant tsunamis, the barangay must have an
evacuation plan. As soon as a tsunami warning is raised, the barangay captain must see to it that all residents are evacuated to a
higher and safe area. He must also make sure that the residents do come back to their houses until the tsunami warning is lifted.
Facilitate, where still possible, escape routes for local tsunamis. The barangay captain must identify evacuation areas and routes
in its evacuation and contingency plans. The contingency plan must also be tested with drills and exercises to determine whether
or not it will work on the event of a disaster.
Preposition goods and assets. The barangay captain must make sure that emergency food and other necessities are stockpiled and
in a safe location. He must also make sure that emergency response teams, equipment and evacuation facilities are ready on the
event of a tsunami.
Encourage and build capacities for tsunami-household preparedness. Knowing how dangerous a tsunami is, the barangay
captains must facilitate and support risk assessments and contingency planning activities at the local level 113 for tsunami and
other disasters. With this contingency plan, evacuation areas and routes must be clearly identified. The contingency plan must
also be tested with drills and exercises to determine whether or not it will work on the event of a disaster. Since this contingency
plan will save lives of the people, residents must also be involved in risk management decisions. The residents involvement in risk
management meetings would also increase their awareness of tsunami.
Update community registry of households. In order to properly account for the residents in the barangay, the barangay captain
must see to it that the households in the community is registered. He must see to it that the community registry is up to date.
Identify location of the most vulnerable. Since it is impossible to prevent a tsunami from happening, it is recommended for those
that live in vulnerable areas are resettled. Thus, it is important for the barangay captain to identify these areas.
112
RA 7160, Sec. 389 (b)(14)
113
RA 10121, Sec 12 (c)(2)
116
Institutionalize a neighborhood cluster approach for purposes of monitoring. For better coordination, the barangay captain
identify neighborhood clusters.
Facilitate mobility and transport capacities in households and in barangays especially for the most vulnerable. Since those living
in the most vulnerable areas will be most affected by the tsunami, it is important that the barangay must have enough assets for
faster evacuation of residents.
Designate personnel for and formulate crisis management protocols. Since the BDRRMC will be in charge of setting the directions,
development, implementation and coordination of disaster risk management programs within their territorial jurisdiction and
organizes and conduct training, orientation and knowledge management activities on disaster risk reduction and management,
and may directly supervise the local emergency response teams and the ACDVs114, BDRRMC may form committees for better
implementation and coordination of disaster risk management programs.
Activate tsunami-informed contingency plans. Since it is almost impossible to determine when a tsunami may hit, it is important
that every barangay has a contingency plan. Such contingency plan must be activated as soon as possible to prevent further
damage caused by the tsunami.
Activate barangay Quick Response Teams. Time is important in hazard response. Every second delay is a potential loss of life.
After a tsunami has struck, the barangay must be ready for rescue and response operation. In order to be prepared for this, the
barangay captain must organize and lead an emergency group whenever the same may be necessary for the maintenance of peace
and order or on occasions of emergency or calamity within the barangay 115. This emergency group must also be trained and ready
to mobilize during disasters. These persons must not be only trained in rescue operations but must also be knowledgeable in the
nature of a tsunami and the hazards that may occur after a tsunami. They must also be well equipped.
Facilitate immediate evacuation. As soon as a tsunami warning is raised, the barangay captain must order for the immediate
evacuation of residents. For those living near the coasts, they must be evacuated as soon as an earthquake is felt and are to stay at
a high ground to wait for further instructions from the DRRMO and PHILVOLCS.
114
RA 10121, Sec. 12 (b)
115
RA 7160, Sec. 389 (a)(6)
117
Keep residents off the coast until tsunami warning has been lifted. The barangay captain must make sure that the residents stay
on the evacuation area and keep them from going back to their houses until the tsunami warning is lifted.
Mobilize barangay assets for tsunami relief. The barangay captain must ensure that local emergency response teams and the
ACDVs are organized, trained, and ready. He must directly supervise the local emergency response teams on the event of a
tsunami.He must also make sure that goods and other necessities are distributed to evacuees.
Account for barangay households using community registry. The barangay captain must account for the residents during
emergencies. To better determine, the number of survivors, missing, and other casualties, the barangay captain may refer the the
community registry.
Secure evacuation routes, transport, mobility, temporary shelter, food and non-food assistance for affected households. The
barangay must have an evacuation areas and evacuation routes must be clearly specified on the evacuation plan. The emergency
rescue vehicles must always be ready to be used, this will help in faster evacuation of residents. The barangay captain must
facilitate and assist the displaced households in the building of temporary shelters. The barangay captain must also make sure that
there will be enough food and clean water stockpiled for emergency purposes.
Coordinate with ABC chair and municipality. The barangay captain must coordinate with the ABC chair and the municipality for
faster and more efficient rescue and response by the LGU.
Activation of partnerships for assistance. Enforce the agreements on response and recovery in the Memorandum of Agreement
entered with other LGU, other barangay and stakeholders. Communicate and coordinate for smoother response.
Activate crisis management protocols. The barangay captain must enforce provisions on recovery in the BDRRMP and use
emergency fund in the barangay budget and BDRRMP in order to ensure the safety and welfare of the residents and to boost the
recovery in the barangay.
Complete RDNA and immediately submit to the ABC Chair and to the municipal DRRMO. The barangay captain must coordinate
with LGU and other stakeholders and conduct of Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA).The damage assessment and needs
analysis is needed for faster and better response and recovery.
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Prepare to undertake a community level PDNA. The barangay captain may communicate with LGU and other stakeholders and
conduct Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA). He may provide data to PDNA team when necessary.
Craft a community-led pre-disaster recovery plan and review the plan post-disaster vis a vis PDNA. The barangay captain must
ensure that there is a recovery plan, that is feasible and ready to be use during emergencies. After a tsunami has hit, he must
update the recovery plan with the learnings and experiences which would help the barangay better cope up with a tsunami, should
it happen again.
Coordinate with municipality for immediate restoration of basic economic infrastructure for post-disaster contexts where still
feasible. After a tsunami has occurred, food, shelter and other necessities would be the primary need of the residents, thus, the
barangay captain must ensure that core business, especially those that provide food, water, and transportation will continue to
operate. To do this, the barangay captain may coordinate with the municipality and other stakeholders for restoration of markets
and highway roads.
Coordinate with MDRMMO for immediate local economy restoration measures for post-disaster context. The barangay captain
must ensure that core business, especially those that provide food, water, and transportation will continue to operate. The
barangay captains may coordinate with the MDRRMO for assistance in the restoration and continued operation of core business.
Prepare and Activate as needed recovery, rehabilitation, development communication protocols. The barangay captain may
communicate with LGU, and those who entered MOU with the barangay. He may also enforce the agreements on recovery in the
Memorandum of Agreement entered with other LGU, other barangay and stakeholders.The barangay must also have a plan for
resource generation and a livelihood program for those who will be affected by the tsunami. After a tsunami hits, the barangay
captain must make sure that livelihood programs and small business assistance would be given to those affected by the tsunami.
Make barangay representation to the municipal government , private sector, CSOs, humanitarian organizations pre and post
disaster contexts. The barangay captain must make sure that the barangay has a representative to enter partnerships and aid
assistance from the LGU, private sectors, CSO, and other humanitarian organizations.
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To reduce losses in lives in the future, resettlement must be facilitated where possible. In case there are people who has lost
their houses from the tsunami, the barangay captain must urge them to relocate to a higher ground for them to be safe when
another tsunami would hit them. Should the residents agree, the barangay captain must assist them in finding a place to resettle.
The barangay captain may coordinate with the municipality for the resettlement of the residents.
Review land and coastal area utilization and take up measures to reduce loss of lives and assets in the future. The barangay
captain must review the BDRRMP and update it with the learnings and experience from the previous tsunami. The barangay
captains must incorporate their experience in their contingency and evacuation plan for future disasters.
Engage with the academe to inform pre- and post- disaster recovery plans. The barangay captain may communicate with experts
in disaster risk reduction and management in order to solidify their pre and post disaster recovery plans. The barangay captain
must also ensure that the academe is informed of such disaster recovery plans.
Mainstream post-tsunami recovery plan in the crafting of the LDRRMFIP and AIP. The barangay captain must include in the
annual budget, recovery and rehabilitation of the barangay facilities. He must also ensure that a post tsunami recovery plan is
included in the LDRRMFIP and AIP.
BARANGAY SANGGUNIAN
The sangguniang barangay is the legislative body of the barangay. The sangguniang barangay has a duty to enact ordinances as
may be necessary to discharge the responsibilities conferred upon it by law or ordinance and to promote the general welfare of
the inhabitants therein 116.
Institutionalization of Committee on DRRM, BDRRMC, Quick Response and Community-based and managed tsunami EW
systems. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinance providing for the setting up of early warning systems such as warning
sirens. The barangay sangunian may also adopt ordinance providing for the equipment and training of emergency response teams.
116
RA 7160, Sec. 391 (a)(1)
120
Enter into partnerships (MOU/As) and institutionalization of coordination structures with LGUs. The barangay sangunian may
authorize the barangay captain to negotiate, enter into and sign for an on behalf of the barangay on contracts, memorandum of
agreements/understanding on disaster preparedness with the LGU and other stakeholders.
Formulate a Communication protocol for Tsunami-warning. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinance to provide for the
setting up of warning sirens throughout the barangay.
Order the preparation of plans (LDRRMP, CPS including pre-disaster recovery plans) & Policies / Ordinances. The barangay
sangunian may enact ordinance providing for the construction and maintenance of barangay facilities and other public works
projects. The barangay sangunian must assist in the establishment, organization, and promotion of cooperative enterprises that
will improve the economic condition and well-being of the residents 117.
Secure coastal protection. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinance protecting the mangroves, beach forests and other
coastal areas.
Capacity Building. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinance for tsunami drills and trainings of the residents.
Ensure the Preparation of LDRMMFIP and incorporation in the Annual Investment Plan / Annual Budget. The barangay
sangunian may enact ordinance for the release of budget to be used for early preparedness for tsunami.
Update/ Review/ Implement Plans (LDRRMP, CPs) & Policies / Ordinances. The barangay sangunian may review/ update existing
barangay ordinance related to tsunami preparedness and include latest learnings, experience and discoveries in the ordinance.
Secure community coastal protection. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinance protecting the mangroves, beach forests and
other coastal areas.
Conduct regular community tsunami drills. The barangay sanggunian may enact ordinance setting up tsunami drills to be
conducted yearly, twice a year or quarterly.
117
RA 7160, Sec. 391(a)(6)
121
Facilitate pre-emptive evacuation in cases of distant tsunamis. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinance mandating residents
to evacuate and not return to home during and until the tsunami warning is lifted.
Facilitate, where still possible, escape routes for local tsunamis. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinace establishing
evacuation routes for local tsunamis.
Public Awareness: Early Warning and risk communication in the barangay. The barangay sangunian may organize regular
lectures, programs, or forums on tsunami in the barangay.
Order the preposition of Assets. The barangay sangunian must enact ordinance to ensure that the budget for the stockpiling of
goods, training and equipment of emergency response team is released.
Capacity Building. The barangay sangunian may organize tsunami trainings and drills in the barangay..
Mobilization of Partnerships and coordination mechanisms. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinance ensuring smooth
cooperation with LGU’s and other stakeholders.
Nature based Action: Restoration. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinance for the restoration of mangrove area and beach
forests. The barangay sangunian may also adopt ordinance protecting the areas near the coast.
Facilitate transitory shelters for displace households. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinance ensuring the release of the
budget to be used in the creation of transitory shelters for displaced households.
Order the provision of immediate food and non-food assistance. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinance providing budget
for emergency food and other necessities ensuring that there is enough for every evacuees.
Public Awareness: Crisis Management. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinance mandating the barangay captain to do an
hourly update during disasters.
122
Ensure timely mobilization of Assets. The barangay sangunian must enact ordinance to ensure that the budget for the stockpiling
of goods, training and equipment of emergency response team is released.
Ensure the continuity of Core Business. The barangay sangunian must assist in the establishment, organization, and promotion of
cooperative enterprises that will improve the economic condition and well-being of the residents by enacting ordinance providing
monetary support to core businesses after a tsunami to ensure their continued operation.
Ensure the mobilization of the 30% of the LDRRMFIP and support from partnerships and from augmentation of national
agencies; Activate 70% of LDRRMFIP for recovery; Mainstream recovery and rehabilitation in AIP. The barangay sangunian may
enact ordinance for the release of the budget for recovery and rehabilitation of the barangay.
Review and updating of the pre-disaster recovery plan and implementation. The barangay sangunian may review/ update existing
barangay ordinance related to pre-disaster recovery plan to include the learnings, experience in the ordinance.
Review, Updating of Tsunami-related Plans & Policies / Ordinances. The barangay sangunian may review/ update existing
barangay ordinance related to tsunami preparedness and include latest learnings, experience and discoveries in the ordinance.
Nature based Action: Restoration, Assisted Evolution, Conservation. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinance for the
restoration of mangrove area and beach forests. The barangay sangunian may also adopt ordinance protecting the areas near the
coast and providing penalty to those who doesn’t follow.
Encourage Resettlement. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinance providing for the areas to resettle for those affected by the
tsunami and create livelihood programs for them.
Public Awareness: Development Communication. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinance mandating the barangay captain
to do a daily update on the developments after a tsunami.
Order the implementation of Programmed Resource Generation. The barangay sangunian may enact ordinance providing for
livelihood programs, small business assistance and other resource generating activities which would benefit the residents and the
barangay.
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BARANGAY TANOD
Barangay Tanods are civilians tasked in keeping the peace and order in every barangay.
Institutionalization of Committee on DRRM, BDRRMC, Quick Response and Community-based and managed tsunami EW
systems. The barangay tanod may assist the barangay captain in the installation of early warning equipment such as warning
sirens.
Assessments (CDRA). Barangay tanods has a duty to detect all forms of fire hazards and other public safety hazards / violations and
to institute corrective measure with their capability118. The barangay tanod may assist the barangay captain in the determination
of the risks, hazards and vulnerabilities in the barangay.
Secure coastal protection. Debris is dangerous when propelled by the power or tsunami. In order to mitigate the damage the can
be caused the debris, barangay tanods must rove through their area for possible hazards and risks, and try to remove it, whenever
possible
Public Awareness: Risk Communication. The barangay tanod may assist the barangay captain in the dissemination of information
and raise public awareness about hazards, vulnerabilities and risks, their nature, effects, early warning signs and counter-measures.
Capacity Building. The barangay tanod may assist the barangay captain in the conducting of tsunami training and drills in the
barangay.
Conduct Assessments (PDRA) . Barangay tanods has a duty to detect all forms of fire hazards and other public safety hazards /
violations and to institute corrective measure with their capability 119. The barangay tanod may assist the barangay captain in the
determination of the risks, hazards and vulnerabilities in the barangay.
118
DILG MC 2003-42
119
DILG MC 2003-42
124
Facilitate pre-emptive evacuation in cases of distant tsunamis. The barangay tanod must assist the residents in the evacuation,
leading them to the evacuation areas through the established routes and not allow them to go back home until the tsunami
warning is lifted.
Facilitate, where still possible, escape routes for local tsunamis. The barangay tanod must assist the residents in the evacuation,
leading them to the evacuation areas through the established routes to ensure their safety.
Public Awareness: Early Warning and risk communication in the barangay. The barangay tanod may assist the barangay captain
in the dissemination of information and raise public awareness about hazards, vulnerabilities and risks, their nature, effects, early
warning signs and counter-measures.
Capacity Building. The barangay tanod must attend the tsunami training drills and trainings in the barangay. They may assist in the
participate or assist in the facilitation of trainings and drills.
Assessments (RDNA). The barangay tanod may assist in the assessment of the tsunami damage.
Order the Implementation Tsunami-Related Plans & Policies / Ordinances. The barangay tanod may assist in the implementation
of of tsunami-related plans and policies. They must also make sure that ordinances are being followed during and after the
disaster.
Nature based Action: Restoration. The barangay tanod may assist in the facilitation of coastal clean up and mangrove and tree
planting activities in the barangay.
Facilitate transitory shelters for displace households. The barangay tanod may assist the barangay captain in the facilitation of the
building of transitory shelters for displaced households.
Order the provision of immediate food and non-food assistance. The barangay tanod may assist in the distribution of emergency
food and supplies.
Public Awareness: Crisis Management. The barangay tanod may assist the barangay captain in the communication of updates to
the residents.
125
Ensure timely mobilization of Assets. The barangay tanod may assist in the preparation of the equipment of the local emergency
response teams.
Nature based Action: Restoration, Assisted Evolution, Conservation. The barangay tanod may assist in the facilitation of coastal
clean up and mangrove and tree planting activities in the barangay. The barangay tanod must make sure that environmental
protection ordinances are being followed.
Encourage Resettlement. The barangay tanod may assist in the resettlement of residents affected by the tsunami.
Public Awareness: Development Communication. The barangay tanod may assist the barangay captain in the communication of
development updates to the residents.
TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS FOR BOAT OWNERS

Tsunamis can cause rapid changes in water level and unpredictable dangerous currents that are magnified in ports and harbors.
Damaging wave activity can continue for many hours following initial tsunami impact making it dangerous for boats to go near
the land. Boats are safer from tsunami damage while in the deep ocean rather than moored in a harbor. In order to be safe from
tsunami, the following are the minimum preparedness boat owners must do:
√√ Make sure the boat is seaworthy.

√√ Check your emergency gear each and every time you go out on the water.
√√ Perform maintenance, make repairs, and replace out-of-date or worn equipment as needed.
√√ Ensure fuel supplies are sufficient to keep a boat out of the harbor for 24 hours.
√√ Vessels should always have enough non-perishable food and drinking water on board.
√√ Bring communication equipment so you’ll be able to receive emergency notifications and to be able to know when its safe to
return to harbor.
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SAFETY PLANNING FOR SHIPS AND BOATS IN PORTS AND HARBOURS

There are three main objectives in looking at boat/ ship safety in the event of a tsunami. First is the protection of life, second the
protection of the ship/boat from damages and third, is preventing secondary damage from a drifting vessel.
In general, ships and boats are safer out at sea than inland. Thus, for Ships and Boats, OFFSHORE EVACUATION 120 is recommended
to deep waters of around 100 meters depth. If offshore evacuation is not possible, LOOSE MOORING and LOOSE ANCHORAGE may
reduce the risks of boats being drited onto land and causing secondary damage.
1. Medium and Large vessels will be evacuated outside the port

2. Small fishing boats should evacuate to deep waters (100 metres depth)
3. Small fishing boats and other vessles which cannot be evacuated should be safely moored – loose mooring and loose
anchorage
4. Medium and Large vessels will not be allowed to enter the port
UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. Tsunami preparedness: information guide for disaster planners. 2008. Pp 12-13. .Retrieved on
120
November 30, 2020 from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000160002
127
8 EARLY WARNING
Early Warning to Save Lives and Assets

from Tsunamis
EARLY ALPHA CHARLIE DELTA

ACTION DISTANT TSUNAMI Emergency Early Recovery
DETECTED Operations
EARLY LOCAL TSUNAMI
PREPAREDNESS DETECTED – NOT Augmentation
STRONG or Assumption
BEFORE THE of Operations if
ONSET OF THE need be
HAZARD
BRAVO
LOCAL TSUNAMI
STRONG EQ FELT
Assisted Full
Evacuation
128
EARLY WARNING TO SAVE LIVES AND ASSETS FROM TSUNAMIS

The Early Warning system for Tsunamis is informed by the 1) Early Warning Signs and Alert levels established by PHIVOLCS, and the
2) response alerts indicated in the National Disaster Response Plan for Earthquake and Tsunamis formulated by the Department of
Social Welfare and Development and approved by all 11 response clusters.
PHIVOLCS
PhiVolcs essentially has two tiers of Early Warning.
1) NATURAL TSUNAMI SIGNS (SHAKE, DROP, ROAR) – IMMEDIATE EVACUATION

The first is the Natural Signs of a Tsunami which may immediately be felt and observed by communities along the shore.
Shake- People may feel earth shaking. Drop – People may observe a sudden change in the sea level – a sudden drop or
receding of the sea, or a sudden rise. Roar - People may also observe a very load roar or loud rumbling sound coming
from the approaching waves.
If any of these natural signs are observed, the instructions of PHIVOLCS is to IMMEDIATELY move to higher ground
after the ground shaking. The Official National Early Warning System managed by PHIVOLCS would still be capturing
the Tsunami generator (earthquake, volcanic eruption, submarine landslide) threat detection, and PHIVOLCS would
still be sending the warning information. However, for those nearest to the affected areas, it is important to heed the
instructions of moving to higher ground when any these natural signs are already observed.
It is important for coastal communities led by coastal LGUs to be familiar with these Natural Signs, and for the Tsunami
hazard maps to be on-hand for the immediate evacuation of all individuals near shore and within the identified tsunami
run-up areas.
2) OFFICIAL NATIONAL EARLY WARNING SYSTEM – AWAIT PHIVOLCS ADVISORY

The second is the Tsunami Alerts coming from the Official National Early Warning System. There are essentially three
major steps in the Official National Early Warning System for Tsunamis: a) Threat Detection, b) Threat Evaluation, and c)
Communicating the Advisory or Warning.
129
a. Threat Detection - PHIVOLCS has a network of sensors strategically placed within the Philippines and is connected
to an international network of Tsunami warning of other countries. The instruments used by PHIVOLCS and the
international network of sensors will provide information on the occurrence of a possible tsunami generator (ie
earthquake, submarine landslide, submarine volcano eruption).
b. Threat Evaluation – PHIVOLCS then assesses whether the event will generate a tsunami, and whether this tsunami
waves will affect the Philippine coastline. Threat Evaluation is the basis for PHIVOLCS Advisory or Warnings to be
issued. The Advisory or Warnings describe if there is no threat, still for observation or there is an expected sea level
disturbance. This will also contain the Recommended Action for Affected Places.
BASED ON THE OCD OPERATIONS MANUAL WHICH INCLUDES THE NDDRMC MANUAL OF OPERATIONS (s 2014),
For Regional or Distant Tsunamis, the following Advisories are issued by the PHIVOLCS:
GREEN ADVISORY – NO TSUNAMI THREAT, NO EVACUATION:

Issued by PHIVOLCS when a large earthquake occurs but either (1) there is no tsunami generated by this event, or (2) a tsunami was
generated but is not expected to reach the Philippines. Thus the recommendation to LGUs is that no evacuation needed.
YELLOW ADVISORY – SEA LEVEL CHANGE MONITORING, NO EVACUATION:

This advisory is issued when PHIVOLCS will still conduct further monitoring of sea level changes. PHIVOLCS shall provide updates.
No evacuation is recommended to LGUs, but are advised to await further updates from PHIVOLCS.
130
ORANGE ADVISORY – MINOR SEA LEVEL DISTURBANCE, PRELIMINARY EVACUATION

STAY AWAY FROM BEACH, MOVE FARTHER INLAND, BOATS STAY OFFSHORE. -
When PHIVOLCS issues the Orange Advisory , it has projected that minor sea level distrubance is expected in some coastal areas
with wave heights of less than one (1) meter (3.2 feet) above the expected ocean tides.
This Orange Advisory triggers preliminary evacuation for people and boats. The procedures include:
a) Barangay LGUs should implement community warning system to ensure that people who are on the shore/ near the
shoreline should MOVE FARTHER INLAND
b) People who are away from the shore are advised to STAY AWAY FROM THE BEACH AND COAST
c) SECURE BOATS IN SHALLOW WATERS – Boats which are in harbors, estuaries or shallow coastal waters should be
secured and people in the boats should move away from the waterfront.
d) OFFSHORE BOATS SHOULD STAY IN DEEP WATERS and not go to shore.
RED ADVISORY – TSUNAMI WARNING – IMMEDIATE EVACUATION

This Red advisory is a Tsunami warning issued by PHIVOLCS. This means that a destructive tsunami has been generated with life
threatening waveheights of greater than one (1) meter above the expected ocean ties. This warning should trigger IMMEDIATE
EVACUATION .
The Red Advisory Tsunami Warning triggers IMMEDIATE EVACUATION for people and boats.
a) LGUs should immediately evacuate all coastal communities which are projected to be affected by the oncoming
destructive tsunami. The tsunami evacuation plan towards the identified tsunami safe areas from the risk assessment
will be implemented.
b) Barangay LGUs should implement community warning system to shepherd everyone present in the community
towards the tsunami safe areas. The presence of installed directional signages will be crucial.
c) SECURE BOATS IN SHALLOW WATERS – Boats which are in harbors, estuaries or shallow coastal waters should be
secured and people in the boats should move away from the waterfront.
d) OFFSHORE BOATS SHOULD STAY IN DEEP WATERS and not go to shore.
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c. Communicating the Advisory - PHIVOLCS shall communicate is Advisory or Warning through the OFFICE OF CIVIL
DEFENSE. The expected roll-out of information is as follows:
i. Office of Civil Defense sends information to the Regional DRRM Council

ii. Regional DRRM Council communicates to Provincial DRRM Council and the City DRRM Council if applicable as in
the case of Metro Manila.
iii. Provincial DRRM Council communicates to the Municipal DRRM Councils/ City DRRM Councils.
iv. The Municipal DRRM Council / City DRRM Councils communicates this to the Barangay DRRM Councils.
Regional
PHIVOLCS OCD DRRMC
Barangay City/Municipal Provincial

DRRMC DRRMC DRRMC
132
The following is a sample of an ADVISORY Below is the PHIVOLCS Advisory infographic:

issued by the PHIVOLCS:
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DSWD
The National Disaster Response Plan for Earthquake and Tsunami produced by the DSWD, on the other hand, has been prepared
from a perspective of a “worst-case scenario” where the national agencies would need to either :
1) Augment the operations of the LGUs, or
2) Assume the functions of the LGUs in providing response assistance to the affected population.
The worst-case scenario plan recognizes that tsunamis, like earthquakes, can cause mass casualties, massive destruction of public/
private properties and livelihoods, and the disruption of normal life saving support systems.
The NDRP divides the response into two (2) phases  DURING and POST disasters. It states that the Response Cluster and NIMT
may be activated based on the PHIVOLCS Advisory that will be received by the DSWD. The Response Cluster and the National
Incident Management Team (NIMT) may be activated via several pathways:
a) The Secretary of the DSWD who is the Vice Chairperson for Response activates it based on the Reports from PHIVOLCS and/
or Advisory from the NDRRMC;
b) PHIVOLCS provides for an Automatic Activation to the Vice Chairperson for Response in cases where the Earthquake is equal
to or greater than Magnitude 8.0 and a Tsunami alert is raised;
c) Secretary of the DSWD as Vice Chairperson for Response assesses the necessity of activating the Response Cluster based
on Reports which include (i) the Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis (RDNA), (ii) requests made by the affected
LGUs, and/or (iii) there is no report submitted by affected LGUs soon after the tsunami struck.
Augmentation of the operations of the LGU by the national Response Cluster can be done prior to the tsunami hazard hitting
the Philippines (distant tsunami). This can include a) pre-positioning of resources, b) assistance in the safe evacuation of coastal
communities and c) supporting the identification of alternative emergency operation centers and redundant critical facilities.
Crucial in the request to the DSWD led Response Cluster is communicating what the LGU has identified in their Pre-Disaster Risk
Assessment (PDRA).
134
Assumption by the Response Cluster of the LGU operations may be triggered after the hazard has hit and there is:
a) A Declaration of Calamity issued by the affected LGU Sanggunian;

b) Request for assistance is made by the Chairperson of the Regional/ Provincial/ City/ Municipal DRRM Council to the
NDRRMC or its member agencies;
c) Request from a regional agency, the Regional DRRMC Chairperson present on the ground; and/or
d) As directed by the Chairperson of the NDRRMC or the Executive Director of the NDRRMC
Rapid Deployment Team (RDT) will be deployed by the NDRRMC to the affected LGUs if there is no information received from the
affected LGUs after 12 hours.
READINESS ALERT LEVELS refer to

the readiness to take on an activity
or response mission.
135
WHITE ALERT STATUS – NORMAL SITUATION

A white alert status describes regular or normal operations. Various government agencies are conducting agency specific actions
such as daily administrative and operational activities. During the white alert status, agencies conduct monitoring for the
occurrence of the hazard and conducts continuous preparedness activities.
BLUE ALERT STATUS – EARLY WARNING STANDBY READINESS IN PREPARATION

FOR A FULL SCALE RESPONSE
A blue alert status indicates that the Tsunami threat has been detected and is being tracked by PHIVOLCS either through its
own instrumentations or from the international early warning centers. This is when Pre Disaster Risk Assessment (PDRA) and
Emergency Response Planning (ERP) are onducted to assess the risks faced by the Philippines vs-a-vs the Tsunami detected. Risk
would be constantly monitored and assessed.
Based on the PDRA conducted, the Minimum Preparedness Action, Advanced Preparedness action and Contingency Planning for
Response are initiated. This includes ensuring that at least fifty percent (50%)
RED ALERT STATUS – EMERGENCY RESPONSE OPERATIONS

A red alert status is the highest level of readiness either in anticipation of an imminent emergency situation, or in response to
a sudden onset disaster. The Response Cluster and/or the Incident management Team is activated and either Specific Clusters
Response Operations (Level 2) or Inter-Cluster Response Operations are conducted. All human and material resources are made
available for duty and deployment.
136
ALERT LEVELS FOR RESPONSE PREPAREDNESS are the levels of action expected of different agencies either as
specific clusters, or clusters operating in coordination with one another.
LEVEL 1 – AGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE OPERATIONS

This triggers the activation of agency level arrangements and activities that would help the agency to perform its mandate.
LEVEL 2 – SPECIFIC CLUSTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE OPERATIONS

This refers to the activities that need to be undertaken by Specific Clusters in the Response Clusters. It initiates the activities that
need to be undertaken by the member agencies of the Cluster, and the actions of the agency which acts as the Cluster lead agency.
The Cluster Lead Agency ensures the seamless operations within its cluster and readies coordination with other Clusters.
LEVEL 3 – INTER-CLUSTER PREPAREDNESS

AND RESPONSE OPERATIONS
This is the highest form of preparedness and
response planning and operations. It is led by
the Vice Chairperson for Response (DSWD Sec)
who provides the common strategic planning and
operational framework and process to warrant
configuration of consequence management
operations to all encompassing principles and goals.
refers to the activities that need to be undertaken
by Specific Clusters in the Response. This may
entail either a combination of some
response clusters or the entire Response Pillar.
137
RESPONSE CLUSTER DEACTIVATION DURING TRANSITION FROM EARLY RECOVERY TO

RECOVERY & REHABILITATION PHASE
The Response Clusters activities during Disaster Operations taper off and are deactivated during the peried transitioning from Early
Recovery to Recovery & Rehabilitation phase. This is manifested by several indicators:
a) the increased capacity of the Local Chief Executive and the

Local DRRM Council to manage the response and thus
the assumed roles would be handed back to the LGU;
b) the diminishing number of displaced
population/ evacuees
The 11 Response Clusters and their Cluster Leads are:
c) decreasing number of search and rescue
(SAR) operations SRR
Search, Rescue and Retrieval AFP
d) business continuity plans are in place ETCEmergency Telecommunications OCD
and functional HEALTH
Subclusters on DOH
Crucial in assessing the need to deactivate the
Public Health, Medical
response cluster is the Post Disaster Needs Water Sanitation Hygiene (WASH)
Assessment (PDNA). Nutrition
Mental Health and Psychosocial Support
(MHPSS)
LAO Law and Order PNP
CCCM Camp Coordination and Camp Management DSWD
IDP
PROTECTION Internally Displaced Persons DSWD
FNFI Food and Non-Food Iteams DSWD
LOG Logistics OCD
EDU Education DepEd
MDM Management of the Dead and Missing DILG
PIHAC Philippine International Humanitarian
Assistance DFA
138
Synthesis of Early Action in line with DSWD Alert Codes

DSWD RESPONSE DSWD DSWD RESPONSE CLUSTER DSWD
RESPONSE CLUSTER RED ALERT -Level 2 / Level 3 RESPONSE
CLUSTER WHITE ALERT BLUE ALERT Depends on PDRA/ PHIVOLCS CLUSTER
Level 1 Advisories, Reports DEACTIVATION
EARLY ACTION ALPHA BRAVO CHARLIE DELTA

EARLY DISTANT TSUNAMI LOCAL TSUNAMI Emergency Early
PREPAREDNESS DETECTED STRONG EQ FELT Operations Recovery
BEFORE CRITICAL LOCAL TSUNAMI Assisted Full
PERIOD DETECTED – NOT Evacuation
STRONG
Risk assessment shows LGU Distant Tsunami / Natural Warning Implementation Conduct PDNA
is tsunami prone other forms of Signs felt/seen by of 11 Response
tsunami detected community activities LGU could resume
PHIVOLCS tsunami hazard full Functions
maps show exposure to PHIVOLCS issues PHIVOLCS ISSUES SRR
Tsunami Tsunami Alerts Orange or Red Diminishing
Tsunami Alert ERC number of
Risk Assessment measures Green, Yellow displaced
applied in multi-hazard Implement HEALTH population/
context OCD communicates to Community-based evacuees
RDRRMC, to PDRRMC LAO
and community-
Foreshoreland management to CDRRMC/ MDRRMC managed CCCM Decreasing
policy Evacuation number of search
LDRRMCs conducts IDP Protection and rescue (SAR)
Mangrove/ Greenbelts PDRA Conduct PDRA operations
fortified FNFI
LDRRMCs decides Protocol for Boats Business
Resettlement to request for activated LOGISTICS continuity plans
Augmentation or are in place and
Tsunami safe zone for Assumption of MDM
Evacuation / Horizontal functional
Functions PIHAC
and Vertical evacuation Transitional shelter
measures identified Preliminary has clear plan and
evacuation of most Conduct RDANA
Emergency Operation budget
vulnerable
Center/ Shelter and Critical
Facilities in safe zones Protocol for Boats
identified activated
Tsunami Awareness and
Tsunami Evacuation Drills
conducted
Awareness on PHIVOLCS
Early Warning Advisories
Coordination and
agreements with Response
Cluster agencies and other
LGUs
139
Early Action/ Early Preparedness Measures

For sudden onset hazards such as Tsunamis which have very little lead time for evacuation, the best preparedness plan is one of
Early Preparedness measures. Implementing the Early Preparedness measures early on ensures increased protection of lives and
livelihoods.
This includes:
a) Mitigation and Prevention measures such as putting up nature-based defence solutions (mangrove belts, coastal
greenbelts), engineering defence solutions (dikes, sea walls), moving away built up environment (residences, commercial
areas, critical facilities) from the shore, and implementing a clear foreshore land management policy;
b) Conducting the Climate/ Disaster Risk Assessment and implementing a risk reduction plan which considers a multi-hazard
scenario – taking into consideration Tsunamis and the other hazards that the LGU is exposed to;
c) Crafting evacuation plans based on the Tsunami and multiple hazard risk assessment, considering the possibility of both
horizontal evacuation and vertical evacuation;
d) Examination of land use policies to consider Resettlement of residential areas which have very little option for vertical or
horizontal evacuation;
e) Ensuring widespread public awareness on the Tsunami natural signs, the Tsunami Alerts/ Advisories from PHIVOLCS and
Tsunami evacuation drills and plans of the LGU
f) Forging cooperation, linkages and twinning between LGUs which have high exposure to Tsunami, and inland LGUs which are
possible evacuation areas and could conduct augmenting emergency response
g) Forging linkages and cooperation with Response Cluster agencies, and cluster leads
The Early Action Early Preparedness stage is similar to the NDRP White Alert where national agencies conduct normal monitoring
activities and preparedness measures
The Early Action Early Preparedness stage also corresponds to PHIVOLCS Green and Yellow Alerts where no tsunami threat is
detected, or further monitoring is needed and no evacuation is needed.
140
ALPHA – DISTANT TSUNAMI

Threat detection of a distant tsunami is made by PHIVOLCS through the international Tsunami Warning System. This is transmitted
via the PHIVOLCS/OCD/LDRRMC communications chain.
Orange Warning, Pre-emptive Evacuation to be implemented. Depending on the gravity of the threat detected, conduct of PDRA
and protocols contained in the previously approved Contingency Plan, the LCE may initiate discussions in the LDRRMC on the
decision to be taken regarding Augmentation and/or Assumption of Functions by the Response Cluster.
Depending on the advisory from PHIVOLCS, the Alpha stage can be similar to the NDRP Blue Alert where Pre Disaster Risk
Assessment (PDRA) and Emergency Response Planning (ERP) and are conducted to assess the risks faced and preparations for full
response is conducted
If the PDRA and PHIVOLCS advisory indicates a destructive Tsunami is oncoming, the Response Cluster may already shift to Red
Alert even before the tsunami arrives. Augmentation LGU efforts by the Response Cluster could already begin during Bravo stage in
the areas of
a) pre-positioning of resources;
b) assistance in the safe evacuation of coastal communities; and
c) supporting the identification of alternative emergency operation centers and redundant critical facilities.
BRAVO – LOCAL TSUNAMI

Threat detection is made through the observation of the tsunami natural signs (Shake, Drop, Roar). The Bravo phase is short and
depending on the tsunami natural signs perceived, this may immediately shift to Charlie.
If the natural tsunami signs for local tsunami are observed, the LGU would need to conduct immediate evacuation of people,
ensure offshore boats stay in deep waters, and information is immediately transmitted to the higher LDRRMC and the DSWD-
led Response Cluster. Arrangements to transmit information to other neighbouring LGUs should be in place so warning could be
advised to them as well.
141
CHARLIE –EMERGENCY RESPONSE

Charlie Stage may be reached either:
● When LOCAL TSUNAMI natural warning signs are perceived and full evacuation is conducted; or
● When the PHIVOLCS advisory issues a Red Tsunami Alert for Distant Tsunami
For Local Tsunamis, the Contingency Plan of the City/ Municipality would need be activated, and the 11 Response Cluster functions
would also be activated and actions undertaken.
PHIVOLCS detects threat and issues a Red Advisory – A Red Advisory –Tsunami Alert from PHIVOLCS means a destructive Tsuna-
mi is incoming. Tsunami Warning that calls for the immediate and full evacuation of coastal communities, securing of on-shore/
near-shore boats, and ensuring off-shore boats stay in deep waters. Compared to Local Tsunamis, there is relatively more time to
undertake this in the case of distant tsunami. The Response Cluster would be on Red Alert status, and the 11 Response Clusters, or
a combination of the clusters would be activated.
The Incident Command System/ Incident Management Team of the LGU (City/ Municipality) would need to be fortified with the
ICS/IMT of the Province and Region. The ICS/IMT of the LDRRMCs would be linked with the Response Cluster IMT.
DELTA – Early Recovery / Deactivation of the National Response Cluster

Delta stage corresponds to the DSWD Response Cluster Deactivation stage. The Response Clusters activities during Disaster Opera-
tions taper off and are deactivated during the period transitioning from Early Recovery to Recovery & Rehabilitation phase. This is
manifested by several indicators:
a) the increased capacity of the Local Chief Executive and the Local DRRM Council to manage the response and thus the
assumed roles would be handed back to the LGU;
b) the diminishing number of displaced population/ evacuees
c) decreasing number of search and rescue (SAR) operations business continuity plans are in place and functional
d) Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) support the deactivation of the response cluster and handover to LGU full
responsibilities
e) The LGU appears capable of implementing a Transitional Shelter program.
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ANNEX A TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS MEASURES
RISK BASED TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS

The preceding section discussed the nature, typologies of Tsunamis and the tsunami generators which the Philippine archipelago
is exposed to. The Preparedness Measures which need to be considered by the Local Chief Executive and the Local Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council relative to tsunamis should be based on the nature of the hazard, and the risk which their
particular geographic region is exposed to. We know, for example, that coastal cities and municipalities face tsunami risk more
than upland or lowland land locked areas.
LGU SPECIFIC TSUNAMI INUNDATION MAPS

A crucial information document that will be produced during the early preparedness phase risk assessments is the LGU-specific
Tsunami Inundation Map. This should inform the strategic and immediate actions of the LGU relative to Tsunamis. PHIVOLCS has
already produced multi-hazard maps including Tsunami hazard maps which may be accessed in the following web portal: https://
gisweb.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/gisweb/earthquake-volcano-related-hazard-gis-information
The Tsunami inundation maps will show the approximate

tsunami run-up areas and the tsunami run-up height. These
approximations are based on certain assumptions such
as historical tsunami, the type of tsunami generator, the
magnitude of the earthquake and the assumed ocean floor
bathymetry (underwater topography).
In the tsunami wave height and inundation map of Pagadian

City, the LGU which suffered the most number of damages
and casualties during the 1976 Moro Gulf tsunami, the map
illustrates both the tsunami run up heights and inundation
areas and run up height.
143
144
The inundation maps will indicate

which barangays in the City or
Municipality are the most prone to
flooding from the tsunami. It will
also indicate which critical facilities
are at high risk. These maps will
show that it is not only water front
communities which be affected but
those in deltas, and rivers connect-
ing to the ocean.
In these maps, many critical facilities such as the LGU municipal/city halls, hospitals, schools, and other public and private
infrastructure are in the red zone. The inundation map is crucial in guiding the LGU to decide on where the Tsunami Emergency
Operations Center (EOC) will be located and the need for redundant critical facilities to be identified outside of the red zones.
145
STRATEGIC TSUNAMI MITIGATION
What these inundation maps will not show is the speed of the tsunami waves. For far-field/ distant tsunamis, the possibility of
evacuation beyond the assumed tsunami run up areas is high and can be managed well by the LGU incident command system (ICS)
once a tsunami evacuation warning is sent by PHIVOLCS. However, for near-source/ local tsunamis, the tsunami may arrive in as
little as 2 minutes. In Pagadian City, the tsunami waves generated near Lebak, Sultan Kudarat arrived in 15 minutes in the middle of
the night.
Thus, in thinking of reducing the massive loss of

lives and destruction of structures and residences,
strategic tsunami mitigation has been in the center
of discussions. In 2011, the Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)121 identified three major options which
may be considered by the LGU for Strategic Tsuna-
mi Mitigation as illustrated in the picture below:
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. Reducing and managing the risk of tsunamis. (IOC Manuals and Guides,57) 74 pp.
121
(English.) (IOC/2011/MG/57Rev.2). 2011. pp.17-18. Retrieved on November 30, 2020 from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.
xhtml?v=2.1.196&id=p::usmarcdef_0000214734&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_41d9d80f-
3684-4c3d-aebc-3c26ded60a49%3F_%3D214734eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/pf0000214734/PDF/214734eng.
pdf#%5B%7B%22num%22%3A161%2C%22gen%22%3A0%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22XYZ%22%7D%2C69%2C198%2C0%5D
146
PROTECTION options which may be (a) structural / engineered structures such as sea walls, breakwaters, tide gates, and (b) nature-
based solutions such as forest belts/ coastal forests and mangroves. These structural and nature-based solutions both slow down
the wave force of the tsunami.
ACCOMMODATION option are non-structural measures that aim to reduce the risk faced by the community and banks on
individual and community behaviour change. These would point to improving the design and construction of waterfront buildings
and residences but not relocating them. This option would include looking at tsunami resistant buildings
RETREATING FROM EXPOSURE option is moving away from the waterfront through land-use planning, financing. This option
includes zone of avoidance for settlement and structures, enforcement of easement and set back for coastal areas and deltas.
While all the options require the coordinated action of several agencies and the involvement of all members of the community
in the planning and decision making, the RETREAT option will need the most coordination, participation and risk communication
efforts.
TSUNAMI RESISTANT BUILDINGS

The discussion on Tsunami Resistant Buildings looks into the capacity of building structures to withstand the initial ground shaking
from the tsunami, as well as the subsequent tsunami wave force loads. This is being considered if the option being considered
is for communities to go towards vertical evacuation in the event of a tsunami. In general, individual residential and small-scale
structures are unable to withstand the tsunami wave force, or the ground shaking or both122.
In undertaking the Tsunami Risk Assessment for the LGU, the LGU Building Official (Municipal/ City Engineer) under the direction of
the DPWH may look into the structural integrity of public and private structures which are in the tsunami inundation zones – both
for the capacity to withstand ground shaking from the tsunamigenic earthquake and the tsunami wave force. The LGU Building
Official would need to take into consideration not just the existing Building Codes, Structural Building Codes but international
studies around tsunami wave force effects on existing building and structural codes such as the Tsunami Loads and Effects Design
Standard for the US produced by the American Society of Civil Engineers, Structural Engineering Institute123.
122
Laura Kong, Ian Robertson and Harry Yeh. Structural Response to Tsunami Loading – The Rationale for Vertical Evacuation. Powerpoint presentation. Retrieved
on November 30, 2020 from https://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/education/ITTI/usgs/seismic-tsunami-training-sri-lanka/Day5.3.StructuralEng_SL.ppt
123
Gary Y.K. Chock. The ASCE 7 Tsunami Loads and Effects Design Standard for the US. American Society of Civil Engineers. 2016. Retrieved on November 30, 2020
from http://eventscribe.com/2016/CECAR7/assets/pdf/267898.pdf
147
ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS – ARTIFICIAL BARRIERS SEAWALLS, BREAKWATERS, TIDE GATES

Seawalls, Breakwaters and Tide Gates are engineered structures which are built on the coast or at sea, constructed to withstand
wave force and deflect tsunami waves back to sea or retard the waves. These can be effective in warding off smaller tsunamis.
However, the life span of the structures, due to the exposure to the elements, is less than the normal built environment. Thus the
cost of construction and maintenance may be high. There are also trade offs which need to be considered.
Japan’s tsunami sea wall 124 is projected to cover some 400 kilometers, and is around 12.5 meters (41-feet) high, and costs 820
Billion Yen (USD$ 6.8 Billion). More recent computation is that the cost has reach USD$ 12 Billion. This has been in reaction to
the 2011 Tsunami which claimed some 18,500 lives (later on pegged at 29,000), topped over an existing 7.2 metre sea wall and
proceeded up to 5 kilometeres inland. The affected communities are divided as to how they view the sea wall. Some fishing
villages oppose the massive concrete barriers as these wil damage marine ecology, hinder vital fisheries and create a scenery of
being within a jail cell. The obstructed view of the sea may prevent residents from seeing future tsunamis. Others who equally lost
loved ones and suffered from the 2011 tsunami feel that the gigantic sea wall is a necessary evil.
124
AP. Japan’s radical bid to fend off tsunamis with giant, 400km sea wall. Retrieved on November 30, 2020 from https://www.news.com.au/technology/
environment/japans-radical-bid-to-fend-off-tsunamis-with-giant-400km-sea-wall/news-story/79f7fb40e54654953d7ab61cfeed3be5
148
NATURE BASED APPROACH FOR STRATEGIC TSUNAMI MITIGATION

Recent scientific studies have now begun to rethink the conventional approach of mitigating tsunami risk via giant seawalls.
Professors from Stanford Earth (Stanford School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences) have opined that “seawalls tend
to be expensive to build, tough on local tourism and fishing industries, disruptive to coastal communities and environmentally
destructive -- and failures can be catastrophic.125 ” Included in the alternative to conventional engineered solutions are the
proliferation of coastal forests, construction of tsunami mitigation parks, resettlement of people and structures.
Stanford's School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences. Rethinking tsunami defense. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 4 May 2020. Retrieved November 30,
125
2020 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200504155158.htm
149
ZONE OF AVOIDANCE FOR SETTLEMENT AND STRUCTURES

These are community defined and community agreed zones of avoidance for both residential settlements and private and
public structures, that is based on the risk assessments. Zones of avoidance are as defined – no structures for settlement or for
commercial/ public purpose will be constructed in these areas. They may still be utilised for other uses.
This has been traditionally used by earlier communities such as the Aneyoshi “tsunami stones” of Japan126 . These are tsunami
warnings carved into stones telling descendants of those who survived earlier tsunamis to settle in higher grounds and not to build
beyond the point of the Aneyoshi stone (around 200 meters from coast).
EASEMENT/ SET BACK FOR COASTAL AREAS AND DELTAS

These are legal easements which deems structures constructed
without authority as illegal structures. As such, these illegal
structures may be removed by the local government unit. There
are several laws and policies which need to be reviewed with
tsunami risk and climate change risks taken into consideration
and may involve several agencies beyond the LGU. These
include laws and policies pertain to the mandate over land use
particularly of the foreshore lands/ waterfront areas which will
be relevant in instituting nature-based solutions:
a) Fishery privileges
b) Municipal waters
c) Foreshore land management
d) Reclamation projects.
Danny Lewis. These Century-Old Stone “Tsunami Stones” Dot Japan’s Coastline. August 31, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2020 from https://www.
126
smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/century-old-warnings-against-tsunamis-dot-japans-coastline-180956448/#:~:text=While%20the%20Aneyoshi%20tablet%20
might,case%20they%20foreshadow%20destructive%20waves.&text=But%20in%20some%20places%20like,heeded%20the%20tsunami%20stones'%20warnings.
150
TSUNAMI CONTROL FOREST BELTS & COASTAL VEGETATION BELT (Mangroves Greenbelt/ Coastal Forests)
In the aftermath of the 2004 Asian tsunami, there was a huge debate as to whether the tragedy was preventable and the role
of forest belts and coastal vegetation gained prominence. The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation published a
report127 which showed that coastal forests, especially mangroves, reduced the force of tsunamis, provided debris catchment
preventing debris from entering inland, and provided refuge for people who were otherwise swept away by the incoming wave
or the retreating wave. The coastal forest/ mangrove allows water to still flow through it but also allows for a partial reflection of
the incoming tsunami waves. This partial reflection significantly absorbs the tsunami wave force. Without the coastal forest, the
tsunami could reach its maximum run up height and maximum run up distance inland. (Figure below128 )
127
Keith Forbes and Jeremy Broadhead. The role of coastal forests in the mitigation of tsunami impacts. FAO. Bangkok. 2007. pp 3-5,7. Retrieved on November 30,
2020 from http://www.fao.org/forestry/14561-09bf06569b748c827dddf4003076c480c.pdf
128
D.M Patel, K.A. Patel, A.T. Motiyani. Resilience of Tsunami in Coastal Regions by Use of Mangrove Belt. International Journal of Pure and Applied Research in
Engineering and Technology (IJPRET), 2013. Volume 2(5): 36-42. Retrieved on November 30, 2020 from http://ijpret.com/publishedarticle/2013/12/IJPRET%20
120.pdf
151
To quote from the FAO publication:
there is “considerable evidence that coastal forests can reduce the force, depth and velocity of a tsunami, lessening damage to
property and reducing loss of life. Numerous anecdotes, field surveys and scientific studies in India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia,
Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand of the 2004 tsunami and other tsunamis show a connection between areas with the
highest levels of damage and the absence of coastal forests.
The destructive force of a tsunami is subject to local factors which are often unavailable for analysis (e.g. local bathymetry and
coastline configuration) and therefore the protection offered by trees and forests may not be fully quantifiable. On a case by case
basis, however, studies often show reductions in the degree of damage to trees with distance from the leading edge of a coastal
forest, implying that the force of the tsunami is reduced by the forest and areas to the rear are afforded protection. An additional
source of information is provided by studies in which adjacent areas of coastline, with and without trees, are compared. Such
studies provide core evidence of the mitigation potential of forests. Empirical findings are also supported by experiments using
models and mathematical analogues of tsunami-forest interfaces. Such methods add further weight to claims of protection by
forests against tsunamis.
In the case of mangroves, for any particular elevation or distance from the sea front, tsunami hazard is consistently lower for areas
behind mangroves. Furthermore, plantations of pine in Japan have proved effective against various tsunamis. Many casuarina
shelterbelts in India, Sri Lanka and Thailand, established to protect coasts from cyclones, tsunami and other coastal hazards were
effective against the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami as well. Natural beach forests and plantations of tree crops, such as cashew nut
with their low, widely branching canopies or pandanus with mangrove-like stilt roots and dense foliage, have also protected coasts
in many instances.
Coastal forests have also been reported to have a role protecting lives and property beyond wave energy mitigation. In India and
Malaysia, there are stories of how the presence of large mangroves saved the lives of people who climbed or were able to cling
to trees and escape from being dragged out to sea. Some moderately tall tree species with wide canopies growing on beaches in
altered forest and plantations also provided important refuge. Coastal forests have also obstructed boats, timber and similar ship
cargo and other debris from washing inland where they would cause many casualties and great damage.”
The function of a barrier – whether coastal forest, breakwater, seawall, or cliff – is to absorb the impact forces and to retard the
flow of large storm waves and tsunamis. A seawall, if tall enough, reflects the wave back out to sea. On the other hand, permeable
structures, like breakwaters and coastal forests, partly reflect and partly transmit the water. In the case of a coastal forest, energy
is progressively absorbed as it passes through the forest. Without the forest barrier, the tsunami will run-up to a maximum height
determined by the magnitude and nature of the seismic event that created the tsunami and local factors such as the coastal profile,
offshore bathymetry and beach slope that modify the wave’s force. Once the tsunami comes on shore, the amount of reduction in
water depth, velocity, and force depends on how much water is reflected and energy adsorbed by the coastal forest.”
152
LANDBANK IN TSUNAMI SAFE AREAS
The Philippines faces multiple risks from climate, natural hazards and man-made hazards resulting in disasters. Recovery and
rehabilitation of disaster affected poor communities in local government units from these disasters is largely dependent on
the immediate availability of land for relocating. One approach is to “develop concrete measures to secure access to land for
households that were landless at the time of the disaster concerned. The establishment of … such a land bank could set up land
set-aside programmes of parcels of State land in a bid to prevent land conflict and resolve disaster-generated displacement of
landless household in a rights-based manner throughout the country. The establishment of such a land bank would be a further
element of broader land reform measures to assist landless families.129 ”
Having a land bank in tsunami safe areas prior to the advent of a tsunami hazard likewise avoids the rushed purchase of lands
unsuitable and unsafe for human occupation or the micro-parcelation of land to a size not sustainable for subsistence of the
relocated family 130.
129
Displacement Solutions. Lessons Learned from Post-Earthquake Policy in Nepal: Guidance for Further Housing, Land and Property Disaster and Reconstruction
Law and Policy Reform. April 2019. p.44. Retrieved on November 30, 2020 from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Nepal%20IDP%20
and%20HLP%20Paper.pdf
130
Displacement Solutions. Lessons Learned from Post-Earthquake Policy In Nepal: Guidance for Further Housing, Land and Property Disaster and Reconstruction
Law and Policy Reform. April 2019. p.26. Retrieved on November 30, 2020 from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Nepal%20IDP%20
and%20HLP%20Paper.pdf
153
ANNEX B DECLARATION OF A STATE OF CALAMITY
References:
▪ NDRRMC Memorandum Order No. 60 Series of 2019 – Revised Guidelines for the Declaration of a State of Calamity
▪ NDRRMC Memorandum Order No. 4 Series of 1998
Criteria for Declaration of State of Calamity – brought about by natural or human-induced disasters, any of the following
conditions:
● At least 15% of projected affected population, using science based projectsions, are in-need of emergency assistance
● At least 30% of the means of livelihood on agricultural, business, and industrial sectors affected
● Damage to critical and lifeline infrastructure/ facilities such as major roads and bridges, power stations, potable water
supply systems, telecommunciations facilities affecting emergency fesponse, accessibility of LGU, paralysis of LGU
operations, restoration will take more than a week
● Widespread destruction of fishponds, crops, poultry, livestock and other agricultural products
● Disruption of food supply chain, electricity, potable water system, other transport systems, communciaiton system, access
to health service, and restoration will take more than one (1) week; for highly urbanised areas restoration will take more
than twenty four (24) hours.
● Extremely high incidence of certain disease – whether communicable or non-communicable, or other health related
events beyond normal expectancy
● Significant degradation to environment and natural resources, based on the recommendations of government agencies –
eg. DENR for forest land degradation, DA for crop damage and drought
154
Local Declaration – by Local Sanggunian upon recommendation of the LDRRM Council. LDRRMC recommendation shall be
based on
1. The Conduct of RDANA – Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis, PDRA – Pre Disaster Risk Assessment, and PDNA –
Post Disaster Needs Assessment
2. Sangguniang Bayan – when 2 or more barangays affected, upon recommendation lf LDRRMC (Municipal or City DRRM Council)
3. Sanngguniang Panlalawigan – when 2 or more municipalities affected, upon recommendation of the LDRRMC (Provincial DRRM
Council)
4. Sanggunian to furnish Regional DRRM Council and National DRRM Council of their Sanggunian Resolution
National Declaration – by the President of the Philippines, upon recommendation of the NDRRMC
Duration
• 1 year of less, unless disaster effects are recurring or protracted
• Terminated via a Resolution by the Sanggunian which issued declaration or by the President based on recommendation of
the NDRRMC
Measures to be Undertaken under a State of Calamity

1. Price ceiling on basic necessities and prime commodities (President)
2. Release of NDRRM Found to agencies and LGUs (President)
3. Local Price Coordination Council – monitor/ prevent/ control overpricing, profiteering, hoarding of prime commodities,
medicine and petroleum producs
4. Programming/ Reprogramming of funds for repair and upgrading of public infrastruture and facilities
5. Grantinf of no-interest loans by government financing/ lending institutions through cooperatives or peoples’ organisations
6. Utilization of the Quick Response Funds for relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction, recovery and other works or services
7. Use of alternative modes of procurement for efficient procurement subject to RA 9184
Reporting
LGUs under State of Calamity – submit monthly reports to OCD Regional offices, copy furnish to NDRRM Council from
declaration of state of calamity to lifting.
155
ANNEX C MATRIX OF RELEVANT LAWS AND POLICIES
LAW/ POLICY RELEVANT SECTION/ MANDATE TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS

RA 7160 Local council, or Sangguniang Bayan, to grant fishery Power of Sangguniang
LOCAL GOVERNMENT privileges to erect fish corrals, oyster, mussels or Bayan over granting
CODE other aquatic beds or bangus fry areas, within a fishery privilges may
definite zone of the municipal waters, as determined be affected by Tsunami
by it. Prevention or Mitigation
policies
“Provided, however, That duly registered
organizations and cooperatives of marginal
fishermen shall have the preferential right to such
fishery privileges:
Provided, further, That the Sangguniang Bayan

may require a public bidding in conformity with
and pursuant to an ordinance for the grant of such
privileges:
Provided, finally, That in the

absence of such organizations and cooperatives
or their failure to exercise their preferential right,
other parties may participate in the public bidding in
conformity with the above cited procedure.”
Constructions and Building Activities covered by

ordnances
Preparation of comprehensive land use plan
Issuance of building permits
156
PUBLIC LAND ACT Section 59. Enumeration of Disposable Lands Secretary of Agriculture
Commonwealth Act includes Foreshore, Marshy lands or lands covered and Natural Resources
No. 141 of 19361131 with water bordering upon the shores or banks of (Department of
navigable lakes or river, and Reclaimed areas Environment and
EO 192 Section 58 deems these as open to disposition or Natural Resources) has
concession, intended to be used for residential or jurisdiction to lease132
commercial, industrial or other productive purposes.
Section 61. Foreshore, marshy land, reclaimed areas Secretary of Public Works
may only be disposed to private parties only by lease approval for constructions
Sec 66. Kind of improvements to be constructed
subject to approval of the Secretary of Public Works Existing leases on
(and Communications) foreshore lands,
marshylands, reclaimed
SECTION 109. In no case shall any land be granted
areas will be impaired by
under the provisions of this Act when this affects
resettlement/ clearing of
injuriously the use of any adjacent land or of
waterfront policies under
the waters, rivers, creeks, foreshore, roads, or
Disaster Prevention and
roadsteads, or vest the grantee with other valuable
Mitigation measures.
rights that may be detrimental to the public interest.
131
https://media.dar.gov.ph/source/2018/06/29/commonwealth-act-no-141.pdf
132
https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/eicc/eicc-planning-conference-materials-lmb-foreshore-presentation.pdf
157
Civil Code 1949 ARTICLE 638. The banks of rivers and streams, even Public and private banks
Republic Act No. in case they are of private ownership, are subject of rivers and streams
386133 throughout their entire length and within a zone of subject to three meter
three meters along their margins, to the easement easement zone along
of public use in the general interest of navigation, margins for public use
floatage, fishing and salvage. (navigation, floatage,
fishing, salvage)
Estates adjoining the banks of navigable or floatable
rivers are, furthermore, subject to the easement of
towpath for the exclusive service of river navigation
and floatage.
If it be necessary for such purpose to occupy lands of
private ownership, the proper indemnity shall first be
paid. (553a)
ARTICLE 694. A nuisance is any act, omission,

establishment, business, condition of property, or
anything else which:
(1) Injures or endangers the health or safety of

others; or
(2) Annoys or offends the senses; or
(3) Shocks, defies or disregards decency or
morality; or
(4) Obstructs or interferes with the free passage
of any public highway or street, or any body of
water; or
133
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1949/06/18/republic-act-no-386/
158
Water Code PD1067 ARTICLE 51. The banks of rivers and streams and the Can be used by LGU
(1976) Art.51 shores of the seas and lakes throughout their entire as basis for Disaster
(easement for public length and within a zone of three (3) meters in urban Prevention and Mitigation
use 3m, 20m, 40m) areas, twenty (20) meters in agricultural areas and objectives.
forty (40) meters in forest areas, along their margins,
are subject to the easement of public use in the in-
terest of recreation, navigation, floatage, fishing and
salvage. No person shall be allowed to stay in this
zone longer than what is necessary for recreation,
navigation, floatage, fishing or salvage or to build
structures of any kind.
RA1899 (1957) cities

/ municipalities
reclamation
EO 648 (1981) MHS HLURB

EO 72 (1993) CLUP Promulgates zoning and land use standards and
Republic Act 727 guidelines governing land use plans and zoning
ordinances of LGUs
Tourism
159
RA8550 Fisheries
Code of 1998 Sec 45-
56) public land such BFAR issues or cancels Fishpond Lease Agreements
as tidal swamps,
mangroves, marshes,
foreshoreland, ponds
for fishery operations
Forestry Decree of Section 16, paragraphs 7 and 8, of P.D. No. 705 Can be used by LGU
1975 otherwise known as “Forestry Code”, provides: as basis for Disaster
Section 16. Areas needed for forest purposes xxx Prevention and Mitigation
Presidential Decree
(7) Twenty-meter strips of land along the edge of the objectives – naturebased
705
normal high waterline of rivers and streams with chan- solutions
nels of at least five (5) meters wide;
(8) Strips of mangrove or swamplands at least twenty

(20) meters wide, along shorelines facing oceans, lakes
and other bodies of water and strips of land at least
twenty (20), meters facing lakes.
PD 1586 (1978)
Environmental
Impact System
PD1084 (1977) Public PRA responsible over activities related to reclamations

Estates Authority, EO
405 (1979)
EO 525 / EO 654
PHILIPPINE
RECLAMATION
AUTHORITY
IPRA –RA 8371 –
ancestral waters
160
RA7586 – NIPAS
Protected Areas
RA 8435 – AFMA Agri

Fish Modernization
Act
EO 263 – CBFM
Community based
forest management
(mangroves)
PD1198 –
rehabilitation of
damaged foreshore
to origingal
conditions
PD857 – Philippine Philippine Ports Authority has power to issue permits

Ports Authority regarding construction of pier or port
December 23, 1975
ENFORCEMENT
RA 6975
RA 5173,
PD 600
RA 8550
161
DENR DAO 34-99 –

Rules on Foreshore,
Marshy Lands, Lands
Bordering Bodies of
Water
DENR DAO 20-98
(1998) Rules on
Appraisal of Public
lands and other
Patrimonial Property
of the Govt
DENR DAO 2004-24 Foreshore – refers to that part of the shore which is
(2004) August 24, alternately covered and uncovered by the ebb and
2004 flow of the tide
Revised Rules
and Regulations
Governing the
Administration and
Management of
Foreshore Lands
SC Decision G.R. DENR exercises supervision and control over

133250 July 9, 2002 alienable and disposable public lands;
DENR exercises exclusive jurisdiction on the
management and disposition of all lands of the
public domain
162
163
164

Disaster Preparedness Manual For Tsunami (Pre-Final)

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LISTO MANUAL ON DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR TSUNAMIS

UNDERSTANDING PHILIPPINES’ TSUNAMI RISK................................................................................................33

PUNONG BARANGAY / BARANGAY CAPTAIN ..........................................................................................................97

8. EARLY WARNING 112

ANNEX A –TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS MEASURES ...............................................................................................................125

ACDV Accredited Community Disaster Volunteers DA Department of Agriculture

PDRRMO Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office

HEEDING THE CALL TO SCALE UP TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS

THE ROLE OF THE LOCAL CHIEF EXECUTIVE:

2. Risk Assessment, Communication, Risk-Sensitive Policies and Programs

TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS – Why do we need it?

WHICH LGUs SHOULD PREPARE?

2 STATUTORY AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

RA 10121 Land, Resource

NDPP NDRP Civil National

REPUBLIC ACT 10121 –

FOUR THEMATIC AREAS OF PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE, PREVENTION/MITIGATION

THE MANDANAS RULING

IMPLICATIONS OF THE RULING ON MANDANAS ET AL V. EXECUTIVE SECERATARY OCHOA

I. CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES

2020). Available at https://business.inquirer.net/305888/lgus-to-get-p-1-1t-in-funding-in-2022.

3 TSUNAMI HAZARD CHARACTERISATION and TSUNAMI RISK

ORIGIN OF THE TSUNAMI TERMINOLOGY

In 2016, UNESCO-ITIC included the following in its explanation of tsunamis:

“Meteorological tsunami (meteotsunami) Tsunami-like phenomena generated by meteorological or atmospheric disturbances.

PHILIPPINE TYPES OF TSUNAMIS

TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS (PHIVOLCS)

ELEMENTS-AT-RISK: People and assets (Coastal residen-

LOCAL TSUNAMI EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR HIGH RISK

LOCAL TSUNAMI NATURAL SIGNS

UNDERSTANDING PHILIPPINES’ TSUNAMI RISK

EXPOSURE TO TSUNAMI The following map shows the tsunami-

“People and assets in low coastal elevation close to

DOST-PHIVOLCS attributes the Philippines’ exposure to

Coastal residential, market, industrial, public spaces, recreation, farming/fishing and

Understanding Philippines’ • Absence of community-managed and community-based tsunami EWS

Adapted from Haruo Hayashi, 2000

DAMAGES FROM TSUNAMIS

CHECKLIST OF QUESTIONS ON LGU PREPAREDNESS

Exposure to Tsunami Risk

Vulnerabilities and Capacities to Tsunami

4 TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS FRAMEWORK:

1. Measures to prevent/mitigate losses and damages due to tsunamis;

Institutionalizing Risk assessment,

TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS FOR LCEs in MUNICIPALITIES / CITIES

EARLY ACTION MINIMUM CRITICAL

TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS FOR LCEs in MUNICIPALITIES / CITIES

MANAGE RISKS, REDUCE EXPOSURE, REDUCE

Operationalization of LDRRMO, ICS, EOC, End to End Tsunami EWS including

EARLY ACTION TO AVERT LOSS OF

TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS FOR LCEs in MUNICIPALITIES / CITIES

MEASURES TO PREVENT/ MITIGATE LOSSES

MANAGE RISKS, REDUCE EXPOSURE, REDUCE

EARLY ACTION TO AVERT LOSS OF

TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS FOR LCEs in MUNICIPALITIES / CITIES

RESPONSE AND EARLY RECOVERY PREPAREDNESS

1)PROVISION OF IMMEDIATE RELIEF, 2)RETURN

Timely mobilization of ICS, EOC and of assets; Activation of Contingency Plan

EARLY ACTION TO AVERT LOSS OF

TSUNAMI PREPAREDNESS FOR LCEs in MUNICIPALITIES / CITIES

RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION PREPAREDNESS

WHAT DO WE NEED TO DO TODAY