(1) Dobevne'stratds (1824)limes

He asiied element into a qu hoe havimy same

ayical and thmnical propadie tald taida:
The atemie naight he elemunt
o middle was he auth mti

7 + 31 23
2
(a) Neland' octaves lauw (1865)

aangd ineaing ot wighiti

ey
the iyht
igyhth
note
elmnt
o msial
has
în

scale
thes oder
aini lare proputy to i'ot vne uhke ,
Sa Wa ne
Muaial scale : e

Li Be
Si

(3) dathau Meyeu's atomio

he pleted qraph blw

vem
atemic
cuwe
voluwme
(l861)1cdah
and otemic weigt
hM
simila propixie occupied Hhe similar positions on
3 élemant with

Uetotoitve olkali mtads or dmnta geup

ot

i-e. i, Na,k, Rb, Cs ,ete occupied he toP position on graph

On th
hraup I A lamds eeupiud poution at mid peint

Most dectonyative dumnta ie (f,a,br, 1) occup'y psihwn

ssnaing
4 Mendeleev 's paiodic laus (1869) -
 ate hegular inteval eemnta -wlth slmilar popities Ae
Tasle ts Aivided into 3 vutteal calumnd and hoontal ows
He placed lment having similar motein seme vutical
trut ith Tapet to ot wigld

wdes at wihd in bias

oy w ahamgd to jutiy
the bhyaleas hmial matu a umnt
Som
discovwed
Wre
at
Xt vaeant
that imu
tor mw alumnt , wuwhich mot

Dmwit Mendlev's þixiodie table

was omom alauy

HLembls alkali mtal and halegin emunt bot but kapt
Joup 1st
Atomie ma cobalt (58.4) u lauqu tham atomie mass o nickal
(58-6)
Sinee Robalt Was
påaced bfo nickal.
Wwre mot
mot given setuate piace in table

anhanides and atinides J e mot incuded n table

MOTDERN PERIDDIC LAW M0DERN PERIDDI TABLE

amenta Axe Hhe puaodie

The physieal chemical þuehsties

unelion at thi atommie umbus

caled piods And
m iedw table, Seven hoizovtal yows

þincip el quantum mo.(m)

iod mo. ale cavrespoud to tus highest

both sixth sewent pesiod (damthanoid

Sn table'y 4 elemend a

Amd atineidi) ss piaced sepeotely at bottom

 The zigzag line separates the

metals from the non-metals.

Metals
Metalloids Non-metals
Periods
s-block elements
(No.of p-block elements
(Representative elements) Noble gases
elements) (Representative
d-block elements elements) 18
1(2) (Transition elements)

(,H-,He) H 2
alkali metals 13 14 15 16 17 He
2 (8) 4
6 9 10
Li Be
(GLi-oNe) B N F Ne
alkaline earth metals
3 (8)
12
11 13 14 15 16 17 18
GNa-18Ar) Na Mg 3 4 6 8 10 12 Al Si P S CI Ar
4(18) 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
(gK-s6Kr) K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

5 (18) 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd Sn
54
(37Rb-s4Xe)
In
Sb Te Xe

6 (32) 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Au 85 86
Cs Pt
Hg TI Pb
(s5Cs-goRn) Bi Po At Rn

88 89 104|105 106 107 108 109 110

7 (32) 87 111 112 113 114 115
Hs 116 117
Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh 118
87Fr-118Og) Fr Mc Ly Ts Og
f-block elements
(Inner-transition elements)

Lanthanide58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb bu
Actinide 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
series Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
 No: elemet in At o
Pesuod To
n)oxbital filled peiod
Hirst 1s 2 HC) He (2)
Seond 2s,2þ 2t6= 8 Li(3) Ne(lo)
Third
2s,3} 2t -8 G Nali) AY (I3)
Fewch 4 Us ,3d4 2+lo +6 -l 8 Kr(36)
5s, 4d, 5 Rb(37) xe (54)
Sixth
2 t (4+ ot =32 Cs(55) C Rn (24)
Seveuth
+s,5}6d,7p 2 + 14 + lo +=32 Fr(81) O¢ (18)
F lectonúe conatiem -
ALong uoc- It indicatu thes valis, ol (n) for the ButermoSt
valenee

Peiod €lement
0rbitals lled (mo. e)
I-2
1st ls H anol He,

nd 2$2-, Lis to Neo

3sa Naito A8
5h Rba to Xes4
CSs5 to Rn

Sone no.
clements n he same eup have same Long'guation 9

Alkali metls
Grous 1 elemnta
Alkaline eosthh metals
Uemnta
Gtoub

Grus
2

! elemeut Coinage metats

Gteup 15 lement
.ogens

18 lementa Noble a3es os Aogens

reu
 Ihe s- block loment

ementa (ecept He) having yalnee e emters in s-rbit

thu utUumast
shel.
S -bital acomadate

|-2

Sat metas, hae how M.P & B.P

Au aeative metali with lous iomisati on ethalhiea
lhy le cutee to hosm +1 ivm (akaii muta)2 t2 im (Alkalin
asth matal)

prcdemiyanty inie
Metallie shanatu ani aativikt fu omtot to botem
The p- block elmen
lemnts hawing valnee e is in p- oxbital o utemost shal
Gyeu13 to l8 Rmtitt p-block emen

Chatuti -
Centigunation nsnp
AL man- metal , poo metals & metaloids

Tit
Nob
shonw
gas
alotapy
mnts ha mo
Cosi ,,s,t.
veactivity omley
ilud orbital. Also talled inut
Nom- metallic chaater merease as we move
fom lagt to rigkt
peiod & metalic chaacter Tu as we ge doun

gaup ademants
 The - block element

Pelmen hawing evalemee nto d-ov6ital otN 3oT L

Also called tansition elment

Elvments
mto txaniti on seiea -
elmen ane wlasiied A4
d- block
3d Seuiu in the 4tthe pibd Znsont

4thh peiod Acg Rflo4 Cn2

Chavactustics
0-2
tonyignatlion = (n-l)a -io
metals m.p & B.P
hawing high
Most d- block element kom colowed Salt
They axe good catailysts

Ther iom & combgunds Pasa magnetic (unpaired e)

Bhaus vasiakle oxidatiom s tates eg- feand fe t u'and cutete ,
Exeptien Zn, cd ,Hg p-block lment but not tronitien
eliment becau eutenost obi tal is tuilledslo

Tanuanum Elements

puio d ate atomic no. 93 (ie. actinide) ae

ynthsis et alementa asu called thananin element

+ Metal
lemnta are on lelt hand side
More han 78 t alu Rmowm
tabl
emp- Exeftion'- Meztury
is in ig t
Thy room temp.
They have high Mr ab Exaption'- Ga', caesum have very low
meltig poivt
qocd cenduetor oy huat and elaticiy

Thuy

t Nom-mets
M:P.& &f
00m temp. wit
low
ually sell d or as at

(exaption bon & Casbon )

Poor conductor of heat & leetidty
ae
1) ATOmic
RAD|US
decrease actoss puod & inoas on moving fovm
qunalt
to

Atomie
to bottom in 1p
adus
Cuytal

meat aton n 4he metallie lottice

Covalunt radi-It is /, o Aitance. 4 betwun th Cenire
the
he muelei
muci ot 2 simi lax atom jined by singe cavelnt
qoneally wd for mon- mta
Van dr waals adu It is 1/, intewlea distane
between the e adacent identica atem belemggto
am alement

* Vadu wals adius metalic adius > Covast e

a) TONIG RADIUs
Distnee b]w weleus eutemest shele ot ion o it is the

dus tanee blw the meleus 4 the peint where nucleu exta

an atom foma cation

pant atem becase e e but
Castiem is Smelle than o

elear hage Remains same

Moe axe semoed Smaller in will bieome

> Mg >
AddiHm o e to an atem oms amon
chage
Move e ae added laug en wiu bieome Q mueleas

0>o>0 i-e Nuclens chang

tatio
No. o eleetoen

whem z/e yatio ieasea , size deCKLOLes

Tatio deees, size ineeases

Atems or guops atoms fauing 4e but ditent

asce ca ud
chang
quel ear
2) IONISATIDN
ENTHAPY

Cg gound
quired to

state
remve an e em am (solated gaseeus adtom in

m (3) + IE MT(9) + e
t gasesacten is to ose mose than ome e hy can be
Hamaved uy oe tte ano ther cald s wcc ession
Wis is lo called succesive
LEz
ibisatioUn engt potentia
> IE >IE)
Screeni tet or shilding etect -
ng n mutti electon atom,
Nalme shes e expaine es than attractive foree duu to
lim .b} innes skall e & valemee e.
factori atfecting IE
IE. d 1

Seuning tet

bicant

inest
horaiiy highea dus to stable
Contiqunatien
4) electron AIN ENTHALPy - (Bet)
Amont mny neuoud ohn an e is added to an iselated

A(2)eA + ()t AeqH

factos ayetig e gain anthalty
 jan baeoms -ve doum te qou
e gain
anthalty

enthalfy becomes
less

noe and
as

mose -Ve om lagt to

bacoms
Kight in putod (excejt tor
motle g)
5)
ELECTRONEG ATIVITY

ndeney o am atom to attact the shaed pa o e

touards ite in a cow alnt

atey
the shaud
th electrorugotviky
bair ot e
,
ad
bond

greatex the tendeney

itsely
to ottat

dacteas dawm he qeub & imaeasis aleng a peiod -

+ eiodic Tands in Chemital Paopatw
Puusdicity_ yalanee os oxidation state
The valemee st ebyesmtative alemutls and p block elemnd)
o e n cutemest onbi tal or equal
to eght minus th
t utemost
Oxidatien state used to vany
lansition eliment and actinoida exibit vauiable ox valencús

Voleny In(uass fon 1to 4 & then deerease guem 4 to o

Himans same as We move doun th gu

( Amamalaus prep tis ot deond þeod eement

The fist clemant nd peno d shows amemelous propt

Behawiew i and Be ia moe similar wit secondl element

diagenal

Aulatiovhi

ato and high electyonegativitg the elomec

Puiodic trend & chemieal enctivity -

at te lait ot periodc tasle &
Chumical uactv ity is Aigk
last at nte
 heactivity alkai mutal om the extreme at is due to
to Lae an e

aiglt side ds duu to high tendeng to gain so

hat's

metalie choNactes don om Ratt to iglt & inala fem

tet to bottom

Sm patod , natuu
Nag0 staongy base
ot oxides vevis
P,0
om
Aeidic
basic to eeidic

Mg0 baic Stongy acidic

Al, 0, Amheteic lo02
Stoongey acidic
Si02 Nakly acidie
COn elemtfm mor oxides
ineeaes
, the acidie nature increadts

N,ONeutraf, A eidie
Aciditly Mn,0, Basic natuxe
NONutea imeKLas
ineeases
Neutoal inecase
Mno,
Aidie
NO, MmO,
Acldic
Mn,0
General Trends of Different Properties in the Periodic Table
Effective nuclear charge (Z) Increases

Atomic size Decreases

lonisation enthalpy Increases

Constant Electron gain enthalpy Incrcases

Increases
Electronegativity Increases
Decreases
Screening effect Increases
Decreases (but not very much)
Metallic character + Decreases
Decreases
Oxidising nature Increases

Increases
GROUP
Reducing nature Decreases
Increases
THE Decreases
Electropositivity
Decreases
Covalent character of halides + Increases

DOWN Increases
Increases
Valency with respectto oxygen
+ Increases

Basic character of oxides Decreases

Decreases

Basic character of hydroxides Decreases

Constant

Increases
Basic character of hydrides + Decreases

Increases
Strength of oxyacids
Increases
of carbonates Decreases
Thermal stability

Decreases

Decreases

Increases

ACROSS THE PERIOD