Professional Documents
Culture Documents
[\BJJ BIEIR
CFG[A^F_ GKE[R[FH NFH DAM[ \KHNDNDGFH
[HDSKR_D^F_ ^KRB[GF
^F@[H 2<2<
AKMBFR NF^F
NF^F MF@F_D_UF
CI^I
……………………………………….……………………………………….
nkhefh dhd mkhyftfgfh bf`wf sfyf mkafgsfhfgfh prfgtdgum nkhefh tfhpf pfgsffh nfrd pd`fg
mfhf puh, tkaf` mkafgsfhfgfh pritigia Oivdn64 sksufd fturfh yfhe bkrafgu nfh tdnfg fgfh
mkhuhtut pd`fg mfhf puh nfafm tkrjfnd sksuftu yfhe tdnfg nddhedhgfh sk`ubuhefh pkafgsfhffh
gkedftfh prfgtdgum ndmfgsun skofrf tftfp mugf.
Nkmdgdfh akmbfr pkrhyftffh gkskndffh dhd ndbuft nkhefh sksuheeu`hyf uhtug nfpft
ndpkreuhfgfh nkhefh skmkstdhyf.
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
HD\. YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
Y HDMYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
HDMYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
YY
\KRHTF^FFH GKF_ADFH GFRTF
Nkhefh dhd mkhyftfgfh bf`wf Afpirfh Gkedftfh \rfgtdgum dhd mkrupfgfh `fsda gfryf sfyf
skhndrd nfh sfyf tdnfg mkafgugfh pafedfrdsmk ftfu pkheutdpfh nkhefh ofrf-ofrf yfhe tdnfg sksufd
nkhefh ktdgf yfhe bkrafgu nfafm gkdamufh. Ftfs pkrhyftffh dhd sfyf sdfp mkhkrdmf
tdhnfgfh/sfhgsd yfhe ndbkrdgfh gkpfnf sfyf fpfbdaf ndgkmundfh `frd ndtkmugfh pkafheefrfh
fgfnkmdg nfafm gfryf sfyf dhd ftfu fnf gafdm ftfs gfryf sfyf dhd.
F. ^ujufh \kroibffh
6. Mkhefmftd ekrfg skdsmihfstd
2. Mkhefmftd ekrfg Hdgtdhfstd
O. Afhnfsfh tkird
6. Odrd Mfg`aug @dnup
@kwfh, mfhusdf, nfh tumbu`fh mkrupfgfh mfg`aug `dnup pkhe`uhd bumd. Mfg`aug
`dnup nfpft ndbknfgfh nfrd bkhnf tfg `dnup gfrkhf mfg`aug `dnup mkmpuhy
mkmpuhyfd fd odrd -
odrd yfhe tdnfg ndmdadgd bkhnf, yfdtu:
f. Bkrekrfg
_kmuf mfg`aug `dnup nfpft bkrekrfg. Ekrfg pfnf `kwfh tkrad`ft jkafs nfh
`kwfh nfpft bkrpdhnf` tkmpft (ekrfg fgtdc). Ekrfg pfnf tumbu`fh sfheft afmbft
nfh tdnfg tfmpfg fnfhyf pkrpdhnf`fh tkmpft (ekrfg pfsdc).
b. Mkmbutu`gfh mfgfhfh
Nfafm bkrtf`fh `dnup, skmuf mfg`aug
mf g`aug `dnup mkmkraugfh fsupfh khkred nfh
hutrdsd nfafm tubu`hy
t ubu`hyf.
f. Fsupfh khkred nfh hutrdsd
hutrd sd tkrgumpua nfafm mfgfhfh.
Ofrf `kwfh (tkrmfsug mfhusdf)
mf husdf) mkmpkriak` mfgfhfh bkrbknf nkhefh
tumbu`fh. [htug mkmpkriak` mfgfhfhhyf, `kwfh sfheft tkrefhtuhe pfnf
mfg`aug afdh, sknfhegfh tumbu`fh `djfu nfpft mkmbuft skhndrd mfgfhfhhyf.
o. Bkrhfpfs
Mfhusdf, `kwfh, nfh tumbu`fh mkmkraugfh igsdekh uhtug bkrhfpfs. _kmuf
mfg`aug `dnup sktdfp sfft
sfft mkhe`drup igsdekh
igsdekh nfh mkhekmbusgfh gfrbih
gfrbih
ndigsdnf skrtf ufp fdr.
Igsdekh yfhe nd`drup ndeuhfgfh uhtug prisks pkmbfgfrfh mfgfhfh. \risks
pkmbfgfrfh ndskbut igsdnfsd. \risks igsdnfsd mkhe`fsdagfh
mkhe`fsdagfh khkred yfhe
ndeuhfgfh uhtug mkafgugfh gkedftfh.
e. Bkrgkmbfhe bdfg
_kafdh odrd-odrd nd ftfs, irefhdsmk juef bkrgkmbfhe bdfg. ^ujufh mfg`aug `dnup
bkrgkmbfhe bdfg fnfaf` mkmpkrtf`fhgfh gkafhesuhefh
gkafhesuhefh `dnup ftfu mkakstfrdgfh
jkhdshyf.
Mfg`aug `dnup nfpft bkrgkmbfhe bdfg skofrf gfwdh (skgsufa = ekhkrftdc) nfh
tfg gfwdh (fskgsufa = vkektftdc), tktfpd fnf puaf yfhe mkafgugfh gknufhyf.
?. ^demitripdsmk
ekrfg nkhefh rfhesfhefh bkrupf pkrsdheeuhefh. Oihti`hyf, suaur mfrgdsf
yfhe mkmbkadt nfh bftfhe mkhtdmuh yfhe mkmbkadt tfhfmfh afdh.
>. @dnritripdsmk
ekrfg rfhesfhefh nfrd sumbkr fdr. Oihti`hyf, pkrtumbu`fh fgfr tfhf` yfhe
skafau mkhuju gk sumbkr fdr.
b. Hfstd
Hfstd fnfaf` ekrfg tumbu`fh yfhe
yfhe frf`hyf tdnfg ndpkhefru`d iak` frf`
nftfhehyf rfhesfhefh. Ekrfg hfstd ndbknfgfh mkhjfnd tdef, yfdtu skbfefd bkrdgut.
6. _kdsmihfstd
ekrfg nfuh tumbu`fh mfjkmug nkhefh rfhesfhefh bkrupf skhtu`fh.
Oihti`hyf, ekrfg mkhutup nfuh putrd mfau ( Mdmisf pundof).
pundof).
2. Hdgtdhfstd
ekrfg mkhutup nfuh pfnf tumbu`fh
t umbu`fh gfrkhf fnfhyf rfhesfhefh bkrupf ekafp.
Oihti`hyf, mkhutuphyf nfuh pktfd odhf pfnf mfafm `frd.
?. Citihfstd
ekrfg skbfefd rkfgsd tkr`fnfp rfhesfhefh bkrupf of`fyf. Oihti`hyf, buhef
pugua kmpft (Mdrfbdads Jfafpf) mkgfr sktdfp sirk, buhef gkmbfhe skpftu
yfhe mkgfr pfnf sdfhe `frd.
o. ^fgsds
^fgsds fnfaf` ekrfg tumbu`fh bkrpdhnf` tkmpft mkhuju ftfu mkhjfu`d frf`
nftfhehyf rfhesfhe. Ekrfg tfgsds akbd` bkbfs ndbfhndhegfh ekrfg tripdsmk nfh
hfstd. Bkrnfsfrgfh jkhds rfhesfhehyf, ekrfg tfgsds ndbknfgfh mkhjfnd nuf, yfdtu
skbfefd bkrdgut.
6. Cititfgsds, yfdtu ekrfg skauru` tubu`
t ubu` tumbu`fh nkhefh rfhesfhefh bkrupf
of`fyf. Oihti`hyf, ekrfg Kueakhf sp yfhe skafau mkhnkgftd of`fyf.
2. Gkmitfgsds, yfdtu ekrfg skauru` tubu`
t ubu` tumbu`fh nkhefh rfhesfhefh
rfhesfhefh bkrupf
zft gdmdf. Oihti`hyf,
Oihti`hyf, ekrfg spkrmftizidn
spkr mftizidn gk frgkeihdum pfnf tumbu`fh
aumut.
N. \risknur pkroibffh
6) _kdsmihfstd nfh Hdgtdhfstd
f. _kdsmihfstd
(6) _kndfgfh faft nfh bf`fh yfhe ndpkraugfh skpkrtd pit yfhe bkrdsd tfhfmfh
putrd mfau, akmbfr gkrjf, faft-faft tuads, nfh pkheefrds.
(2) \it putrd mfau, skbfdghyf sdfpgfh bkbkrfpf `frd skbkaumhyf, sk`dheef gktdgf
ndafgugfh pkroibffh pit tkrskbut nfafm gkfnffh skefr. Ofrfhyf ofrdaf`
tfhfmfh putrd mfau ugurfh sknfhe skafhjuthyf fmbda tfhfmfh tkrskbut
nkhefh mkhyinighyf
mkhyinighyf nkhefh skgip fftfutfu faft afd
afdhhyf
hhyf sk`dheef tfhfmfh
tkrskbut nfpft ndpdhnf`gfh gk nfafm pit tfhpf mkheefheeu bfedfh fgfrhyf.
(?) Aktfggfh pit putrd mfau yfhe tkaf` ndsdfpgfh nd ftfs mkjf, skafhjuthyf
afgugfh skhtu`fh `faus `dheef skhtu`fh yfhe pfadhe gfsfr tkr`fnfp nfuh-
nfuh putrd mfau tkrskbut
tkrsk but nkhefh mkheeuhfgfh pkheefrds.
pkheefrds.
(>) Oftft `fsda pkhefmftfh pfnf akmbfr gkrjf nd bfedfh fg`dr minua.
b. Hdgtdhfstd
(6) _kndfgfh nuf buf` pit putrd mfau.
(2) Bkrdaf` tfhnf F pfnf pit pkrtfmf nfh tfhnf B pfnf pit gknuf.
(?) Aktfggfh pit F nd tkmpft tkrfhe nfh tkrbugf.
(>) _dmpfhaf` pit B nd ftfs
ftf s mkjf nfh tutupaf` nkhefh mkheeuhfgfh gitfg
gfrnus yfhe gknfp of`fyf nkhefh `ftd-`ftd fefr tdnfg mkhykhtu`hyf.
(;) Bdfrgfh pit B tkrtutup skafmf akbd` gurfhe sktkhef` jfm.
(3) _ktkaf` ndtutup akbd` gurfhe sktkhef` jfm, bugfaf` nkhefh `ftd-`ftd (tdnfg
mkhykhtu` tfhfmfhhyf).
(5) Fmftd fpf yfhe tkrjfnd nkhefh putrd mfau tkrskbut nfh bfhndhegfh nkhefh
putrd mfau pfnf pit F.
(0) Oftftaf` `fsda pkhefmftfh nfh tufhegfh `fsdahyf pfnf akmbfr gkrjf nd bfedfh
fg`dr minua.
K. @fsda pkhefmftfh
^fbka 6.2
@fsda \khefmftfh _kdsmihfstd
^fbka 6.?
@fsda \khefmftfh Hdgtdhfstd
2) Fpf pkrbknffh fhtfrf hdgtdhfstd nfh skdsmihfstd pfnf pkroibffh yfhe tkaf`
ndafgugfh9 Jkafsgfh!
Jfwfb: _kdsmihfstd ekrfg mkhutup nfuh gfrkhf skhtu`fh, sknfhegfh hdgtdhfstd
gfrkhf rfhesfhefh of`fyf.
E. \kmbf`fsfh
\fnf pkroibffh pkrtfmf ndnfpftgfh nftf bf`wf sfft putrd mfau ndskhtu` nkhefh jkhds
skhtu`fh bkrbknf mfgf rkfgsd nfuh putrd mfau fnfaf` mkheftup. @fa dhd mkhuhjuggfh
bf`wf ekrfgfh nfuh putrd mfau mkhutup
mkhutup tkrskbut fnfaf` gfrkhf skhtu`fh yyfhe
fhe ndskbut
skdsmihfstd.
Mkhutuphyf nfuh putrd mfau ndskbfbgfh Nfuh-nfuh putrd mfau mkhutup tkrjfnd gfrkhf
fnf bfedfh tkrtkhtu nfrd skahyf yfhe gk`dafhefh tkgfhfh tueir.
t ueir. ^kgfhfh tueir fnfaf`
tkgfhfh pfnf ndhndhe ska iak` fdr, yfhe tkrnfpft nfafm aubfhe ska nfh dsd ska
afdhhyf.\fnf sfft tfhfmfh ndbkrd rfhesfhefh, bfedfh tkrtkhtu pfnf bftfhehyf fgfh
bkrkfgsd mkakpfsgfh zft-zft gdmdf. ^krmfsug zft pistfsdum, yfhe mkmfgsf fdr gkaufr
nfrd aubfhe ska, `dheef mkhykbfbgfh tkgfhfh nfafm ska. _ka puh fg`drhyf mkhjfnd
gkmpds.
Nkhefh fnfhyf pkrbknffh tkgfhfh yfhe tkrjfnd nd fhtfrf bfedfh-bfedfh ska tkrtkhtu,
mkmbuft akmbfrfh nfuh mkhutup. Rfhesfhefh dhd juef bdfsfhyf ndtkrusgfh gk nfuh-
nfuh afdhhyf yfhe bkrnkgftfh. Dtuaf` skbfbhyf
sk bfbhyf sfft nfuh putrd mfau nd skhtu` nkhefh
sknfhe nfh gfsfr mfgf bfhyfg bfedfh nfuh ndskgdtfrhyf fgfh dgut mkhutup.
\fnf pkroibffh gknuf, nfuh putrd mfau fgfh mkheftup gktdgf pit putrd mfau tkrskbut
t krskbut
ndtutup nkhefh gfrnus pkhutup yfhe gknfp of`fyf. \kroibffh tkrskbut mkhuhjuggfh
bf`wf nfuh putrd mfau fgfh mkhutup gfrkhf fnf rfhesfhefh ekafpekafp yfhe ndskbut
hdgtdhfstd, ekrfgfh dhd juef ndhfmfgfh ekrfg tdnur. _fft pkhutup putrd mfau tkrskbut
ndfhegft gfrnus tkrskbut tkrgkhf nfuh putrd mfau, sk`dheef tkrtutuphyf nfuh putrd mfau
juef fgdbft tkrgkhf skhtu`fh gfrnus. _ktkaf` mkad`ft nfuh putrd mfau tkrskbut mkheftup
mkheftup
mfgf tfhfmfh putrd mfau tkrskbut ndbdfrgfh tkrgkhf of`fyf mftf`frd. Nfafm
pkhefmftfh, wfgtu yfhe
yfhe ndpkraugfh uhtug nfuh putrd mfau gkmbfad mkgfr
mkgfr fnfaf` 6<
mkhdt. Afmfhyf wfgtu nfuh putrd mfau muafd mkgfr sfheft ndpkhefru`d iak` dhtkhsdtfs
of`fyf yfhe ndtkrdmf iak` nfuh putrd mfau tkrskbut.
@. Gksdmpuafh
Bkrekrfg nfh bkrkfgsd tkr`fnfp rfhesfhe mkrupfgfh sfaf` sftu
sf tu odrd nfrd mfg`aug `dnup.
Nfuh putrd mfau nfpft bkrekrfg nfh bkrkfgsd tkr`fnfp
tkr`f nfp rfhesfhe nkhefh ndpkhefru`d
skhtu`fh yfhe ndskbut skdsmihfstd nfh gkpkgffh tkr`fnfp rfhesfhefh ekafp yfhe
ndskbut hdgtdhfstd.
D. Nfctfr pustfgf
Rumfhtf, mfmfh ngg. 2<64. \rfgtdgum D\F nd _N. ^fhekrfhe-_kaftfh: [hdvkrsdtfs
[hdvkrsdtf s
^krbugf.
_faay, S.G. 2<6?. D\F ^krpfnu 2F.
2F. Jfgfrtf ^dmur: Tun`dstdrf
_umfrwfh, Nrs. 2<<>._fdhs Bdiaied _M\. Jfgfrtf ^dmur: Krafheef
`ttps://bibi.erdn.dn/rkfn/<030222</gkhfpf-nfuh-putrd-mfau-mkhutup-sfft-
ndskhtu`9pfek=faa#:~:tkxt=Gkhfpf%2<Nfuhhyf%2<Mkhutup%2<Jdgf%2<Ndskhtu`,
skahyf%2<yfhe%2<gk`dafhefh%2<tkgfhfh%2<tueir.&tkxt=^krmfsug%2<zft%2<p
istfsdum%2O%2<yfhe%2<mkmfgsf,`dheef%2<mkhy
istfsdum%2O%2<y fhe%2<mkmfgsf,`dheef%2<mkhykbfbgfh%2<tkgfhfh%2<nfaf
kbfbgfh%2<tkgfhfh%2<nfaf
m%2<ska..
m%2<ska
G. Citi/vdnki prfgtdgum
CI^I/SDKNI \RFG^DG[M
(Dsdgfh citi-citi/adhg vdnki bkrskrd `fsda prfgtdgum mdhdmfa mkmuft ? gkedftfh yfdtu
pkhnf`uaufh, prisks nfh `fsda. [htug jumaf` citi bkrskrd biak` akbd` nfrd ?)
[\BJJ BIEIR
CFG[A^F_ GKE[R[FH NFH DAM[ \KHNDNDGFH
[HDSKR_D^F_ ^KRB[GF
^F@[H 2<2<
AKMBFR NF^F
NF^F MF@F_D_UF
CI^I
F. ^ujufh \kroibffh
Mkhefmftd pkrtumbu`fh nfh pkrgkofmbf`fh gfofhe mkrf`
O. Afhnfsfh tkird
6. \krgkmbfhefh nfh pkrtumbu`fh
_faf` sftu odrd mfg`aug `dnup fnfaf` tumbu` nfh bkrgkmbfhe. \krtumbu`fh fnfaf`
prisks pkrtfmbf`fh viaumk nfh jumaf` ska ska yfhe mkhefgdbftgfh bkrtfmbf` bksfrhy
bksfrhyff
ugurfh mfg`aug `dnup. \krtfmbf`fh jumaf` ska tkrjfnd gfrkhf fnfhyf pkmbkaf`fh
ska skofrf mdtisds. \krtumbu`fh bkrsdcft drrkvkrsdbak, ffrtdhyf
rtdhyf mfg`aug `dnup yfhe
tumbu` tdnfg fgfh gkmbfad mkhjfnd ugurfh skmuaf.
\krgkmbfhefh fnfaf` prisks bkrubf`hyf ska-ska uhtug mkmbkhtug strugtur nfh
cuhesd tkrtkhtu. _ka yfhe mkmbkaf` fgfh mkhe`fsdagfh skgumpuafh ska yfhe sfmf
bkhtug nfh cuhesdhyf
cuhesdhyf yfhe skafhjuthyf bkrndckrkhsdfsd mkmbkhtug irefh-irefh yfhe
mkmpuhyfd strugtur nfh cuhesd yfhe bkrbknf. \krtumbu`fh pfnf mfg`aug `dnup
bkrafhesuhe bkrsfmffh nkhefh prisks
prisks pkrgkmbfhefh.
\krtumbu`fh \rdmkr
\krtumbu`fh prdmkr mkrupfgfh pkrtumbu`fh yfhe tkrjfnd fgdbft fgtdvdtfs jfrdhefh
mkrdstkm prdmkr. ^dtdg tumbu` tkrbktug skjfg tumbu`fh mfsd` bkrupf kmbrdi.
Jfrdhefh mkrdstkm tkraktfg nd ujuhe bftfhe nfh ujuhe fgfr. Nfmpfg pkrtumbu`fh
prdmkr fgfr nfh bftfhe tumbu`fh tfmbf` pfhjfhe. \krtumbu`fh p prdmkr
rdmkr
mkmuhegdhgfh fgfr mkhkmbus tfhf` nfh ujuhe bftfhe mkhofpfd mftf`frd.
Fg`drhyf bfgfa fgfr nfh bfgfa bftfhe fgfh mkmbkhtug sdstkm fgfr nfh sdstkm
tfjug.
Nfkrf` pkrtumbu`fh pfnf fgfr nfh bftfhe bkrnfsfrgfh fgtdvdtfshyf tkrbfed mkhjfnd
tdef nfkrf`, yfdtu:
_ka-ska mkhefafmd ndckrkhsdfsd mkmbkhtug fgfr yfhe skbkhfrhyf skrtf nfuh munf
nfh tuhfs aftkrfa yfhe fgfh jfnd ofbfhe.
\krtumbu`fh _kguhnkr
Cfgtir Dhtkrhfa
Ekh
Ekh mkrupfgfh pkmbfwf sdcft yfhe ndturuhgfh nfrd dhnug gk ekhkrfsd skafhjuthyf.
Ekh mkmkhefru`d odrd nfh sdcft
sdc ft mfg`aug `dnup, skpkrtd bkhtug tubu`, wfrhf buhef,
nfh rfsf buf`. Ekh juef mkhkhtugfh
mk hkhtugfh gkmfmpufh mktfbiadsmk sk`dheef
mkmkhefru`d pkrtumbu`fh nfh pkrgkmbfhefh tfhfmfh.
tfhfmf h. ^fhfmfh yfhe puhyf ekh
tumbu` bfdg fgfh tumbu` nfh bkrgkmbfhe okpft sksufd nkhefh pkrdinkhyf.
@irmih
Cfgtir Kgstkrhfa
Hutrdsd
Of`fyf Mftf`frd
_u`u
^fhf`
^umbu`fh fgfh tumbu` nfh bkrgkmbfhe nkhefh bfdg gfafu gihndsd tfhf` tf hf` tkmpft
`dnuphyf sksufd nkhefh gkbutu`fh hutrdsd nfh uhsur `frf. Gihndsd tfhf`
tfhf ` ndtkhtugfh
iak` cfgtir adheguhefh afdh, mdsfahyf su`u, gfhnuhefh mdhkrfa, fdr, nfh nkrfjft
gkfsfmfh ftfu p@.