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Structure of Sperm

Head
Nucleus

Neck

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Structure of Sperm

Acrosome
HEAD Plasma membrane
Head
It contains nucleus & acrosome Nucleus

which is a cap like structure filled Neck

with lytic enzymes called sperm
lysins that help in fertilization of
ovum.

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Structure of Sperm

NECK
Acrosome
It contains a proximal & distal
Plasma membrane
centriole (or Basal body). Head
Nucleus
An axial filament begins just behind
distal centriole & passes through the Neck
middle piece and extends into the
tail.

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Structure of Sperm

Acrosome
MIDDLE PIECE Plasma membrane
Head
It is also called as the energy Nucleus
chamber. It contains spirally Neck
arrange mitochondria (Nebenkern
sheath). Middle
piece Nebenkern sheath
Ring centriole (function unknown)
Ring centriole
is present at distal end of middle
piece. Tail

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Structure of Sperm

Acrosome
TAIL Plasma membrane
Head
The longest part of sperm. Sperm Nucleus
moves by help of tail. Distal Neck
centriole, present in neck, acts as
basal body and produce Middle
piece Nebenkern sheath
axonemma. Ring centriole

Tail

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Beginner’s Box-3
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Question 01 This process of transformation of a circular spermatid to a

spermatozoon is called :-
(1) Spermiogenesis
(2) Spermatogenesis
(3) Insemination
(4) Maturation

Answer (1) Spermiogenesis

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Beginner’s Box-3
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Question 04 Acrosome formation in spermatogenesis occurs in which stage ?

(1) First meiotic division
(2) Second meiotic division
(3) Growth phage
(4) Spermiogenesis

Answer (4) Spermiogenesis

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Beginner’s Box-3
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Question 05 Acrosome of spermatozoa occurs in :-

(1) Neck
(2) Head
(3) Middle piece
(4) Tail

Answer (2) Head

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Beginner’s Box-3
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Question 06 Function of mitochondria in the sperm is :-

(1) To produce energy for the movement of tail
(2) For sperm maturation
(3) For axial filament formation
(4) To contain enzymes for fertilisation

Answer (1) To produce energy for the movement of tail

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Beginner’s Box-3
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Question 07 'Spermiogenesis' is a process in which :-

(1) Spermatids are changed into spermatozoa
(2) Spermatogonium produces a spermatid
(3) Spermatocytes give rise to spermatozoa
(4) Dormant spermatozoa become active just before ejaculation

Answer (1) Spermatids are changed into spermatozoa

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NCERT 2021-2022 ,PAGE-48

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Structure Of Ovary
Produce the female gamete (ovum) and several steroidal
hormones (ovarian hormones)

Both ovaries are located in abdominal cavity.

Each ovary is about 2 to 4 cm in length and is connected to

the pelvic wall and uterus by ligaments.

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Structure Of Ovary
Stroma consists of follicular cells, connective tissues, blood vessels &
lymphatics.
Numerous oogonia are found in cortical region in intrauterine life.

✓ Outer layer of the wall of ovary is called germinal epithelium while

the inner layer called T. albuginea, is made up of white fibrous
connective tissue.

STROMA

Cortex

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Formation of Ovarian or
Graafian Follicle

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Oogenesis

The process of formation of a mature female gamete is called

Oogenesis. Like spermatogenesis, oogenesis process also can be
divided into three stages:

✓ Multiplication phase
✓ Growth phase
✓ Maturation phase

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Oogenesis
(i) Multiplication Phase

✓ Primordial germ cells or gamete mother cells repeatedly divide by

mitosis to form large number of diploid oogonia in each foetal
ovary, no more oogonia are formed and added after birth

(ii) Growth Phase

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Few million follicles are present in each fetal ovary but a large number
of these follicles degenerate during the phase from birth to puberty.
Therefore, at puberty only 60,000-80,000 primary follicles are left
in each ovary.

This is termed as follicular atresia. This is responsible for limited

number of gamete production in females.

Generally, only one ovum is liberated in each menstrual cycle, by

alternate ovaries.

Only about 450 eggs are produced by a human female over the entire
span of her reproductive life which lasts till about 50 years of age.

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Oogenesis
44 + XX Oogonia
25th week of IUL
Growth

Arrested in 44 + XX 1⁰ oocyte
At Birth Prophase-I (Diplotene)
At Puberty
Meisosis - I

22 + X 2⁰ oocyte 1st
Ovulation Arrested in Metaphae-II 22 + X Polar Body
Sperm contact Meisosis - II

2nd
22 + X Ovum/Ootid Polar Body
22 + X
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MATURATION PHASE

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Differences Between Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis

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Blood Primary
Tertiary follicle
vessels follicle

Graafian
follicle

Ovum

Corpus luteum
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Formation of Ovarian or Graafian Follicle

PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE

Follicular cells
become
columnar
Flat follicular cells

Primary Oocyte
Primary Oocyte

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Formation of Ovarian or Graafian Follicle

PRIMARY FOLLICLE

Columnar follicular cells

become granular
Membrana
Columnar
granulosa
follicular cells

Zona
pellucida

Primary Oocyte

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Formation of Ovarian or Graafian Follicle

SECONDARY FOLLICLE

Theca folliculi
(interna + externa)

Membrana granulosa
Zona pellucida
Primary Oocyte

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Formation of Ovarian or Graafian Follicle

TERTIARY FOLLICLE

Theca externa

Theca interna

Membrana granulosa

Antrum

Primary Oocyte

Secondary Oocyte

Zona pellucida

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GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

Theca externa

Theca interna

Membrana granulosa

Antrum

Cumulus oophorus

Secondary oocyte

Zona pellucida

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Blood Primary
Tertiary follicle
vessels follicle

Graafian
follicle

Ovum

Corpus luteum
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