SCIENCE REVIEWER  Bronchioles

Hairlike tubes that connect to the Alveolis

Week 1: Respiratory system
 Alveoli’s

Airsacs that allow gas exchange in the lungs.

Parts of the respiratory system:

 The Nose and Mouth

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU BREATHE IN OR
The entrance of oxygen in our body.
BREATHE OUT?
 Nasal Cavity or Nasal Passageway

serve as a channel for airflow through the

nose in which the air is warmed , cleaned and
moistened

 Pharynx

is a tube-like structure that connects the nasal

cavity and the back of the mouth to other
structures lower in the throat, including the
larynx

 Larynx

is also called the voice box because it contains

the vocal cords, which vibrate when air flows
over them, thereby producing sound

connects the pharynx and trachea and helps

to conduct air through the respiratory tract

 Trachea
➢ the lung volume expands as a result of the
It is also known as windpipe contraction of the diaphragm

It is an empty tube that serves as a ❖ The mechanics of breathing follow Boyle’s

passageway of air into the lungs
 Bronchi
The two branching tubes that connect the
trachea to the lungs
 Lungs
The main organ in the respiratory system
he right lung is larger and contains three
lobes. The left lung is smaller and contains
only two lobes.
Law which states that pressure and volume
have an inverse relationship.
➢ the diaphragm also relaxes, moving higher
into the thoracic cavity
•The process of inhalation occurs due to an
increase in the lung volume (diaphragm
contraction and chest wall expansion) which
results in a decrease in lung pressure in
comparison to the atmosphere; thus, air
rushes in the airway.

Largest organ in the respiratory tract


Upper Respiratory Tract
➢Organs of respiratory system that are
involved in the conduction or the movement
of air into and out of the body.
Lower Respiratory Tract
 clean, humidity, and warm the
incoming air. However, no gas
exchange occurs in these organs.
➢ The trachea and other passages of the
lower respiratory tract conduct air between
the upper respiratory tract and the lungs.
Week 2: Circulatory system
 THE HEART
❖ Your heart is a hallow organ that pumps
blood to different parts of the body through
the blood vessels
❖The human heart is a four-chambered heart
❖Is located in the center of your chest
between the lungs and as big one’s clenched
fist
❖Is shaped like a cone
It is really two pumps in one, a pump on the
left side and a pump on the right side. The
heart functions as a double pump beating in
unison. 1. Deoxygenated blood--relatively low
in oxygen 2. Oxygenated blood--relatively high
in oxygen
The Blood Vessels
 Arteries
• have thick muscular walls to cope with the
high pressure of the blood flowing through
them
• they are elastic and expand every time the
ventricles contract.
• the force of the heart pumping keeps the
blood moving through the arteries.
• transport oxygenated blood that moves
away from the heart
❖Blood pressure is a measure of the force of
blood pushing against artery walls.
Systole ➢The contraction phase of the heart
muscles
Diastole ➢The relaxation phase of the heart
muscles
• Sphygmomanometer
Pulse
➢occurs when the artery bulges during each
heartbeat
➢stretching of the artery caused by the
pressure of the blood
Function:
• carry blood away from the heart. The blood
in the arteries is bright red because it contains
much oxygen.
  Capillaries
▪ are tiny vessels that connect arteries to
veins.
▪ are so small that the red blood cells must
pass through them in a single file.
▪ the walls of the capillaries are only one-cell
thick.
• have muscular walls too, but they are
thinner than the walls of the arteries.
• There are one -way valves inside the veins
to prevent the blood from flowing backwards.
• Blood is moved along when you move your
muscles.
• This squeezes the blood inside the veins and
pushes the blood towards the heart. • carry
blood to the heart
 The BLOOD
❖ Blood is composed mainly of cells, cell
fragments, and plasma.
 Whole blood is made up of different
materials.  plasma  red blood cells 
white blood cells  platelets
➢ has two different parts PLASMA (55%
✓ nonliving liquid part of the blood
✓is a key factor in maintaining homeostasis.
✓contains proteins that stabilize blood
volume
✓contains clotting factors
✓ It is a yellowish fluid that makes up 55
percent of your blood.
✓ contains proteins that stabilize blood
volume ------- immune proteins
❖ substance composed of 92% water and 8%
of dissolved nutrients, mineral salts,
antibodies, and hormones. The blood that
runs through the veins, arteries, and
capillaries----whole blood
❖ The remaining 45 percent is made up of
three kinds of cells: red blood cells, white
blood cells and platelets
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
➢ are also called erythrocytes. They are the
most numerous cells in the blood. Each liter of
blood contains 4.5 to 6 trillion red blood cells.
➢ Its main component is the pigment known
as hemoglobin.
❖Hemoglobin in the RBC binds and carries
oxygen.
➢ The major factor contributing to blood
viscosity Red blood cells make up 40-45 % of
all blood cells.
White Blood Cells (WBC)
➢ are larger and less numerous than RBC (red
blood cells)
➢ also called leukocytes, contain nuclei and
other types of organelles
➢ may circulate in the blood for weeks before
leaving the blood and entering other tissues.
➢ help defend the body against infection.
Platelet
➢ are small, colorless cell fragments in our
blood that form clots and stop or prevent
bleeding
➢ Normal platelet count in a person is
150,000 to 450, 000 per microliter of blood
Week 2.1: Heart

 The right side of the heart pumps

blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen.
 The left side of the heart receives
oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and
pumps it to the body.

1. Superior Vena Cava

➢ Sends deoxygenated blood to the right

lung
➢is a large valveless vein a vein that receive
blood from the upper half part of the body
and returns it to right atrium

2. Aorta

➢ It is the largest artery of the body

➢ It begins at the top of the left ventricle, the BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE RIGHT SIDE OF
heart’s muscular pumping chamber THE HEART

3. Pulmonary Artery 1. Deoxygenated blood travels through the

➢ It carries deoxygenated blood from the INFERIOR OR SUPERIOR VENA CAVA.
right ventricle to the lungs.
2. Deoxygenated blood enters the RIGHT
4. Pulmonary Vein ATRIUM

➢ Transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs 3. Blood passed through the TRICUSPID VALVE
to the heart. 4. Deoxygenated blood enters RIGHT
VENTRICLE

5. Pulmonary Vein 5. Deoxygenated blood moves through the

PULMONARY VALVE
➢ Transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs
to the heart. 6. Deoxygenated blood enters the pulmonary
arteries where the blood is carried to the
6. Right Atrium lungs.
➢ Gets blood from the lungs In the LUNGS

7. Left Atrium The blood becomes OXYGENATED once it

passes through the capillaries wrapped
➢ Receives blood from the body
around the alveoli inside the LUNGS. Blood
8. Right Ventricle gains oxygen and loss carbon dioxide

➢ Pumps blood to the lung

9. Left Ventricle

➢ Pumps blood to the body

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE LEFT SIDE OF Week 3: Excretory System
THE HEART
Excretion is the process by which the body
8. The oxygenated blood enters the eliminates waste products and the
PULMONARY VEINS nitrogenous by-products of metabolism

9. Oxygenated blood enters LEFT ATRIUM ❖ Through excretion, organisms control

osmotic pressure, the balance between
10. Oxygenated blood travels through the
inorganic ions and water, and maintain acid-
MITRAL/BICUSPID VALVE
base balance.
11. Oxygenated blood enters the LEFT
The excretory system is a vital part of our
VENTRICLE
body's functioning, responsible for eliminating
12. Oxygenated blood moves through the waste products and maintaining homeostasis.
AORTIC VALVE

13. Oxygenated blood travels through the

1. Kidneys
AORTA AND SYSTEMIC ARTERIES
➢ are two bean-shaped organs, each
about the size of a fist.
➢ They are located just below the rib
TYPES OF CIRCULATIONS
cage, one on each side of your spine.
 PULMONARY CIRCULATION ➢ Healthy kidneys filter about a half
cup of blood every minute, removing
❖ Blood flows through the tricuspid valve into
wastes and extra water to make
the right ventricle. It then flows through the
urine.
pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery
before being delivered to the lungs.

 CORONARY CIRCULATION

❖In coronary circulation is the circulation of

blood in the arteries and veins that supply the
heart muscle (myocardium).

 SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Functions:
❖In systemic circulation, the left ventricle •Regulation of ions in blood
pumps oxygen-rich blood into the main artery •Regulation of blood volume
(aorta). The blood travels from the main •Regulation of blood pH
artery to larger and smaller arteries and into •Production of hormones
the capillary network. •Excretion of waste

➢The kidneys filter waste products

from the blood and regulate fluid
balance.

Ureters
 ➢ are pairs of narrow thick-walled
muscular tubes that convey urine
from the kidneys to the urinary
bladder Ureters
➢to carry/transport urine from the
kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Importance of Salt Balance in the Excretory
System
• Electrolyte Function
• Blood Pressure Regulation
Kidney Diseases

Bladder
➢ It is located in the pelvic cavity,
posterior to the symphysis pubis, and
below the parietal peritoneum.
➢ The size and shape of the urinary
bladder varies with the amount of
urine it contains and with the
pressure it receives from surrounding
organs.
➢is a temporary storage reservoir for
urine.
Skin
Urethra ❖ helps eliminate waste products through
➢ is the tube that lets urine leave sweating.
your bladder and your body
Lungs
Maintaining Water and Salts in the
❖ remove carbon dioxide, a waste product of
Blood
respiration.

Osmoregulation How the Excretory System Works?

➢ is the process of maintaining salt
1. Filtration The process by which waste
and water balance (osmotic balance)
products are filtered from the blood in the
across membranes within the body.
kidneys.

Osmoreceptors in the brain monitor 2. Reabsorption The process by which

and regulate water and salt levels
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
System
 This system controls water and salt
balance by adjusting the release of
hormones.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
 ADH regulates water reabsorption by
the kidneys to maintain water
balance.
essential substances and water are
reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
3. Secretion The process by which additional
waste products are added to the urine.
4. Elimination The final stage is where urine is
expelled from the body through the urinary
system.
Factors Affecting Excretion
 Fluid Intake
 Diet
 Medications
 Exercise
Summary

❖ The excretory system performs several

important functions, including regulating the
balance of water and electrolytes, removing
metabolic waste products, and maintaining
the pH level of the body fluids. These
functions are essential for the proper
functioning of the body and overall health.

Major Organs Involved

❖ The kidneys, liver, lungs, and skin are the

key organs involved in waste elimination.