TheZul

ust
ate

Or
igi
nsoft
heZul
uandt
her
iseofTshaka

-Tshakawast
hesonofSenzangakhona,
theZul
uki
ngandaLangeni
woman,
Nandi
..

-
Tshakawasdi
sownedbyhi
sfat
her
,sohegr
ewupamongt
heLangeni
.

-Tshakawast
akent
otheMt
het
hwat
ost
aywi
thhi
sfat
her
’sr
elat
ives.

-
hewasrecr
uit
edint
oDi
ngiswayo’
sarmy.Hepr
ovedt
obeabr
aveandcompet
entsol
dierand
waspr
omotedtocommanderofregi
ment.

-
Hei
ntr
oducedhi
sownmi
l
itar
yinnov
ati
onsandadv
isedDi
ngi
sway
oonmi
l
itar
yissues.

-
Senzangakhonadi
edandhi
ssonSi
guj
anai
nher
it
edt
heZul
uleader
shi
p.

-Dingi
swayohel
pedTshakatogai
naccesst
othet
hronewhenheki
l
ledSi
guj
anaandmade
Tshakathechi
efoft
heZulu.

-Tshakawaschi
efoft
heZul
uaswel
lascommanderoft
heZul
uar
my.

-
Dingi
sway
owasexecut
edbyt
heNdwandweandTshakabecamet
hel
eaderoft
heent
ir
e
Mthet
hwastat
e.

-Tshakaconquer
edMt
het
hwaandcombi
nedMt
het
hwa,
Zul
uandot
hert
ri
best
ofor
mtheZul
u
state.

-Tshakaembar kedontheexpansi
oni
stpoli
cy.Heconquer
edt
heNdwandweunderZwi
deand
tookov eral
argestat
eextendingf
rom Pongol
aRivert
oTugel
aRi
veri
ntheSout
h.Heal
so
defeatedtheNgwaneunderSobhuza.

Reasonsf
ort
her
iseofTshaka

-
Tshakawasabr
avesol
dier
.

-
Tshakawasacour
ageousandi
nnov
ati
vef
ight
erwhocoul
dst
rat
egi
zeef
fect
ivet
echni
ques.

-Tshakabecameanef
fect
ivear
mycommanderwhoadv
isedt
heki
ngandhewont
heki
ng'
s
f
avorandsupport

-
Tshaka’
sabi
l
ityt
odev
elopnewf
ight
ingski
l
lswhi
chenabl
edhi
mtodef
eatot
her
s.

-
Senzangakhona’
sdeat
hcr
eat
edav
acuum f
orhi
sri
se.

-Dingi
swayo’
ssuppor
tonTshakat
ri
gger
edt
heexecut
ionofSi
guj
anat
opr
omot
eTshaka'
s
ascensi
on.

-
Thedeat
hofDi
ngi
sway
omadehi
mtocombi
neMt
het
hwaandZul
u.
-
Ther
ewasweakopposi
ti
onf
rom l
ocal
chi
efdoms.

-
Mfecanel
edt
other
iseofTshaka.

-
Rai
dingot
herst
atesensur
edhi
mtocr
eat
eapower
ful
andsecur
est
ate.

-
Betray
alofDingi
swayobyTshakal
edtotheri
seofTshaka.WhenDi
ngi
sway
oat
tackedZwi
de,
Tshakadel
ayedtojoi
nhimti
llhewaski
ll
ed.

Howi
mpor
tantwasTshaka’
smi
l
itar
yabi
l
ityi
nhi
sri
set
otheZul
uki
ngshi
p?

Mi
li
tar
yRef
ormsi
ntr
oducedByTshaka

-
hei
ntr
oducedshor
tst
abbi
ngspearcal
l
edt
heassegai
.

-
hei
ntr
oducedt
hecowhor
nfor
mat
iont
oenci
rcl
eorsur
roundt
heenemy
.

-
hei
ntr
oducedl
ongshi
eldst
opr
otectsol
dier
s

-
sol
dier
sfoughtbar
efoot
edt
opr
omot
ehi
gherspeed

-
Tshakamadeuseofspi
eswhost
udi
edenemyweapons,
str
ategi
es,
locat
ion

-sol
dier
swer
eor
gani
sedi
ntoager
egi
ment
sandl
i
vedi
ndi
ff
erentar
easput
ti
ngondi
ff
erent
dresses

-
hei
ntr
oducedast
andi
ngar
mywhi
chl
i
vedi
nbar
racks

-
sol
dier
swer
enotal
l
owedt
omar
ryunt
ilt
heyr
eachedt
heageof40t
oensur
elongser
vice.

-
hemadeuseofguer
ri
ll
aat
tacksl
i
kesur
pri
seni
ghtat
tacks.

-
hei
ntr
oducedwi
tchdoct
orswhot
ookcar
eoft
hei
njur
edsol
dier
s.

-
cowar
dswer
epuni
shedbydeat
h

-
hemadeuseofmockbattl
eswher
esol
dier
spr
act
isedski
l
lsbef
oreact
ual
bat
tl
est
oimpr
ove
t
hei
rabi
l
ityorper
for
mance.

-
youngboy
swer
eusedasbaggagecar
ri
erssot
hatt
heygetusedt
owaratanear
lyage.

-
Tshakausedf
emal
esol
dier
sandt
hismeantmor
esol
dier
s.

Howdi
dmi
l
itar
yref
ormsensur
eorhel
pTshakat
ori
se?

Howbenef
ici
alwer
ethesemi
l
itar
yref
ormsori
nnov
ati
onst
otheZul
u?
WeaponsusedbyTshaka’
ssol
dier
s

-
Longshi
elds -
Assegai
s -
Knobker
ri
es

-
Kni
ves -
Guns -
Bat
tl
eaxes

Tshaka’
sgener
al/mi
li
tar
yIndunas

-
Dingane –Mhl
angana –Mgobozi –Mdl
aka –Mzi
l
ikazi

Mi
li
tar
yset
tl
ement
ssetbyTshaka

-
Nobamba. -
Mbel
ebel
e -
Bul
away
o

-
Isi
khebe. -
Dukuza. -
Gibi
xhegu

Met
hodsUsedByTshakaToConsol
idat
e/Cont
rolPowerI
nTheZul
uSt
ate

-
useofspi
est
odet
ectmov
ementofenemi
esandi
dent
if
ypot
ent
ial
rebel
s.

-
ideaoft
otal
war
far
efort
otal
dest
ruct
ionofopponent
s.

-
mil
i
tar
yset
tl
ement
swer
esetupal
lov
erNguni
l
andt
ocont
rol
power

-
Tshakaappoi
ntedchi
efsandheadmenwhower
eloy
alt
ohi
mtor
educechancesofr
ebel
l
ion.

-
Tshakausedt
hedi
vi
deandr
ulemet
hodt
ohi
svar
ioust
ri
bessubj
ect
s

-
li
neagescl
oset
otheZul
ucent
rewer
eabsor
bedi
ntot
heZul
ust
atet
ofost
eruni
ty.

-pay
mentoft
ri
but
ebyv
assal
chi
efswasasi
gnofsubmi
ssi
on.

-
hol
dingnat
ional
cer
emoni
esl
i
kei
nxwal
a

-
speaki
ngoft
heZul
ulanguagebyal
lpeopl
ewasusedasani
nst
rumentt
obr
inguni
ty.

-
theki
ngl
edi
nal
lrel
i
giouscer
emoni
esandt
hismadehi
m af
ear
somef
igur
e.

-
mai
ntai
ningofst
ri
ctdi
sci
pli
neofamabut
ho

-
useoff
emal
erel
ati
vesasspi
es

-
puni
shmentbydeat
h
-
cont
inuouswar
s

-
useofr
egi
ment
alt
owns

Tshaka’
sDi
ctat
orshi
p/Ty
ranny

-
Tshakahadal
lpower
sinhi
shands

-
Tshakaownedt
hest
atear
myandheal
onemadeappoi
ntment
sofof
fi
cial
s

-
Tshakawasachi
efj
udgeandmadet
hef
inal
deci
sions

-
Tshakamili
tar
isedNguni
landandt
urnedi
tint
oami
l
itar
ybat
tl
efi
eldf
orhi
senj
oymentand
weakergr
oupswer edest
royed

-
Tshakasenthi
sar
myt
ofarawaypl
acesl
i
keGazai
nMozambi
quef
orr
aidi
ng

-
Tshakadi
dnotacceptot
hergr
oups'
independence

-
hekepthi
ssol
dier
sonceasel
esscampai
gnsf
arawayf
rom homesandf
ami
l
ies

-
peopl
ecoul
dbeki
l
ledf
ormi
norof
fences

-
thewhol
enat
ionwasf
orcedt
omour
nhi
smot
herNandi
formanymont
hs.

-
aft
ert
hedeat
hofNandi
,pr
egnantwomenwer
eki
l
ledt
oget
herwi
tht
hei
rhusbands

Pol
it
icalOr
gani
sat
ion

-
theZul
uwashi
ghl
ycent
ral
i
sed

-
Tshakaconsul
tedt
hecounci
lbuthadt
hef
inal
say

-
theki
ngwasanabsol
uterul
er,hedi
stri
but
edland,
wast helegal
head,
commanderi
nchi
efof
t
hearmy,
rel
i
giousl
eader
,all
ocatedl
and,al
l
ocatedwarcapti
ves

-
Tshakasetmi
l
itar
yset
tl
ement
sal
lov
erNguni
l
and

-
hef
ormedpr
ovi
ncesunderseni
orI
ndunas

-
Zul
uki
ngswer
edi
ctat
ors

-
sub-
chi
efs,
headmenadmi
nist
eredar
easf
arawayf
rom t
heZul
ucapi
tal
onbehal
fofTshaka

-
thest
atewasdi
vi
dedi
ntopr
ovi
ncesf
oreasyadmi
nist
rat
ion

-
theZul
ulanguagewasof
fi
cial
foruni
ty

-
nat
ional
i
tywasencour
agedbyur
gingal
lpeopl
etospeakZul
ulanguage
-
sub-
chi
efspai
dtr
ibut
etoshowl
oyal
ty

-
Tshakaencour
ageddef
eat
edgr
oupst
ofi
ghteachot
hersot
hatt
heyr
emai
nweakanddi
vi
ded

-
ever
yhomest
eadpr
ovi
dedmenpowerf
orTshaka’
sar
mies

-
thecounci
lofI
ndunasadv
isedt
heki
ngonmi
l
itar
yissues

-
thest
atewasdi
vi
dedi
ntor
egi
ment
alt
owns

-
Tshakaappoi
ntedI
ndunas

-
Tshakacont
rol
l
edsour
cesofweal
thl
i
kel
and,
trade,
inor
dert
ocont
rol
power

-
def
eat
edgr
oupswer
eabsor
bedi
ntot
hest
ate

-
hemadeuseoff
emal
erel
ati
veswhower
einf
ormer
swhom heputi
ntor
egi
ment
alt
owns.

Howbenef
ici
alwast
hepol
i
tical
organi
sat
iont
otheZul
u?

Economi
cor
gani
zat
ion

-
TheZul
ueconomywasv
ari
edormi
xed.

Catt
lerear
ing-Theyrai
sedcat
tl
eformeatandamasi[mi
l
k],
hidesf
orshi
elds,
usedt
opaybr
ide
pr
ice/weal
th,st
atussymbol
,al
sokeptgoat
s,sheepandf
owls.

Cropcult
ivat
ion-
invol
vedinthegr
owingofmai
ze,
pumpki
ns,
wat
er-
mel
ons,
cal
abashand
vari
ouski
ndsofedibletuber
sandbeans

Hunt
ing-menhunt
edbiggameusingbows,
arr
owsandspear
s.Theyal
souseddogst
ohunt
smal
lgameli
keimpal
as,r
abbi
ts,
etc

Gat
her
ing–womengat
her
edwi
l
dfr
uit
s,v
eget
abl
es,
eggs,
edi
bler
oot
s,e.
t.
c

Craf
twor
k-Theypract
icedavari
etyofcraftswhichi ncl
udeBasketr
y,pot
ter
yand
woodwork(
car
ving)
,weavingwasdoneusi ngi l
ala(palmleav
es),bl
acksmit
hing-Ir
onworkwas
donebymenwhomadehoes, assegai
s,variouskindsofknives,
axesandor naments.

Tr
ibute-Al
lsubj
ect
sandt
ri
but
arychi
efspai
dtr
ibut
einv
ari
ousf
ormsasasi
gnofl
oyal
tyand
al
l
egiancetotheki
ng.

Trade-Theypr
act
icedbothint
ernal
andexternaltr
ade.Theytr
adedwi
ththePort
ugueseat
DelagoaBay(i
vor
yinexchangeforbeads,
cloth)andwiththeEngl
i
shatportNat
al.

-l
ocal
l
ytheyexchangedv
ari
ousi
temssuchaspot
sforgr
ainorhoesf
orski
ns.

Soci
alor
gani
zat
ion
-
Mar r
iagewasstr
ict
lyf
orbi
ddenunt
ilamanwasrel
easedf
rom thear
myusual
lyar
oundt
heage
of40.Femaler
egiment
swer eal
sodi
sbandedt
oprovi
desol
dier
swithwi
ves.

-
Amancoul
dmar
rymanywi
ves(
pol
ygamy
).

-
TheZul
uwer
eapat
ri
li
neal
soci
etywhot
racedt
hei
rdescentt
hrought
hemal
eli
ne.

-Zul
ubecamet
henat
ional
languageandwasaccept
edbyt
hosewhower
eabsor
bedi
ntot
hei
r
soci
ety
.

-Theannuali
nwxalaceremonyheldi
nt herai
nyseasonpr
omotednat
ional
unit
y.I
twasheldat
thecapi
talandwasattendedbypeoplefrom al
lovert
heki
ngdom.I
twaspresi
dedoverbythe
kingasthespir
it
uall
eaderofthenat
ion.

-
theki
ngopenedt
hef
armi
ngseasonbypl
ant
ingt
hef
ir
stcr
ops.

-
Theybel
i
evedi
nGodorUnkul
unkul
uandamadl
ozi
.

-Theyal
sobel
i
evedintheexi
stenceofwor
ldl
yspi
ri
tswhom peopl
ecoul
dappeal
ift
heyneeded
helpfr
om t
hei
rancest
ors(amadlozi
).

-Anappealtotheamadl
oziwasdonethroughtheprocessofdiv
inat
ion,t
hatisapracti
ceof
fi
ndingoutaboutt
hefut
ureorcausesofsoci
o-economicprobl
emsfacingthepeople.The
di
vinerwasalwaysawoman.

-TheZulubeli
evedthatev
erymisfort
unethatbef
ellpeopl
ewastheresul
tofmagi
cal
pract
ice(
sorcery
)usingevi
lspi
ri
ts.Allt
heconqueredwereint
egr
ated.

Pr
obl
emsf
acedbyShakaasKi
ngoft
heZul
u

-Expansi
onpoli
cywaschar
act
eri
zedbyv
iol
entwar
far
e,pl
under
ing,
rai
dingot
herst
atest
hus
creat
inghat
red.

-Thedeat
hofhi
smot
herNandi

-
Jeal
ousr
elat
ivesor
gani
zedhi
sassassi
nat
ion

-
Highr
ateofexecut
ionscr
eat
edenemi
esf
orhi
msel
f

-
Tshakawashat
edbyhi
sar
mybecauseofhi
ski
l
li
ngs

-
Mzi
l
ikazi
,Tshaka’
sar
mygener
alr
anawaywi
tht
hecat
tl
ehehadr
aidedf
rom t
heSot
ho

-
lackoft
rustbyhi
scommander
sasTshakawasadi
ctat
or

-
theBoer
sandBr
it
ishexpansi
onwasat
hreatt
oTshakaast
heywant
edt
otaket
heZul
ust
ate

-
landshor
tagel
edt
oconf
li
ctsbet
weent
heBoer
s,Br
it
ishandt
heZul
u
-
Tshakahaddi
ff
icul
ti
esi
ncont
rol
l
ingt
heDel
agoat
rader
out
eswhi
chwer
eimpor
tantf
ort
he
Zul
ueconomy

-
thear
myhat
edTshakaf
orcont
inuousr
aids

Deat
hofNandiandt
hef
allofShaka

Condi
ti
onsofmour
ning

-Nocr
oppr
oduct
ion(
agr
icul
tur
alact
ivi
ty)wast
otakepl
acef
oroney
ear

-
Nosexual
unionwasall
owed.Womenwhof
ell
pregnantdur
ingt
hisper
iodwer
etobeki
l
led
t
oget
herwit
hthei
rhusbands.

-Thoseshowi
ngl
i
ttl
egr
iefwer
eexecut
ed

-Al
ltr
ibeswer
esupposedt
oat
tendNandi
’
sfuner
al

-
Noonewasal
l
owedt
odr
inkmi
l
korusemi
l
k.i
twast
obepour
edont
othegr
ound.

-
Cowswi
thmi
l
kwer
esl
aught
eredsot
hatt
hecal
veswoul
dknowhowi
tfel
ttol
oseamot
her
.

-
Nandi
wasf
inal
l
ybur
iedwi
thbeaut
if
ulgi
rl
swhohadt
hei
rli
mbsbr
okenwhi
l
est
il
lal
i
ve.

Thedeat
hofShaka

-Hewasassassinat
edi
n1828byhishal
fbrot
her
sDinganeandMhl
anganaandhi
sfat
her
’shal
f
sist
erMkabayi
,whoconspi
redwi
thMbhopa,ani
nduna.
.

-Hewaski
l
ledwhi
l
sthi
sar
myhadgonef
orr
aid,
hehadsenthi
swhol
ear
my.

-Shakahadsenthi
sar
myt
odest
royr
ebel
chi
ef-soshangane

-
TheZuluar
mywasdef
eat
edbySoshanganeandbef
oret
hei
rret
urnt
hei
rleaderTshakawas
mur
dered.

Peopl
ewhopl
ott
edt
hedeat
hofTshaka

-
Dingane -
Mhl
angana. -
Mkabay
i

-
Mbopha -
Mfokazana

Reasonsf
orki
ll
ingTshaka

-
Peopl
ehadsuf
fer
edhar
dandl
ongenough

-Tshakawasausur
peroft
hezul
uthr
one

-Hewasanabsol
uter
ulerwhodi
dnotl
i
stent
otheadv
iceofany
one
-Hi
sbr
other
swer
ejeal
ousofhi
spower

-
Tshaka’
scr
uel
tyagai
nsthi
sownpeopl
e

-Endl
essmi
l
itar
ycampai
gns

Fact
orsI
eadi
ngToTheDecl
ineOfTheZul
u

-
rul
ersaf
terTshakaf
ail
edt
okeept
hest
ateuni
ted.

-
theZul
uwer
edef
eat
edbyt
heBoer
s

-
aft
ert
hedef
eatt
heZul
usur
render
edar
easSout
hoft
heTugel
aRi
vert
oBoer
s

-
theZul
ulostsomear
east
oBoer
s

-
theZul
uwer
enotuni
ted

-
Cet
shway
oandMbul
azi
foughtov
erMpandet
hrone

-
DinganeandMpandewer
edi
vi
ded,
Mpandewor
kedwi
tht
heBoer
s

-
civ
ilwar
sweakenedt
heZul
u

-
successi
ondi
sput
esweakenedt
hest
ate

-
thecomi
ngoft
heBr
it
ishl
edt
othecol
l
apseoft
heZul
u

-
theBr
it
ishor
der
edf
ort
hedest
ruct
ionofager
egi
ment
sandZul
upol
i
tical
organi
sat
ions