Sanitary design report

SANITARY DESIGN REPORT

FOR

AWWSA OFFICE BUILDING

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction 3
2. Internal sanitary installation design 4
2.1 Internal water supply 4
2.1.1 Water supply pipe size design 5
2.1.1 Fire fighting system 11
2.1.3 Roof water tank capacity design 11
2.2 Roof water drainage design 13
2.2.1 Gutter size determination 18
2.2.2 Down pipe size determination 20
2.3 Waste water pipe design 21
3. Sanitary site work
3.1 Introduction 21
3.3 Storm water design 21
3.3.1 Introduction 22
3.3.2 Rational method 23
3.3.3 Design of ditch around the building 23
3.4 Sewerage disposal and sewer line design 23
3.4.1 General 26
3.4.2 Determination of waste quantity,
Waste pipe size and gradient 27
3.4.3 Determination of waste flow velocity 28
3.4.5 Waste water treatment and disposal
3.4.5.1 Septic tank design 27

4. REFERENCES----------------------------------------------------------- 28

5. APPENDIX-A------------------------------------------------------------ 29

6. APPENDIX-B------------------------------------------------------------ 33

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1. INTRODUCTION

This report is intended for the detail sanitary design of 2B+ G+9 office building. The overall
design is sub divided into internal sanitary design and sanitary site design. The former is the detail
design of water supply to all fixtures, waste water disposal from toilets and kitchen, and the design
of the roof water of the rain (i.e. design of gutter and down pipes).The latter is the design of water
supply system to the building, design of waste water lines (sewers) to the treatment area design of
waste water treatment facilities and the design and disposal of the storm water for the building and
areas around the building.

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2. INTERNAL SANITARY DESIGN

2.1) INTERNAL WATER SUPPLY DESIGN

2.1.1) WATER SUPPLY PIPE SIZING DESIGN
All the appliances in the building are supplied from the roof water tank placed on the top slab
of the building.
Design flow determination is carried out by using a simplified tabular procedure (by fixture unit
load method).
The detail procedure of this method is explained as follows:-
1. Make a diagram of the pipe line or system to be considered.
2. Number the pipes beginning at the point of least head.
3. Make a table to show the loading units and flow rates for each stage of the main run.
Calculate and enter loading units and flow rates as shown in the table below.
4. Make assumptions to the pipe size according to their assigned numbers.
5. work out frictional resistance per meter (head loss per meter run)
6. Determine the velocity of low (flow velocity between 0.6and 3m/s)
7. Measured length of the pipe under consideration in meter.
8. Calculate equivalent pipe length(frictional resistance in fittings)
9. Calculate effective pipe length(sum of head loss through pipe length and fittings)
10. Calculate head loss consumed (by multiplying effective pipe length and head loss per
meter run)
11. Calculate the progressive by adding the head loss in each branch pipe.
12. Record the available head for every branch pipe.
13. Calculate the residual head at the outlet points by subtracting the progressive head from
available head. If the residual head is less than the head required for a particular outlet
fitting, repeat the above steps by correcting the assumed pipe size.)

TABLE:-2.1.1.1 FLOW RATE AND LOADING UNITS

Appliance type Q (l/sec) Z /fixture unit load/
WC 0.125 0.25
HWB 0.125 0.25
UR 0.125 0.25
KS 0.25 1
SH 0.25 1

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W1

(15) remarks
(8) equivalent pipe lenth(m)

(9) effective pipe length(m)

(7) measured pipe run(m)

(11) progressive head(m)

(10) head consumed(m)
(5) loss of head(m/m)

(12 ) avilable head(m)

(6) flow velosity(m/s)

(13) Residual head

(4)pipe size(mm)
(3)flow rates(i/s)
(1)pipe reference

(2)loading units

1 1.25 0.28 25 0.0193 1.13 3.50 – 3.50 0.068 0.068 6.26 6.19 –

2 1 0.250 25 0.019 0.90 1.60 3.20 4.80 0.091 0.159 4.26 4.10 –

3 3 0.433 32 0.1500 0.94 3.50 – 3.50 0.525 0.684 9.59 8.91 –

4 1.5 0.306 25 0.019 0.92 1.60 3.20 4.80 0.091 0.775 7.59 6.82 –
12.9 12.1
5 1.2 0.274 25 0.0130 0.72 3.50 – 3.50 0.046 0.820 2 0 –

10.9 10.0
1 1.25 25 0.019 0.92 3.50 0.00 3.50 0.067 0.887 2 3 –

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( W2 =W3)

1 8.75 0.740 32 0.007 1.08 6.80 – 6.80 0.048 0.048 6.80 6.75 –

2 8.75 0.740 32 0.016 1.08 2.25 – 2.25 0.036 0.084 3.68 3.60 –
10.4
3 2.75 0.415 25 0.1960 1.22 3.60 3.200 6.80 1.333 1.416 0 8.98 –

4 0.5 0.177 20 0.016 0.97 2.25 3.200 5.45 0.087 1.504 7.19 5.69 –
12.9 11.2
5 2 0.354 25 0.0150 1.22 3.60 6.000 9.60 0.144 1.648 2 7 –
12.5 10.8
6 3.5 0.468 32 0.016 0.94 2.25 – 2.25 0.036 1.684 2 4 –
16.2 14.5
7 1 0.250 20 0.01 1.20 3.90 3.200 7.10 0.071 1.755 5 0 –
15.8 14.0
8 2.5 0.395 25 0.016 1.22 2.25 – 2.25 0.036 1.791 5 6 –
19.5 17.6
9 1 0.250 20 0.016 1.22 3.90 3.200 7.10 0.114 1.904 8 8 –
19.1 17.0
10 1.25 0.280 25 0.016 0.92 2.25 12.000 14.25 0.228 2.132 9 6 –

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2.1.2 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

The availability of fire hydrants is essential to fire protection. Hydrants may be used to quell an initial outbreak of fire,
quench a dying fire controlled by an automatic protection system (e.g. sprinkler system) or provide the sole fire fighting
facility ; e.g. after other means ( hose reels, portable fire extinguishers, e.t.c) have been unsuccessful.
Internal hydrants shall be installed in accessible positions as in the following,
o Within a lobby approach stairway where this is provided
o In a stairway enclosure
o In such other accessible positions as may be agreed with the building official

• The design, installation, test and maintenance of fire hose reel system are made all in accordance of EBCS-9 clause
4.4.3.
• Design assumptions for the fire hydrant include:
• Rate of flow for one fire fighting equipment, Q=1.5l/s
• Duration of fire fighting operation=1hr
• No. of fire fighting equipments working at a time = 3
• The outlet of each hose reel must be capable of maintaining residual pressure of 10 water column.
• Total amount of water required for one hour fire fighting( two fire fighting equipments working at a time) can be
calculated as ;
- 3pcs * 1.5l/s * 1hr * 3600sec = 16,200liters is required, so we provided 20,000 liter volume of
fiber glass water tank.
• To determine the pump type and capacity the determination of
• Rate of flow, Q, in liter/sec for the system is required,

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• The operational head H in meters is required,

• The power, P in kw is also required.
• Assumed data: - let the roof water tank be filled in 30min.
o Let the additional head loss due to pipe and fitting aging be 20%.
• Installation data: - 5m³ (Volume of the roof mounted water tank)
 Q= V/T = 5000lit/30min (Assuming that the RWT can be filled in 30minutes.)
 Q = 167lit/min

• The total static ((Hs)head is 39.60 m + 1.80m = 41.40m

• The residual head (HR)can be taken as a minimum of 10m.
• The frictional head (Hf) can be calculated as:
• Suction side -3m Ø50mm piping……… Hf =0.035m
 -1Gate valve…………………. Hf =0.05m
• Delivery side:-65m Ø50mm pipe………… Hf =1.72m
 -1Gate valve……………….. Hf =0.05m
 -4 Elbows ………………… Hf =0.22m
 -1 check valve………………………. Hf =0.08m
 Total …………………… Hf =2.07m
• Taking additional 20% of the loss for ageing of the pipe
0.2*2.07+2.07=3.02m
• Thus the total head = 41.40m + 10m + 3.02m = 54.42m
• Check for velocity of flow in the delivery pipe:
V=4*Q/πd2 = 4*2.8lit/sec/3.14*(0.050)2 = 1.43m/s
• Therefore 1.43m/s is an acceptable velocity found between the limiting velocities 0.6m/s and 3m/s.
• Thus provide one diesel and one electric driven pump with:-
Discharge (Q) = 300 l/min
Head (H) = 55-60m
Suction end diameter (ID)= 80mm

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Delivery end diameter (ID)= 80mm

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2.1.3 WATER TANK CAPACITY CALCULATION

Roof water tank size is calculated based by using population & per capita demand
method..
The per capita water demand for an office building is taken as 80 liters per person
per day.
Assuming 100percent of the population shall use the toilets and assuming the population
is130 person including all the shops, the daily water demand is calculated as follows:-
80∗1∗130
=
Thus the required daily water demand =1000 10m³/day
Therefore provide 10m³ fiber glass water tank on the roof slab and for two days
reserve provide 20m³ on the basement floor slab.

2.2 ROOF WATER DRAINAGE DESIGN

1. A roof drainage system generally comprises the following three parts:
 The gutter or channel that collects the flow from the roof;
 The outlet into which the flow from the gutter or channel discharges;
 The pipe work /down pipe/that convey the flow from the outlet to the drainage system.
2. Method of Design
The method of design is carried out so as to comply with Ethiopian Building Code
Standard-9/EBCS-9/; article 7.4.3.
3. Calculation of flow in gutter
To calculate flow rate from the roof of the building rational method is adopted. Rational
method is most accurate for estimating the design storm peak runoff for areas less than 50
hectares (0.5km²). The rational formulas estimates the peak rate of runoff at any location in
catchment’s area as a function of the catchment’s area, run-off coefficient, and mean rain fall
intensity for a duration equal to the time of concentration.
The rational formula is expressed as:

ciTC A eff
Q = 3600

Where: Q: maximum rate of runoff, liter/second

C: runoff coefficient; For roof; C=0.75-1
i TC =average rainfall intensity for duration is equal to the time
Of concentration for a selected return period; mm/hr
Aeff. =Effective catchments area, m² /ERA Drainage Manual-2002/

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2.2.1 Gutter Size Determination

1) Size of roof gutter (for roof A1)

►Effective catchment area Aeff
Aeff.1 = Ah
= L*W
Where: w = roof width in meter
L= roof length in meter
h=height between the upper &lower points of the roof
Therefore, Aeff.1 = (3.5*3.5 = 12.25m2
2) Size of roof gutter (for roof A2=A3)
►Effective catchment area Aeff
V
Aeff.2 = Ah + A 2
h
= L*W + L* 2
1
Therefore, Aeff.2 = (4*5.2) +(4*1.5) 2 = 23.8m2

3) Size of roof gutter (for roof A4)

►Effective catchment area Aeff
Aeff.1 = Ah
= L*W
Where: w = roof width in meter
L= roof length in meter
h=height between the upper &lower points of the roof
Therefore, Aeff.1 = (4.9*4) = 19.6m2

4) Size of roof gutter (for roof A5)

►Effective catchment area Aeff
Aeff.1 = Ah
= L*W
Where: w = roof width in meter
L= roof length in meter
h=height between the upper &lower points of the roof
Therefore, Aeff.1 = (3.4*5.8) = 19.27

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►Quantity of Rainfall

For 2B+G+9 Building:

ciTC A eff 1
Q1 = 3600 (l/sec.)

(1∗95∗12 . 25)
=3600

=0.32 l/sec = 19.39 l/min

ciTC A eff 2
Q2=Q3 = 3600 (l/sec.)

(1∗95∗23 . 8 )
=3600

=0.62 l/sec = 37.68 l/min

ciTC A eff 1
Q4 = 3600 (l/sec.)

(1∗95∗19 . 6 )
=3600

=0.4 l/sec = 24.13 l/min

ciTC A eff 2
Q5 = 3600 (l/sec.)

(1∗95∗19 . 27 )
=3600

=0.5 l/sec = 30.5 l/min

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2.2. Rainwater down pipe determination

 The size of circular down pipe/outlet/shall not be less than diameter 65mm /EBCS-9
article 7.4.3.6/
 During down pipe size design external factor which might obstruct normal flow of
water considered. Such as:-leaves, bird net and snow will definitely hinder design flow
through down pipe.
 Outlets for gutters should be located, where possible, near to each angle; i.e, where
there is a change in direction of flow.
 Material of the down pipe is uPVC which is available at any dimension, durable and
ease for installation.
 All down pipe should be painted with UV ray reflective oil paint and it should be
supported with mass concrete support at the base.

The number of rainwater downpipes (n) must first be determined. The quantity of
rainwater to be discharged is 44.175 l/min.

Prior conditions:
The standards NEN 3215 (2007nl) en NTR 3216 (2008nl) serve as guideline for the
calculations.
 Number of rainwater downpipes per roof gutter length, see table1.
 Number of rainwater downpipes per m2 roof surfaces, see table2.
 Choice of a standard roof gutter, see table3.

Table1. Minimum number of rainwater downpipes per roof gutter length.

Dimensions Max. length of the roof gutter per connected DP
Ø70mm 10m
Ø80mm 20m
Ø100mm 20m

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Ø120mm 20m

Table2. Number of roof outlets per roof surface.

The number is first determined by structural design.
Roof Surface Number of roof outlets
2
<100 m Min.1
>100 m2 Min.2

Table3. The Choice of accompanying smallest standard roof gutter.

Depending on the circumstances the number of rainwater downpipes can be increased.

Gutters larger than the required minimum dimensions can always be applied. The roof gutter must
lie of course on slope and installed from low to high.

Max. quantity
Min.cross-section (A)
Ø Downpipe Smallest type
Rainwater
d in mm of the gutter Standard gutter **
A ≥ 1.3 di² in cm²
Qh in l/min
117 80* 79 B37 or M37

210 100* 125

B44 or M44
338 120* 181 B55

* standard rainwater downpipes

** B = box gutter 37/44/55 = developed width in cm.
M = suspended gutter
The outlet piece for a rainwater downpipe has an inner diameter (di) that is at least
4mm smaller than the nominal size of the rainwater downpipe. This inner diameter of the
outlet piece determines the inflow capacity of the rainwater downpipe.

For roof A1

Number of rainwater downpipes:

Prior conditions:

1. Number of roof outlets per roof surface:

Roof surface =12.25 m2 < 100 m² , min. 1 rainwater downpipes, see table 2.

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2. Number of rainwater downpipes per roof gutter length:

Gutter 4 m < 10m, min. 1 downpipe Ø 80 mm,
see table 1. (Expansion sleeve not required)

Choice of rainwater downpipes

 1 rainwater downpipe, 19.39 l/min per rainwater downpipe, Ø 80 mm see table 3

Choice of roof gutter

 for Ø 80 mm pipe, minimum box gutter B37 or suspended gutter M37.

For roof A2=A3

Number of rainwater downpipes:

Prior conditions:

1. Number of roof outlets per roof surface:

Roof surface = 23.8m2 < 100 m² , min. 1 rainwater downpipes, see table 2.

2. Number of rainwater downpipes per roof gutter length:

Gutter length 3.5 m <10m, min. 1 downpipe Ø 80 mm,
see table 1. (Expansion sleeve not required)

Choice of rainwater downpipes

 1 rainwater downpipe, 23.8 l/min per rainwater downpipe, Ø 80 mm see table 3.

Choice of roof gutter

 for Ø 80 mm pipe, minimum box gutter B37 or suspended gutter M37

2.3 WASTE WATER PIPE DESIGN

2.3.1 GENERAL

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TABLE 2.2.1.2; SPACING OF BRACKETS, CLIPS AND HANGERS
Pipe work material Maximum spacing of supports[m]
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In the design of any sewer drainage system, the following performance criteria which shall be
considered.
 exclusion of foul air;
 limitation of noise;
 contaminant of leakage of discharge;
 prevention of risk of blockage;
 durability of materials;
 ease of replacement of materials; and
 Access for testing and maintenance.

2.3.2 DETERMINATION OF WASTE WATERPIPE SIZE AND GRADIENT

Pipe sizing has been made by fixture unit loading method; in this method numerical value
(fixture units) is assigned to appliances to express their load producing potential. By assuming
partial flow conditions for branch discharge pipes, the maximum number of fixture units
permissible for a given pipe diameter can be stated.
Therefore; the minimum grade of the drain pipe has been taken 2% along the flow direction.
When the pipe slope is selected the following criteria has been considered.
1. self cleansing velocity shall not be less than o.6m/sec;
2. non-scouring velocity shall not be higher than 3m/sec;
3. Eliminate excessive excavation of earth;

TABLE2.3.2.1 FIXTURE UNIT RATING

Fixture Size of Trap Outlet and Fixture Discharge Fixture Unit Rating
Pipe
Shower Dn40ordn50 2
Sink DN50 1
Water Closet DN100 7
Pan
Floor Waste DN50 3
Gully
Drinking DN40 1
Fountain
Wash Basin DN40 1
/from EBCS-9, article 5.3.3/

The normal minimum grade of unvented and vented drains has been given below:
TABLE2.3.2.2 MINIMUM GRADE OF DRAIN
Nominal size Minimum grade[%]
Dn50 2.5
Dn65 2.5
Dn80 1.65
Dn100 1.65
Dn150 1.00

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Dn225 0.65

The size of any branch vent shall be in accordance with the table below:
TABLE2.3.2.3 SIZE OF BRANCH VENT PIPES
Size of branch discharge pipe Size of branch vent
DN40 DN32
DN50 DN40
DN65 DN40
DN80 DN50
DN100 DN50
DN150 DN80
Branch vents/EBCS-9 article 5.3.6.5/
 A single vent pipe is used to ventilate the traps of several appliances in a toilet which are
connected in common, i.e. to a single waste stalk.
 The vent pipe has been installed in order to vent along the hill side of the wall and it shall
be installed 300mm above the highest level of their horizontal outlet roof and positioned
with the prevalence wind direction.
 Floor waste gullies has been installed with an accessible, removable grate and a riser
not less than Dn80 at floor surface level, except that ,if the sole function of the floor
waste gully is to dispose of waste spillage and wash down water Dn50 outlet and riser
may be used.

3. SANITARY SITE WORK

3.1 Introduction

This part of the design report consists of

Domestic water supply

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Waste word disposal system and

Storm water drainage system of the building..
The water supply design always looks for the availability of water at all times to all consumers in
required quantity and pressure. The total water requirement is calculated in the coming sub topics
and the municipal water supply line is taken as source of.
The domestic water supply to the buildings is taken from the municipal water supply line and the
waste water lines (sewers) of the buildings are collected and directly connected to new proposed
septic tank.
The roof water and the storm water around the buildings is collected by the ditches around the
building and directly connected to the road side storm water sewer line of the municipality.
This design is executed mainly as per ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD (EBCS9), Era
drainage manual 2002, and additional references are also used for the completeness of this report.

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3.3 SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND WASTE PIPE DESIGN

The sewage from The 2 B+G+9 office building is collected and directly connected the newly
proposed septic tank.

3.3.1 GENERAL

In the design of any drainage system, the performance criteria which shall be followed are:-
a) requirements for discharge rates from fixtures;
b) exclusion of foul air;
c) limitation of noise;
d) contaminant of leakage of discharge; prevention of risk of blockage;
e) durability of materials;
f) ease of replacement of materials; and
g) Access for testing and maintenance.

3.3.2 Determination of waste quantity, pipe size and gradient

Pipe sizing has been made by fixture unit loading method; but in this method numerical value
(fixture units) is assigned to appliances to express their load producing properties. By assuming
partial flow conditions for branch discharge pipes, the maximum number of fixture units permissible
for a given pipe diameter can be stated. Therefore; the minimum grade of the drain pipe has been
taken 2% along the flow direction. When the pipe slope is selected the following criteria has been
considered.
1. Eliminate excessive excavation of earth;
2. self cleansing velocity shall not be less than o.6m/sec;
3. non-scouring velocity shall not be higher than 3m/sec;
TABLE 3.4.2.1 FIXTURE UNIT RATING
Fixture Size of Trap Outlet and Fixture Fixture Unit Rating
Discharge Pipe
Sink DN50 1
Water Closet Pan DN100 7
Wash Basin DN40 1
Urinal trough DN65- DN80 1
Janitors sink DN50 1
/from EBCS-9, article 5.3.3/

TABLE 3.4.2.2 MANHOLE SIZE DESIGN /MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR INSPECTION CHAMBERS AND MANHOLES;/

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Types of access Depth to invert(m) Minimum internal dimension

Rectangular length and width(mm)
Inspection chamber or <=0.60 400x400
manhole <=1.0 600x600
<=1.75 1000x750
<=2.5 1200x750
>2.5 1400x900
EBCS-9, article 6.7.2/
he quantity of waste water from each building is calculated using fixture unit rating. The above table shows
fixture unit rating of different appliances. Using this fixture unit rating the quantity of waste water for different
buildings and the design of sewer lines is present in the tables below. The actual velocity mentioned on
table 2.4.2.3 is taken from the calculation in table 2.4.2.4.

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Table 3.4.2.3 Determination of waste water quantity

FIXTURE SUM TOTAL TOTAL MINIMUM
TYPE OF NO.OF UNIT OF FIXTURE DISCHARGE MINIMUM FLOEW PIPE
BUILDIN FIXTURES FIXTURE LOADIN GRADIEN
BUILDING G FIXTURES IN RATING U.R G FROM THE T VELOSITY SIZE
THE PER
DESIGNATION TYPE IN THE BLDG BLDG ZI U BLDG BUILDING(L/S) IN (%) (M/S) (mm)
WATER
MIXED 2B+G+9 CLOSET 71 7 497
WASH BASIN 100 1 100
SHOWER 32 1 32
BATHTUB 32 1 32
URINAL 4 1 4
KITCHIN SINK 32 1 32 697 6.09 0.020 1.07 150
Reference code(EBCS 9) Table 5.2,Figure 6.1,Figure 6.2,

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3.3.3 Determination of waste water flow velocity,

Using table 1(in the appendix A), which gives pipe capacities when flowing at ¾ full, select a pipe
size and gradient which will accommodate the peak flow rate.Do not exceed minimum gradient and
velocity set by code (EBCS9).
For our peak flow 3.1/sec a110mm diameter pipe laid at 1:50(0.02%) (Capacity at ¾ depth= 25 l/s
should be adequate).the following calculations are then used to check that the velocity of flow is
greater than 0.6 m/s (self-cleaning velocity)
1) For full flow
Read the pipe full velocity and capacity in table 2(in the appendix A), for 110mm pipe at 1:50,
these are
V full= 1.24 m/s
Q full= 21.91/s
2) Proportional flow
Calculate the proportional discharge by dividing peak flow rate by the pipe capacity flowing full
i.e.
Q PEAK
Q P= = 3.7
Q FULL 21 . 91 =0.168 l/s

3) Proportional velocity
From table 3(in the appendix A), read off the proportional velocity value when the proportional
discharge is 0.168 l/s i.e.
V P= 0.72 m/s

4) Actual velocity
Multiply the pipe full velocity by the proportional velocity to calculate the actual velocity (V) in the
pipe.i.e
V=0.72*1.24
=0.89m/s
Actual velocity exceeds 0.6 m/s, therefore the pipe is adequately sized.

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3.4 SEPTIC TANK DESGN

As per EBCS-9 the capacity of the septic tank (V, m3) implies that;

( q
10 )(P
V = τ Sd∗P∗ 3 + υ 1∗τ ac∗ 3
10 ) ……………………… (2.4.1)

Where;
τ sd = hydraulic detention time (usually 2)
τ ac = No of days b/n disludging (minimum 365/2days)
P = population
q= flow rate in l/c/d( 60 l/c/d)
υ 1 = sludge production per capita per day (0.15liters)

For our case:-

The house has a capacity of 15 people, taking the per capita water demand for residence to be q = 60 l/c/d,
thus the volume of the septic tank is calculated as:-

( 80
10 )(
130
V = 2∗130∗ 3 + 0. 15∗365∗ 3
10 )
=35m3
But according to EBCS-9 we provide minimum of 50m3 septic tank.

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REFERENCES

1) Ethiopian Building Code Standard (EBCS9)

2) Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA) Drainage Design Manual 2002
3) Technical Catalogue/Product guide

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APPENDIX -A-

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TABLE-1 HYDRAULIC PIPE FLOW CAPACITY TABLE

3
(Pipe flowing 4 full-Roughness coefficient KS=1.5 I.e. for waste water pipes)

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Source:-Hepworth Technical Design Gui

TABLE-2 HYDRAULIC PIPE FLOW CAPACITY TABLE
(Pipe flowing full-Roughness coefficient KS=1.5 I.e. for waste water pipes)

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Source:-Hepworth Technical Design Guide

TABLE-3 PROPORTIONA VELOCITIES AND DISCHARGE IN PIPES RUNNING PARTLY FULL.

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Design Source:-Hepworth Technical Design Guide

APPENDIX -B-

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Source:-ERA Drainage Design Manual 2002

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Source:-ERA Drainage Design Manual 2002

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Source:-ERA Drainage Design Manual 2002

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