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VIDYALAYA
VAYU SENA
NAGAR
ARINDAM MISHRA
CLASS XII-C
BIOLOGY
PROJECT
PEDIGREE
ANALYSIS
Certificate
INSTITUTION : KENDRIYA
VIDYALAYA VAYU SENA NAGAR
This is certified to be the bonafide
work of the student in the
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
during the year 2016 / 2017 .
(Teacher In-Charge)
(SCHOOL
SEAL)
(Examiner) (Principal)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Mendelian
inheritance is inheritance of biological features that
follows the laws proposed by Gregor Johann Mendel in
1865 and 1866 and re-discovered in 1900. It was initially
very controversial. When Mendel's theories were
integrated with the chromosome theory of
inheritance by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1915, they
became the core of classical genetics.
Mendel’s laws
Mendel's law of segregation describes what happens to
the alleles that make up a gene during formation of
gametes. For example, suppose that a pea plant
contains a gene for flower colour in which both alleles
code for red. One way to represent that condition is to
write RR, which indicates that both alleles (R and R)
code for the colour red. Another gene might have a
different combination of alleles, as in Rr. In this case, the
symbol R stands for red colour and the r for "not red" or,
in this case, white. Mendel's law of segregation says
that the alleles that make up a gene separate from each
other, or segregate, during the formation of gametes.
That fact can be represented by simple equations, such
as:
RR → R + R or Rr → R + r
RR → R + R and TT → T + T
Autosomal dominant
If the phenotype associated with a given version of a
gene is observed when an individual has only one copy,
the allele is said to be autosomal dominant. The
phenotype will be observed whether the individual has
one copy of the allele (is heterozygous) or has two
copies of the allele (is homozygous).
Autosomal recessive
If the phenotype associated with a given version of a
gene is observed only when an individual has two
copies, the allele is said to be autosomal recessive. The
phenotype will be observed only when the individual is
homozygous for the allele concerned. An individual with
only one copy of the allele will not show the phenotype,
but will be able to pass the allele on to subsequent
generations. As a result, an individual heterozygous for
an autosomal recessive allele is known as a carrier.
affected individuals
have at least one
affected parent
the phenotype
generally appears every
generation
COMMENTS:
In the adjoining pedigree (of my family) it is
observed that in the first generation person 1(grandpa)
and person 2(grandma) have free earlobes therefore
genotypically both of them have a dominant allele for
this characteristic. In the next generation it is seen that
one of their sons (Person5: my 2nd uncle) has attached
earlobes making him homozygous recessive (i.e.ee) and
indicating that both the persons of first generation (i.e.
Grandma and grandpa) were heterozygous (i.e. Ee).
Their other four sons and the daughter remain
heterozygous (Ee) or homozygous dominant thus
possessing free ear lobes. Person 1(of generation II)
gets married to person 2 who phenotypically has free
earlobes (thus genotipically Ee or EE).They have a
daughter (person 1 of generation III: my cousin) who
again has free ear lobes hence genotipically Ee or EE.
Person 3 and 7 (of generation II: my father and 3rd
uncle) get married to person 4 and 8 of (generation II:
my mother and 3rd aunt) respectively who have
attached earlobes hence genotipically ee. Persons 3and
4 (of generation II) have two sons (persons 2 and 3 of
generation III: me and my brother) out of this person 2
(me) has attached earlobe making him genotipically ee
(homozygous recessive), While his brother (person 3 of
generation III) has free earlobes thus making him
genotipically Ee (homozygous dominant). Similarly
persons 5 and 6 (of generation II) have two sons
(persons 5 and 6 of generation III: my cousins) .Out of
this person 5 has attached ear lobe hence making him
homozygous recessive (i.e. ee) and his brother (person
6, generation III) is heterozygous dominant (Ee).person
5 (generation II: my second uncle) gets married to
person 6(generation III: second aunt) who has free
earlobes hence making her homozygous or
heterozygous dominant. They have a son (person 4
generation III: my second cousin) who has free ear
lobes and hence is heterozygous recessive (Ee). Person
9 (generation III: my aunt) gets married to person 10
(generation III) who is homozygous recessive (ee) as he
has fused earlobe, they have two children person (7 and
8 of generation III: my 7th and 8th cousins) who happen
to have free earlobes hence are homozygous dominant
(EE) or heterozygous (Ee).
CHARACTERISTIC 2:
TONGUE ROLLER
This is the particular ability to roll the tongue into ‘u’
shaped tube. This ability arises due to the presence of a
dominant gene (may be homozygous or heterozygous).
It is an inherited characteristic and follows the Mendelian
laws of inheritance. Non rollers are homozygous
recessive.
COMMENTS:
In the adjoining pedigree, we can observe person 1
(of generation I: my grandfather) is unable to roll his
tongue hence he is homozygous recessive (rr).Person 2
of generation I (my grandmother) posses the ability to
roll her tongue, hence she may be homozygous
dominant or heterozygous. In the second generation it is
observed that out of the six progenies, person 1 and 11
(my fist and 6th uncle) are unable to roll their tongue and
the others posses this ability hence confirming two
things:
Person 2 of first generation (grandma) is
heterozygous dominant (Rr).
Persons 1 and 2 (of generation II: my uncles) are
homozygous recessive (rr). Persons 3, 5, 7 and 9 of
generation II are heterozygous (i.e. Rr).
In second generation person 1 gets married to person
2 who is homozygous dominant (RR, able to roll the
tongue) and have a daughter person1 (of generation III:
my cousin) who naturally is a tongue roller and hence
heterozygous dominant (Rr). Person 3 (of generation II:
my father) marries person 4 (of generation II: my
mother) who is heterozygous dominant (Rr). They have
2 children (person 2 and 3 of generation III: me and my
brother). Out of this person 2 (of generation III: me) is a
non roller and hence homozygous recessive (rr), while
his brother (person 3, generation III) is a tongue roller
and hence heterozygous dominant (Rr). Person 5 (of
generation II: my uncle) gets married to person 6 (of
generation II: my aunt) who is a non roller and hence
homozygous recessive ( rr). They have a son who is
also a non - roller and hence his homozygous recessive
(rr). Person 7(of generation II) gets married to person 8
who is homozygous dominant (RR, a Tongue –roller).
They have 2 sons (persons 5 & 6 of generation III), both
of them being tongue rollers may be homozygous
dominant (RR) or heterozygous (Rr). Person 9 (of
generation III: my aunt) gets married to person 10(of
generation III) who is a non roller and hence
homozygous recessive (rr). They have 2 children out of
which, progeny one i.e., person 7 of generation III is a
tongue roller and hence heterozygous dominant (Rr)
while her brother (person 8, generation III) is non roller
and hence homozygous recessive (rr).
CHARACTERISTIC 3 :
INTERLACED
FINGERS.
COMMENTS:
In the adjoining pedigree person 1 of generation I
(grandfather), shows homozygous recessive trait (ff) as
his right thumb covers over his left. However person 2(of
generation 1: my grandmother) shows a dominant gene
as her left thumb over laps her right. She must be
heterozygous as three of her six children show
recessive trait, i.e., persons 1, 5, 7 (of generation II: my
uncles) show homozygous recessive trait (ff).
Person 1(of generation II: my uncle) gets married to
persons 2(of generation II: my aunt) whose right thumb
overlaps the left hence she is homozygous recessive
(ff).They have a daughter (person 1 of generation III: my
cousin) who is also obviously homozygous recessive
(ff). Person 3(of generation II: my father) who is
heterozygous (Ff) marries person 4(of generation II: my
mother) whose right thumb overlaps the left; hence she
is homozygous recessive (ff). They have two children
(person 2&3 of generation III: me and my brother), both
of them are homozygous recessive (f f).
Person 5 (of generation II: my uncle) who is
homozygous recessive marries person 6 (of generation
II: my aunt) whose left thumb overlaps her right, making
her homozygous dominant (FF).They have a son
(person 4 of generation III) whose left thumb overlaps
the right making him heterozygous(Ff) .
Person 7 (of generation II) who is homozygous
recessive marries person 8(of generation III: my aunt)
whose left thumb overlaps her right hence making her
homozygous dominant (FF).This is evident from the fact
that both of her children (person 5&6 of generation III:
my cousins) appear to be heterozygous (Ff) as for both
of them their left thumb overlaps their right.
Persons 9 (of generation II: my aunt) who appears to
be homozygous dominant (FF) gets married to person
10 (of generation II: my uncle) who also appears to be
homozygous dominant (FF).They have two children
(persons 7&8: my cousins) who are also naturally
homozygous dominant (FF).
CHARACTERISTIC
4:HITCHHIKERS
THUMB
CONCLUSION
Gregor Mendel the father of
genetics postulated his three Laws
of Inheritance, which eventually
became the basis of modern day
genetics.
These laws namely “Law of
Dominance”, “Law of Segregation”
& “Law of Independent
Assortment” can be used to analyse
types of genetic disorders and
inheritance patterns.
Pedigree charts, made based on
Mendel’s Laws can be used to
analyze and study Inheritance
patterns of different genes in a
family hence helping in diagnosing
and curing several genetic
disorders.
On the whole genetics, an endless
study has helped us, human beings
to understand ourselves in way that
is unimaginable. The vastness of
this study is far greater than
anything known to man and now as
this study deepens into the
vastness perhaps there is hope in
the future for a society free from
any kind of disease and sufferings.
Who knows, one day it may even
provide us with answers to
questions about our origin……
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Source:
WIKIPEDIA.ORG
DK WORLD MAGAZINE