Chemistry Merged

1 (a) A small amount of liquid bromine is added to a container which is then sealed.
Br2(l) → Br2(g)
Use the ideas of the Kinetic Theory to explain why, after about an hour, the bromine
molecules have spread uniformly to occupy the whole container.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) The diagrams below show simple experiments on the speed of diffusion of gases.
porous pot
allows gas hydrogen
air
molecules porous pot
to diffuse
air air
higher level
large
same level
beaker
coloured
liquid
diagram 1 diagram 2
higher
level
air
carbon dioxide
large beaker
diagram 3
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Complete the following explanations. Diagram 1 has been done for you.
Diagram 1
There is air inside and outside the porous pot so the rate of diffusion of air into the pot is
the same as the rate of diffusion of air out of the pot. The pressure inside and outside the
pot is the same so the coloured liquid is at the same level on each side of the tube.
Diagram 2
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...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
Diagram 3
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..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
2 Cobalt is an element in Period 4 of the Periodic Table.
(a) Use your copy of the Periodic Table to help you complete the table below.
number of number of number of

particle
protons neutrons electrons
Co
Co2+
[2]
60
(b) Co is a cobalt isotope.
(i) Explain the term isotope.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Explain why two isotopes of the same element have identical chemical properties.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) State one industrial use and one medical use of radioactive isotopes.
industrial use ....................................................................................................... [1]
medical use ......................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
3 The following table gives information about six substances.
melting point boiling point electrical conductivity electrical conductivity

substance
/ °C / °C as a solid as a liquid
A 839 1484 good good

B –210 –196 poor poor
C 776 1497 poor good
D –117 78 poor poor
E 1607 2227 poor poor
F –5 102 poor good
(a) Which substance could have a macromolecular structure, similar to that of silicon(IV)
oxide?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Which substances are solids at room temperature?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Which substance could be a metal?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Which substance could be aqueous sodium chloride?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Which substance is an ionic compound?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) Which substances are liquids at room temperature?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
4 The Kinetic Theory explains the properties of matter in terms of the arrangement and
movement of particles.
(a) Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature. Nitrogen molecules, N2, which are spread far
apart move in a random manner at high speed.
(i) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in a nitrogen
molecule.
Use × to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom.
[2]
(ii) How does the movement and arrangement of the molecules in a crystal of nitrogen
differ from those in gaseous nitrogen?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Use the ideas of the Kinetic Theory to explain the following.
(i) A sealed container contains nitrogen gas. The pressure of a gas is due to the
molecules of the gas hitting the walls of the container.
Explain why the pressure inside the container increases when the temperature is
increased.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) The following apparatus can be used to measure the rate of diffusion of a gas.
constant
pressure
applied metal foil
gas escapes
gas syringe gas through small
hole in foil
The following results were obtained.
temperature rate of diffusion

gas
/ °C in cm3 / min
nitrogen 25 1.00
chlorine 25 0.63
nitrogen 50 1.05
Explain why nitrogen diffuses faster than chlorine.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
Explain why the nitrogen diffuses faster at the higher temperature.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 10]
5 Three of the halogens in Group VII are:
chlorine
bromine
iodine
(a)
a) How does their colour change down the Group?
[1]
(ii) How does their physical state (solid, liquid or gas) change down the Group?
[1]
(iii) Predict the colour and physical state of fluorine.
colour
physical state [2]
(b) Describe how you could distinguish between aqueous potassium bromide and aqueous
potassium iodide.
test
result with bromide
result with iodide [3]
(c) 0.015 moles of iodine react with 0.045 moles of chlorine to form 0.030 moles of a single
product. Complete the equation.
I2 + Cl2 [2]
(d) Traces of chlorine can be separated from bromine vapour by diffusion.

Which gas would diffuse the faster and why?
[2]
6 Strontium and sul ut they have
different properties.
property strontium chloride sulphur chloride
appearance white crystalline solid red liquid
melting point / oC 87 -8
particles present ions molecules
electrical conductivity of solid poor poor
electrical conductivity of liquid good poor
(a) The formulae of the chlorides are similar because both elements have a valency of 2.
Explain why Group II and Group VI elements both have a valency of 2.
[2]
(b) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one covalent
molecule of sulphur chloride.
Use x to represent an electron from a sulphur atom.
Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.
[3]
(c) Explain the difference in electrical conductivity between the following.
(i) solid and liquid strontium chloride
[1]
(ii) liquid strontium chloride and liquid sulphur chloride
[1]
1 A major source of energy is the combustion of fossil fuels.
(a) (i) Name a solid fossil fuel.
[1]
(ii) Name a gaseous fossil fuel.
[1]
(b) Petroleum is separated into more useful fractions by fractional distillation.
(i) Name two liquid fuels obtained from petroleum.
and [2]
(ii) Name two other useful products obtained from petroleum that are not used as
fuels.
and [2]
(iii) Give another mixture of liquids that is separated on an industrial scale by fractional
distillation.
[1]
[Total: 7]
2 A list of techniques used to separate mixtures is given below.
fractional simple
crystallization filtration diffusion
distillation distillation
From the list choose the most suitable technique to separate the following.
water from aqueous copper(II) sulphate
helium from a mixture of helium and argon
copper(II) sulphate from aqueous copper(II) sulphate
ethanol from aqueous ethanol
barium sulphate from a mixture of water and barium sulphate [5]
[Total: 5]
3 (a) Match the following pH values to the solutions given below.
1 3 7 10 13
The solutions all have the same concentration.
solution pH
aqueous ammonia, a weak base ............
dilute hydrochloric acid, a strong acid ............
aqueous sodium hydroxide, a strong base ............
aqueous sodium chloride, a salt ............

[5]
dilute ethanoic acid, a weak acid ............
(b) Explain why solutions of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid with the same concentration, in
mol / dm3, have a different pH.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Measuring pH is one way of distinguishing between a strong acid and a weak acid.
Describe another method.
method .......................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
results ........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 9]
4 In 1985 the fullerenes were discovered. They are solid forms of the element carbon. The structure
of the C60 fullerene is given below.
(a) (i) In the C60 fullerene, how many other carbon atoms is each carbon atom bonded to?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Another fullerene has a relative molecular mass of 840.

How many carbon atoms are there in one molecule of this fullerene?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fullerenes are soluble in liquid hydrocarbons such as octane. The other solid forms of carbon
are insoluble.
Describe how you could obtain crystals of fullerenes from soot which is a mixture of fullerenes
and other solid forms of carbon.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) A mixture of a fullerene and potassium is an excellent conductor of electricity.
(i) Which other form of solid carbon is a good conductor of electricity?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why metals, such as potassium, are good conductors of electricity.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The mixture of fullerene and potassium has to be stored out of contact with air. There are
substances in unpolluted air which will react with potassium.
Name two potassium compounds which could be formed when potassium is exposed to
air.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]
5 The ester linkage showing all the bonds is drawn as
or more simply it can be written as –COO–.
(a) (i) Give the structural formula of the ester ethyl ethanoate.
[1]
(ii) Deduce the name of the ester formed from methanoic acid and butanol.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) (i) Which group of naturally occurring compounds contains the ester linkage?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Draw the structural formula of the polyester formed from the following monomers.
HOOCC6H4COOH and HOCH2CH2OH
You are advised to use the simpler form of the ester linkage.
[3]
(c) Esters can be used as solvents in chromatography. The following shows a chromatogram
of plant acids.
solvent front
the cross represents

the centre of the spot
baseline
sample
sa sa
sample
An ester was used as the solvent and the chromatogram was sprayed with bromothymol
blue.
(i) Suggest why it was necessary to spray the chromatogram.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Explain what is meant by the Rf value of a sample.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Calculate the Rf values of the two samples and use the data in the table to identify
the plant acids.
plant acid Rf value
tartaric acid 0.22

citric acid 0.30
oxalic acid 0.36
malic acid 0.46
succinic acid 0.60
sample 1 Rf = ................ It is ..................... acid.
sample 2 Rf = ................ It is ..................... acid. [2]
[Total: 11]
6 The ore of aluminium is bauxite which is impure aluminium oxide. Alumina, pure aluminium
oxide, is obtained from bauxite.
Aluminium is formed at the cathode when a molten mixture of alumina and cryolite, Na3Al F6,
is electrolysed.
(a)
a) Name two products formed at the anode in this electrolysis.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) All the aluminium formed comes from the alumina not the cryolite.
Suggest two reasons why the electrolyte must contain cryolite.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) The major impurity in bauxite is iron(III) oxide. Iron(III) oxide is basic, aluminium
oxide is amphoteric. Explain how aqueous sodium hydroxide can be used to separate
them.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The purification of bauxite uses large amounts of sodium hydroxide.
(i) Describe the chemistry of how sodium hydroxide is made from concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride. The description must include at least one ionic equation.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [5]
(ii) Making sodium hydroxide from sodium chloride produces two other chemicals.
Name these two chemicals and state one use of each chemical.
chemical ....................................................................................................................
use .............................................................................................................................
chemical ....................................................................................................................
use ....................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 13]
1 The results of some tests on a colourless liquid X are shown.
• Boiling point = 102 °C
• Universal Indicator turns green
What is X?
A ethanol
B hydrochloric acid
C pure water
D sodium chloride (salt) solution
2 A blue solid, X, is soluble in water.
Which method is used to obtain pure solid X from an aqueous solution?
A chromatography
B crystallisation
C filtration
D neutralisation
3 A mixture is separated using the apparatus shown.
mixture
funnel
filter paper
What is the mixture?
A aqueous copper chloride and copper

B aqueous copper chloride and sodium chloride
C ethane and methane
D ethanol and water
4 Ethanol is made by fermentation.
How is ethanol obtained from the fermentation mixture?
A chromatography
B crystallisation
C electrolysis
D fractional distillation
5 Alcohol and water are completely miscible. This means when mixed together they form only one
liquid layer.
Which method is used to separate alcohol from water?
A crystallisation
B filtration
C fractional distillation
D precipitation
6 Which two methods can be used to separate a salt from its solution in water?
1 crystallisation
2 decanting
3 distillation
4 filtration
A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 3 D 3 and 4
7 A solid mixture contains an ionic salt, X, and a covalent organic compound, Y.
Two students suggest methods of separating the mixture as shown.
method 1
shake with
water
X+Y
method 2
shake with
ethanol
X+Y
Which methods of separation are likely to work?
1 2
A
B
C
D
8 The diagram shows a method for separating a substance that contains X and Y.
filter paper
X
Which types of substance can be separated as shown?
A compounds
B elements
C mixtures
D molecules
9 Methanol, CH3OH, and ethanol, C2H5OH, are miscible liquids.
Which diagram shows apparatus that is used to obtain methanol from a mixture of ethanol and
methanol?
A B
heat
heat
heat
10 A mixture of sulfur and iron filings needs to be separated. The solubilities of sulfur and iron filings
in water and carbon disulfide are shown in the table below.
solubility solubility in
in water carbon disulfide
sulfur
iron filings
What are possible methods of separating the sulfur and iron filings?
using using using

water carbon disulfide a magnet
A
B
C
D
11 Which method is most suitable to obtain zinc carbonate from a suspension of zinc carbonate in
water?
A crystallisation
B distillation
C evaporation
D filtration
12 Mixture 1 contains sand and water.
Mixture 2 contains salt and water.
Which method of separation could be used to obtain each of the required products from each
mixture?
13 The table gives the solubility of four substances in ethanol and in water.
A mixture containing all four substances is added to ethanol, stirred and filtered.
The solid residue is added to water, stirred and filtered.
The filtrate is evaporated to dryness, leaving a white solid.
Which is the white solid?
14 A mixture of ethanol and methanol are separated by fractional distillation.
This method of separation depends on a difference in property X of these two alcohols.
What is property X?
A boiling point
B colour
C melting point
D solubility
15 A fruit drink coloured orange contains a dissolved mixture of red and yellow colouring agents.
One of these colouring agents is suspected of being illegal.
Which method could be used to show the presence of this illegal colouring agent?
A chromatography
B distillation
C evaporation
D filtration
16 A student carries out an experiment to prepare pure magnesium sulfate crystals.
The diagram shows the first stage of the preparation.
stirrer
magnesium
carbonate
dilute sulfuric acid
He adds magnesium carbonate until no more reacts.
Which process should he use for the next stage?
A crystallisation
B evaporation
C filtration
D neutralisation
17 A student separates salt from a mixture of salt and sand.
What is the correct order of steps for the student to take?
A filter → evaporate → shake with water
B filter → shake with water → evaporate
C shake with water → evaporate → filter
D shake with water → filter → evaporate
1 An element, M, has the electron distribution 2 + 8 + 18 + 3.
(a) Which group in the Periodic Table is element M likely to be in?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Predict whether element M is a poor or a good conductor of electricity.

Give a reason for your answer.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Binary compounds contain two atoms per molecule, for example HCl.
Identify an element which could form a binary compound with element M.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Predict the formula of the sulfate of M. The formula of the sulfate ion is SO42–.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) The hydroxide of M is a white powder which is insoluble in water.

Describe how you could show that this hydroxide is amphoteric.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
2 (a) The table below gives the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms or ions.
Complete the table. The first line is given as an example.
You will need to use the Periodic Table.
number of number of number of symbol or

particle
protons electrons neutrons formula
9
A 4 4 5 4 Be
B 19 18 20
....................
C 30 30 35
....................
D 8 10 8
....................
E 31 31 39
....................
[6]
(b) Using the data in the table, explain how you can determine whether a particle is an atom,
a negative ion or a positive ion.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
3 For each of the following, name an element which matches the description.
(a) It is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) It is the only non-metal which is a good conductor of electricity.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Inert electrodes are made from this metal.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) This gaseous element is used to fill balloons in preference to hydrogen.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) An element which can form an ion of the type X3–.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) It has the same electron distribution as the calcium ion, Ca2+.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(g) The element is in Period 5 and Group VI.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
4 The halogens are a collection of diatomic non-metals in Group VII.
(a)
a) Define the term diatomic.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) What do the electron distributions of the halogens have in common?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) How do their electron distributions differ?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) Complete the table.
solid, liquid or gas

halogen colour
at room temperature
chlorine ......................................... .........................................
bromine ......................................... .........................................
iodine ......................................... .........................................

[2]
(b) The halogens react with other non-metals to form covalent compounds.
Draw a diagram which shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule
of the covalent compound arsenic trifluoride.
The electron distribution of an arsenic atom is 2 + 8 + 18 + 5.
Use x to represent an electron from an arsenic atom.

Use o to represent an electron from a fluorine atom.
[3]
(c) Photochromic glass is used in sunglasses. In bright light, the glass darkens reducing
the amount of light reaching the eye. When the light is less bright, the glass becomes
colourless increasing the amount of light reaching the eye.
Photochromic glass contains very small amounts of the halides silver(I) chloride and
copper(I) chloride.
The reaction between these two chlorides is photochemical.
AgCl + CuCl Ag + CuCl 2

colourless colourless black colourless
How does photochromic glass work?
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 11]
5 Zirconium (Zr) is a metal in Period 5. Its main oxidation state is +4.
90 91 92
(a) The following are all zirconium atoms: 40 Zr , 40 Zr and 40 Zr .
In terms of numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons, how are these three atoms the
same and how are they different?
They are the same because .............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
They are different because ...............................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Containers for fuel rods in nuclear reactors are made of zirconium.
Nuclear reactors are used to produce energy and to make radioactive isotopes.
(i) Which isotope of a different element is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) State one medical and one industrial use of radioactive isotopes.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Above 900 °C, zirconium reacts with water to form zirconium(IV) oxide, ZrO2, and
hydrogen. Write an equation for this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iv) In a nuclear accident, water may come in contact with very hot zirconium.
Explain why the presence of hydrogen inside the reactor greatly increases the
danger of the accident.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) It is possible to determine whether zirconium(IV) oxide is acidic, neutral, basic or

amphoteric using an acid and an alkali. Complete the table of possible results. If the
oxide is predicted to react write ‘R’, if it is predicted not to react write ‘NR’.
predicted result with predicted result with aqueous

if the oxide is
hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide
acidic
neutral
basic
amphoteric
[4]
[Total: 13]
6 Three of the halogens in Group VII are listed below.
chlorine
bromine
iodine
(a)
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) How do their melting points and boiling points change down the Group?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Predict the colour and physical state (solid, liquid or gas) of astatine, At.
colour .........................................................................................................................
physical state ....................................................................................................... [2]
53 I,
131
(b) A radioactive isotope of iodine, is used to treat cancer.
(i) Define the term isotope.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
53 I?
131
(ii) How many protons, electrons and neutrons are there in one atom of
number of protons ..............

number of electrons ............
number of neutrons ............ [2]
53 I, emits radiation, a different element with a proton number of

(iii) When this isotope, 131
54 is formed.
What is the name of this element?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Fluorine, the most reactive halogen, forms compounds with the other halogens. It forms
two compounds with bromine.
Deduce their formulae from the following information.
compound 1
The mass of one mole of this compound is 137 g.
Its formula is ................................. [1]
compound 2
0.02 moles of this compound contain 0.02 moles of bromine atoms and 0.1 moles of
fluorine atoms.
Its formula is ................................. [1]
[Total: 11]
7 The table gives the composition of three particles.
number of number of number of

particle
protons electrons neutrons
A 15 15 16
B 15 18 16
C 15 15 17
(a) What is the evidence in the table for each of the following?
(i) Particle A is an atom.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) They are all particles of the same element.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Particle B is a negative ion.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iv) Particles A and C are isotopes.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) (i) What is the electronic structure of particle A?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) What is the valency of the element?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Is the element a metal or a non-metal? Give a reason for your choice.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 9]
1 Calcium reacts with nitrogen to form the ionic compound calcium nitride, Ca3N2.
(a) Draw a diagram, based on the correct formula, which shows the charges on the ions and the
arrangement of the electrons around the negative ion.
Use o to represent an electron from a calcium atom.

Use x to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom.
[3]
(b) In the lattice of calcium nitride, the ratio of calcium ions to nitride ions is 3 : 2.
(i) What is meant by the term lattice?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) In terms of ionic charges, explain why the ratio of ions is 3 : 2.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The reaction between calcium and nitrogen to form calcium nitride is a redox reaction.
In terms of electron transfer, explain why calcium is the reducing agent.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]
2 Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process. Nitrogen and hydrogen are passed over a catalyst
at a temperature of 450 °C and a pressure of 200 atmospheres.
The equation for the reaction is as follows.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
The forward reaction is exothermic.
(a) State one use of ammonia.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) What is the meaning of the symbol ?
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) What are the sources of nitrogen and hydrogen used in the Haber process?
nitrogen ......................................................................................................................................
hydrogen ....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Name the catalyst in the Haber process.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e)
e) If a temperature higher than 450 °C was used in the Haber process, what would happen to
the rate of the reaction? Give a reason for your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) If a temperature higher than 450 °C was used in the Haber process, what would happen to
the yield of ammonia? Give a reason for your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(f)
f) If a pressure higher than 200 atmospheres was used in the Haber process, what would
happen to the yield of ammonia? Give a reason for your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain why the rate of reaction would be faster if the pressure was greater than
200 atmospheres.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest one reason why a pressure higher than 200 atmospheres is not used in the
Haber process.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(g) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of the outer (valency) electrons in one
molecule of ammonia.
[2]
(h) Ammonia acts as a base when it reacts with sulfuric acid.
(i) What is a base?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between ammonia and sulfuric acid.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [Total: 18]

3 Two macromolecular forms of carbon are graphite and diamond. The structures of graphite and
diamond are given below.
graphite diamond
(a) Explain in terms of its structure why graphite is soft and is a good conductor of electricity.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) State two uses of graphite which depend on the above properties.
It is soft ......................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
It is a good conductor of electricity ............................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Silicon(IV) oxide also has a macromolecular structure.
(i) Describe the macromolecular structure of silicon(IV) oxide.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Predict two physical properties which diamond and silicon(IV) oxide have in common.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
4 For each of the following elements give one physical property and one chemical property.
(a) bromine (Br2)
physical property .......................................................................................................................
chemical property ......................................................................................................................

[2]
(b) carbongraphite(C)

[2]
(c) manganese (Mn)

[2]
[Total: 6]
5 In 1985 the fullerenes were discovered. They are solid forms of the element carbon. The structure
of the C60 fullerene is given below.
(a) (i) In the C60 fullerene, how many other carbon atoms is each carbon atom bonded to?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Another fullerene has a relative molecular mass of 840.

How many carbon atoms are there in one molecule of this fullerene?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fullerenes are soluble in liquid hydrocarbons such as octane. The other solid forms of carbon
are insoluble.
Describe how you could obtain crystals of fullerenes from soot which is a mixture of fullerenes
and other solid forms of carbon.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) A mixture of a fullerene and potassium is an excellent conductor of electricity.
(i) Which other form of solid carbon is a good conductor of electricity?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why metals, such as potassium, are good conductors of electricity.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The mixture of fullerene and potassium has to be stored out of contact with air. There are
substances in unpolluted air which will react with potassium.
Name two potassium compounds which could be formed when potassium is exposed to
air.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]
6 The table below gives the electron distributions of atoms of different elements.
element electron distribution

A 2+7
B 2+8+4
C 2+8+8+1
D 2 + 8 + 18 + 5
E 2 + 8 + 18 + 7
F 2 + 8 + 18 + 18 + 8
For each of the following, select an element or elements from the table that matches the description.
Each element may be selected once, more than once or not at all.
(a) These two elements are in the same group.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) This element forms a fluoride with a formula of the type XF3.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) This element reacts violently with cold water.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) This element has a macromolecular structure similar to that of diamond.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) The only oxidation state of this element is 0.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) This element is bromine.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) This element is a good conductor of electricity.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
7 The hydroxides of the Group I metals are soluble in water. Most other metal hydroxides are
insoluble in water.
(a) (i) Crystals of lithium chloride can be prepared from lithium hydroxide by titration.
burette filled with

hydrochloric acid of
concentration 2.20 mol / dm3
conical flask
25.0 cm3 of aqueous lithium hydroxide

and indicator
25.0 cm3 of aqueous lithium hydroxide is pipetted into the conical flask.
A few drops of an indicator are added. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added slowly to the
alkali until the indicator just changes colour. The volume of acid needed to neutralise
the lithium hydroxide is noted.
A neutral solution of lithium chloride, which still contains the indicator, is left. Describe
how you could obtain a neutral solution of lithium chloride which does not contain an
indicator.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) You cannot prepare a neutral solution of magnesium chloride by the same method.
Describe how you could prepare a neutral solution of magnesium chloride.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The concentration of the hydrochloric acid was 2.20 mol / dm3. The volume of acid needed
to neutralise the 25.0 cm3 of lithium hydroxide was 20.0 cm3. Calculate the concentration
of the aqueous lithium hydroxide.
LiOH + HCl → LiCl + H2O
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Lithium chloride forms three hydrates. They are LiCl.H2O, LiCl.2H2O and LiCl.3H2O.
Which one of these three hydrates contains 45.9 % of water?
Show how you arrived at your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 10]
1 What happens when a bond is formed between a green gaseous element and a soft metallic
element?
A The gas atoms gain an electron.

B The gas atoms lose an electron.
C The metal atoms gain an electron.
D The two elements share a pair of electrons.
2 Solder is an alloy of lead and tin. It is used for joining pieces of metal.
heated solder
molten solder
metal
Which statement about solder is correct?
A It can be represented by a chemical formula.

B It contains a mixture of lead and tin.
C It contains lead and tin chemically combined.
D It has a higher melting point than lead or tin.
3 Two elements, represented by and , form a compound.
Which diagram shows molecules of the compound?
A B C D
4 Which name is given to mixtures of metals?
A alloys
B compounds
C ores
D salts
1 Lithium is in Group I of the Periodic Table. Nitrogen is in Group V of the Periodic Table.
Lithium reacts with nitrogen to form the ionic compound lithium nitride.
What happens to the electrons when lithium atoms and nitrogen atoms form ions?
lithium atoms nitrogen atoms

A each lithium atom loses one each nitrogen atom gains three
electron to form a Li+ ion electrons to form an N3 ion
B each lithium atom loses one each nitrogen atom gains five
electron to form a Li+ ion electrons to form an N5 ion
C each lithium atom gains one each nitrogen atom loses three
electron to form a Li ion electrons to form an N3+ ion
D each lithium atom gains one each nitrogen atom loses five
electron to form a Li ion electrons to form an N5+ ion
2 Potassium, K, forms a compound with fluorine, F.
Which statements about this compound are correct?

1 The compound is ionic.
2 The formula of the compound is KF.
3 The compound is soluble in water.
A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only
3 Compound X melts at 801 °C and is a good electrical conductor when dissolved in water.
Compound Y boils at 77 °C, is insoluble in water and is a non-conductor of electricity.
Which type of bonding is present in X and in Y?
4 Q+ is an ion of element Q.
What has the highest value in the ion?
A the nucleon number

B the number of electrons
C the number of neutrons
D the proton number
5 Which substance is an ionic compound?
6 Sodium chloride is an ionic solid.
Which statement is not correct?
A Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

B Ions in sodium chloride are strongly held together.
C Ions with the same charge attract each other.
D Sodium chloride solution can conduct electricity.
7 Caesium chloride and rubidium bromide are halide compounds of Group I elements.
Caesium chloride has the formula ……1……, a relative formula mass ……2…… that of rubidium
bromide and bonds that are ……3…… .
Which words correctly complete gaps 1, 2 and 3?
1 2 3
A CaCl different from ionic

B CaCl the same as covalent
C CsCl different from ionic
D CsCl the same as covalent
8 The electronic structures of two atoms, X and Y, are shown.
X Y
X and Y combine together to form a compound.
What is the type of bonding in the compound and what is the formula of the compound?
9 Element X is in Group I of the Periodic Table. X reacts with element Y to form an ionic compound.
Which equation shows the process that takes place when X forms ions?
A X + e → X+
B X – e → X
C X + e → X
D X – e → X+
10 Rubidium is in Group I of the Periodic Table and bromine is in Group VII.
Rubidium reacts with bromine to form an ionic compound.
Which row shows the electron change taking place for rubidium and the correct formula of the
rubidium ion?
electron change formula of ion formed
A electron gained Rb+

B electron gained Rb
C electron lost Rb+
D electron lost Rb
11 The electronic structures of atoms P and Q are shown.
P Q
P and Q react to form an ionic compound.
What is the formula of the compound?

A Q7P B QP C QP3 D QP7
12 For which substance is the type of bonding not correct?
13 The table shows the electronic structures of four atoms.
Which two atoms combine to form an ionic compound?
A W and X B W and Y C X and Y D X and Z
14 The element rubidium, Rb, is immediately below potassium in the Periodic Table.
It reacts with bromine to form the compound rubidium bromide.
Which descriptions of this compound are correct?
15 The electronic structures of atoms P and Q are shown.
key
P Q = electron
P and Q react to form an ionic compound.
What is the formula of this compound?
A PQ2 B P2Q C P2Q6 D P6Q2
16 The table contains information about four substances.
Which substance is potassium chloride?
17 Which two elements react together to form an ionic compound?
A W and X B X and Y C Y and Z D Z and W
18 Which change to an atom occurs when it forms a positive ion?
A It gains electrons.
B It gains protons.
C It loses electrons.
D It loses protons.
19 The electronic configuration of an ion is 2.8.8.
What could this ion be?
S2 Ca2+
A
B
C
D
20 When sodium chloride is formed from its elements, each chlorine atom ……1…… one ……2…….
Which words correctly complete gaps 1 and 2?
1 Diamond and graphite are macromolecules.
Which statement about diamond and graphite is not correct?
A They are giant structures with high melting points.

B They are non-conductors of electricity.
C They contain only atoms of a non-metal.
D They have covalent bonds between the atoms.
2 Two statements about diamond are given.
1 Diamond has a giant three-dimensional covalent structure of carbon atoms.

2 Diamond is one of the hardest substances known.
Which is correct?
A Both statements are correct and statement 1 explains statement 2.

B Both statements are correct but statement 2 does not explain statement 1.
C Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
D Statement 2 is correct but statement 1 is incorrect.
3 The structures of diamond and graphite are shown.
diamond graphite
Which statement about diamond and graphite is not correct?
A Diamond is used in cutting tools because the strong covalent bonds make it very hard.
B Graphite acts a lubricant because of the weak bonds between the layers.
C Graphite conducts electricity because the electrons between the layers are free to move.
D Graphite has a low melting point because of the weak bonds between the layers.
4 Rescuers are drilling through fallen rock in order to rescue some men trapped in a cave. The drill
needs lubricating from time to time.
The following statements were made about the materials used for the drill tip and the lubricant
and the reasons for their use.
1 Diamond was used for the drill tip as it does not conduct electricity.
2 Diamond was used for the drill tip as it is very hard.
3 Graphite was used as the lubricant as it conducts electricity.
4 Graphite was used as the lubricant as it is soft and flaky.
Which statements are correct?
5 Graphite is a form of carbon.
Why can graphite be used as a lubricant?
A Graphite contains delocalised electrons which move throughout the structure.

B Graphite contains weak covalent bonds so the atoms move easily.
C Graphite has a low melting point so it easily turns into a liquid.
D Graphite has weak forces of attraction between layers so they can move.
6 The electronic structures of atoms X and Y are shown.
X Y
X and Y form a covalent compound.
What is its formula?
A XY5 B XY3 C XY D X3Y
7 Slate has a layered structure and can easily be split into thin sheets.
Which diagram shows a structure most like that of slate?
A B C D
8 The ‘lead’ in a pencil is made of a mixture of graphite and clay.
‘lead’
When the percentage of graphite is increased, the pencil slides across the paper more easily.
Which statement explains this observation?
A Graphite has a high melting point.

B Graphite is a form of carbon.
C Graphite is a lubricant.
D Graphite is a non-metal.
9 Solid F is an element.
Solid G is a compound.
Neither solid conducts electricity but G conducts electricity when dissolved in water.
These properties suggest that F is ……1…… and that G is ……2…… with ……3…… bonds.
10 The diagrams show the structures of two forms, P and Q, of a solid element.
P Q
What are suitable uses of P and Q, based on their structures?
11 Statements 1, 2 and 3 are about diamond and graphite.
1 They are different solid forms of the same element.

2 They each conduct electricity.
3 They have atoms that form four equally strong bonds.
A 1 only B 3 only C 1 and 3 D 2 and 3
1 The table shows the electronic structure of four atoms.
Which two atoms combine to form a covalent compound?
A W and X B W and Y C X and Y D X and Z
X Y
3 In the following diagrams, X and Y are atoms of different elements.
Which diagram correctly shows the arrangement of outer electrons in a molecule of methane?
A B C D
Y Y Y
X Y X Y Y X Y Y X Y
Y Y Y Y
4 In which compounds are pairs of electrons shared between atoms?
1 methane
2 lead bromide
3 sodium chloride
A 1 only B 2 only C 1 and 3 D 1, 2 and 3
5 Which statement about bonding is not correct?
A Carbon can form four single covalent bonds.

B Chlorine atoms react to gain a noble gas electronic structure.
C Covalent bonding involves losing and gaining electrons.
D Hydrogen molecules have the formula H2.
6 Covalent bonds are formed when electrons are ……1…… .
Most covalent compounds have ……2…… electrical conductivity.
7 Sodium chloride is an ionic solid.
A Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

B Ions in sodium chloride are strongly held together.
C Ions with the same charge attract each other.
D Sodium chloride solution can conduct electricity.
8 Caesium chloride and rubidium bromide are halide compounds of Group I elements.
Caesium chloride has the formula ……1……, a relative formula mass ……2…… that of rubidium
bromide and bonds that are ……3…… .
1 2 3
A CaCl different from ionic

B CaCl the same as covalent
C CsCl different from ionic
D CsCl the same as covalent
9 Element X is in Group I of the Periodic Table. X reacts with element Y to form an ionic compound.
Which equation shows the process that takes place when X forms ions?
A X + e → X+
B X – e → X
C X + e → X
D X – e → X+
10 The diagrams show the electron arrangements in the atoms of four elements.
Which element does not form a covalent bond?
A B C
key
e ee ee ee
e electron
ee ee ee ee
e e e e nucleus
e
ee ee ee
11 Which statement about the bonding in a molecule of water is not correct?
A Both hydrogen and oxygen have a noble gas configuration of electrons.

B Each hydrogen shares its one electron with oxygen.
C Oxygen shares one of its own electrons with each hydrogen.
D Oxygen shares two of its own electrons with each hydrogen.
12 Element X has six electrons in its outer shell.
e e key
e = electron
e
e e
How could the element react?
A by gaining two electrons to form a positive ion

B by losing six electrons to form a negative ion
C by sharing two electrons with two electrons from another element to form two covalent bonds
D by sharing two electrons with two electrons from another element to form four covalent bonds
13 Electrons from each element are shared by both of the elements in a compound.
Which compound matches this description?
A lead bromide
B sodium chloride
C water
D zinc oxide
14 In the molecules CH4, HCl and H2O, which atoms use all of their outer shell electrons in bonding?
A C and Cl B C and H C Cl and H D H and O
15 Element X forms an acidic, covalent oxide.
Which row shows how many electrons there could be in the outer shell of an atom of X?
16 Which is a simple covalent molecule?
conducts electricity
volatile
when solid when molten
A
B
C
D
17 The diagram shows the electronic structures of atoms P and Q.
e
e e key
e e e e = electron
= nucleus
e e
P e Q e
e e
e e
e
P and Q combine to form a molecule.
What is the formula of this molecule?
A PQ4 B PQ C P2Q D P4Q
18 In the diagrams, circles of different sizes represent atoms of different elements.
Which diagram represents hydrogen chloride gas?
A B C D
X Y
20 Which diagram does not show the outer shell electrons in the molecule correctly?
A B C D
H H H Cl H C H Cl Cl
21 Element X has six electrons in its outer shell.
e e key
e = electron
e
e e
How could the element react?
A by gaining two electrons to form a positive ion

B by losing six electrons to form a negative ion
C by sharing two electrons with two electrons from another element to form two covalent bonds
D by sharing two electrons with two electrons from another element to form four covalent bonds
22 In which compounds are pairs of electrons shared between atoms?
1 sodium chloride
2 methane
3 lead bromide
A 1 only B 2 only C 1 and 3 D 1, 2 and 3
23 Covalent bonds are formed when electrons are ……1…… . Covalent compounds have ……2……
electrical conductivity.

Question Answer Marks Guidance
1(a
(a) ( 3 ) CuO + CO2; A multiples
I state symbols
(Cu(OH)2 ) CuO + H2O;
(2Cu(NO3)2 ) 2CuO + (4NO2) + O2

species;
balancing; 4
(b)(i) (black to) pink / brown / orange; 1 red
(b)(ii) (hot) copper reacts / is oxidised; A forms copper oxide for 2 marks
with oxygen / air; 2
(iii monoxide / ammonia / methane; 1
(b)(iv) / graphite or any metal more reactive than copper; 1
1(c)(i 79.28 Minimum 3 sig figs
79.6205853; A rounding or truncating
84.7161572; 2 All three correct = 2 marks,
Two correct = 1 mark
(c)(ii) the last one OR Cu and O2 OR the one from copper;
not all the copper oxidised OR the outside of the pieces of copper oxidised 2 ecf of biggest for M1
but the inside did not OR (still) contains copper (metal);
2 (a) (i) 82.76/12 and 17.2(4)(/1)
or evaluation: 6.89 / 6.9(0) and 17.2(4) [1]
C2H5 [1]
OR
82.76 / 100 × 58 = 48 and 17.24 / 100 × 58 = 10
or evaluation i.e. 48 and 10 [1]
C2H5 [1]
(ii) (C2H5 =) 29 [1]
(58 / 29 =2 ) C4H10 [1]
OR:
82.76 / 100 × 58 = 48 and 17.24 / 100 × 58 = 10
or evaluation i.e. 48 and 10 [1]
48 / 12 = 4 10 / 1 = 10 (therefore) C4H10 [1]
(b) (i) CnH2n [1]
(ii) CH2 [1]
(c) (contains) double bond / triple bond / multiple bond(s) / not all bonds are single [1]
(contains) carbon and hydrogen only [1]
(d) bromine / bromine water [1]
no change / stays brown / orange / yellow / red-brown or only changes in UV [1]
(brown / orange / yellow) to colourless / decolourised

eco
(e) (i) circle / brackets around any 2 consecutive carbon atoms in the main chain
and all attached atoms [1]
e.
(ii) CH3CH2CH=CH2 / C2H5CH=CH2 (double bond must be shown) [1]
butene / but-1-ene
ut-
(iii) (CH3)2C=CH2 / CH3CH=CHCH3 / (CH2)2CHCH3 / (CH2)4 [1]
[Total:15]
3 (a) Any two from:

yeast / 20–40 °C / anaerobic or without oxygen or without air / (aqueous)
solution or water or aqueous [2]
(b) (i) Mr = 180 (1) (30/180) = 0.167 (1) [2]
(ii) 2 × 0.167 or 2 × 46 or 0.333 or 92 [1]
(2 × 0.167 × 46) = 15.3(33) (g) [1]
(iii) (2 × 0.167 × 24 ) = 8 (dm3) [1
(c) (i) Crude oil / petroleum

etr
(ii) C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH / CH3CH2OH

H [
[Total:9]
4 (a (i) (the number of particles which is equal to the number of atoms in) 12 g of carbon 12
or
the mass in grams which contains the Avogadro’s constant number of particles
or
Avogadro’s constant or 6 to 6.023 × 1023 of atoms / ions / molecules / electrons /
particles
or
(the amount of substance which has a mass equal to) its relative formula mass / relative
atomic mass / relative molecular mass in grams
or
(the amount of substance which has a volume equal to) 24 dm3 of a gas at RTP
[1]
(ii) (Avogadro’s constant is the) number of particles / atoms / ions / molecules in one mole of
a substance
or
the number of carbon atoms in 12 g of C(12).
or
the number of particles / molecules in 24 dm3of a gas at RTP
or
6 to 6.023 × 1023 (particles / atoms / ions / molecules / electrons) [1]
(b) CH4 and SO2 [1]
2/16 = 1/8 or 0.125 moles of CH4 AND 8/64 = 1/8 or 0.125 moles of SO2 [1]
(c) (i) 4.8/40 = 0.12 moles of Ca
3.6/18 = 0.2 moles of H2O both correct [1]
(ii) Ca is in excess (no mark) (because 0.12 moles of Ca need) 0.24 moles / 4.32 g of H2O
to react [1]
there is not enough / there are 0.2 moles / 3.6 g of H2O [1]
or
Ca is in excess (no mark) (because 0.2 moles / 3.6 g of water will react with)
0.1moles/4.0 g of Ca [1]
there is more than that / there are 0.12 moles / 4.8 g of Ca [1]
or
Ca is in excess (no mark) because the mole ratio Ca:H2O is 3:5 / mass ratio 4:3 [1]
which is bigger than the required mole ratio of 1:2 / mass ratio 10:9 [1]
or
Ca is in excess (no mark) because the mole ratio H2O:Ca is 5:3 / mass ratio 3:4 [1]
which is smaller than the required mole ratio of 2:1 / mass ratio 9:10 [1]
(iii) 0.02 × 40 = 0.8 (g) [1]
5 (a 72/24 = 3 and 28/14 = 2 [1]

Mg3N2 [1]
accept just formula for [2] even with incorrect or no working
NOT ecf
(b) Al4C3 + 12H2O = 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4 [2]

For Al4C3 ONLY [1]
(c)
c) silicon is limiting reagent [1]
0.07 moles of Si and 25/160 = 0.156 moles of Br2 [1]
because 0.14 (2 × 0.07) < 0.156 [1]
If 80 used to find moles of Br2 the mark 1 and 3 still available
arguments based on masses can be used
(ii) 0.07 [1]

NOT ecf
[Total: 8]
(a)(i) lattice [1]
6
(ii) high melting point or high fixed points
poor conductor as solid
good conductor as liquid, accept either aqueous or molten
hard
soluble in water
Any TWO [2]
(b)(i) Mg2+ [1]
(ii) N3 [1]
(iii) Mg3N2 [1]
(iv) opposite charges [1]

Do NOT accept "attract" it is in the question
accept electrostatic attraction as a phrase
TOTAL = 7
The diagram shows an electrical cable.
plastic coating
metal core
Which statement about the substances used is correct?
A The coating is plastic because it conducts electricity well.

B The core is copper because it conducts electricity well.
C The core is copper because it is cheap and strong.
D The core is iron because it is cheap and strong.
When substance X is electrolysed, the amount of gases P and Q formed is shown.
P Q
substance X
– +
What is substance X?
A concentrated aqueous sodium chloride

B concentrated hydrochloric acid
C dilute sulfuric acid
D molten lead(II) bromide
What are the products at the electrodes when dilute sulfuric acid is electrolysed using inert
electrodes?
Electricity is passed separately through concentrated hydrochloric acid, concentrated aqueous

sodium chloride and dilute sulfuric acid.
In which rows are the electrolysis products correctly named?
cathode product anode product

1 concentrated hydrogen chlorine
hydrochloric acid
2 concentrated sodium chlorine
aqueous sodium chloride
3 dilute sulfuric acid hydrogen oxygen
Which row describes the electrolysis of molten potassium bromide?
The diagram shows a section of an overhead power cable.
steel
ceramic
aluminium
Which statement explains why a particular substance is used?
A Aluminium has a low density and is a good conductor of electricity.

B Ceramic is a good conductor of electricity.
C Steel can rust in damp air.
D Steel is more dense than aluminium.
The diagram shows the electrolysis of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride using carbon electrodes.
+ – + –
electrode 1 electrode 2 electrode 3 electrode 4
concentrated concentrated aqueous

hydrochloric acid sodium chloride
At which electrode(s) is hydrogen produced?
A electrode 1 only
B electrodes 1 and 3
C electrode 2 only
D electrodes 2 and 4
8 What are the electrode products when molten silver iodide is electrolysed between inert
electrodes?
9 Copper and hydrogen can each be formed by electrolysis.
At which electrodes are these elements formed?
10 The diagram shows a failed attempt to copper-plate a pan.
3V
– +
copper cathode pan
copper sulfate
solution
Which action will plate the pan with copper?
A cooling the copper sulfate solution in an ice bath

B heating the copper sulfate solution to boiling point
C increasing the voltage from 3 V to 6 V
D making the pan the cathode and the copper the anode
The diagram shows the electroplating of a steel object.
+ –
copper steel object
copper(II) sulfate solution
A student made the following statements.
1 The object turns a reddish-brown colour.

2 The copper sulfate solution changes to a paler blue colour.
3 The copper electrode becomes smaller.
An object is electroplated with silver using an aqueous silver salt as the electrolyte.
Which set of conditions is used?
The diagram shows an electrolysis experiment.
electrode Q electrode P
During the electrolysis, sodium was formed at electrode P and chlorine at electrode Q.
Which row correctly identifies P, Q and X?
P Q X
A anode cathode concentrated solution of
sodium chloride in water
B anode cathode molten sodium chloride
C cathode anode concentrated solution of
sodium chloride in water
D cathode anode molten sodium chloride
The diagram shows apparatus for plating a spoon with silver.
spoon metal electrode
electrolyte
A Silver would stick to the spoon because it is a very reactive metal.

B The electrolyte would be a silver salt dissolved in water.
C The metal electrode would be made from silver.
D The spoon would be connected to the negative terminal of the power supply.
Which metal could not be used for electroplating by using an aqueous solution?
A chromium
B copper
C silver
D sodium
Which products are formed at the electrodes when a concentrated solution of sodium chloride is
electrolysed?
A student wishes to electroplate an object with copper.
Which row is correct?
In the electrolysis shown, chlorine is produced at W and sodium at X.
+ –
W X
Which labels are correct?
Which substance will not conduct electricity?
A aluminium
B copper
C plastic
D steel
Which products are formed at the anode and cathode when electricity is passed through molten
lead(II) bromide?
anode (+) cathode (–)
A bromide ions lead ions

B bromine molecules lead atoms
C lead atoms bromine molecules
D lead ions bromide ions
Electrical cables are made from either ……1……, because it is a very good conductor of
electricity, or from……2……, because it has a low density.
Overhead cables have a ……3…… core in order to give the cable strength.
What will be produced at the anode and at the cathode, if molten potassium chloride is
electrolysed?
The diagram shows the circuit for electrolysing lead(II) bromide and sodium chloride to liberate
the metal.
container for container for

lead(II) bromide sodium chloride
In what form are these salts electrolysed for liberating the metal?
The diagram shows the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.
+ –
anode cathode
carbon
rods
concentrated
aqueous sodium
chloride and litmus
What is the colour of the litmus at each electrode after five minutes?
Two electrolysis experiments were carried out as shown in the diagram below.
The graphite electrodes are labelled 1-4.
+ – + –
1 2 3 4
molten concentrated aqueous

sodium chloride sodium chloride
Which row describes the products at the electrodes in these experiments?
One molten compound and two aqueous solutions were electrolysed.
The table gives the compounds electrolysed and the electrodes used.
substance electrolysed electrodes
1 concentrated hydrochloric acid carbon

2 concentrated sodium chloride platinum
3 molten lead bromide platinum
In which experiments is a gas evolved at the cathode?
A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 only D 3 only
The diagram shows an incomplete circuit.
lamp
glass tube
Which substance causes the lamp to light when added to the glass tube?
A aqueous sodium chloride

B aqueous sugar
C solid sodium chloride
D solid sugar
plastic coating
metal core

The diagram shows an electrolysis circuit.
At which electrode is hydrogen formed?
+ – + –
A B C D
aqueous molten
sodium sodium
chloride chloride
Some white anhydrous copper(II) sulfate powder is put into a beaker of water and stirred.
What would show that the process was exothermic?
A A blue solution is formed.

B The beaker feels cooler.
C The beaker feels warmer.
D The powder dissolves in the water.
Concentrated aqueous sodium chloride, concentrated hydrochloric acid and molten lead bromide
were separately electrolysed in experiments 1, 2 and 3.
experiment 1 experiment 2
concentrated concentrated
aqueous hydrochloric
sodium platinum acid platinum
chloride electrodes electrodes
experiment 3
d.c. power supply
lamp
LEAD
BROMIDE
TOXIC
heat
Which statement about the electrode products is correct?
A Gases were given off at the anode in experiments 2 and 3 only.

B Gases were given off at the cathode in experiments 1 and 2 only.
C Metals were formed at the anode in experiments 1 and 3 only.
D Metals were formed at the cathode in experiments 1 and 3 only.
positive negative
+ –
electrode carbon electrode
rods
concentrated
aqueous sodium
chloride
What is produced at each of the electrodes?
The diagram shows an electrolysis experiment using metals X and Y as electrodes.
+ –
aqueous solution
X Y
One of the metals becomes coated with copper.
Which metal becomes coated and which aqueous solution is used?
aqueous
metal
solution
A X Cr l 3
B X Cu l 2
C Y Cr l 3
D Y Cu l 2
In separate experiments, electricity was passed through concentrated aqueous sodium chloride
and molten lead bromide.
What would happen in both experiments?
A A halogen would be formed at the anode.

B A metal would be formed at the cathode.
C Hydrogen would be formed at the anode.
D Hydrogen would be formed at the cathode.
Winston Churchill, a British Prime Minister, had his false teeth electroplated with gold.
The teeth were coated with a thin layer of carbon and were then placed in the apparatus shown.
switch
X Y
false teeth gold
aqueous solution
of a gold salt
The diagram shows that two gases are formed when concentrated hydrochloric acid is
electrolysed using inert electrodes.
+ve –ve
concentrated
hydrochloric acid
Which row correctly describes the colours of the gases at the electrodes?
The diagram shows a section of an overhead power cable.
steel
glazed porcelain
aluminium
Which statement explains why a particular substance is used?
A Aluminium has a low density and is a good conductor of electricity.

B Porcelain is a good conductor of electricity.
C Steel can rust in damp air.
D Steel is more dense than aluminium.
Metals could be extracted from their molten chlorides using electrolysis.
Which substances are formed at each electrode?
Concentrated aqueous potassium bromide solution is electrolysed using inert electrodes.
The ions present in the solution are K+, Br , H+ and OH .
To which electrodes are the ions attracted during this electrolysis?
attracted to anode attracted to cathode
A Br and K+ H+ and OH
B Br and OH H+ and K+
C H+ and K+ Br and OH
D H+ and OH Br and K+
Electricity from a power station passes through overhead cables to a substation and then to a
school where it is used to electrolyse concentrated hydrochloric acid using inert electrodes.
Which substances are used for the overhead cables and for the electrodes?
Which statement about the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide is correct?

A A colourless gas is seen at the cathode.
B A grey metal is seen at the anode.
C A red / brown gas is seen at the anode.
D A red / brown metal is seen at the cathode.
Electricity is passed through concentrated aqueous sodium chloride, as shown.
positive negative
+ –
rods
concentrated
aqueous sodium
chloride
What is the test for the gas formed at the positive electrode?
A bleaches damp litmus paper

B ‘pops’ with a lighted splint
C relights a glowing splint
D turns damp red litmus paper blue
The diagram shows apparatus used in an attempt to electroplate a metal ring with copper.
+ –
bulb
metal ring copper electrode
aqueous copper(II)
sulfate (electrolyte)
The experiment did not work.
What change is needed in the experiment to make it work?
A Add solid copper(II) sulfate to the electrolyte.

B Increase the temperature of the electrolyte.
C Replace the copper electrode by a carbon electrode.
D Reverse the connections to the battery.
When concentrated sodium chloride solution is electrolysed, elements X and Y are formed.
X Y
concentrated
sodium chloride
solution
– +
What are X and Y?
Substance X was electrolysed in an electrolytic cell.
A coloured gas was formed at the anode and a metal was formed at the cathode.
power supply
anode cathode
substance X
A aqueous sodium chloride

B molten lead bromide
C molten zinc oxide
D solid sodium chloride
The diagram shows apparatus for plating a spoon with silver.
spoon metal electrode
electrolyte
A Silver would stick to the spoon because it is a very reactive metal.

B The electrolyte would be a silver salt dissolved in water.
C The metal electrode would be made from silver.
D The spoon would be connected to the negative of the power supply.
Aqueous copper(II) sulfate solution is electrolysed using inert electrodes.
Copper(II) ions (Cu2+), hydrogen ions (H+), hydroxide ions (OH ) and sulfate ions ( SO 42 ) are
present in the solution.
To which electrodes are the ions attracted during this electrolysis?
attracted to anode attracted to cathode
A Cu2+ and H+ OH and SO 4 2

B Cu2+ and SO 42 H+ and OH
C H+ and OH Cu2+ and SO 42
D OH and SO 42 Cu2+ and H+
Three electrolysis cells are set up. Each cell has inert electrodes.
The electrolytes are listed below.
cell 1 aqueous sodium chloride

cell 2 concentrated hydrochloric acid
cell 3 molten lead(II) bromide
In which cells is a gas formed at both electrodes?
A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 only D 3 only
The diagram shows how aluminium is manufactured by electrolysis.
anode (+ve)
aluminium cathode (–ve)

oxide
dissolved in
cryolite molten aluminium
What are the anode and cathode made of?
positive negative
+ –
rods
concentrated
aqueous sodium
chloride and
Universal Indicator
What is the colour of the Universal Indicator at each electrode after five minutes?
plastic coating
metal core

Aluminium is extracted from its oxide by electrolysis.
The oxide is dissolved in ……1…… cryolite and aluminium is deposited at the ……2……
13 Molten lead(II) bromide is electrolysed as shown.
+ –
molten lead(II) bromide
Which ions are discharged at each electrode?
positive electrode negative electrode
A Pb+ Br2
B Pb2+ Br
C Br2 Pb+
D Br Pb2+
14 Which of these elements could be formed at the anode when a molten salt is electrolysed?
A copper
B iodine
C lithium
D strontium
1 At present the most important method of manufacturing hydrogen is steam reforming of
methane.
(a) In the first stage of the process, methane reacts with steam at 800 °C.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) 3H2(g) + CO(g)
In the second stage of the process, carbon monoxide reacts with steam at 200 °C.
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
(i) Explain why the position of equilibrium in the first reaction is affected by pressure but
the position of equilibrium in the second reaction is not.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Suggest why a high temperature is needed in the first reaction to get a high yield of
products but in the second reaction a high yield is obtained at a low temperature.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Two other ways of producing hydrogen are cracking and electrolysis.
(i) Hydrogen can be a product of the cracking of long chain alkanes.

Complete the equation for the cracking of C8H18.
C8H18 → 2............ + H2 [1]
(ii) There are three products of the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium
chloride. Hydrogen is one of them.
Write an equation for the electrode reaction which forms hydrogen.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Name the other two products of the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium
chloride and give a use of each one.
product ............................................ use ............................................
product ............................................ use ............................................ [4]
[Total: 11]
2 Aluminium is an important metal with a wide range of uses.
(a) Aluminium is obtained by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite.
waste gases
oxygen given off

at carbon anode (+)
molten mixture of
carbon cathode (–)
aluminium oxide and cryolite
aluminium
(i) Solid aluminium oxide is a poor conductor of electricity. It conducts either when
molten or when dissolved in molten cryolite. Explain why.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Why is a solution of aluminium oxide in molten cryolite used rather than molten
aluminium oxide?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Explain why the carbon anodes need to be replaced periodically.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) One reason why graphite is used for the electrodes is that it is a good conductor of
electricity. Give another reason.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Aluminium is used to make food containers because it resists corrosion.

Explain why it is not attacked by the acids in food.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Aluminium is used for overhead power (electricity) cables which usually have a steel
core.
aluminium
steel core
(i) Give two properties of aluminium which make it suitable for this use.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Explain why the cables have a steel core.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 10]
3 For centuries, iron has been extracted from its ore in the blast furnace. The world production
of pig iron is measured in hundreds of million tonnes annually.
(a) The following raw materials are supplied to a modern blast furnace.
iron ore which is hematite, Fe2O3

limestone which is calcium carbonate
carbon in the form of coke
air
Describe the essential reactions in the blast furnace. Each of the four raw materials must
be mentioned at least once. Give the equation for the reduction of hematite.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [6]
(b) Each year, blast furnaces discharge millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere. This will increase the percentage of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
(i) Explain why this increased percentage of carbon dioxide may cause problems in the
future.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Until the early eighteenth century, charcoal, not coke, was used in the blast furnace.
Charcoal is made from wood but coke is made from coal. Explain why the use of
charcoal would have a smaller effect on the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) A method being developed to produce iron with lower emissions of carbon dioxide
is by electrolysis. Hematite, Fe2O3, is dissolved in molten lithium carbonate and
electrolysed. The ore is spilt into its constituent elements.
Write an equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
....................................................................................................................................
Complete the equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode).
........O2– → ............... + ............... [3]
[Total: 13]
4 The ore of aluminium is bauxite which is impure aluminium oxide. Alumina, pure aluminium
oxide, is obtained from bauxite.
Aluminium is formed at the cathode when a molten mixture of alumina and cryolite, Na3Al F6,
is electrolysed.
(a)
a) Name two products formed at the anode in this electrolysis.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) All the aluminium formed comes from the alumina not the cryolite.
Suggest two reasons why the electrolyte must contain cryolite.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) The major impurity in bauxite is iron(III) oxide. Iron(III) oxide is basic, aluminium
oxide is amphoteric. Explain how aqueous sodium hydroxide can be used to separate
them.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The purification of bauxite uses large amounts of sodium hydroxide.
(i) Describe the chemistry of how sodium hydroxide is made from concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride. The description must include at least one ionic equation.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [5]
(ii) Making sodium hydroxide from sodium chloride produces two other chemicals.
Name these two chemicals and state one use of each chemical.
chemical ....................................................................................................................
use .............................................................................................................................
chemical ....................................................................................................................
use ....................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 13]
5 During electrolysis, ions move in the electrolyte and electrons move in the external circuit.
Reactions occur at the electrodes.
(a) The diagram shows the electrolysis of molten lithium iodide.
+ –
external circuit
electrode electrode
molten lithium iodide
heat
(i) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the electron flow in the
external circuit. [1]
(ii) Electrons are supplied to the external circuit. How and where is this done?
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Explain why solid lithium iodide does not conduct electricity but when molten it is a
good conductor.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The results of experiments on electrolysis are shown in the following table. Complete the
table. The first line has been done as an example.
product at product at change to

electrolyte electrodes
cathode anode electrolyte
molten lithium iodide carbon lithium iodine used up
aqueous copper(II) sulfate platinum oxygen
concentrated aqueous
carbon chlorine
potassium chloride
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [4]
(c) The diagram below shows the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid. Hydrogen is formed at
the negative electrode (cathode) and oxygen at the positive electrode (anode) and the
concentration of sulfuric acid increases.
+ –
carbon anode carbon cathode
bubbles of bubbles of
oxygen gas hydrogen gas
The ions present in the dilute acid are H+(aq), OH–(aq) and SO42–(aq).
(i) Write an equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Complete the equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode).
4OH–(aq) → O2(g) + .....H2O(l) + ....... [1]
(iii) Suggest an explanation of why the concentration of the sulfuric acid increases.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) In the apparatus used in (c), the power supply is removed and immediately replaced by
a voltmeter.
voltmeter
V
carbon anode carbon cathode
bubbles of bubbles of
oxygen gas hydrogen gas
A reading on the voltmeter shows that electrical energy is being produced. Suggest an
explanation for how this energy is produced.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

1 (a) The following are two examples of substitution reactions. Only the reaction involving
chlorine is a photochemical reaction.
CH4 + Cl 2  CH3Cl + HCl
CH4 + Br2  CH3Br + HBr
(i) Explain the phrase substitution reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) How do photochemical reactions differ from other reactions?
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Bond forming is exothermic, bond breaking is endothermic. Explain the difference
between an exothermic reaction and an endothermic reaction.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Use the bond energies to show that the following reaction is exothermic.
Bond energy is the amount of energy (kJ / mol) which must be supplied to break one mole
of the bond.
H H
H C H + Cl Cl → H C Cl + H Cl
H H
Bond energies in kJ / mol
Cl –Cl +242
C–Cl +338
C–H +412
H–Cl +431
bonds broken energy in kJ / mol
...................... .............................
...................... .............................
total energy = .............................
bonds formed energy in kJ / mol
...................... .............................
...................... .............................
total energy = .............................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 8]
2 The diagram shows a simple cell.
voltmeter
V
iron electrode zinc electrode
bubbles of
hydrogen dilute
sulfuric acid
(a) Write an equation for the overall reaction occurring in the cell.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Explain why all cell reactions are exothermic and redox.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Which electrode, zinc or iron, is the negative electrode? Give a reason for your choice.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Suggest two ways of increasing the voltage of this cell.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
3 Some hydroxides, nitrates and carbonates decompose when heated.
(a)
a) Name a metal hydroxide which does not decompose when heated.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Write the equation for the thermal decomposition of copper(II) hydroxide.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Suggest why these two hydroxides behave differently.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b)
b) Metal nitrates, except those of the Group 1 metals, form three products when heated.
Name the products formed when zinc nitrate is heated.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Write the equation for the thermal decomposition of potassium nitrate.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) There are three possible equations for the thermal decomposition of sodium
hydrogencarbonate.
2NaHCO3(s) → Na2O(s) + 2CO2(g) + H2O(g) equation 1

NaHCO3(s) → NaOH(s) + CO2(g) equation 2
2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g) equation 3
The following experiment was carried out to determine which one of the above is the
correct equation.
A known mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate was heated for ten minutes. It was then
allowed to cool and weighed.
Results
Mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate = 3.36 g
Mass of the residue = 2.12 g
Calculation
Mr for NaHCO3 = 84 g; Mr for Na2O = 62 g; Mr for NaOH = 40 g
Mr for Na2CO3 = 106 g
(i) Number of moles of NaHCO3 used = ............... [1]
(ii) If residue is Na2O, number of moles of Na2O = ...............
If residue is NaOH, number of moles of NaOH = ...............
If residue is Na2CO3, number of moles of Na2CO3 = ............... [2]
(iii) Use the number of moles calculated in (i) and (ii) to decide which one of the three
equations is correct. Explain your choice.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 13]
4 Fuel cells are used in spacecraft to produce electrical energy.
hydrogen
anode
electrolyte
oxygen
cathode
(a) How is oxygen obtained from liquid air?
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Hydrogen and oxygen react to form water.
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
(i) Give an example of bond breaking in the above reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Give an example of bond forming in the above reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Is the change given in (i) exothermic or endothermic?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) (i) Give two reasons why hydrogen may be considered to be the ideal fuel for the
future.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Suggest a reason why hydrogen is not widely used at the moment.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]
5 Hydrogen reacts with the halogens to form hydrogen halides.
(a) Bond energy is the amount of energy, in kJ, that must be supplied (endothermic) to
break one mole of a bond.
bond bond energy in kJ / mol
H─H
─
Cl─Cl +2
H─Cl +4
Use the above data to show that the following reaction is exothermic.
H─H + Cl─Cl 2H─Cl
[3]
(b) They react with water to form acidic solutions.
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl
HF + H2O H3O+ + F
(i) Explain why water behaves as a base in both of these reactions.
[2]
(ii) At equilibrium, only 1% of the hydrogen chloride exists as molecules, the rest has
formed ions. In the other equilibrium, 97% of the hydrogen fluoride exists as
molecules, only 3% has formed ions.
What does this tell you about the strength of each acid?
[2]
(iii) How would the pH of these two solutions differ?
[1]
[Total: 8]
6 Three of the factors that can influence the rate of a chemical reaction are:
• physical state of the reactants

• light
• the presence of a catalyst
(a) The first recorded dust explosion was in a flour mill in Italy in 1785. Flour contains
carbohydrates. Explosions are very fast exothermic reactions.
(i) Use the collision theory to explain why the reaction between the particles of flour
and the oxygen in the air is very fast.
[2]
(ii) Write a word equation for this exothermic reaction.
[1]
The decomposition of silver(I) bromide is the basis of film photography. The equation for
this decomposition is:
2AgBr 2Ag + Br2

white black
This reaction is photochemical.

A piece of white paper was coated with silver(I) bromide and the following experiment was
carried out.
some time later with the
initially card and paper removed
not covered black
covered with grey

thin paper exposure
to light
covered with white

thick card
paper coated with

silver(I) bromide
(b) Explain the results.
[3]
(c) The fermentation of glucose is catalysed by enzymes from yeast. Yeast is added to
aqueous glucose, the solution starts to bubble and becomes cloudy as more yeast
cells are formed.
C6H12O6(aq) 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)
The reaction is exothermic.
Eventually the fermentation stops when the concentration of ethanol is about 12%.
(i) What is an enzyme?
[1]
(ii) Pasteur said that fermentation was respiration in the absence of air. Suggest a
definition of respiration.
[2]
(iii) On a large scale, the reaction mixture is cooled. Suggest a reason why this is
necessary.
[1]
(iv) Why does the fermentation stop? Suggest two reasons.
[2]
(v) When the fermentation stops, there is a mixture of dilute aqueous ethanol and
yeast. Suggest a technique which could be used to remove the cloudiness due to
the yeast.
[1]
Name a technique which will separate the ethanol from the ethanol / water mixture.
[1]
[Total: 14]
7 (a (i) Write a symbol equation for the action of heat on zinc hydroxide.
[2]
(ii) Describe what happens when solid sodium hydroxide is heated strongly.
[1]
(b) What would be observed when copper(II) nitrate is heated?
[3]
(c) Iron(III) sulphate decomposes when heated. Calculate the mass of iron(III) oxide
formed and the volume of sulphur trioxide produced when 10.0 g of iron(III) sulphate
was heated.
Mass of one mole of Fe2(SO4)3 is 400 g.
Fe2(SO4)3 (s) Fe2O3 (s) + 3SO3 (g)
Number of moles of Fe2(SO4)3 =
Number of moles of Fe2O3 formed =

g
Mass of iron(III) oxide formed =
Number of moles of SO3 produced =
Volume of sulphur trioxide at r.t.p. = dm3 [5]
1 The diagram shows some properties that substances may have.
To which labelled part of the diagram does 235U belong?
used as
compound A an energy
source
C
B D
radioactive
2 Which reaction is endothermic?
A acid neutralising alkali causing a temperature increase

B adding magnesium to hydrochloric acid
C calcium carbonate decomposing when heated
D combustion of fossil fuels
3 Metals are welded by using the heat produced by burning a gas in oxygen.
Which gas could not be used for this purpose?
A ethene
B hydrogen
C helium
D methane
4 The elements hydrogen and uranium are used as fuels.
The compound ethanol is also used as a fuel.
Which fuels require oxygen in order to produce heat energy?
hydrogen uranium ethanol
A
B
C
D
5 Which substance does not use oxygen to produce energy?
A coal
B hydrogen
C natural gas
D uranium
6 A power station was designed to burn gaseous fuels only.
Which two substances could be used?
A carbon dioxide and hydrogen

B carbon dioxide and 235U
C hydrogen and methane
D methane and 235U
7 Which fuel does not produce air pollution when it burns?
A coal
B diesel oil
C hydrogen
D gasoline (petrol)
8 Power stations produce electrical energy from different fuels.
Which fuel causes least pollution to the atmosphere?
A coal
B fuel oil
C natural gas
D radioactive isotopes
9 Which fuel does not produce carbon dioxide when it burns?
A coal
B hydrogen
C methane
D petrol
10 Which substance could not be used as a fuel to heat water in a boiler?
A ethanol
B hydrogen
C methane
D oxygen
11 Which substance is not a fossil fuel?
A coal B kerosene C gasoline D wood
12 Which substance does not require oxygen in order to produce energy?
A coal
B hydrogen
C natural gas
235
D U
13 Statement 1 Hydrogen is used as a fuel.
Statement 2 When hydrogen burns in the air to form water, heat energy is produced.
Which is correct?

14 Which substance does not produce carbon dioxide when it burns in oxygen?
A butane
B ethanol
C ethene
D hydrogen
15 Three processes are listed.
burning methane in air

radioactive decay of 235U
reacting hydrogen with oxygen.
Which statements about these processes are correct?
1 Hydrogen and methane are being used as fuels.

2 All the processes involve oxidation.
3 All the processes are used to produce energy.
A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2 and 3
16 Butane, ethanol and hydrogen are fuels.
Which substances produce both carbon dioxide and water when used as a fuel?
butane ethanol hydrogen
A
B
C
D
17 Substance X requires oxygen in order to produce energy.
It does not form carbon dioxide as a result of this energy production.
A hydrogen
B natural gas
C petrol
235
D U
18 The diagram shows some properties that substances may have.
To which labelled part of the diagram does 235U belong?
compound used as
A an energy
source
C
B D
radioactive
1 (a) Biological catalysts produced by microbes cause food to deteriorate and decay.
(i) What is the name of these biological catalysts?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Freezing does not kill the microbes.

Suggest why freezing is still a very effective way of preserving food.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Pea seeds grow in pods on pea plants.
Freshly picked pea seeds contain a sugar. The sugar can form a polymer.
Give the structural formula of the polymer and name the other product of this polymerisation
reaction.
You may represent the sugar by the formula:
HO OH
structural formula of the polymer
other product ....................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Describe how the pea plant makes a sugar such as glucose.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]
2 The table gives the melting points, the boiling points and the electrical properties of six
substances A to F.
melting point boiling point electrical conductivity electrical conductivity

substance
/ °C / °C as a solid as a liquid
A –210 –196 does not conduct does not conduct
B 777 1627 does not conduct good conductor
C 962 2212 good conductor good conductor
D –94 63 does not conduct does not conduct
E 1410 2355 does not conduct does not conduct
F 1064 2807 good conductor good conductor
(a) Which two substances could be metals? ................................................................... [1]
(b) Which substance could be nitrogen? .......................................................................... [1]
(c) Which substance is an ionic solid? ............................................................................. [1]
(d) Which substance is a liquid at room temperature? ..................................................... [1]
(e) Which substance has a giant covalent structure similar to that of diamond? .............. [1]
(f) Which two substances could exist as simple covalent molecules? ........................... [1]
[Total: 6]
3 For each of the following unfamiliar elements predict one physical and one chemical
property.
(a) caesium (Cs)
physical property ..............................................................................................................
chemical property .............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) vanadium (V)
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) fluorine (F)
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
4 Zinc is extracted from an ore called zinc blende, which consists mainly of zinc sulfide, ZnS.
(a) (i) The zinc sulfide in the ore is first converted into zinc oxide.
Describe how zinc oxide is made from zinc sulfide.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction in (a)(i).
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Zinc oxide is converted into zinc. Zinc oxide and coke are fed into a furnace. Hot air is blown
into the bottom of the furnace.
Zinc has a melting point of 420 °C and a boiling point of 907 °C. The temperature inside the
furnace is over 1000 °C.
(i) Explain how zinc oxide is converted into zinc. Your answer should include details of how
the heat is produced and equations for all the reactions you describe.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Explain why the zinc produced inside the furnace is a gas.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State the name of the physical change for conversion of gaseous zinc into molten zinc.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Rusting of steel can be prevented by coating the steel with a layer of zinc.
Explain, in terms of electron transfer, why steel does not rust even if the layer of zinc is
scratched so that the steel is exposed to air and water.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(d) When a sample of steel is added to dilute hydrochloric acid, an aqueous solution of
iron(II) chloride, FeCl 2, is formed.
When a sample of rust is added to dilute hydrochloric acid, an aqueous solution of

iron(III) chloride, FeCl 3, is formed.
(i) Aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to the solutions of iron(II) chloride and
iron(III) chloride.
Complete the table below, showing the observations you would expect to make.
iron(II) chloride solution iron(III) chloride solution
aqueous
sodium hydroxide
[2]
Solutions of iron(II) chloride and iron(III) chloride were added to solutions of potassium iodide
and acidified potassium manganate(VII). The results are shown in the table.
iron(II) chloride iron(III) chloride

solution solution
solution turns
potassium
no change from colourless
iodide solution
to brown
acidified potassium solution turns

manganate(VII) from purple no change
solution to colourless
(ii) What types of substance cause potassium iodide solution to turn from colourless to
brown?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) What types of substance cause acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution to turn from
purple to colourless?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Which ion in iron(III) chloride solution causes potassium iodide solution to turn from
colourless to brown?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) Which ion in iron(II) chloride solution causes acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution
to turn from purple to colourless?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 18]
1 A liquid X reacts with solid Y to form a gas.
Which two diagrams show suitable methods for investigating the rate (speed) of the reaction?
1 2
cotton wool cotton wool
X X
Y Y
balance
3 4
stopper stopper
X X
Y Y
balance
2 An experiment, S, is carried out to measure the volume of hydrogen produced when excess dilute
sulfuric acid is added to zinc.
A second experiment, T, is carried out using the same mass of zinc but under different
conditions.
The results of the two experiments are shown.
total volume S
of hydrogen
T
0
0 time
Which changes in the conditions between experiments S and T give curve T?
addition of the zinc is in large

a catalyst pieces not powdered
A
B
C
D
3 The results of two separate reactions between excess calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid
are shown.
second reaction
first reaction
volume of
gas collected
0
0 time
Which statement explains the differences between the reactions?
A More calcium carbonate was used in the second reaction.

B The same volume of more concentrated acid was used in the second reaction.
C The second reaction was allowed to react for longer.
D The temperature was higher in the second reaction.
4 Magnesium is reacted with a dilute acid.
The hydrogen gas is collected and its volume measured.
The results are shown on the graph.
40
30
volume of
20
hydrogen / cm3
10
0
0 1 2 5 6
time / minutes
Between which times was the reaction fastest?
A 0 and 1 minute
B 1 and 2 minutes
C 2 and 3 minutes
D 7 and 8 minutes
5 The effect of temperature on the rate of the reaction between marble chips and hydrochloric acid
can be investigated by measuring the production of carbon dioxide.
Which item of equipment is not required for the investigation?
A condenser
B gas syringe
C stopclock
D thermometer
6 P, Q, R and S are pieces of apparatus.

P Q R S
50 cm3 25 cm3
3 3
100 cm 50 cm
Which row describes the correct apparatus for the measurement made?
apparatus measurement made
A P the volume of acid added to alkali in a titration

B Q cm3 of acid to add to calcium carbonate in a rate-determining experiment
C R 7 cm3 of a gas given off in a rate-determining experiment
D S 2 cm3 of alkali for use in a titration
7 The diagram shows four experiments in which equal volumes of aqueous acid (all in an excess)
are added to equal masses of metal. Both acids have the same concentration.
In which experiment has the metal completely reacted in the shortest time?
A B C D
HCl HNO3 HCl HNO3
copper copper zinc zinc

granules powder granules powder
8 The diagram shows apparatus being used to demonstrate how the rate of a chemical reaction
changes with temperature.
measuring
cylinder
reaction mixture tank
Which statement must be correct?
A The reaction is endothermic.

B The reaction is exothermic.
C The reaction produces a gas.
D The reaction produces an acid.
9 Which of the following changes decreases the rate of the reaction between magnesium and dilute
hydrochloric acid?
1 diluting the acid
2 using larger pieces of magnesium
3 cooling the mixture
A 1, 2
B 1 and 2 only
C 1 and 3 only
D 2 and 3 only
10 Powdered marble reacts with hydrochloric acid using the apparatus shown.
The gas syringe fills in 36 seconds.
gas syringe
gas
powdered hydrochloric acid

marble
The experiment is repeated using marble chips in place of powdered marble.
How long does it take to fill the gas syringe in this experiment?
A 9 seconds
B 18 seconds
C 36 seconds
D 72 seconds
11 A simple way of making bread includes
1 Mixing flour with a small amount of yeast and some water to make a ‘dough’.
2 Leaving the dough in a warm place for the yeast to act on the dough to form carbon
dioxide which increases the volume of the dough.
Which factors affecting a reaction rate are involved in bread making?
12 The diagram shows an experiment to measure the rate of a chemical reaction.
dilute
hydrochloric acid
measuring cylinder
metal
water
Which change decreases the rate of reaction?
A adding water to the flask

B heating the flask during the reaction
C using more concentrated acid
D using powdered metal
13 A student investigates the rate of reaction between marble chips and hydrochloric acid.
The mass of the reaction flask is measured.
The graph shows the results of two experiments, P and Q.
mass of
reaction flask P
Q
0 time
Which change explains the difference between P and Q?
A A catalyst is added in P.
B A higher temperature is used in P.
C Bigger marble chips are used in Q.
D Hydrochloric acid is more concentrated in Q.
14 The rate of a reaction depends on temperature, concentration, particle size and catalysts.
A Catalysts can be used to increase the rate of reaction.

B Higher concentration decreases the rate of reaction.
C Higher temperature increases the rate of reaction.
D Larger particle size decreases the rate of reaction.
15 Which changes decrease the rate of reaction between magnesium and air?
1 heating the magnesium to a higher temperature

2 using a higher proportion of oxygen in the air
3 using magnesium ribbon instead of powdered magnesium
A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 only C 2 only D 3 only
16 Which graph shows the effect of increasing temperature on the rate of reaction of calcium
carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid?
A B
rate rate
0 0
0 temperature 0 temperature
C D
rate rate
0 0
0 temperature 0 temperature
17 In separate experiments, a catalyst is added to a reaction mixture and the temperature of the
mixture is decreased.
What are the effects of these changes on the rate of the reaction?
18 An experiment is carried out to investigate the rate of reaction when calcium carbonate is reacted
with hydrochloric acid.
The volume of carbon dioxide gas given off is measured at different intervals of time.
The diagram shows pieces of apparatus used to collect gases.
1 2 3
downward delivery gas measuring over water in
syringe graduated tube
Which apparatus is suitable to collect and measure the volume of the carbon dioxide?
A 1, 2 and 3 B 2 and 3 only C 1 only D 3 only
19 A student was investigating the reaction between marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid.
gas syringe
bung
marble 25 cm3 dilute

chips hydrochloric acid
Which changes would reduce the rate of reaction?
20 A student investigates the rate of reaction between zinc and an excess of sulfuric acid.
The graph shows the results of two experiments, X and Y.
X
volume of
hydrogen
0
0 time
Which change explains the difference between X and Y?
A A catalyst is added in Y.
B A lower temperature is used in Y.
C Larger pieces of zinc are used in Y.
D Less concentrated acid is used in Y.
21 Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form carbon dioxide.
Which changes would slow this reaction down?
1 decreasing the concentration of hydrochloric acid

2 decreasing the particle size of calcium carbonate
3 decreasing the temperature
22 The diagram shows an experiment to compare the rate of reaction when a metal is added to
hydrochloric acid.
In which test-tube is the reaction fastest?
A B
concentrated dilute
hydrochloric hydrochloric
acid acid
zinc copper zinc copper
23 Which change does not increase the speed of reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid?
A adding a catalyst
B decreasing the particle size of the zinc
C decreasing the temperature
D using more concentrated acid
24 The apparatus shown is used to measure the speed of a reaction.
gas syringe
reactants
Which equation represents a reaction where the speed can be measured using this apparatus?
A Mg(s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl 2(aq) + H2(g)
B HCl (aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O(l)
C Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq)
D 2Na(s) + Br2(l) → 2NaBr(s)
25 The rates of some chemical reactions can be measured by using the apparatus shown.
reactants
94.72 g balance
For which reaction is this apparatus suitable?
A MgCO3 + 2HCl → MgCl 2 + CO2 + H2O
B Mg + ZnCl 2 → MgCl 2 + Zn
C MgCl 2 + 2NaOH → Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl
D MgO + 2HCl → MgCl 2 + H2O
26 An experiment to determine the rate of a chemical reaction could be carried out using the
apparatus shown.
reaction
mixture
Which reaction is being studied?
A Cl 2 + 2KBr → 2KCl + Br2
B Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2
C NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl
D NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
27 Copper(II) carbonate reacts with dilute sulfuric acid.
CuCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
The speed of the reaction can be changed by varying the conditions.
Which conditions would always increase the speed of this chemical reaction?
1 Increase the concentration of the reactants.

2 Increase the size of the pieces of copper(II) carbonate.
3 Increase the temperature.
4 Increase the volume of sulfuric acid.
A 1, 3 B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 D 3 and 4 only
28 The apparatus shown can be used to measure the rate of some chemical reactions.
gas syringe
For which two reactions would the apparatus be suitable?
reaction 1 AgNO3(aq) + HCl (aq) → AgCl (s) + HNO3(aq)
reaction 2 2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
reaction 3 MgO(s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl 2(aq) + H2O(l)
reaction 4 ZnCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl 2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
A 1 and 2 B 1 an
a C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4
29 A student investigates the rate of reaction between magnesium and excess sulfuric acid.
The volume of hydrogen given off in the reaction is measured over time.
The graph shows the results of two experiments, R and S.
R
volume of S
hydrogen
given off
time
Which change in conditions would cause the difference between R and S?
A A catalyst is added in S.
B The acid is more concentrated in R than in S.
C The magnesium is less finely powdered in R than in S.
D The temperature in R is lower than in S.
30 Calcium carbonate was reacted with hydrochloric acid in a conical flask. The flask was placed on
a balance and the mass of the flask and contents was recorded as the reaction proceeded.
During the reaction, carbon dioxide gas was given off.
The reaction was carried out at two different temperatures.
temperature at which mass

change in mass
changed more quickly
A decrease higher temperature

B decrease lower temperature
C increase higher temperature
D increase lower temperature
31 A student investigates the rate of reaction between marble chips and hydrochloric acid.
The loss in mass of the reaction flask is measured.
The graph shows the results of two experiments, P and Q.
mass of
reaction flask
P
Q
0
time
Which change explains the difference between P and Q?
A A catalyst is added in P.
B A higher temperature is used in P.
C Bigger marble chips are used in Q.
D Hydrochloric acid is more concentrated in Q.
32 Which change does not increase the speed of reaction between zinc and hydrochloric
acid?
A adding a catalyst
B decreasing the temperature
C decreasing the particle size of the zinc
D using more concentrated acid
33 Which does not increase the speed of a reaction?
A adding a catalyst
B increasing the concentration of one of the reactants
C increasing the particle size of one of the reactants
D increasing the temperature
1 Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen. This reaction is catalysed by
manganese(IV) oxide.
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
The rate of this reaction can be investigated using the following apparatus.
oxygen gas
aqueous hydrogen peroxide

and manganese(IV) oxide
40 cm3 of aqueous hydrogen peroxide was put in the flask and 0.1 g of small lumps of manganese(IV)
oxide was added. The volume of oxygen collected was measured every 30 seconds. The results
were plotted to give the graph shown below.
volume of
oxygen
0
0 t t2 t3
1
time
(a)
a) How do the rates at times t1, t2 and t3 differ?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain the trend in reaction rate that you described in (a)(i).
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The experiment was repeated using 0.1 g of finely powdered manganese(IV) oxide. All the
other variables were kept the same.
(i) On the axes opposite, sketch the graph that would be expected. [2]
(ii) Explain the shape of this graph. ..........................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Describe how you could show that the catalyst, manganese(IV) oxide, was not used up in the
reaction. Manganese(IV) oxide is insoluble in water.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(d) In the first experiment, the maximum volume of oxygen produced was 96 cm3 measured at
r.t.p. Calculate the concentration of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide in mol / dm3.
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
number of moles of O2 formed = .......................................................................................... [1]
number of moles of H2O2 in 40 cm3 of solution = ................................................................. [1]
concentration of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide in mol / dm3 = ................................................
.......................................... [1]
[Total: 15]
2 One of the factors which determine the reaction rate of solids is particle size.
(a) A mixture of finely powdered aluminium and air may explode when ignited.
An explosion is a very fast exothermic reaction. This causes a large and sudden increase
in temperature.
Explain each of the following in terms of collisions between reacting particles.
(i) Why is the reaction between finely powdered aluminium and air very fast?
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Explain why for most reactions the rate of reaction decreases with time.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Suggest an explanation why the rate of reaction in an explosion could increase
rather than decrease with time.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) (i) Give another example of a substance other than a metal which, when finely
powdered, might explode when ignited in air.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe a simple test-tube reaction which shows the effect of particle size on the
rate at which a solid reacts with a solution.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 11]
3 The speed (rate) of a chemical reaction depends on a number of factors which include
temperature and the presence of a catalyst.
(a) Reaction speed increases as the temperature increases.
(i) Explain why reaction speed increases with temperature.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) Reactions involving enzymes do not follow the above pattern.

The following graph shows how the speed of such a reaction varies with temperature.
speed
temperature
Suggest an explanation why initially the reaction speed increases then above a
certain temperature the speed decreases.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) An organic compound decomposes to give off nitrogen.
C6H5N2Cl (aq) → C6H5Cl (l) + N2(g)
The speed of this reaction can be determined by measuring the volume of nitrogen
formed at regular intervals. Typical results are shown in the graph below.
volume of
nitrogen
0
0 time
(i) The reaction is catalysed by copper.

Sketch the graph for the catalysed reaction on the diagram above. [2]
(ii) How does the speed of this reaction vary with time?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Why does the speed of reaction vary with time?
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Catalytic converters reduce the pollution from motor vehicles.
oxides of nitrogen less harmful gases

and carbon monoxide to atmosphere
catalysts: rhodium,
platinum, palladium
(i) Describe how carbon monoxide and the oxides of nitrogen are formed in car engines.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [4]
(ii) Describe the reaction(s) inside the catalytic converter which change these pollutants
into less harmful gases. Include at least one equation in your description.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 17]
4 Many organic compounds which contain a halogen have chloro, bromo or iodo in their name.
(a) The following diagram shows the structure of 1-chloropropane.
H H H
H C C C Cl
H H H
(i) Draw the structure of an isomer of this compound.
[1]
(ii) Describe how 1-chloropropane could be made from propane.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Suggest an explanation why the method you have described in (ii) does not produce
a pure sample of 1-chloropropane.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Organic halides react with water to form an alcohol and a halide ion.
CH3–CH2–I + H2O → CH3–CH2–OH + I –
(i) Describe how you could show that the reaction mixture contained an iodide ion.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Name the alcohol formed when 1-chloropropane reacts with water.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The speed (rate) of reaction between an organic halide and water can be measured by
the following method.
A mixture of 10 cm3 of aqueous silver nitrate and 10 cm3 of ethanol is warmed to 60 °C.
Drops of the organic halide are added and the time taken for a precipitate to form is
measured.
Silver ions react with the halide ions to form a precipitate of the silver halide.
Ag+(aq) + X–(aq) → AgX(s)
Typical results for four experiments, A, B, C and D, are given in the table.
experiment organic halide number of drops time / min
A bromobutane 4 6
B bromobutane 8 3
C chlorobutane 4 80
D iodobutane 4 0.1
(i) Explain why it takes longer to produce a precipitate in experiment A than in B.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) How does the order of reactivity of the organic halides compare with the order of
reactivity of the halogens?
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Explain why the time taken to produce a precipitate would increase if the experiments
were repeated at 50 °C.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 15]
5 Hydriodic acid, HI(aq), is a strong acid. Its salts are iodides.
(a) It has the reactions of a typical strong acid. Complete the following equations.
(i) ............Li + ............HI → ........................ + ................... [1]
(ii) zinc hydriodic .......................... ..........................

+ → + + .........................
carbonate acid .......................... ..........................
[1]
(iii) MgO + ............HI → ................... + ................... [1]
(b) Two of the reactions in (a) are acid / base and one is redox. Which one is redox? Explain
your choice.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Describe how you could distinguish between hydriodic, HI(aq), and hydrobromic, HBr(aq)
acids, by bubbling chlorine through these two acids.
result with hydriodic acid ..................................................................................................
result with hydrobromic acid ....................................................................................... [2]
(d) 20.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide, 2.00 mol / dm3, was placed in a beaker. The
temperature of the alkali was measured and 1.0 cm3 portions of hydriodic acid were
added. After each addition, the temperature of the mixture was measured. Typical results
are shown on the graph.
temperature
18.0 cm3 volume of

acid added
NaOH(aq) + HI(aq) → NaI(aq) + H2O(l)
(i) Explain why the temperature increases rapidly at first then stops increasing.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Suggest why the temperature drops after the addition of 18.0 cm3 of acid.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) In another experiment, it was shown that 15.0 cm3 of the acid neutralised 20.0 cm3 of
aqueous sodium hydroxide, 1.00 mol / dm3. Calculate the concentration of the acid.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 12]
1 (a) Potassium iodide is an ionic compound.
(i) Describe what happens, in terms of electron loss and gain, when a potassium atom reacts
with an iodine atom.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Describe the structure of solid potassium iodide. You may draw a diagram.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Explain why potassium iodide has a high melting point.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Potassium iodide and lead nitrate are both soluble. Lead iodide is insoluble.
(i) Describe how a pure dry sample of lead iodide could be made from solid potassium iodide
and solid lead nitrate.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the formation of lead iodide, PbI2, when potassium iodide and
lead nitrate react with each other.
State symbols are not required.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) When chlorine gas is bubbled through an aqueous solution of potassium iodide, a redox
reaction takes place.
2I – + Cl 2 → I2 + 2Cl –
(i) State the colour change expected in this reaction.
start colour ..........................................................................................................................
end colour ...........................................................................................................................

[2]
(ii) Identify the reducing agent in this reaction. Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 16]
2 Calcium reacts with nitrogen to form the ionic compound calcium nitride, Ca3N2.
(a) Draw a diagram, based on the correct formula, which shows the charges on the ions and the
arrangement of the electrons around the negative ion.
Use o to represent an electron from a calcium atom.

[3]
(b) In the lattice of calcium nitride, the ratio of calcium ions to nitride ions is 3 : 2.
(i) What is meant by the term lattice?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) In terms of ionic charges, explain why the ratio of ions is 3 : 2.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The reaction between calcium and nitrogen to form calcium nitride is a redox reaction.
In terms of electron transfer, explain why calcium is the reducing agent.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]
3 The rate of the reaction between iron and aqueous bromine can be investigated using the
apparatus shown below.
attached to stirrer
piece of metal rotates
piece of metal (iron)
solution of bromine
(a) A piece of iron was weighed and placed in the apparatus. It was removed at regular
intervals and the clock was paused. The piece of iron was washed, dried, weighed and
replaced. The clock was restarted.
This was continued until the solution was colourless.
The mass of iron was plotted against time. The graph shows the results obtained.
mass of
iron
0
0 time (iron was in
solution of bromine)
(i) Suggest an explanation for the shape of the graph.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) Predict the shape of the graph if a similar piece of iron with a much rougher surface
had been used.
Explain your answer.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Describe how you could find out if the rate of this reaction depended on the speed
of stirring.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Iron has two oxidation states +2 and +3. There are two possible equations for the redox
reaction between iron and bromine.
Fe + Br2 → Fe2+ + 2Br –
2Fe + 3Br2 → 2Fe3+ + 6Br –
(i) Indicate, on the first equation, the change which is oxidation. Give a reason for your
choice.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Which substance in the first equation is the reductant (reducing agent)?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Describe how you could test the solution to find out which ion, Fe2+ or Fe3+, is present.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 13]
4 The reactivity series of metals given below contains both familiar and unfamiliar elements.
For most of the unfamiliar elements, which are marked *, their common oxidation states are
given.
* bariu Ba
* lanthanu La (+3)
magnesium
zinc
* chromiu Cr (+2), (+3), (+6)
iron
copper
* palladiu (+2)
Choose metal(s) from the above list to answer the following questions.
(i) Which two metals would not react with dilute hydrochloric acid?
[2]
(ii) Which two unfamiliar metals (*) would react with cold water?
[2]
(iii) What is the oxidation state of barium?
[1]
(iv) Name an unfamiliar metal (*) whose oxide cannot be reduced by carbon.
[1]
(v) Why should you be able to predict that metals such as iron and chromium have
more than one oxidation state?
[1]
[Total: 7]
5 In 1909, Haber discovered that nitrogen and hydrogen would react to form ammonia. The
yield of ammonia was 8%.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) the forward reaction is exother
catalyst platinum
temperature 600 oC
pressure 200 atm
(a) Describe how hydrogen is obtained for the modern process.
[2]
(b)
b) What is the catalyst in the modern process?
[1]
(ii) Explain why the modern process, which uses a lower temperature, has a higher
yield of 15%.
[2]
(c)
c) Complete the following table that describes the bond breaking and forming in the
reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia.
energy change
bonds exothermic or endothermic
/kJ
1 mole of N N
+94
broken
3 moles of +130
broken
6 moles of N – H
-232
formed
[3]
(ii) Explain, using the above data, why the forward reaction is exothermic.
[2]
1 Polymers are extensively used in food packaging. Poly(dichloroethene) is used because
gases can only diffuse through it very slowly. Polyesters have a high thermal stability and
food can be cooked in a polyester bag.
(a) (i) The structure of poly(dichloroethene) is given below.
H Cl
C C
H Cl n
Draw the structural formula of the monomer.
[1]
(ii) Explain why oxygen can diffuse faster through the polymer bag than carbon
dioxide can.
[2]
(b)
b) ( A polyester can be formed from the monomers HO-CH2CH2-OH and
HOOC-C6H4-COOH. Draw the structure of this polyester.
[2]
(Ii) Name a naturally occurring class of compounds that contains the ester linkage.
[1]
(iii) Suggest what is meant by the term thermal stability.
[1]
(c)
c) ( Describe two environmental problems caused by the disposal of plastic (polymer)
waste.
[2]
(ii) The best way of disposing of plastic waste is recycling to form new plastics. What
is another advantage of recycling plastics made from petroleum?
[1]
2 Sulfuric acid is made by the Contact process.
(a) Sulfur is burned by spraying droplets of molten sulfur into air.
Suggest and explain an advantage of using this method.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The following equation represents the equilibrium in the Contact process.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
Oxygen is supplied from the air.

The composition of the reaction mixture is 1 volume of sulfur dioxide to 1 volume of oxygen.
What volume of air contains 1 dm3 of oxygen?
....................................................................................................................................... dm3 [1]
(c) Sulfur dioxide is more expensive than air.
What is the advantage of using an excess of air?
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) The forward reaction is exothermic. The reaction is usually carried out at a temperature between
400 and 450 °C.
(i) What is the effect on the position of equilibrium of using a temperature above 450 °C?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) What is the effect on the rate of using a temperature below 400 °C?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(e) A low pressure, 2 atmospheres, is used. At equilibrium, about 98% SO3 is present.
(i) What is the effect on the position of equilibrium of using a higher pressure?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why a higher pressure is not used.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) Name the catalyst used in the Contact process.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) Describe how concentrated sulfuric acid is made from sulfur trioxide.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 15]
3 The halogens are a group of non-metals in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
(a) The reactivity of the halogens decreases down the group.
Describe an experiment which shows that chlorine is more reactive than iodine. Include an
equation in your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The halogens form interhalogen compounds. These are compounds which contain two different
halogens.
Deduce the formula of the compound which has the composition 0.013 moles of iodine atoms
and 0.065 moles of fluorine atoms.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Iodine reacts with chlorine to form a dark brown liquid, iodine monochloride.
chlorine
supplied
crystals
of iodine
I2(s) + Cl 2(g) → 2ICl (l)

dark brown
When more chlorine is added and the tube is sealed, a reversible reaction occurs and the
reaction comes to equilibrium.
ICl (l) + Cl 2(g) ICl 3(s)

dark brown yellow
(i) Give another example of a reversible reaction.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain the term equilibrium.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Chlorine is removed from the tube and a new equilibrium is formed.
Explain why there is less of the yellow solid and more dark brown liquid in the new equilibrium
mixture.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) A sealed tube containing the equilibrium mixture is placed in ice-cold water. There is an increase
in the amount of yellow solid in the equilibrium mixture.
What can you deduce about the forward reaction in this equilibrium?
ICl (l) + Cl 2(g) ICl 3(s)
Explain your deduction.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 13]
4 At present the most important method of manufacturing hydrogen is steam reforming of
methane.
(a) In the first stage of the process, methane reacts with steam at 800 °C.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) 3H2(g) + CO(g)
In the second stage of the process, carbon monoxide reacts with steam at 200 °C.
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
(i) Explain why the position of equilibrium in the first reaction is affected by pressure but
the position of equilibrium in the second reaction is not.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Suggest why a high temperature is needed in the first reaction to get a high yield of
products but in the second reaction a high yield is obtained at a low temperature.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Two other ways of producing hydrogen are cracking and electrolysis.
(i) Hydrogen can be a product of the cracking of long chain alkanes.

Complete the equation for the cracking of C8H18.
C8H18 → 2............ + H2 [1]
(ii) There are three products of the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium
chloride. Hydrogen is one of them.
Write an equation for the electrode reaction which forms hydrogen.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Name the other two products of the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium
chloride and give a use of each one.
product ............................................ use ............................................
product ............................................ use ............................................ [4]
[Total: 11]
5 (a Sulfuric acid is made by the Contact process.
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
This is carried out in the presence of a catalyst at 450 °C and 2 atmospheres pressure.
(i) How is the sulfur dioxide made?
[1]
(ii) Give another use of sulfur dioxide.
[1]
(iii) Name the catalyst used.
[1]
(iv) If the temperature is decreased to 300 °C, the yield of sulfur trioxide increases.
Explain why this lower temperature is not used.
[1]
(v) Sulfur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid. This is added to water to
make more sulfuric acid. Why is sulfur trioxide not added directly to water?
[1]
(b) Sulfuric acid was first made in the Middle East by heating the mineral, green vitriol,
FeSO4.7H2O. The gases formed were cooled.
FeSO4.7H2O(s) → FeSO4(s) + 7H2O(g)

green crystals yellow powder
2FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
On cooling
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 sulfuric acid
SO2 + H2O → H2SO3 sulfurous acid
(i) How could you show that the first reaction is reversible?
[2]
(ii) Sulfurous acid is a reductant. What would you see when acidified potassium
manganate(VII) is added to a solution containing this acid?
[2]
(iii) Suggest an explanation why sulfurous acid in contact with air changes into sulfuric
acid.
[1]
(c) 9.12 g of anhydrous iron(II) sulfate was heated. Calculate the mass of iron(III) oxide
formed and the volume of sulfur trioxide, at r.t.p., formed.
mass of one mole of FeSO4 = 152 g
number of moles of FeSO4 used =
number of moles of Fe2O3

formed =
mass of one mole of Fe2O3 = g
mass of iron(III) oxide formed = g
number of moles of SO3 formed =
volume of sulfur trioxide formed = dm3
[6]
[Total: 16]
1 One way of establishing a reactivity series is by displacement reactions.
(a) A series of experiments was carried out using the metals lead, magnesium, zinc and silver.
Each metal was added in turn to aqueous solutions of the metal nitrates.
The order of reactivity was found to be:
magnesium most reactive
↓
zinc
lead
silver least reactive
(i) Complete the table.
= reacts
= does not react
metal
aqueous lead magnesium zinc silver
solution Pb Mg Zn Ag
lead(II)

nitrate
magnesium
nitrate
zinc
nitrate
silver
nitrate
[3]
(ii) Displacement reactions are redox reactions.

On the following equation, draw a ring around the reducing agent and an arrow to show
the change which is oxidation.
Zn + Pb2+ → Zn2+ + Pb
[2]
(iii) Complete the following ionic equation.
Zn + 2Ag+ → ....... + .......

[1]
(b) Another way of determining the order of reactivity of metals is by measuring the voltage and
polarity of simple cells. The polarity of a cell is shown by which metal is the positive electrode
and which metal is the negative electrode. An example of a simple cell is shown below.
voltmeter
V
+ –
lead electrode zinc electrode
electrolyte of
dilute acid
(i) Mark on the above diagram the direction of the electron flow. [1]
(ii) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, why the more reactive metal is always the negative
electrode.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The following table gives the polarity of cells using the metals zinc, lead, copper and
manganese.
cell electrode 1 polarity electrode 2 polarity

A zinc – lead +
B manganese – lead +
C copper + lead –
What information about the order of reactivity of these four metals can be deduced from
the table?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) What additional information is needed to establish the order of reactivity of these four
metals using cells?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 12]
2 Sulfuric acid and malonic acid are both dibasic acids. One mole of a dibasic acid can form
two moles of hydrogen ions.
H2SO4 → 2H+ + SO42–
Dibasic acids can form salts of the type Na2X and CaX.
(a) Malonic acid is a white crystalline solid which is soluble in water. It melts at 135 °C.
The structural formula of malonic acid is given below. It forms salts called malonates.
CH2(COOH)2 or HOOC – CH2 – COOH
(i) How could you determine if a sample of malonic acid is pure?
technique used ..........................................................................................................
result if pure ......................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) What is the molecular formula of malonic acid?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) When malonic acid is heated there are two products, carbon dioxide and a simpler
carboxylic acid. Deduce the name and molecular formula of this acid.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iv) Malonic acid reacts with ethanol to form a colourless liquid which has a ‘fruity’ smell.
Its structural formula is given below.
O O
C CH2 C
CH3 CH2 O O CH2 CH3
What type of compound contains the group which is circled?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) (i) Suggest why a solution of malonic acid, concentration 0.2 mol / dm3, has a higher pH
than one of sulfuric acid of the same concentration.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe a test, other than measuring pH, which can be carried out on both acid
solutions to confirm the explanation given in (b)(i) for the different pH values of the
two acids.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Complete the following equations for reactions of these two acids.
(i) sodium hydroxide + malonic acid → .................... + .................... [1]
....................
(ii) CuO + H2SO4 → .................... + .................... [2]
(iii) Mg + CH2(COOH)2 → .................... + .................... [2]
(iv) K2CO3 + H2SO4 → .................... + .................... + .................... [2]
[Total: 16]
3 Silver(I) chromate(VI) is an insoluble salt. It is prepared by precipitation.
20 cm3 of aqueous silver(I) nitrate, concentration 0.2 mol / dm3, was mixed with 20 cm3 of
aqueous potassium chromate(VI), concentration 0.1 mol / dm3. After stirring, the mixture was
filtered. The precipitate was washed several times with distilled water. The precipitate was
then left in a warm oven for several hours.
2AgNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) → Ag2CrO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
(a) What difficulty arises if the name of a compound of a transition element does not include
its oxidation state, for example iron oxide?
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) These questions refer to the preparation of the salt.
(i) Why is it necessary to filter the mixture after mixing and stirring?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) What is the purpose of washing the precipitate?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Why leave the precipitate in a warm oven?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c)
c) Explain why the concentrations of silver(I) nitrate and potassium chromate(VI) are
different.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) What mass of silver(I) nitrate is needed to prepare 100 cm3 of silver(I) nitrate solution,
concentration 0.2 mol / dm3?
The mass of one mole of AgNO3 is 170 g.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) What is the maximum mass of silver(I) chromate(VI) which could be obtained from
20 cm3 of aqueous silver(I) nitrate, concentration 0.2 mol / dm3?
number of moles of AgNO3 used = ..................... [1]
number of moles of Ag2CrO4 formed = ..................... [1]
mass of one mole of Ag2CrO4 = 332 g
mass of Ag2CrO4 formed = ..................... g [1]

[Total: 11]
4 Three ways of making salts are
● titration using a soluble base or carbonate

● neutralisation using an insoluble base or carbonate
● precipitation.
(a) Complete the following table of salt preparations.
method reagent 1 reagent 2 salt
titration ................................... ................................... sodium nitrate
................................... ...................................
neutralisation nitric acid ................................... copper(II) nitrate
...................................
precipitation ................................... ................................... silver(I) chloride
................................... ...................................
neutralisation sulfuric acid zinc(II) carbonate ...................................
...................................
[6]
(b)
b) Write an ionic equation with state symbols for the preparation of silver(I) chloride.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Complete the following equation.
ZnCO3 + H2SO4 → ............... + ............... + ...............

[2]
[Total: 10]
5 A length of magnesium ribbon was added to 50 cm3 of sulfuric acid, concentration
1.0 mol / dm3. The time taken for the magnesium to react was measured. The experiment was
repeated with the same volume of different acids. In all these experiments, the acid was in
excess and the same length of magnesium ribbon was used.
(a)
concentration
experiment acid time / s
in mol / dm3
A sulfuric acid 1.0 20

B propanoic acid 0.5 230
C hydrochloric acid 1.0 40
D hydrochloric acid 0.5 80
(i) Write these experiments in order of reaction speed. Give the experiment with the
fastest speed first.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Give reasons for the order you have given in (i).
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [5]
(b) Suggest two changes to experiment C which would increase the speed of the reaction
and explain why the speed would increase. The volume of the acid, the concentration of
the acid and the mass of magnesium used were kept the same.
change 1 ...........................................................................................................................
explanation .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
change 2 ...........................................................................................................................
explanation .......................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
[Total: 11]
6 Ethylamine, CH3–CH2–NH2, is a base which has similar properties to ammonia.
(a) In aqueous ethylamine, there is the following equilibrium.
CH3–CH2–NH2 + H2O CH3–CH2–NH3+ + OH–
Explain why water is behaving as an acid in this reaction.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Given aqueous solutions of ethylamine and sodium hydroxide, describe how you could
show that ethylamine is a weak base like ammonia and not a strong base like sodium
hydroxide.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Ethylamine, like ammonia, reacts with acids to form salts.
CH3–CH2–NH2 + HCl → CH3–CH2–NH3Cl

ethylammonium chloride
Suggest how you could displace ethylamine from the salt, ethylammonium chloride.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Explain the chemistry of the following reaction:
When aqueous ethylamine is added to aqueous iron(III) chloride, a brown precipitate is

formed.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
1 Which statements are properties of an acid?
1 reacts with ammonium sulfate to form ammonia

2 turns red litmus blue
1 2
A
B
C
D
2 Which property is not characteristic of a base?
A It reacts with a carbonate to form carbon dioxide.

B It reacts with an acid to form a salt.
C It reacts with an ammonium salt to form ammonia.
D It turns universal indicator paper blue.
3 A sting from insect X has a pH of 6 and a sting from insect Y has a pH of 8.
The table shows the pH of four substances.
Which substances are used to treat the two stings?
X Y
A hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide

B sodium hydrogen carbonate vinegar
C sodium hydroxide hydrochloric acid
D vinegar sodium hydrogen carbonate
4 Three liquids, P, Q and R, are added to a mixture of hydrochloric acid and Universal Indicator
solution.
The following observations are made.
P the colour of the indicator turns purple.
Q the colour of the indicator does not change.
R there is effervescence and the indicator turns blue.
What are P, Q and R?

6 The table shows the pH of four aqueous solutions, W, X, Y and Z.
Universal Indicator is added to each solution.
Which row shows the colour of each solution after the indicator is added?
7 Hydrochloric acid is used to clean metals.
The acid reacts with the oxide layer on the surface of the metal, forming a salt and water.
Which word describes the metal oxide?
A alloy
B base
C element
D indicator
8 Which statement is not correct?
A When a base reacts with an ammonium salt, ammonia is given off.

B When an acid reacts with a base, neutralisation takes place.
C When an acid reacts with a carbonate, carbon dioxide is given off.
D When the acidity of a solution increases, the pH increases.
9 Which reaction is not characteristic of an acid?
A It dissolves magnesium oxide.

B It produces ammonia from ammonium compounds.
C It produces carbon dioxide from a carbonate.
D It produces hydrogen from zinc metal.
10 Which equation for the reaction between sodium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid is
correct?
A Na2CO3(s) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(I)
B Na2CO3(s) + HCl (aq) → Na2Cl (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(I)
C Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(I)
D Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(I)
11 Three chemicals, P, Q and R, were each dissolved in water. The table shows some of the
reactions of these solutions.
reaction when solid sodium reaction when heated with

solution
carbonate is added solid ammonium chloride
P gas evolved no reaction

Q no reaction gas evolved
R no reaction no reaction
The pH of the three solutions was also measured.
What are the correct pH values of these solutions?
P Q R
A 2 7 13
B 2 1 7
C 7 2 13
D 13
3 7 2
12 Which substance is the most acidic?
substance pH
A calcium hydroxide 12
B lemon juice 4
C i
milk 6
D washing up liquid 8
13 The graph shows how the pH of soil in a field changes over time.
At which point was the soil neutral?
11 A
pH of 7 B
soil D
5 C
time
14 A colourless solution is tested by the following reactions.
Which reaction is not characteristic of an acid?
A A piece of magnesium ribbon is added. Bubbles are seen and the magnesium disappears.
B A pungent smelling gas is produced when ammonium carbonate is added.
C Copper oxide powder is added and the mixed is warmed. The solution turns blue.
D The solution turns blue litmus red.
15 Which statements about alkalis are correct?
1 When reacted with an acid, the pH of the alkali increases.

2 When tested with litmus, the litmus turns blue.
3 When warmed with an ammonium salt, ammonia gas is given off.
16 Different plants grow best under different pH conditions.
Which plant grows best in alkaline soil?
grows best in soil at

plant
pH
A ccabbage 6-
B p
potato 4-
C s
strawberry 5-
D wheat
w 6-
17 Which statements about alkalis are correct?
1 When reacted with an acid, the pH of the alkali increases.

2 When tested with litmus, the litmus turns blue.
3 When warmed with an ammonium salt, ammonia gas is given off.
18 Which are properties of an acid?
1 reacts with ammonium sulfate to form ammonia

2 turns red litmus blue
1 2
A
B
C
D
19 Carbon dioxide is produced when
X reacts with ethanol.
Y reacts with sodium carbonate.
What are X and Y?
X Y
A H2 HCl
B H2 NaOH
C O2 HCl
D O2 NaOH
20 Ant stings hurt because of the methanoic acid produced by the ant.
Which substance could, most safely, be used to neutralise the acid?
substance pH
A baking soda 8
B car battery acid 1
C lemon juice 3
D oven cleaner 14
21 The diagram shows an experiment.
blue red
litmus paper litmus paper
aqueous
ammonium chloride
+
aqueous
sodium hydroxide
heat
What happens to the pieces of litmus paper?
blue litmus paper red litmus paper
A changes colour changes colour

B changes colour no colour change
C no colour change changes colour
D no colour change no colour change
22 Two indicators, bromophenol blue and Congo red, show the following colours in acidic solutions
and in alkaline solutions.
A few drops of each indicator are added to separate samples of a solution of pH 2.
What are the colours of the indicators in this solution?
23 Which statement about the reaction of acids is correct?
A They react with ammonium salts to form a salt and ammonia only.
B They react with metal carbonates to give a salt and carbon dioxide only.
C They react with metal hydroxides to give a salt and water only.
D They react with metals to give a salt, hydrogen and water only.
24 Which of these pairs of aqueous ions both react with dilute sulfuric acid to give a visible result?
A Ba2+ and Cl
B Ba2+ and CO32
C NH4+ and Cl
D NH4+ and CO32
25 Barium hydroxide is an alkali. It reacts with hydrochloric acid.
How does the pH of the hydrochloric acid change as an excess of aqueous barium hydroxide is
added?
A The pH decreases from 14 and becomes constant at 7.

B The pH decreases from 14 to about 1.
C The pH increases from 1 and becomes constant at 7.
D The pH increases from 1 to about 14.
26 The diagram shows two substances, X and Y, being heated together.
damp Universal Indicator

paper
substances X and Y
heat
The Universal Indicator paper turns blue during the experiment.
What are substances X and Y?
A ammonium nitrate and hydrochloric acid

B ammonium nitrate and sodium hydroxide
C sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid
D sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide
27 A gas is escaping from a pipe in a chemical plant.
A chemist tests this gas and finds that it is alkaline.
What is this gas?
A ammonia
B chlorine
C hydrogen
D sulfur dioxide
28 The graph shows how the pH changes as an acid is added to an alkali.
acid + alkali → salt + water
Which letter represents the area of the graph where both acid and salt are present?
A
14 B
pH
C
7
D
0
29 Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a solid, S.
A flammable gas, G, is formed. Gas G is less dense than air.
What are S and G?
solid S gas G
A copper
opper hydrogen
B copper carbonate carbon dioxide
C zinc
inc hydrogen
D zinc carbonate carbon dioxide
30 An aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate was made by adding excess copper(II) oxide to dilute
sulfuric acid. The mixture was heated, stirred and then filtered.
dilute copper(II) sulfate

sulfuric acid solution
copper(II) oxide
heat
What was the pH of the acid before adding the copper(II) oxide and of the solution after filtration?
pH of acid before adding pH of solution

copper(II) oxide after filtration
A greater than 7 7
B greater than 7 less than 7
C less than 7 7
D less than 7 greater than 7
31 Which type of reaction always forms a salt and water?
A exothermic
B neutralisation
C oxidation
D polymerisation
32 An alloy contains copper and zinc.
Some of the zinc has become oxidised to zinc oxide.
What is the result of adding an excess of dilute sulfuric acid to the alloy?
A A blue solution and a white solid remains.

B A colourless solution and a pink / brown solid remains.
C The alloy dissolves completely to give a blue solution.
D The alloy dissolves completely to give a colourless solution.
33 Which is not a typical property of an acid?
A They react with alkalis producing water.

B They react with all metals producing hydrogen.
C They react with carbonates producing carbon dioxide.
D They turn litmus paper red.
34 Which reaction will result in a decrease in pH?
A adding calcium hydroxide to acid soil

B adding citric acid to sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
C adding sodium chloride to silver nitrate solution
D adding sodium hydroxide to hydrochloric acid
35 The oxide of element X was added to an acid. It reacted to form a salt and water.
oxide of
element X
acid
What is the pH of the acid before the reaction and what type of element is X?
pH type of element X
A greater than 7 metal

B greater than 7 non-metal
C less than 7 metal
D less than 7 non-metal
36 An aqueous solution of the organic compound methylamine has a pH greater than 7.
Which statement about methylamine is correct?
A It neutralises an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.

B It reacts with copper(II) carbonate to give carbon dioxide.
C It reacts with hydrochloric acid to form a salt.
D It turns blue litmus red.
37 The diagram shows the pH values of four solutions.
Which of these solutions are alkaline?
A P only
B P and Q only
C Q, R and S only
D R and S only
38 The graph shows how the pH of soil in a field changed over time.
At which point was the soil neutral?
11 A
pH of 7 B
soil D
5 C
time
39 Some reactions of a substance, R, are shown in the diagram.
magnesium
hydrogen
reacts with sodium carbonate

substance R carbon dioxide
copper(II) oxide
copper(II) sulfate
What type of substance is R?
A an acid
B a base
C an element
D a salt
40 Substance K reacts with sodium carbonate to form a gas.
The gas turns limewater cloudy.
What is substance K and which process takes place in the reaction?
K process
A ethanol combustion
B ethanol neutralisation
C hydrochloric acid combustion
D hydrochloric acid neutralisation
1 Choose a gas from the following list to answer the questions below. Each gas may be used once,
more than once or not at all.
ammonia carbon dioxide carbon monoxide fluorine
hydrogen krypton nitroge propene sulfur dioxide
(a) It is a product of respiration. ................................................................................................ [1]
(b) It polymerises to form a poly(alkene). .................................................................................. [1]
(c) It is a noble gas. .................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) It is the main component of air. ............................................................................................ [1]
(e) It is a very reactive non-metal. ............................................................................................. [1]
(f) It is used to kill micro-organisms in fruit juice. ..................................................................... [1]
(g) It burns to form water as the only product. .......................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
2 Antimony, Sb, is an element in Group V.
(a) The main ore of antimony is its sulfide. The extraction of antimony is similar to that of
zinc.
Describe how each of these changes in the extraction of antimony is carried out.
(i) antimony sulfide to antimony oxide
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) antimony oxide to antimony
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Antimony oxide is a white powder which is insoluble in water.

Describe how you would find out if it is a basic, an acidic or an amphoteric oxide.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(c) When antimony chloride is added to water, a faint white precipitate forms and the mixture
slowly goes cloudy.
forward
SbCl 3(aq) + H2O(l) 2HCl (aq) + SbOCl (s)
colourless backward white
(i) Explain why after some time the appearance of the mixture remains unchanged.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) When a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid are added to the mixture, it
changes to a colourless solution. Suggest an explanation.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Suggest how you could make the colourless solution go cloudy.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 10]
3 The hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates to simple sugars is catalysed by enzymes called
carbohydrases and also by dilute acids.
(a) (i) They are both catalysts. How do enzymes differ from catalysts such as dilute
acids?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Explain why ethanol, C2H6O, is not a carbohydrate but glucose, C6H12O6, is a
carbohydrate.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Draw the structure of a complex carbohydrate, such as starch. The formula of a simple
sugar can be represented by HO OH .
(c) Iodine reacts with starch to form a deep blue colour.
(i) In the experiment illustrated below, samples are removed at intervals and tested
with iodine in potassium iodide solution.
pipette to
remove samples
hot water
aqueous starch and

a few drops of saliva
(saliva contains enzymes)
Typical results of this experiment are shown in the table.
colour of sample tested with iodine

time / min
in potassium iodide solution
0 deep blue
10 pale blue
30 colourless
Explain these results.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) If the experiment was repeated at a higher temperature, 60 °C, all the samples stayed
blue. Suggest an explanation.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 10]
4 Complete the following table.
gas test for gas
ammonia
bleaches damp litmus paper
hydrogen
relights a glowing splint
turns limewater milky
[Total: 5]
5 Choose a gas from the following list to answer the questions below. Each gas may be used
once, more than once or not at all.
ammonia argon carbon dioxide carbon monoxide chlorine
ethene hydrogen nitrogen oxygen
Which gas
(i) is a noble gas,
(ii) is an acidic oxide,
(iii) can be polymerised,
(iv) is the active component of air,
(v) is used in the treatment of water,
(vi) is a product of respiration?
[6]
6 (a) (i) Coal is a solid fossil fuel. Name another fossil fuel.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Explain what is meant by the term fossil fuel.
...............................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for the formation of acid rain.
Two of the acids in acid rain are sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
(i) Explain how the combustion of coal can form sulfuric acid.
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) High temperatures generated by the combustion of fossil fuels can lead to the formation
of nitric acid. Explain.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Nitric acid contains nitrate ions.
Describe a test for nitrate ions.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Explain how you could determine which one of two samples of acid rain had the higher
concentration of hydrogen ions.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 13]
7 Three of the halogens in Group VII are:
chlorine
bromine
iodine
(a)
[1]
(ii) How does their physical state (solid, liquid or gas) change down the Group?
[1]
(iii) Predict the colour and physical state of fluorine.
colour
physical state [2]
(b) Describe how you could distinguish between aqueous potassium bromide and aqueous
potassium iodide.
test
result with bromide
result with iodide [3]
(c) 0.015 moles of iodine react with 0.045 moles of chlorine to form 0.030 moles of a single
product. Complete the equation.
I2 + Cl2 [2]
(d) Traces of chlorine can be separated from bromine vapour by diffusion.

Which gas would diffuse the faster and why?
[2]
1 A method used to make copper(II) sulfate crystals is shown.
1 Place dilute sulfuric acid in a beaker.

2 Warm the acid.
3 Add copper(II) oxide until it is in excess.

4 Filter the mixture.
5 Evaporate the filtrate until crystals start to form.
6 Leave the filtrate to cool.
What are the purposes of step 3 and step 4?
step 3 step 4
A to ensure all of the acid has reacted to obtain solid copper(II) sulfate
B to ensure all of the acid has reacted to remove excess copper(II) oxide
C to speed up the reaction to obtain solid copper(II) sulfate
D to speed up the reaction to remove excess copper(II) oxide
2 What is the correct sequence of steps for the preparation of a pure sample of copper(II) sulfate
crystals from copper(II) oxide and sulfuric acid?
A dissolving → crystallisation → evaporation → filtration
B dissolving → evaporation → filtration → crystallisation
C dissolving → filtration → crystallisation → evaporation
D dissolving → filtration → evaporation → crystallisation
3 Salts can be made by adding different substances to dilute hydrochloric acid.
For which substance could any excess not be removed by filtration?
A copper(II) oxide
B magnesium
C sodium hydroxide
D zinc hydroxide
4 Four stages in the preparation of a salt from an acid and a solid metal oxide are listed.
1 Add excess solid.

2 Evaporate half the solution and leave to cool.
3 Filter to remove unwanted solid.
4 Heat the acid.
In which order should the stages be carried out?
A 1→3→4→2
B 2→1→3→4
C 4→1→3→2
D 4→2→1→3
5 A salt is produced in each of the following reactions.
P magnesium + dilute hydrochloric acid

Q zinc oxide + dilute sulfuric acid
R sodium hydroxide + dilute hydrochloric acid
S copper carbonate + dilute sulfuric acid
Which statements about the products of the reactions are correct?
1 A flammable gas is produced in reaction P.

2 Water is formed in all reactions.
3 All the salts formed are soluble in water.
6 Zinc sulfate is a soluble salt and can be prepared by reacting excess zinc carbonate with dilute
sulfuric acid.
Which piece of equipment would not be required in the preparation of zinc sulfate crystals?
A beaker
B condenser
C evaporating dish
D filter funnel
7 Four steps to prepare a salt from an excess of a solid base and an acid are listed.
1 crystallisation
2 evaporation
3 filtration
4 neutralisation
In which order are the steps carried out?
A 2→
B 3→
C 4→
D 4→
8 Which method is used to make the salt copper sulfate?
A dilute acid + alkali

B dilute acid + carbonate
C dilute acid + metal
D dilute acid + non-metal oxide
9 Which of the following methods are suitable for preparing both zinc sulfate and copper sulfate?
1 Reacting the metal oxide with warm dilute aqueous sulfuric acid.
2 Reacting the metal with dilute aqueous sulfuric acid.
3 Reacting the metal carbonate with dilute aqueous sulfuric acid.
A 1 and 2 only
B 1 and 3 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2
10 Which two processes are involved in the preparation of magnesium sulfate from dilute sulfuric
acid and an excess of magnesium oxide?
A neutralisation and filtration

B neutralisation and oxidation
C thermal decomposition and filtration
D thermal decomposition and oxidation
11 How many different salts could be made from a supply of dilute sulfuric acid, dilute hydrochloric
acid, copper, magnesium oxide and zinc carbonate?
A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6
12 Which salt preparation uses a burette and a pipette?
A calcium nitrate from calcium carbonate and nitric acid
B copper(II) sulfate from copper(II) hydroxide and sulfuric acid

C potassium chloride from potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid
D zinc chloride from zinc and hydrochloric acid
13 Which acid reacts with ammonia to produce the salt ammonium sulfate?
A hydrochloric
B nitric
C phosphoric
D sulfuric
14 Copper carbonate reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to make copper sulfate.
CuCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Which row gives the correct order of steps for making copper sulfate crystals?
step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4

A add excess acid to filter evaporate filtrate to leave to cool
the copper carbonate point of crystallisation
B add excess acid to filter evaporate to leave to cool
the copper carbonate dryness
C add excess copper evaporate to point leave to cool filter
carbonate to the acid of crystallisation
D add excess copper filter evaporate filtrate to leave to cool
carbonate to the acid point of crystallisation
15 Which acid reacts with ammonia to produce the salt ammonium sulfate?
A hydrochloric
B nitric
C phosphoric
D sulfuric
16 Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate can be made by heating hydrated copper(II) sulfate.
CuSO4.5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O
What can be added to anhydrous copper(II) sulfate to turn it into hydrated copper(II) sulfate?
A concentrated sulfuric acid

B sodium hydroxide powder
C sulfur dioxide
D water
17 A compound is a salt if it
A can neutralise an acid.

B contains more than one element.
C dissolves in water.
D is formed when an acid reacts with a base.
18 Salts X and Y are separately dissolved in water.
Samples of the solutions obtained are separately tested with dilute hydrochloric acid and with
aqueous sodium hydroxide.
In two of the tests, a gaseous product is formed. No precipitate is formed in any of the tests.
What are salts X and Y?
X Y
A AgNO3 BaSO4
B BaSO4 Na2CO3
C Na2CO3 NH4Cl
D NH4Cl AgNO3
19 A liquid turns white anhydrous copper sulfate blue and has a boiling point of 103°C.
Which could be the identity of the liquid?
A alcohol
B petrol
C salt solution
D pure water
20 A salt is made by adding an excess of an insoluble metal oxide to an acid.
How can the excess metal oxide be removed?
A chromatography
B crystallisation
C distillation
D filtration
21 An excess of copper(II) oxide is added to dilute sulfuric acid to make crystals of hydrated
copper(II) sulfate.
The processes listed may be used to obtain crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate.
1 concentrate the resulting solution

2 filter
3 heat the crystals
4 wash the crystals
Which processes are needed and in which order?
A 1, 2
B 1, 2
C 2, 1
D 2, 1
22 Salts can be prepared by reacting a dilute acid
1 with a metal;
2 with a base;
3 with a carbonate.
Which methods could be used to prepare copper(II) chloride?
A 1 and 2 only
B 1 and 3 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2
1 Part of the Periodic Table is shown.
Which element forms an acidic oxide?
2 The oxide of element X forms a solution with pH 4.
The oxide of element Y forms a solution that turns Universal Indicator blue.
Which row correctly classifies elements X and Y?
3 Which statement about oxides is correct?
A A solution of magnesium oxide will have a pH less than 7.

B A solution of sulfur dioxide will have a pH greater than 7.
C Magnesium oxide will react with nitric acid to make a salt.
D Sulfur dioxide will react with hydrochloric acid to make a salt.
4 Only two elements are liquid at 20 °C. One of these elements is shiny and conducts electricity.
This suggests that this element is a ......1...... and therefore its oxide is ......2...... .
5 Which of the following are properties of the oxides of non-metals?
6 Two oxides, X and Y, are added separately to dilute sulfuric acid and dilute sodium hydroxide.
X reacts with dilute sulfuric acid but Y does not react.
Y reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide but X does not react.
Which type of oxide are X and Y?
7 The diagram shows one period of the Periodic Table.
Li
Li B B C N O F Ne
Which two elements form acidic oxides?
A carbon and lithium

B carbon and neon
C carbon and nitrogen
D nitrogen and neon
8 Some reactions involving sodium are shown.
Which reaction does not involve the formation of a base?
sodium oxide
A D
B
sodium sodium hydroxide
sodium chloride
9 Five elements have proton numbers 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18.
What are the proton numbers of the three elements that form oxides?
A 10, 12 and 14
B 10, 14 and 18
C 12, 14 and 16
D 14, 16 and 18

11 Carbon dioxide is an acidic oxide that reacts with aqueous calcium hydroxide.
Which type of reaction takes place?
A decomposition
B fermentation
C neutralisation
D oxidation
12 The positions in the Periodic Table of four elements are shown.
Which element is most likely to form an acidic oxide?
13 The diagram shows the position of an element X in the Periodic Table.
What is the correct classification of element X and its oxide?
1 Some properties of four elements, P, Q, R and S, are shown in the table.
Two of these elements are in Group I of the Periodic Table and two are in Group VII.
physical state at
element reaction with water
room temperature
P reacts vigorously solid

Q does not react with water solid
R reacts explosively solid
S dissolves giving a coloured solution liquid
Which statement is correct?
A P is below R in Group I.
B Q is above R in Group I.
C Q is below S in Group VII.
D R is below S in Group VII.
2 Rubidium is a Group I metal.
Which statement about rubidium is not correct?
A It has a higher melting point than lithium.

B It has one electron in its outer shell.
C It reacts vigorously with water.
D It reacts with chlorine to form rubidium chloride, RbCl .
3 Which statement about the elements in Group I is correct?
A Hydrogen is evolved when they react with water.

B Ions of Group I elements have a –1 charge.
C Sodium is more reactive than potassium.
D Solid sodium is a poor electrical conductor.
4 The diagram shows a simplified form of the Periodic Table:
W X
Y
Which elements will form an acidic oxide?
A W and Z B W only C X and Y only D Y only
5 Which statements about Group I and Group VII elements are correct?
1 In Group I, lithium is more reactive than potassium.

2 In Group VII, chlorine is more reactive than fluorine.
6 Which element forms an acidic oxide?
A
B C D
7 The table shows the symbols of three metals with names that begin with the letter C.
Which row correctly shows the melting point of the metals?
8 The diagram shows elements W, X, Y and Z in a section of the Periodic Table.
W
X Z
Y
9 Element X is in Group I of the Periodic Table.
Which row shows the type of oxide and whether element X is metallic or non-metallic?
10 Which element is in the same group of the Periodic Table as lithium?
11 The positions of four elements in the Periodic Table are shown.
Which element does not form a compound with chlorine?
C
A D
B
12 The table shows some properties of the Group I metals.
What are the properties of rubidium?
A melts below 63 °C, very soft, reacts explosively with water
B melts below 63 °C, very soft, reacts slowly with water
C melts above 181 °C, very soft, reacts explosively with water
D melts above 181 °C, very soft, reacts slowly with water
13 X is a Group I metal.
Y and Z are Group VII elements.
When X reacts with Y a salt is formed. A solution of this salt reacts with Z to form a different salt.
What are X, Y and Z?
14 Which pair of elements will react together most violently?
A chlorine and lithium

B chlorine and potassium
C iodine and lithium
D iodine and potassium
15 The table shows some information about elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
Which information about iodine completes the table?
16 The positions of elements W, X, Y and Z in the Periodic Table are shown.
Y
X Z
Which elements form basic oxides?
A W, X and Y B W and X only C Y only D Z only
17 Elements in Group I of the Periodic Table react with water.
Which row describes the products made in the reaction and the trend in reactivity of the
elements?
products trend in reactivity
A metal hydroxide and hydrogen less reactive down the group

B metal hydroxide and hydrogen more reactive down the group
C metal oxide and hydrogen less reactive down the group
D metal oxide and hydrogen more reactive down the group
18 Which statement about the elements of Group I is correct?
A Lithium is more dense than sodium.

B Potassium has a higher density than lithium.
C Potassium is less reactive than sodium.
D Sodium has a higher melting point than lithium.
19 Element X is a non-metal.
In which position of the Periodic Table could element X be found?
A at the bottom of Group I

B at the top of Group 0
C at the top of Group I
D in the transition elements
20 The diagrams show the labels of four bottles.
Which label is not correct?
A B C D
Bromine Iodine Potassium Sodium

Br2 I2 K Na
Harmful liquid. Danger Danger Danger

Do not spill. Avoid breathing vapour Store under water. Store under oil.
from the solid.
21 Fluorine is at the top of Group VII in the Periodic Table.
Which row shows the properties of fluorine?
22 Group I metals are also known as the Alkali Metals.
Which statement about the metals in Group I is not correct?
A In their reactions they lose electrons.

B Their atoms all have one electron in their outer shell.
C They form +1 ions in their reactions with non-metals.
D They form covalent compounds by sharing electrons.
23 Which element will be less reactive than the other members of its group in the Periodic Table?
A astatine
B caesium
C fluorine
D rubidium
24 Bromine is in Group VII on the Periodic Table.
Which describes the appearance of bromine at room temperature?
A grey solid
B purple fumes
C red-brown liquid
D yellow gas
25 The diagram shows an outline of the Periodic Table.
U V W X Y
Which of the elements U, V, W, X and Y would react together in the ratio of 1 : 1?
A U and X B U and Y C V and Y D W and X
26 The element rubidium, Rb, is immediately below potassium in the Periodic Table.
It reacts with bromine to form the compound rubidium bromide.
Which descriptions of this compound are correct?
27 Element X is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
It reacts with aqueous potassium bromide as shown.
X2 + 2KBr → 2KX + Br2
Which statements about X are correct?
relative atomic mass reactivity
A greater than that of bromine less reactive than bromine

B greater than that of bromine more reactive than bromine
C less than that of bromine less reactive than bromine
D less than that of bromine more reactive than bromine
28 The diagram shows a section of the Periodic Table.
Which element is described below?
‘A colourless, unreactive gas that is denser than air.’
29 Element X is below iodine in the Periodic Table.
Which row correctly shows the physical state of element X at room temperature and its reactivity
compared with that of iodine?
physical state
reactivity compared
of element X at
with that of iodine
room temperature
A gas less reactive

B solid less reactive
C gas more reactive
D solid more reactive
30 The diagram shows an outline of part of the Periodic Table.
X
Y Z
Which statement about elements X, Y and Z is not correct?
A All are metals.

B All conduct electricity.
C All form coloured compounds.
D All react with oxygen.
31 The table shows some properties of two elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
Which properties is fluorine likely to have?
32 X is a monatomic gas.
gas X
Which statement about X is correct?
A X burns in air.
B X is coloured.
C X is unreactive.
D X will displace iodine from potassium iodide.
I II III IV V VI VII 0
V W X
Y Z
Which elements will conduct electricity at room temperature?
A V, W and X B V, Y and W C W, X and Z D Y and Z
34 The equation shows the reaction between a halogen and aqueous bromide ions.
X2 + 2Br (aq) → 2X (aq) + Br2

…1… …2… …3…
35 The table compares the properties of Group I elements with those of transition elements.
Which entry in the table is correct?
36 The diagram shows the positions of elements P, Q, R, S and T in the Periodic Table.
These letters are not the chemical symbols for the elements.
S T
Q R
Which statement about the properties of these elements is correct?
A P reacts more vigorously with water than does Q.

B P, Q and R are all metals.
C T exists as diatomic molecules.
D T is more reactive than S.
37 Which is not a property of Group I metals?
A They are soft and can be cut with a knife.

B They corrode rapidly when exposed to oxygen in the air.
C They produce an acidic solution when they react with water.
D They react rapidly with water producing hydrogen gas.
38 Solutions of a halogen and a sodium halide are mixed.
Which mixture darkens in colour because a reaction occurs?
A bromine and sodium chloride

B bromine and sodium fluoride
C chlorine and sodium fluoride
D chlorine and sodium iodide
39 Astatine is an element in Group VII of the Periodic Table. It has only ever been produced in very
small amounts.
What is the best description of its likely properties?
40 Which statement describes the trends going down group VII of the Periodic Table?
A The boiling point and melting point both decrease.

B The boiling point and melting point both increase.
C The boiling point decreases but the melting point increases.
D The boiling point increases but the melting point decreases.
1 Two statements about argon are given.
1 Argon has a full outer shell of electrons.
2 Argon is very reactive and is used in lamps.
Which is correct?

2 Part of the Periodic Table is shown.
Which element is a gas that does not form a compound with potassium?
A B
C D
3 Two statements about noble gases are given.
1 Noble gases are reactive, monatomic gases.
2 Noble gases all have full outer shells of electrons.
Which is correct?

4 The Group 0 elements are unreactive.
The gas used to fill balloons is ....... X....... .
This gas is unreactive because it has ....... Y....... electrons in its outermost shell.
Which words correctly complete gaps X and Y?
5 Hydrogen and helium have both been used to fill balloons.
Which property of helium makes it the preferred choice to hydrogen?
A easily compressed into a gas cylinder

B forms monatomic molecules
C lower density
D unreactive
6 The following statements are about elements in the Periodic Table.
1 Their atoms have a full outer shell of electrons.

2 They form basic oxides.
3 They are found in Group 0.
4 They are present in small quantities in the air.
Which statements are correct for the noble gases?
A 1, 2 and 3 B 1, 2 and 4 C 1, 3 and 4 D 2, 3 and 4
7 The noble gases, which are in Group 0 of the Periodic Table, are all very ....... 1....... .
....... 2......., one of these gases, is used to provide an inert atmosphere in lamps.
Another, ....... 3......., is used for filling balloons because it is less dense than air.
Which words complete the sentences about noble gases?
Which element is described below?
‘A colourless, unreactive gas that is denser than air.’
A
B
C
D
9 An inert gas X is used to fill weather balloons.
Which descriptions of X are correct?
number of outer
structure of gas X
electrons in atoms of X
A 2 single atoms
B 2 diatomic molecules
C 8 single atoms
D 8 diatomic molecules
10 Why is argon gas used to fill electric lamps?
A It conducts electricity.
B It glows when heated.
C It is less dense than air.
D It is not reactive.
11 The diagram shows a light bulb.
filament
argon
Why is argon used instead of air in the light bulb?
A Argon is a good conductor of electricity.

B Argon is more reactive than air.
C The filament glows more brightly.
D The filament does not react with the argon.
12 Why are weather balloons filled with helium rather than hydrogen?
A Helium is found in air.

B Helium is less dense than hydrogen.
C Helium is more dense than hydrogen.
D Helium is unreactive.
13 Statement 1: Helium is a reactive gas.
Statement 2: Helium can be used to fill balloons.
Which is correct?

14 X is a monatomic gas.
gas X
Which statement about X is correct?
A X burns in air.
B X is coloured.
C X is unreactive.
D X will displace iodine from potassium iodide.
15 An element does not conduct electricity and exists as diatomic molecules.
In which area of the Periodic Table is the element to be found?
A C D
B
16 Elements in Group 0 of the Periodic Table have uses.
These noble gases are ……1.….. and this explains why argon ……2…… be used in lamps.
17 An inert atmosphere is needed in a lamp to lengthen the useful life of the metal filament.
Why is argon, rather than helium, used for this purpose?
argon is more abundant argon is less dense

in the air than helium
A
B
C
D
1 Nitrogen can form ionic compounds with reactive metals and covalent compounds with non-metals.
(a) Nitrogen reacts with lithium to form the ionic compound lithium nitride, Li3N.
(i) Write the equation for the reaction between lithium and nitrogen.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Lithium nitride is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram which shows its formula, the charges
on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion.
Use x for an electron from a lithium atom.

Use o for an electron from a nitrogen atom.
[2]
(b) Nitrogen fluoride is a covalent compound.
(i) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the
covalent compound nitrogen trifluoride, NF3.
Use x for an electron from a nitrogen atom.

Use o for an electron from a fluorine atom.
[2]
(ii) Lithium nitride has a high melting point, 813 °C. Nitrogen trifluoride has a low melting point,
–207 °C.
Explain why the melting points are different.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
2 In the Periodic Table, the elements are arranged in columns called Groups and in rows called
Periods.
(a)
a) Complete the table for some of the elements in Period 3.
group number I II III IV V VI VII
symbol Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
number of
valency electrons
valency
[2]
(ii) What is the relationship between the group number and the number of valency electrons?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain the relationship between the number of valency electrons and the valency
for the elements Na to Al,
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
for the elements P to Cl.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) Across a period, the elements change from metallic to non-metallic.
(i) Describe how the type of oxide changes across this period.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Describe how the type of bonding in the chlorides formed by these elements changes
across this period.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 11]
3 Scandium, proton number 21, is not a typical transition element.
(a) Scandium is a low density metal which has only one oxidation state in its compounds. Scandium
compounds are white solids which form colourless solutions. Titanium, the next metal in the
period, is a far more typical transition element. How would the properties of titanium differ from
those of scandium?
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Scandium fluoride is an ionic compound. The valency of scandium in scandium fluoride is
three.
Draw a diagram which shows the formula of this compound, the charges on the ions and the
arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ions.
Use × to represent an electron from a fluorine atom.

Use ○ to represent an electron from a scandium atom.
[3]
(c) Scandium oxide is insoluble in water. Describe how you could show that it is an amphoteric
oxide.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]
4 The soluble salt hydrated lithium sulfate is made by titration from the soluble base lithium hydroxide.
burette filled with

sulfuric acid
conical flask
aqueous lithium hydroxide

and a few drops of a pH indicator
(a) The sulfuric acid is added slowly from the burette until the indicator just changes colour. The
volume of sulfuric acid needed to just neutralise the lithium hydroxide is noted.
Describe how you would continue the experiment to obtain pure dry crystals of hydrated lithium
sulfate.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(b) Using 25.0 cm3 of aqueous lithium hydroxide, concentration 2.48 mol / dm3, 2.20 g of hydrated
lithium sulfate was obtained.
Calculate the percentage yield, giving your answer to one decimal place.
2LiOH + H2SO4 → Li2SO4 + 2H2O
Li2SO4 + H2O → Li2SO4.H2O
Number of moles of LiOH used = .......................
Number of moles of Li2SO4.H2O which could be formed = .......................
Mass of one mole of Li2SO4.H2O = 128 g
Maximum yield of Li2SO4.H2O = ....................... g
Percentage yield = .......................% [4]

(c) An experiment was carried out to show that the formula of the hydrated salt is Li2SO4.H2O.
A sample of the hydrated salt was weighed and its mass recorded. It was then heated and the
anhydrous salt was weighed. This procedure was repeated until two consecutive masses were
the same. This procedure is called ‘heating to constant mass’.
(i) What is the reason for heating to constant mass?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The mass of the hydrated salt is m1 and the mass of the anhydrous salt is m2. Explain how
you could show that the hydrated salt has one mole of water of crystallisation per mole of
the anhydrous salt.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 13]
5 Ammonia is a compound which only contains the elements nitrogen and hydrogen. It is a
weak base.
(a) (i) Define the term base.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Given aqueous solutions of ammonia and sodium hydroxide, both having a
concentration of 0.1 mol / dm3, how could you show that ammonia is the weaker
base?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber Process. The economics of this process require
that as much ammonia as possible is made as quickly as possible.
Explain how this can be done using the following information.
The conditions for the following reversible reaction are:
● 450 °C
● 200 atmospheres pressure
● iron catalyst
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) the reaction is exother
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
(c) Another compound which contains only nitrogen and hydrogen is hydrazine, N2H4.
Complete the equation for the preparation of hydrazine from ammonia.
.....NH3 + NaCl O → N2H4 + ............ + H2O [2
(d) The structural formula of hydrazine is given below.
H H
N N
H H
Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of
the covalent compound hydrazine.
Use o to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.
[3]
(e) Hydrazine is a weak base and it removes dissolved oxygen from water. It is added to
water in steel boilers to prevent rusting.
(i) One way it reduces the rate of rusting is by changing the pH of water.
What effect would hydrazine have on the pH of water?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Give a reason, other than pH, why hydrazine reduces the rate of rusting.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 15]
6 Germanium is an element in Group IV. The electron distribution of a germanium atom is
2 + 8 + 18 + 4. It has oxidation states of +2 and +4.
(a) Germanium forms a series of saturated hydrides similar to the alkanes.
(i) Draw the structural formula of the hydride which contains three germanium atoms
per molecule.
[1]
(ii) Predict the general formula of the germanium hydrides.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of
the covalent compound germanium(IV) chloride, GeCl 4.
Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.

Use x to represent an electron from a germanium atom.
[2]
(c) Describe the structure of the giant covalent compound germanium(IV) oxide, GeO2.
It has a similar structure to that of silicon(IV) oxide.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(d) Is the change GeCl 2 to GeCl 4 reduction, oxidation or neither? Give a reason for your
choice.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
7 (a) Give three differences in physical properties between the Group I metal, potassium, and
the transition element, iron.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................................
3. ................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The following metals are in order of reactivity.
potassium
zinc
copper
For those metals which react with water or steam, name the products of the reaction,
otherwise write ‘no reaction’.
potassium .........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
zinc ...................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
copper ...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
[Total: 8]
1 Where in the Periodic Table is the metallic character of the elements greatest?
2 Argon, Ar, has a higher relative atomic mass than potassium, K, but appears before it in the
Periodic Table.
Ar
K
Why is argon listed before potassium in the Periodic Table?
A Argon has fewer neutrons than potassium.

B Argon has fewer protons than potassium.
C Argon has more neutrons than potassium.
D Argon has more protons than potassium.
3 J and K are two elements from the same period in the Periodic Table.
The table gives some properties of J and K.
Which statement about J and K is correct?
A J forms an acidic oxide.

B J is found to the left of K in the Periodic Table.
C K forms positive ions when it reacts.
D K is more metallic than J.
4 In the outline of the Periodic Table below, some elements are shown as numbers.
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
Which two numbers are metals in the same period?
5 Calcium, on the left of Period 4 of the Periodic Table, is more metallic than bromine on the right of
this period.
Why is this?
Calcium has
A fewer electrons.
B fewer protons.
C fewer full shells of electrons.
D fewer outer shell electrons.
6 The diagram shows one period of the Periodic Table.
Li
Li B B C N O F Ne
Which two elements form acidic oxides?
A carbon and lithium

B carbon and neon
C carbon and nitrogen
D nitrogen and neon
7 Which property of elements increases across a period of the Periodic Table?
A metallic character
B number of electron shells
C number of outer shell electrons
D tendency to form positive ions
8 W, X, Y and Z are elements in the same period in the Periodic Table.
W and Y are metals. X and Z are non-metals.
Which shows the correct order of these elements across the period?
A W X Y Z
B X Z W Y
C Y W X Z
D W Y X Z
1 Which of the following could be a transition element?
2 The table gives information about four elements, P, Q, R and S.
A P, Q and S B Q and S only C R and S only D S only
3 Osmium is a transition element.
Which row gives the expected properties of osmium?
4 The table gives information about four elements.
Which element is a transition metal?
5 Which properties of the element titanium, Ti, can be predicted from its position in the Periodic
Table?
6 Which is not a characteristic property of transition metals?
A act as catalysts
B form coloured compounds
C high melting point
D low density
7 An element X has the two properties listed.
1 It acts as a catalyst.
2 It forms colourless ions.
Which of these properties suggest that X is a transition element?
property 1 property 2
A
B
C
D
8 An element melts at 1455 °C, has a density of 8.90 g / cm3 and forms a green chloride.
Where in the Periodic Table is this element found?
9 An element has a melting point of 1084 °C and a density of 8.93 g / cm3. It’s oxide can be used as
a catalyst.
In which position in the Periodic Table is the element found?
A B C
10 The positions of four elements are shown on the outline of the Periodic Table.
Which element forms a coloured oxide?
B C
D
11 Which element is a transition metal?
12 Platinum is a transition metal.
Which statement about platinum is correct?
A It does not catalyse reactions.

B It forms coloured compounds.
C It has a low density.
D It has a low melting point.
14 Which properties of the element titanium, Ti, can be predicted from its position in the Periodic
Table?
15 An element has the following properties.
● It forms coloured compounds.

● It acts as a catalyst.
● It melts at 1539 °C.
In which part of the Periodic Table is the element found?
A Group I
B Group IV
C Group VII
D transition elements
16 Which compound is likely to be coloured?
A KMnO4 B KNO3 C K2CO3 D K2SO4
17 An element melts at 1455 °C, has a density of 8.90 g / cm3 and forms a green chloride.
Where in the Periodic Table is this element found?
19 The sulfate of element F is green.
Which other properties is element F likely to have?
1 Iron from a blast furnace is treated with oxygen and with calcium oxide to make steel.
Which substances in the iron are removed?
calcium oxide
oxygen removes
removes
A carbon acidic oxides

B carbon basic oxides
C iron acidic oxides
D iron basic oxides
2 Iron is obtained from its ore in a blast furnace and is used to make steel.
Iron obtained from the blast furnace is contaminated with ......1...... .
In order to remove this substance, ......2...... is passed through the molten iron.
......3...... is also added to remove oxides of phosphorus and silicon which are ......4...... .
Which words complete the sentences about the conversion of iron to steel?
3 Iron is extracted from its ore (hematite) in the blast furnace.
Which gas is produced as a waste product?
A carbon dioxide
B hydrogen
C nitrogen
D oxygen
4 Iron is extracted from hematite in a blast furnace.
Which reaction increases the temperature in the blast furnace to over 1500 °C?
A calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
B calcium oxide + silicon dioxide → calcium silicate
C carbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide
D carbon dioxide + carbon → carbon monoxide
5 Which row describes the conditions used to make steel from the iron produced by a blast
furnace?
6 Molten iron from the blast furnace contains impurities.
The process of turning the impure iron into steel involves blowing oxygen into the molten iron and
adding calcium oxide.
What are the reasons for blowing in oxygen and adding calcium oxide?
blowing in oxygen adding calcium oxide
A carbon is removed by reacting with oxygen reacts with acidic impurities making slag
B carbon is removed by reacting with oxygen reacts with slag and so removes it
C iron reacts with the oxygen reacts with acidic impurities making slag
D iron reacts with the oxygen reacts with slag and so removes it
7 The diagram shows a blast furnace.
In which part is iron ore changed to iron?
C
D
8 Four reactions that take place in the blast furnace to produce iron are shown.
Which reaction is used to keep the furnace hot?
A C + O2 → CO2
B CO2 + C → 2CO
C Fe2O3 + 3C → 2Fe + 3CO
D Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
9 Iron is extracted from hematite in the Blast Furnace.
waste gases
raw materials
firebrick lining
air
slag
molten iron
The hematite contains silica as an impurity.
What reacts with this impurity to remove it?
A calcium oxide
B carbon
C carbon dioxide
D oxygen
10 Which substance is not involved in the extraction of iron from hematite?
A carbon
B carbon monoxide
C calcium carbonate
D nitrogen
11 Which statement is incorrect?
A Carbon dioxide is a waste product in the extraction of iron.

B Carbon monoxide is a reducing agent.
C The extraction of iron from hematite involves reduction.
D When iron is converted into steel, oxygen is used to oxidise the iron.
12 The Basic Oxygen Process converts iron into steel.
In step 1, oxygen is blown into impure molten iron.
In step 2, oxides are removed by reaction with calcium oxide.
oxygen
waste
gases
molten iron
and
calcium oxide
Which chemical reaction takes place in step 1 and which type of oxides are removed in step 2?
chemical reaction type of oxides removed

in step 1 in step 2
A carbon is converted to carbon dioxide acidic

B carbon is converted to carbon dioxide basic
C iron is converted to iron(III) oxide acidic
D iron is converted to iron(III) oxide basic
13 Iron is extracted from its ore in a Blast Furnace.
Hematite, coke, limestone and hot air are added to the furnace.
Which explanation is not correct?
A Coke burns and produces a high temperature.

B Hematite is the ore containing the iron as iron oxide.
C Hot air provides the oxygen for the burning.
D Limestone reduces the iron oxide to iron.
14 Which statement about the extraction of iron from its ore is correct?
A Iron is more difficult to extract than zinc.

B Iron is more difficult to extract than copper.
C Iron is easy to extract because it is a transition metal.
D Iron cannot be extracted by reduction with carbon.
15 Many metals are extracted from their ores by heating the metal oxide with carbon.
Which metal cannot be extracted using this method?
A aluminium
B copper
C iron
D zinc
16 A metal is extracted from hematite, its oxide ore.
What is the metal and how is the oxide reduced?
metal method of reduction
A Al electrolysis
B Al heating with carbon
C Fe electrolysis
D Fe heating with carbon
17 Which row describes the conditions used to make steel from the iron produced by a blast
furnace?
18 Some metals react readily with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Some metals can be extracted by heating their oxides with carbon.
For which metal are both statements correct?
A calcium
B copper
C iron
D magnesium
19 The diagram shows the materials used in the production of steel from impure iron.
impure oxygen
steel
iron an oxide of element X
What could element X be?
A calcium
B carbon
C nitrogen
D sulfur
20 The diagram shows the manufacture of steel.
gas X
waste gases
molten iron
What is gas X?
A carbon dioxide
B chlorine
C hydrogen
D oxygen
21 In a blast furnace, iron(III) oxide is converted to iron and carbon monoxide is converted to carbon
dioxide.
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
What happens to each of these reactants?
A Both iron(III) oxide and carbon monoxide are oxidised.

B Both iron(III) oxide and carbon monoxide are reduced.
C Iron(III) oxide is oxidised and carbon monoxide is reduced.
D Iron(III) oxide is reduced and carbon monoxide is oxidised.
1 Three students, X, Y and Z, were told that solid P reacts with dilute acids and also conducts
electricity.
The table shows the students’ suggestions about the identity of P.
Which of the students are correct?
A X, Y and Z B X only C Y only D Z only
2 Which property is not considered a typical metallic property?
A good conductor of heat

B low melting point
C malleable (can be hammered into shape)
D strong
3 Some properties of substance X are listed.
● It conducts electricity when molten.

● It has a high melting point.
● It burns in oxygen and the product dissolves in water to give a solution with pH 11.
What is X?
A a covalent compound
B a macromolecule
C a metal
D an ionic compound
4 Which diagram shows the structure of an alloy?
A B
– + –
+ – +
– + –
+ – +
– + –
+ – +
– + –
+ – +
– + –
C D
5 Which statement is true for all metals?
A Their atoms lose one or more electrons when they react.

B They are brittle.
C They do not conduct electricity when solid.
D They melt at low temperatures when they are heated.
6 Which diagram represents an alloy?
A B
C D
7 The diagrams show the structure of two substances used to make electrical conductors.
X Y
Which statement correctly describes X and Y?
A X is a pure metal and Y is a compound.

B X is a pure metal and Y is an alloy.
C X is a solid and Y is a liquid.
D X is harder and stronger than Y.
8 Which statement is correct for all metals?
A conduct electricity when molten

B gain electrons when they form ions
C have a low density
D have a low melting point
9 Aluminium is the most common metal in the Earth’s crust.
Which is not a property of aluminium?
A low density
B resistance to corrosion
C good conductor of electricity
D poor conductor of heat
10 Which metal is commonly used to form alloys with a non-metallic element?
A copper
B iron
C magnesium
D zinc
11 Some properties of four elements W, X, Y and Z are listed.
1 W melts at 1410 °C and forms an acidic oxide.

2 X has a high density and is easily drawn into wires.
3 Y acts as a catalyst and its oxide reacts with acids.
4 Z is a red-brown solid used to make alloys.
Which of the elements are metals?
A 1 and 3 B 2, 3 and 4 C 2 and 3 only D 2 and 4 only
12 M is a shiny silver metal. It has a melting point of 1455 °C. Many of its compounds are green.
What is metal M?
A aluminium
B copper
C mercury
D nickel
13 Which element is a metal?
14 Pure metals conduct electricity and can be hammered into different shapes.
Why are metals sometimes used as alloys?
A Alloys are cheaper than the metals they are made from.
B Alloys are easier to hammer into different shapes.
C Alloys are harder and keep their shape better.
D Alloys conduct electricity better.
15 A substance, X, has the following properties.
1 It has a high melting point.

2 It conducts electricity in the solid and liquid states.
3 It is malleable.
4 It had a high density.
What is X?
A a ceramic
B copper
C graphite
D sodium chloride
16 The diagram represents the structure of substance S.
What is S?
A an alloy
B an ionic solid
C a macromolecule
D a pure metal
17 Brass is used in electrical equipment.
It contains two ……1…… elements. Together they form ……2…… .
1 2
A metallic a covalent compound

B metallic an alloy
C non-metallic a covalent compound
D non-metallic an alloy
18 The three statements below about aluminium are all correct.
1 Aluminium has an oxide ore.

2 Aluminium is extracted from its ore by electrolysis.
3 Aluminium is used to make cooking utensils.
In which of these statements can ‘aluminium’ be replaced by ‘iron’ and still be correct?
1 2 3
A
B
C
D
19 Statement 1: An aluminium alloy containing a small amount of copper is stronger than pure
aluminium.
Statement 2: Alloys are made by mixing molten metals together and allowing them to cool.
Which of the following is true?

C Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is not correct.
D Statement 2 is correct but statement 1 is not correct.
20 Which property is shown by all metals?
A They are extracted from their ores by heating with carbon.

B They conduct electricity.
C They form acidic oxides.
D They react with hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen.
21 Which statement about aluminium is not correct?
A It is resistant to corrosion.
B It is strong and has a high density.
C It is used in food containers.
D It is used in the manufacture of aircraft.
22 Which statements about the general properties of metals are correct?
1 conduct electricity when solid

2 form acidic oxides
3 high melting point
A 1 and 3 B 1 only C 2 and 3 D 2 only
23 Which statements are correct?
1 Metals are often used in the form of alloys.

2 Stainless steel is an alloy of iron.
3 Alloys always contain more than two metals.
24 Which statement is true about all metals?
A They are attracted to a magnet.

B They are weak and brittle.
C They may be used to form alloys.
D They react with water.
25 Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
Which statement is correct?
A Brass can be represented by a chemical formula.

B Brass is formed by a chemical reaction between copper and zinc.
C The alloy will dissolve completely in dilute hydrochloric acid.
D The zinc in the alloy will dissolve in dilute hydrochloric acid.
26 Which substance is a metal?
27 Element X is shiny and can be formed into a sheet by hammering.
Which row correctly describes the properties of element X?
conducts electricity melts below 25 °C
A
B
C
D
28 Which diagram could represent the structure of an alloy?
A B
– + – +
+ – + –
– – +
C D
29 Which property do all metals have?
A Their boiling points are low.

B Their densities are low.
C They conduct electricity.
30 Copper, iron and zinc are all used as pure metals.
Which of these three metals are also used in alloys?
31 Some properties of four elements are shown in the table.
Which element is a metal?
32 Which statement about alloys is not correct?
A Alloys are more expensive than the metals they are made from.
B Alloys are mixtures of different metals.
C Alloys are not as strong as the metals they are made from.
D Alloys conduct electricity well.
33 Compound X is heated with carbon using the apparatus shown.
compound X and reaction tube

carbon
heat
limewater
A brown solid is formed in the reaction tube and the limewater turns cloudy.
What is compound X?
A calcium oxide
B copper(II) oxide
C magnesium oxide
D sodium oxide
A They are soluble in water.

C They have high melting points.
D They react with dilute sulfuric acid.
35 An inert atmosphere is needed in a lamp to lengthen the useful life of the metal filament.
Why is argon, rather than helium, used for this purpose?
argon is more abundant argon is less dense

in the air than helium
A
B
C
D
36 Stainless steel is an alloy of iron and other metals. It is strong and does not rust but it costs much
more than normal steel.
What is not made from stainless steel?
A cutlery
B pipes in a chemical factory
C railway lines
D saucepans
1 Two of the main uses of zinc are for galvanising and for making alloys.
One of the main ores of zinc is zinc blende, ZnS. There are two stages in the extraction of zinc
from this ore.
(a) Stage 1 Zinc oxide is made from zinc blende.
Describe how this is done and write a word equation for the reaction.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Stage 2 Zinc oxide is reduced to zinc.
Write a word equation for the reduction of zinc oxide by coke.
..............................................................................................................................................
[1]
(c) The zinc produced by this process is impure. It can be purifiedbyelectrolysisusingamethod
which is similar to the purificationofcopper . Under the conditions used in the process, zinc
is the product at the negative electrode (cathode).
Complete the following description of this purification.
The electrolyte is aqueous ................................................................................................. . [1]
The negative electrode (cathode) is made of .................................................................... . [1]
The positive electrode (anode) is impure zinc.
The equation for the reaction at the cathode is ................................................................. . [1]
The equation for the reaction at the anode is .................................................................... . [1]
Explain why the concentration of the electrolyte does not change.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) Brass is an alloy which contains zinc.
(i) Name the other metal in brass.
................................................................................................................................[1]...
(ii) Suggest two reasons why an alloy such as brass is preferred to either of its
constituent
metals.
.........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................[2]
..
(e) In an experiment to investigate the rate of rusting of steel, three pieces of steel were used.
One piece of steel was completely coated with copper, one piece completely coated with zinc
and the third piece was left uncoated. All three pieces were left exposed to the atmosphere.
(i) Explain why the uncoated piece started to rust.
.........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii) The coating on both of the other two pieces was scratched, exposing the steel.
exposed steel thin layer of

does not rust zinc
steel
The piece of steel coated with zinc still did not rust but the copper-coated piece of steel rusted
very rapidly.
Explain these observations in terms of the formation of ions and the transfer of electrons.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 17]
2 Iron is extracted from its ore, hematite, in a blast furnace.
Substances added to the furnace are:

• iron ore, hematite, containing impurities such as silica, SiO2
• air
• coke, C
• limestone, CaCO3
Substances formed in the blast furnace are:

• molten iron
• molten slag
• waste gases such as carbon dioxide
(a) State the two functions of the coke used in the blast furnace.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Write an equation for the conversion of hematite, Fe2O3, to iron.
..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Explain how the silica impurity is removed and separated from the molten iron.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(d) The molten iron from the furnace is impure.

It contains impurities which include the element carbon.
Explain how the carbon is removed. Include an equation in your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]
3 A reactivity series of metals is given below.
metal name symbol
sodium lithium Na
most
magnesium
reactive Li
zinc
Mg
manganese
iron copper Zn
rhodium
Mn
Fe
least
Cu
reactive
Rh
(a) Which two metals will react most vigorously with cold water?
.................................................................................................................................
. ... [1]
.. .
(b) Which two metals will not react with dilute hydrochloric acid?
.....................................................................................................................................
...... [1]..
(c) Deduce the formula of iron(III) sulfate.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) What is the formula of a magnesium ion?
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) Describe a test-tube experiment which will show that manganese is more reactive than copper.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(f) Manganese is a typical transition metal.
Predict three physical and two chemical properties of this metal. physical properties
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
chemical properties
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[5]
[Total: 12]
4 Iron from the Blast Furnace is impure. It contains about 5% of impurities, mainly carbon, sulfur,
silicon and phosphorus, which have to be removed when this iron is converted into steel.
(a) Explain how the addition of oxygen and calcium oxide removes these impurities. Include an
equation for a reaction of oxygen and a word equation for a reaction of calcium oxide in this
process.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[5]
(b) Mild steel is the most common form of steel. Mild steel contains a maximum of 0.3% of carbon.
High carbon steel contains 2% of carbon. It is less malleable and much harder than mild steel.
(i) Give a use of mild steel.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest a use of high carbon steel.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain why metals are malleable.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iv) Suggest an explanation why high carbon steel is less malleable and harder than mild
steel.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 12]
5 Aluminium and iron are extracted from their ores by different methods.
Aluminium is extracted from its purified oxide ore by electrolysis.
waste gases
oxygen given off

at anode (positive electrode)
aluminium oxide dissolved

cathode
in molten cryolite
(negative electrode)
aluminium
(a) What is the name of the ore of aluminium which consists mainly of aluminium oxide?
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The electrodes are both made of the same substance.
Name this substance.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Aluminium oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite before it is electrolysed.
Give two reasons why aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite is electrolysed rather than
molten aluminium oxide alone.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) Write the ionic equations for the reactions at the electrodes in this electrolysis.
anode (positive electrode) .........................................................................................................
cathode (negative electrode) .....................................................................................................

[2]
(e) Iron is extracted from its oxide ore by reduction using carbon in a blast furnace.
waste gases
raw materials:
coke,
iron ore,
limestone.
air air
slag
molten iron
(i) Place the elements aluminium, carbon and iron in order of reactivity with the least reactive
element first.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Use your answer to (e)(i) to explain why iron is extracted by reduction using carbon but
aluminium is not.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) What is the name of the ore of iron which consists mainly of iron(III) oxide?
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) Write balanced equations for the reactions occurring in the blast furnace which involve
(i) the complete combustion of coke (carbon),
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the production of carbon monoxide from carbon dioxide,
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) the reduction of iron(III) oxide,
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) the formation of slag.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
1 W, X and Y are metals, one of which is copper and one of which is iron.
• W has a coloured oxide which can be reduced by carbon.
• X has a black oxide and is also found in nature as a pure metal.
• Y has an oxide which cannot be reduced by carbon.
Which metal is the most reactive and what is the possible identity of W?
most reactive possible identity

metal of W
A X C
B X F
C Y C
D Y F
2 Tin is a metal that is less reactive than iron and is extracted from its ore cassiterite, SnO2.
Which statements about tin are correct?
1 Tin can be extracted from cassiterite using carbon.

2 Tin does not conduct electricity.
3 Tin is hard and shiny.
A 1, 2 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only
3 Some chemical properties of three metals W, X and Y and their oxides are shown.
What is the order of reactivity of these metals, most reactive first?
A W→Y→X
B X→Y→W
C Y→W→X
D Y→X→W
4 The list shows the order of reactivity of some elements.
K N
Na Ca Mg Zn Fe (H)
Which statement about the reactivity of these metals is correct?
A Copper reacts with steam to form hydrogen gas.

B Magnesium is more reactive than calcium.
C Potassium reacts with water to form hydrogen gas.
D Sodium oxide is reduced by carbon to sodium.
5 The diagrams show what happens when three different metals are added to water.
bubbles flame
of gas
X Y Z
6 Which substances do not react together?
A calcium + water
B copper + dilute hydrochloric acid
C sodium + water
D zinc + dilute hydrochloric acid
7 W, X, Y and Z are four metals.
Some properties of these metals are listed below.
1 Only W and Z can be extracted by reduction of their oxides with carbon.

2 Only X will react with cold water.
3 Only Z can be found ‘native’ (not combined with any other element).
What is the correct order of these metals in the reactivity series (most reactive first)?
A X, W, Y, Z B X, Y, W, Z C Z, W, Y, X D Z, Y, W, X
8 Samples of five different metals, E, F, G, H and J were reacted with dilute sulfuric acid using the
apparatus shown.
gas syringe
bung

metal
The volume of hydrogen gas collected after one minute was measured.
The results are shown on the bar chart.
25
20
15
volume of gas
collected / cm3
10
0
E F G H J
metal
What is the order of reactivity of the metals (most reactive first)?
A E, F, G, H, J
B G, E, H, F, J
C J, F, H, E, G
D J, H, G, F, E
9 The statements describe how different metals react with cold water.
● Calcium sinks, fizzing and releasing a steady stream of hydrogen.

● Copper does not react.
● Sodium floats, fizzing and rapidly releasing hydrogen.
● Zinc does not react but does react with steam, releasing hydrogen.
Using the information, where should hydrogen be placed in the reactivity series?
A below copper
B between sodium and calcium
C between calcium and zinc
D between zinc and copper
10 Metal X lies between zinc and iron in the reactivity series.
Which statements about metal X are correct?
1 It reacts with steam to produce hydrogen gas.

2 It does not react with steam but will produce hydrogen with dilute acid.
3 The metal can be obtained from its oxide by heating strongly with charcoal.
4 The metal oxide cannot be reduced using carbon.
11 The table shows the reactions of four different metals with water.
What is the correct order of reactivity, from most reactive to least reactive?
A W→X→Y→Z
B W→Z→Y→X
C Z→W→X→Y
D Z→W→Y→X
12 The oxide of element X is reduced by heating with carbon.
Element X does not react with cold water, steam or dilute hydrochloric acid.
What is X?
A copper
B iron
C magnesium
D zinc
13 An element X has the two properties listed.
1 It acts as a catalyst.
2 It forms colourless ions.
Which of these properties suggest that X is a transition element?
property 1 property 2
A
B
C
D
14 In an experiment, three test-tubes labelled X, Y and Z were half-filled with dilute hydrochloric
acid. A different metal was added to each test-tube. After a few minutes the following
observations were made.
In tube X, bubbles slowly rose to the surface.

In tube Y, there was a rapid release of bubbles.
In tube Z, no bubbles were produced.
Which three metals match the observations?
15 A student carried out an experiment to find the order of reactivity of five metals.
They were tested with cold water, hot water and steam and the results recorded in a table.
metal cold water hot water steam
V no reaction reacts slowly vigorous reaction

W no reaction no reaction slow reaction
X reacts slowly vigorous reaction not attempted
Y no reaction no reaction no reaction
Z vigorous reaction explosive reaction not attempted
What is the order of reactivity of these metals?
most reactive least reactive
A V Y X Z
B W Z V Y
C Z V W Y
D Z Y W V
16 Reactions of three metals and their oxides are listed in the table.
What is the order of reactivity of the metals?
17 The list gives the order of some metals (and hydrogen) in the reactivity series.
Metal X is also included:
Most reactive K
Mg
Zn
(H)
X
Least reactive Cu
Which row correctly shows the properties of metal X?
18 Below are some metals in decreasing order of reactivity.
magnesium
zinc
iron
copper
Titanium reacts with acid and cannot be extracted from its ore by heating with carbon.
Where should titanium be placed in this list?
A below copper
B between iron and copper
C between magnesium and zinc
D between zinc and iron
19 Q, R, S and T are four metals.
Q is found naturally as the metal.

R reacts with steam but not with cold water.
S reacts violently with cold water.
The oxide of T is reduced to T by heating with carbon.
What is the order of reactivity of the four metals, starting with the most reactive first?
A Q→R→T→S
B Q→T→R→S
C S→R→Q→T
D S→R→T→Q
20 Pieces of copper, iron, magnesium and zinc are added to separate test-tubes containing dilute
hydrochloric acid.
Which test-tube contains iron and dilute hydrochloric acid?
A B C D
21 How does the reactivity of potassium compare with that of sodium and how does the reactivity of
calcium compare with that of magnesium?
reactivity of reactivity of
potassium and sodium calcium and magnesium
A K greater than Na Ca greater than Mg

B K greater than Na Mg greater than Ca
C Na greater than K Ca greater than Mg
D Na greater than K Mg greater than Ca
22 Metal X reacts violently with water.
Metal Y reacts slowly with steam.
Metal Z does not react with dilute hydrochloric acid.
What is the correct order of reactivity of these metals, most reactive first?
A X→Y→Z
B X→Z→Y
C Z→X→Y
D Z→Y→X
23 A metal has the following properties.
● It does not react with cold water.

● It reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
● It cannot be extracted from its oxide using carbon.
Between which two metals in the reactivity series should it be placed?
A calcium and magnesium

B iron and copper
C magnesium and zinc
D zinc and iron
24 A chemical engineer plans to produce hydrochloric acid.
Which metal is best for the reaction container?
A copper
B iron
C magnesium
D zinc
25 The table shows the results of adding three metals, P, Q and R, to dilute hydrochloric acid and to
water.
metal dilute hydrochloric acid water
P hydrogen produced hydrogen produced

Q no reaction no reaction
R hydrogen produced no reaction
What is the order of reactivity of the metals?
26 The table shows some reactions of the halogens.
Which reaction is the most likely to be explosive?
27 Some metals react readily with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Some metals can be extracted by heating their oxides with carbon.
For which metal are both statements correct?
A calcium
B copper
C iron
D magnesium
28 The diagram shows the positions of elements P, Q, R, S and T in the Periodic Table.
These letters are not the chemical symbols for the elements.
S T
Q R
Which statement about the properties of these elements is correct?
A P reacts more vigorously with water than does Q.

B P, Q and R are all metals.
C T exists as diatomic molecules.
D T is more reactive than S.
29 The table compares the properties of Group I elements with those of transition elements.
Which entry in the table is correct?
A They are hard.

C They form acidic oxides.
1 Which statement about the uses of metals is correct?
A Aluminium is used in the manufacture of aircraft because of its strength and high density.
B Copper is used in electrical wiring because of its strength and high density.
C Mild steel is used in the manufacture of car bodies because of its strength and resistance to
corrosion.
D Stainless steel is used in the construction of chemical plant because of its strength and
resistance to corrosion.
2 Copper is sometimes used to make cooking utensils.
saucepan
gas ring
Three properties of copper are given.
1 corrosion resistant
2 good conductor of electricity
3 good conductor of heat
Which properties make copper a suitable metal for making cooking utensils?
A 1 and 3 B 1 only C 2 and 3 D 2 only
3 Copper is a transition element used to make saucepans.
Which property is not correct for copper?
A good conductor of heat

B insoluble in water
C low melting point
D malleable (can be hammered into shape)
4 Which metal would be suitable for all of the following uses?
• making aircraft bodies
• making food containers
• making overhead power cables
A aluminium
B brass
C mild steel
D pure iron
5 Which two elements make up mild steel?
A aluminium and magnesium

B copper and zinc
C iron and carbon
D tin and lead
6 The table show three uses of aluminium and a reason why aluminium is used for that purpose.
use reason
1 aircraft manufacture high tensile strength

2 overhead electricity cables low density
3 food containers resistance to corrosion
Which reasons explain the use?
A 1, 2
B 1 and 2 only
C 1 and 3 only
D 2 and 3 only
7 Which conditions are necessary to make mild steel from iron?
A add calcium oxide and blow oxygen through it

B heat with calcium oxide
C heat with carbon and limestone
D heat with nickel and chromium
8 What is a major use of aluminium?
A making brass
B making cutlery
C making electrical wiring
D making food containers
9 Which statement is not correct?
A Aluminium is used in food containers because of its resistance to corrosion.

B Aluminium is used in the manufacture of aircraft because of its strength and low density.
C Mild steel is used in car bodies because of its strength and low density.
D Stainless steel is used in chemical plant because of its strength and resistance to corrosion.
10 Which statement about the uses of aluminium, mild steel and stainless steel is correct?
A Aluminium is used for food containers as it has a high density.

B Mild steel is used for car bodies as it is resistant to corrosion.
C Stainless steel is used for aircraft bodies as it is strong.
D Stainless steel is used for cutlery as it is resistant to corrosion.
11 Some properties of aluminium are listed.
1 It has mechanical strength.

2 It is resistant to corrosion.
3 It has a low density.
4 It conducts heat.
Which three properties make aluminium useful for making the bodies of aircraft?
A 1, 2 and 3 B 1, 2 C 1, 3 and 4 D 2, 3 and 4
12 Which object is least likely to contain aluminium?
A a bicycle frame
B a hammer
C a saucepan
D an aeroplane body
13 A list of properties of aluminium is shown.
1 It conducts heat.
Which properties make aluminium useful for making food storage containers?
A 1, 2 B 1 and 3 only C 1 only D 3 only
14 The diagrams show two items that may be found in the home. Each item contains zinc.
zinc plated bucket brass door-knocker
In which is zinc used as an alloy?
bucket door-knocker
A
B
C
D
15 The table shows properties of four metals.
Which metal is the most suitable for aircraft construction?
16 Which object is likely to be made from stainless steel?
A B
bicycle chain car body
C D
can of beans teaspoon
17 Which row describes the uses of mild steel and stainless steel?
mild steel stainless steel
A car bodies, cutlery chemical plant, machinery

B car bodies, machinery chemical plant, cutlery
C chemical plant, cutlery car bodies, machinery
D chemical plant, machinery car bodies, cutlery
18 The diagrams show four uses of iron.
In which of these uses is the iron most likely to rust?
A B C D
iron bucket iron cored iron hinges painted

electroplated aluminium on a gate iron fence
with zinc electricity cables
19 Duralumin is an alloy. It contains aluminium, copper and magnesium.
It has many uses including the manufacture of cooking utensils and ships.
Which statement about duralumin and its properties is correct?
A It is a good conductor of electricity.

B It is brittle.
C It is soluble in water.
D The aluminium, copper and magnesium are chemically combined.
20 A new bicycle is being developed.
Two different materials are used in its construction, both of which must be corrosion resistant.
Which two metals could be used?
A aluminium and mild steel

B aluminium and stainless steel
C mild steel and pure iron
D pure iron and stainless steel
21 Which property makes aluminium ideal for making food containers?
A conducts electricity
B conducts heat
C mechanical strength
D resistance to corrosion
22 Why is aluminium used to make food containers?
A It has a low density.

B It is strong.
C It keeps the food hot.
D It resists corrosion.
23 Some properties of aluminium are listed.
1 It has mechanical strength.

2 It conducts heat.
Which properties make aluminium useful for making the bodies of aircraft?
24 Which statement about the uses of metals is correct?
A Aluminium is used in the manufacture of aircraft as it has a high density.

B Aluminium is used to make food containers as it conducts electricity.
C Stainless steel for cutlery is made by adding other elements to iron.
D Stainless steel is used to make chemical reactors as it corrodes readily.
25 Alloy X is strong and has a low density.
Alloy Y is heavy but is resistant to corrosion.
Which could be uses of X and Y?
26 The properties of a metal are important in deciding its use.
Which row lists a property that is not correct for the use given?
use of the metal metal property needed
A aluminium in aircraft wings low density

B aluminium in food containers resists corrosion
C mild steel in car bodies high density
D stainless steel in cutlery does not rust
27 Which diagram shows a common use of stainless steel?
A B C D
28 Aluminium is an important metal with many uses.
Some of its properties are listed.
1 It is a good conductor of heat.

2 It is a reactive metal.
4 It has an oxide layer that prevents corrosion.
Which set of properties help to explain the use of aluminium for cooking and storing food?
29 Which object is least likely to contain aluminium?
A a bicycle frame
B a hammer
C a saucepan
D an aeroplane body
30 Stainless steel is an alloy of iron and other metals. It is strong and does not rust but it costs much
more than normal steel.
What is not made from stainless steel?
A cutlery
B pipes in a chemical factory
C railway lines
D saucepans
1 Clean dry air contains mainly nitrogen and oxygen.
(a) Name two other gases that are in clean dry air.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Air often contains pollutants.
Identify three common gaseous pollutants in air and state how each of these pollutants are
produced.
pollutant gas 1 ...........................................................................................................................
how it is produced ......................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
pollutant gas 2 ...........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
pollutant gas 3 ...........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[6]
[Total: 8]
2 This question is about compounds of nitrogen.
(a) (i) Describe the Haber Process giving reaction conditions and a chemical equation.
Reference to rate and yield is not required.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [5]
(ii) Give one use of ammonia.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The diagram shows the structure of a hydrazine molecule.
H H
N N
H H
Draw the electron arrangement of a hydrazine molecule. Show the outer shell electrons only.
[2]
(c) Hydrazine is a base.
(i) Define the term base.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Complete the chemical equation to show that hydrazine acts as a base when added to
water.
N2H4 + H2O → .............. + .............. [1]
(d) Nitrogen dioxide is an atmospheric pollutant.
(i) State one environmental problem caused by nitrogen dioxide.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain how oxides of nitrogen, such as nitrogen dioxide, are formed in car engines.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 13]
3 (a) Polluted air contains two oxides of carbon and two oxides of nitrogen. A major source
of these pollutants is motor vehicles.
(i) Describe how carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are formed in motor vehicle engines.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State one adverse effect of each of these gases.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Nitrogen monoxide, NO, is released by motor vehicle exhausts.
Explain how nitrogen monoxide is formed in motor vehicle engines.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) When nitrogen monoxide is released into the atmosphere, nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is formed.
Suggest an explanation why this happens.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Predict the possible adverse effect on the environment when this non-metal oxide, NO2, reacts
with water and oxygen.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) How are the amounts of carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide emitted by modern motor
vehicles reduced? Include an equation in your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 13]
4 Three common pollutants in the air are carbon monoxide, the oxides of nitrogen, NO and NO2, and
unburnt hydrocarbons. They are all emitted by motor vehicles.
(a) Describe how the oxides of nitrogen are formed.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Describe how a catalytic converter reduces the emission of these three pollutants.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(c) Other atmospheric pollutants are lead compounds from leaded petrol.
Explain why lead compounds are harmful.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
5 Air is a mixture of gases. The main constituents are the elements oxygen and nitrogen.
(a) (i) Name another element in air.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Give the formula of a compound in unpolluted air.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Common pollutants present in air are the oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide.
(i) How are the oxides of nitrogen formed?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) How is sulfur dioxide formed?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) These oxides are largely responsible for acid rain.

State two harmful effects of acid rain.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) The percentage of oxygen in air can be determined by the following experiment.
large pile of small pile

copper of copper
gas syringe gas syringe

heat
containing
50 cm3 of air
The gas syringe contains 50 cm3 of air. The large pile of copper is heated and the air is
passed from one gas syringe to the other over the hot copper. The large pile of copper
turns black. The gas is allowed to cool and its volume measured.
The small pile of copper is heated and the remaining gas passed over the hot copper.
The copper does not turn black. The final volume of gas left in the apparatus is less
than 50 cm3.
(i) Explain why the copper in the large pile turns black.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Why must the gas be allowed to cool before its volume is measured?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Explain why the copper in the small pile did not turn black.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) What is the approximate volume of the gas left in the apparatus?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 13]
6 (a) State a use for each of the following gases.
(i) chlorine ................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) argon ................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) ethene .................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) oxygen ................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Describe how oxygen is obtained from air.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
1 (a Exothermic reactions produce heat energy.
An important fuel is methane, natural gas. The equation for its combustion is as follows.
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
(i) In chemical reactions bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.
Using this reaction give an example of
a bond that is broken,
a bond that is formed. [2]
(ii) Explain, using the idea of bonds forming and breaking, why this reaction is
exothermic, that is it produces heat energy.
[2]
(b) Some radioactive isotopes are used as nuclear fuels.
(i) Give the symbol and the nucleon number of an isotope that is used as a nuclear
fuel.
[2]
(ii) Give another use of radioactive isotopes.
[1]
(c) Cell reactions are both exothermic and redox. They produce electrical energy as well
as heat energy.
(i) The diagram shows a simple cell.
voltmeter
V
zinc iron
electrode electrode
becomes
bubbles of
thinner
hydrogen form
dilute
sulphuric acid
Which substance in this cell is the reductant and which ion is the oxidant?
reductant
oxidant [2]
(ii) How could the voltage of this cell be increased?
[1]
(iii) What is the important large scale use, relating to iron and steel, of this type of cell
reaction?
[1]
(d) Cells can be set up with inert electrodes and the electrolytes as oxidant and reductant.
voltmeter
V
electron flow
carbon carbon
electrode electrode
(inert) (inert)
potassium potassium
manganate(VII) (aq) iodide (aq)
salt bridge
(allows ions to move from
one beaker to another)
The potassium manganate(VII) is the oxidant and the potassium iodide is the reductant.
(i) Describe the colour change that would be observed in the left hand beaker.
[2]
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction in the right hand beaker.
[2]
2 Clean dry air contains mainly nitrogen and oxygen.
(a) Name two other gases that are in clean dry air.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Air often contains pollutants.
Identify three common gaseous pollutants in air and state how each of these pollutants are
produced.
pollutant gas 1 ...........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
pollutant gas 2 ...........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
pollutant gas 3 ...........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[6]
[Total: 8]
3 Carbon dioxide and silicon(IV) oxide are oxides of Group IV elements.
(a) Complete the following table.
carbon dioxide silicon(IV) oxide
formula SiO2
melting point / °C –56 1610
physical state at 25 °C gas
conduction of electricity non-conductor
structure macromolecular
[4]
(b) (i) Name the type of bonds that exist between the atoms in silicon(IV) oxide.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why silicon(IV) oxide has a very high melting point.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why carbon dioxide has a very low
melting point.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Explain, in terms of particles, why carbon dioxide is a non-conductor of electricity.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Suggest a chemical equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and
carbon dioxide.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) (i) Name the type of chemical reaction in which carbon dioxide is produced from fossil fuels.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name the chemical process in which green plants convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Name the chemical process in which living things produce carbon dioxide.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 13]
4 Islay is an island off the west coast of Scotland. The main industry on the island is making
ethanol from barley.
Barley contains the complex carbohydrate, starch. Enzymes catalyse the hydrolysis of starch
to a solution of glucose.
(a) (i) Draw the structure of the starch.

Glucose
G lucose can be represented
eprese by HO OH
(ii) Enzymes can catalyse the hydrolysis of starch. Name another catalyst for this
reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Both starch and glucose are carbohydrates. Name the elements found in all
carbohydrates.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Yeast cells are added to the aqueous glucose. Fermentation produces a solution
containing up to 10 % of ethanol.
(i) Complete the word equation for the fermentation of glucose.
glucose → .......................... + ..........................

[1]
(ii) Explain why is it necessary to add yeast and suggest why the amount of yeast in the
mixture increases.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Fermentation is carried out at 35 °C. For many reactions a higher temperature would
give a faster reaction. Why is a higher temperature not used in this process?
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) The organic waste, the residue of the barley and yeast, is disposed of through a pipeline
into the sea. In the future this waste will be converted into biogas by the anaerobic
respiration of bacteria. Biogas, which is mainly methane, will supply most of the island’s
energy.
(i) Anaerobic means in the absence of oxygen. Suggest an explanation why oxygen
must be absent.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) The obvious advantage of converting the waste into methane is economic.
Suggest two other advantages.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 12]
1 (a A small piece of marble, calcium carbonate, was added to 5 cm3 of hydrochloric acid at
25 °C. The time taken for the reaction to stop was measured.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Similar experiments were performed always using 5 cm3 of hydrochloric acid.
number of
concentration of acid
experiment pieces of temperature / °C ti / min
in mol / dm3
marble
1 1.00 25 3
2 0.50 25 7
1 piece
3 1.00
.0 1
crushed
4 1.00 35 2
Explain each of the following in terms of collisions between reacting particles.
(i) Why is the rate in experiment 2 slower than in experiment 1?
[2]
(ii) Why is the rate in experiment 3 faster than in experiment 1?
[2]
(iii) Why is the rate in experiment 4 faster than in experiment 1?
[2]
(b) An alternative method of measuring the rate of this reaction would be to measure the
volume of carbon dioxide produced at regular intervals.
(i) Sketch this graph
volume
time
[2]
(ii) One piece of marble, 0.3 g, was added to 5 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, concentration
1.00 mol / dm3. Which reagent is in excess? Give a reason for your choice.
mass of one mole of CaCO3 = 100 g
number of moles of CaCO3 =
number of moles of HCl =
reagent in excess is
reason [4]
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide
produced measured at r.t.p.
[1]
[Total: 13]
2 Calcium carbonate is an important raw material.
(a) Name a rock which is made up of calcium carbonate.
[1]
(b) When calcium carbonate is heated strongly, it decomposes.

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
(i) Calculate the relative formula mass of:
CaCO3
CaO [2]
(ii) 7.00 kg of calcium oxide was formed. What mass of calcium carbonate was
heated?
[2]
(c) Calcium carbonate is used to control soil acidity.
(i) Why is it important to control soil acidity?
[1]
(ii) Both calcium carbonate, insoluble in water, and calcium oxide, slightly soluble, are
used to increase soil pH. Suggest two advantages of using calcium carbonate.
[2]
(iii) Give one use of calcium carbonate other than for making calcium oxide and
controlling soil pH.
[1]
2 The diagram shows a blast furnace.
waste gases
raw materials:
coke, C
iron ore, Fe2O3
limestone, CaCO3
(a) The following equations represent reactions which take place in the blast furnace.
A C + O2 → CO2
B CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
C CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3
D CO2 + C → 2CO
E Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
(i) Which reaction is used to increase the temperature inside the blast furnace? ........... [1]
(ii) Which reaction is an example of thermal decomposition? ........... [1]
(iii) In which reaction is carbon both oxidised and reduced? ........... [1]
(iv) Which equation shows the removal of an impurity from the iron? ........... [1]
(v) Which equation shows the reaction of an acidic substance with a basic substance?
........... [1]
(b) Use the diagram of the blast furnace to help you answer these questions.
(i) What enters the blast furnace at X?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What leaves the blast furnace at Y?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Name two waste gases that leave the blast furnace.
1. .........................................................................................................................................
2. .........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) The graph shows how the malleability of iron changes as the percentage of carbon in the iron
changes.
high
malleability
low
increasing percentage
of carbon
(i) Describe how the malleability of iron changes as the percentage of carbon changes.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Iron obtained from the blast furnace contains high levels of carbon.
Explain how the amount of carbon in the iron can be decreased.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 12]
4 Iron from the Blast Furnace is impure. It contains about 5% of impurities, mainly carbon, sulfur,
silicon and phosphorus, which have to be removed when this iron is converted into steel.
(a) Explain how the addition of oxygen and calcium oxide removes these impurities. Include an
equation for a reaction of oxygen and a word equation for a reaction of calcium oxide in this
process.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[5]
(b) Mild steel is the most common form of steel. Mild steel contains a maximum of 0.3% of carbon.
High carbon steel contains 2% of carbon. It is less malleable and much harder than mild steel.
(i) Give a use of mild steel.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest a use of high carbon steel.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain why metals are malleable.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iv) Suggest an explanation why high carbon steel is less malleable and harder than mild
steel.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 12]
1 The food additive E220 is sulfur dioxide. It is a preservative for a variety of foods and drinks.
(a) State two other uses of sulfur dioxide.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) How is sulfur dioxide manufactured?
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Sulfur dioxide is a reductant (reducing agent). Describe what you would see when
aqueous sulfur dioxide is added to acidified potassium manganate(VII).
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Sulfur dioxide can also be made by the reaction between a sulfite and an acid.
Na2SO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O
Excess hydrochloric acid was added to 3.15 g of sodium sulfite. Calculate the maximum
volume, measured at r.t.p., of sulfur dioxide which could be formed.
The mass of one mole of Na2SO3 is 126 g.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
2 A major ore of zinc is zinc blende, ZnS. A by-product of the extraction of zinc from this ore is
sulfur dioxide which is used to make sulfuric acid.
(a) (i) Zinc blende is heated in air. Zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide are formed. Write the
balanced equation for this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Zinc oxide is reduced to zinc by heating with carbon. Name two other reagents
which could reduce zinc oxide.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) The zinc obtained is impure. It is a mixture of metals. Explain how fractional distillation
could separate this mixture.
zinc bp = 908 °C, cadmium bp = 765 °C, lead bp = 1751 °C
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Sulfur dioxide is used to make sulfur trioxide in the Contact Process.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
The forward reaction is exothermic. The conditions used are:
temperature: 450 °C
pressure: 2 atmospheres
catalyst: vanadium(V) oxide
Explain, mentioning both position of equilibrium and rate, why these conditions give the
most economic yield.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 10]
3 Sulfur is needed for the production of sulfuric acid. Two of the major sources of sulfur
● underground deposits of the element

are sulfur,
● sulfur compounds from natural gas and petroleum.
(a) Explain why sulfur and its compounds are removed from these fuels before they are
burned.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Sulfur dioxide is made by spraying molten sulfur into air. The sulfur ignites and sulfur
dioxide is formed.
(i) Suggest why molten sulfur is used in the form of a fine spray.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Explain why traces of sulfur dioxide act as a preservative in fruit juices.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) State another use of sulfur dioxide.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Describe how sulfur dioxide is changed into sulfur trioxide. Give the reaction conditions
and an equation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(d) Complete the following equations for the formation of sulfuric acid from sulfur trioxide.
SO3 + ............... → H2S2O7
H2S2O7 + ………. → ..........H2SO4 [2]
[Total: 12]
4 The major use of sulfur dioxide is to manufacture sulfuric acid.
(a) (i) Another use of sulfur dioxide is as the food additive E220.
How does it preserve food?
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Why is sulfur dioxide used in the manufacture of wood pulp?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) How is sulfur dioxide manufactured?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Complete the following description of the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
Sulfur dioxide reacts with .............................. to form sulfur trioxide.
The above reaction is catalysed by ................................................. .
The optimum temperature for this reaction is .............................. °C.
Sulfur trioxide needs to react with .............................. to form sulfuric acid. [4]
(c) (i) Define the term acid.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Sulfuric acid is a strong acid. Ethanedioic acid is a weak acid.

Given solutions of both acids, how could you show that sulfuric acid is a strong acid
and ethanedioic acid is a weak acid?
method ......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
result for each acid ...................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) 20.0 cm3 of sulfuric acid, concentration 0.30 mol / dm3, was added to 40 cm3 of sodium
hydroxide, concentration 0.20 mol / dm3.
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(i) How many moles of H2SO4 were added? .............................. [1]
(ii) How many moles of NaOH were used? .............................. [1]
(iii) Which reagent is in excess? Give a reason for your choice.
reagent in excess ............................................................................................... [1]
reason .......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) Is the pH of the final mixture less than 7, equal to 7 or more than 7?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 15]
5 (a Sulfuric acid is made by the Contact process.
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
This is carried out in the presence of a catalyst at 450 °C and 2 atmospheres pressure.
(i) How is the sulfur dioxide made?
[1]
(ii) Give another use of sulfur dioxide.
[1]
(iii) Name the catalyst used.
[1]
(iv) If the temperature is decreased to 300 °C, the yield of sulfur trioxide increases.
Explain why this lower temperature is not used.
[1]
(v) Sulfur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid. This is added to water to
make more sulfuric acid. Why is sulfur trioxide not added directly to water?
[1]
(b) Sulfuric acid was first made in the Middle East by heating the mineral, green vitriol,
FeSO4.7H2O. The gases formed were cooled.
FeSO4.7H2O(s) → FeSO4(s) + 7H2O(g)

green crystals yellow powder
On cooling
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 sulfuric acid
SO2 + H2O → H2SO3 sulfurous acid
(i) How could you show that the first reaction is reversible?
[2]
(ii) Sulfurous acid is a reductant. What would you see when acidified potassium
manganate(VII) is added to a solution containing this acid?
[2]
(iii) Suggest an explanation why sulfurous acid in contact with air changes into sulfuric
acid.
[1]
(c) 9.12 g of anhydrous iron(II) sulfate was heated. Calculate the mass of iron(III) oxide
formed and the volume of sulfur trioxide, at r.t.p., formed.
mass of one mole of FeSO4 = 152 g
number of moles of FeSO4 used =
number of moles of Fe2O3

formed
o
mass of one mole of Fe2O3 = g
mass of iron(III) oxide formed = g
number of moles of SO3 formed =
volume of sulfur trioxide formed = dm3
[6]
[Total: 16]
6 Sulphuric acid is made by the Contact process in the following sequence of reactions.
sulphur sulphur dioxide sulphur trioxide sulphuric acid
(a) (i) How is sulphur dioxide made from sulphur?
[1]
(ii) Sulphur dioxide has other uses.

Why is it used in the manufacture of paper?
[1]
(iii) How does it preserve food?
[1]
(b) The equation for a stage of the Contact process is
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
The percentage of sulphur trioxide in the equilibrium mixture varies with temperature.
percentage of
sulphur trioxide
temperature
(i) How does the percentage of sulphur trioxide in the equilibrium mixture vary as the
temperature increases? Circle the correct answer.
increases stays the same decreases

[1]
(ii) Is the forward reaction in the equilibrium 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 exothermic or

endothermic? Give a reason for your choice.
[2]
(iii) Explain, mentioning both rate and percentage yield, why the temperature used in
the Contact process is 450°C.
[2]
(iv) Describe how the sulphur trioxide is changed into concentrated sulphuric acid.
[2]
1 Fertilisers are used to promote plant growth.
Two fertilisers are ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, and calcium dihydrogenphosphate,
Ca(H2PO4)2.
(a) Describe a test to distinguish between these two fertilisers.
test ....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
result .................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Many fertilisers are manufactured from ammonia. Describe how ammonia is made in the
Haber process. Give the essential conditions and an equation for the process.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(c) State the essential plant nutrient not supplied by ammonium phosphate.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) The soluble compound, calcium dihydrogenphosphate is made by heating the insoluble
mineral rock phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2, with sulfuric acid.
(i) Why would rock phosphate not be effective as a fertiliser?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) The phosphate ion, PO43–, from the rock phosphate is changed into the
dihydrogenphosphate ion, H2PO4–.
PO43– + 2H2SO4 → H2PO4– + 2HSO4–
What type of reagent is the phosphate ion? Give a reason for your choice.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) The extensive use of fertilisers and possibly the effect of acid rain tend to increase the
acidity of the soil. State why it is necessary to control soil acidity and explain how this can
be done.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 13]
2 Ammonia is an important industrial chemical.
(a) (i) Give the electron structure of an atom of nitrogen.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Use this electronic structure, rather than the valency of nitrogen, to explain why the
formula of ammonia is NH3 not NH4.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Ammonia is made by the Haber Process.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) forward reaction is exothermic
The percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture varies with conditions.
pressure / atmospheres 100 200 300 400

% ammonia at 300 °C 45 65 72 78
% ammonia at 500 °C 9 18 25 31
The conditions actually used are 200 atmospheres, 450 °C and an iron catalyst.
(i) The original catalyst was platinum. Suggest a reason why it was changed to iron.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Explain why the highest pressure gives the highest percentage of ammonia in the
equilibrium mixture.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) What happens to the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen?
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) State one advantage and one disadvantage of using a lower temperature.
advantage .................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
disadvantage ............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 9]
3 Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) the forward reaction is exothermic
(a)
a) Name the raw materials from which nitrogen and hydrogen are obtained.
nitrogen from [1]
hydrogen from [1]
(ii) Name the catalyst used in this process.
[1]
(iii) What is the most important use of ammonia?
[1]
(b) The following graph shows how the percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture
changes with temperature.
% ammonia
at equilibrium
0
0 temperature
(i) Explain the term equilibrium.
[2]
(ii) How does the percentage of ammonia vary with temperature?
[1]
(c) (i) Sketch a graph which shows how the percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium
mixture varies with pressure.
% ammonia
at equilibrium
0
0 pressure
[1]
(ii) Explain why the graph has the shape shown.
[2]
[Total: 10]
4 Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber Process.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

200 atmospheres
450°C
(a) (i) What is the catalyst for this reaction?
[1]
(ii) Newer catalysts have been discovered for this process. Using these catalysts, the
operating temperature is lowered from 450°C to 400°C. What is the advantage of
using a lower temperature?
advantage
explanation
[2]
(b) After passing over the catalyst, the mixture contains 15% of ammonia. It is cooled and
the ammonia liquefies and is separated from the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen.
They are recycled.
(i) How are the gases recycled?
[1]
(ii) Only ammonia gas liquefies. Suggest an explanation for this.
[1]
(c) Urea, CO(NH2)2, is one of the fertilisers manufactured from ammonia.

Ammonia is heated with carbon dioxide.
(i) Write an equation for the manufacture of urea.
[2]
(ii) Explain why urea on its own might not be very effective in promoting crop growth.
[1]
(d) Give a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of
the covalent compound urea. Its structural formula is given below.
H
N
H
O C
H
N
H
Use ο to represent an electron from a carbon atom.

Use x to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.
Use • to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom.
[3]
13
5 In 1909, Haber discovered that nitrogen and hydrogen would react to form ammonia. The
yield of ammonia was 8%.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) the forward reaction is exother
catalyst platinum
temperature 600 oC
pressure 200 atm
(a) Describe how hydrogen is obtained for the modern process.
[2]
(b)
b) What is the catalyst in the modern process?
[1]
(ii) Explain why the modern process, which uses a lower temperature, has a higher
yield of 15%.
[2]
(c)
c) Complete the following table that describes the bond breaking and forming in the
reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia.
energy change
bonds exothermic or endothermic
/kJ
1 mole of N N
+94
broken
3 moles of +130
broken
6 moles of N – H
-232
formed
[3]
(ii) Explain, using the above data, why the forward reaction is exothermic.
[2]
6 An organic compound decomposes to form nitrogen.
C6H5N2Cl(aq) → C6H5Cl(l) + 2(g)
(a) Explain the state symbols.
aq
g [2]
(b) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of
nitrogen.
[2]
(c) The rate of this reaction can be measured using the following apparatus.
20 40 60 80 100 cm3
nitrogen gas
solution of
organic compound
The results of this experiment are shown on the graph below.
volume of
nitrogen
0
0 time
(i) How does the rate of this reaction vary with time?
[1]
(ii) Why does the rate vary?
[2]
(iii) The reaction is catalysed by copper powder. Sketch the graph for the catalysed
reaction on the same grid. [2]
(iv) Why is copper powder more effective as a catalyst than a single piece of copper?
[1]
1 (a) Describe a chemical test which shows the presence of water.
test .......................................................................................................................
colour change if water is

present ...............................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) How could you show that a sample of water is pure?
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Describe how water is treated before it is supplied to homes and industry.
........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) State two industrial uses of water.
........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
2 (a) Water is needed for industry and in the home.
(i) Rain water is collected in reservoirs. How is it treated before entering the water supply?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State two industrial uses of water.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) State two uses of water in the home.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) In many regions, drinking water is obtained by the distillation of sea-water. Explain how
distillation separates the water from sea-water.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 7]
3 The diagram below shows part of the Water Cycle.
cloud
H2O(l) H2O(g)
Sun
rain
land
H2O(l) sea
(a)
a) State the name of each of the following changes of state.
H2O(l) → H2O(g)
name ..........................................................................................................................
H2O(g) → H2O(l)
name ..........................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Which one of the above changes of state is exothermic? Explain your choice.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The rain drains into rivers and then into reservoirs. Describe how water is treated before
it enters the water supply.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c)
c) Explain how acid rain is formed.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [4]
(ii) Fish live in water which is neutral (neither acidic nor alkaline). Acid rain decreases
the pH of water in lakes and rivers. Both of the bases, calcium oxide and calcium
carbonate, can neutralise this acid and increase the pH. Explain why calcium
carbonate is a better choice.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 11]
4 Ozone is a form of oxygen. Ozone is present in the upper atmosphere and it prevents
dangerous solar radiation from reaching the Earth’s surface. Some of the chemicals that
diffuse into the upper atmosphere decompose ozone. Chemicals that have this effect are
methane (CH4), chloromethane (CH3Cl ) and an oxide of nitrogen (NO2).
(i) Which of these three chemicals diffuses the most slowly? Give a reason for your
choice.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Chloromethane is formed when seaweed decomposes. Name the compounds in the
environment from which seaweed might have obtained the following elements:
carbon; .......................................................................................................................
hydrogen; ...................................................................................................................
chlorine. ................................................................................................................ [3]
(iii) How can chloromethane be made from methane?
reagent .......................................................................................................................
condition ............................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) The oxides of nitrogen are atmospheric pollutants. Describe how they are formed.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(v) Complete the equation for the decomposition of ozone.
............... O3 → ...............
[2]
[Total: 11]
5 (a The major gases in unpolluted air are 79 % nitrogen and 20 % oxygen.
(i) Name another gaseous element in unpolluted air.
[1]
(ii) Name two compounds in unpolluted air.
[2]
(b) Two common pollutants in air are carbon monoxide and the oxides of nitrogen.
(i) Name another pollutant in air.
[1]
(ii) Describe how carbon monoxide is formed.
[2]
(iii) How are the oxides of nitrogen formed?
[2]
(iv) Explain how a catalytic converter reduces the emission of these two gases.
[2]
[Total: 10]
6 This question is concerned with the following oxides.
sulfur dioxide
carbon monoxide
lithium oxide
aluminium oxide
nitrogen dioxide
strontium oxide
(a)
a) Which of the above oxides will react with hydrochloric acid but not with aqueous
sodium hydroxide?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Which of the above oxides will react with aqueous sodium hydroxide but not with
hydrochloric acid?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Which of the above oxides will react with both hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium
hydroxide?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) Which of the above oxides will not react with hydrochloric acid or with aqueous
sodium hydroxide?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Two of the oxides are responsible for acid rain.

Identify the two oxides and explain their presence in the atmosphere.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
(c) Lithium oxide is an ionic compound.
(i) Identify another ionic oxide in the list on page 3.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Draw a diagram which shows the formula of lithium oxide, the charges on the ions
and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion.
Use x to represent an electron from an atom of oxygen.
Use o to represent an electron from an atom of lithium.
[2]
[Total: 12]
7 The diagram shows part of the carbon cycle. This includes some of the processes which
determine the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere
combustion respiration
photosynthesis
(i) Carbon dioxide is one greenhouse gas. Name another one.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Explain the term respiration and how this process increases the percentage of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(iii) Explain why the combustion of waste crop material should not alter the percentage
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iv) In 1960 the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was 0.032% and in
2008 it was 0.038%. Suggest an explanation for this increase.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]
1 A sandwich contains three of the main constituents of food.
bread contains
complex carbohydrates
butter
contains fat
meat contains
protein
(a)
a) These constituents of food can be hydrolysed by boiling with acid or alkali.
Complete the table.
constituent of food product of hydrolysis
protein
fat
complex carbohydrate
[3]
(ii) What type of synthetic polymer contains the same linkage as
fats, ......................................................
proteins? .............................................. [2]
(b) An incomplete structural formula of a protein is given below.

Complete this diagram by inserting the linkages.
insert insert
linkage linkage
[2]
(c) Butter contains mainly saturated fats. Fats based on vegetable oils, such as olive oil,
contain mainly unsaturated fats.
A small amount of fat was dissolved in an organic solvent.

Describe how you could determine if the fat was saturated or unsaturated.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 10]
2 The alcohols form a homologous series. The firstmemberofthisseriesismethanol,CH 3 OH.
(a)
a) Give the general formula of the alcohols.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) The mass of one mole of an alcohol is 116 g. What is its formula?
Show your reasoning.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the outer (valency) electrons in one
molecule of methanol.
Use x to represent an electron from a carbon atom.

Use o to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.
Use ● to represent an electron from an oxygen atom.
[3]
(b) Methanol is manufactured using the following method.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + 3H2(g) reaction 1
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) reaction 2
The conditions for reaction 2 are:
pressure 100 atmospheres

catalyst a mixture of copper, zinc oxide and aluminium oxide
temperature 250 °C
(i) Why is high pressure used in reaction 2?
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Explain why using a catalyst at 250 °C is preferred to using a higher temperature of
350 °C and no catalyst.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) Methanol is oxidised by atmospheric oxygen. This reaction is catalysed by platinum.
(i) The products of this reaction include a carboxylic acid. Give its name and structural
formula.
name .......................................................
structural formula showing all bonds
[2]
(ii) Deduce the name of the ester formed by the reaction of methanol with the carboxylic
acid named in (i).
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 14]
3 Propenoic acid is an unsaturated carboxylic acid. The structural formula of propenoic acid is
given below.
H COOH
C C
H H
(a)
a) Describe how you could show that propenoic acid is an unsaturated compound.
test .............................................................................................................................
result ..........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Without using an indicator, describe how you could show that a compound is an
acid.
test .............................................................................................................................
result ..........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Propenoic acid reacts with ethanol to form an ester. Deduce the name of this ester. Draw
its structural formula.
name of ester ....................................................................................................................
structural formula showing all bonds
[3]
(c) An organic compound has a molecular formula C6H8O4. It is an unsaturated carboxylic

acid. One mole of the compound reacts with two moles of sodium hydroxide.
(i) Explain the phrase molecular formula.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) One mole of this carboxylic acid reacts with two moles of sodium hydroxide.
How many moles of –COOH groups are there in one mole of this compound?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) What is the formula of another functional group in this compound?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) Deduce a structural formula of this compound.
[1]
[Total: 12]
4 The structural formula of a butanol is given below.
CH3 — CH2 — CH2 — CH2 — OH
(a) Butanol can be made from petroleum and also by fermentation.
(i) Describe the chemistry of making butanol from petroleum by the following route.
petroleum → butene → butanol
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) Explain, in general terms, what is meant by fermentation.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Butanol can be oxidised to a carboxylic acid by heating with acidified potassium
manganate(VII). Give the name and structural formula of the carboxylic acid.
name ........................................................................................................................... [1]
structural formula
[1]
(c) Butanol reacts with ethanoic acid to form a liquid, X, which has the sweet smell of
bananas. Its empirical formula is C3H6O and its Mr is 116.
(i) What type of compound is liquid X?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Give the molecular formula of liquid X.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Draw the structural formula of X. Show all the individual bonds.
[2]
[Total: 12]
5 (a) Methanol can be made from a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
(i) Explain why the concentration of methanol at equilibrium does not change.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Suggest conditions, in terms of temperature and pressure, which would give a high
yield of methanol.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) How would the conditions used in practice compare with those given in (ii)? Give an
explanation of any differences.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Biodiesel is made from a vegetable oil by the following reaction.
C17H35 CO2 CH2 CH2OH
C17H35 CO2 CH + 3CH3OH → 3C17H35COOCH3 + CHOH
C17H35 CO2 CH2 CH2OH
vegetable oil methanol biodiesel glycerol
(i) What type of compound are vegetable oil and biodiesel?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) What other useful product is made from vegetable oil by heating it with aqueous
sodium hydroxide?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Suggest an explanation why making and using biodiesel has a smaller effect on
the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than using petroleum-based
diesel.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Petroleum-based diesel is a mixture of hydrocarbons, such as octane and octene.
(i) ‘Oct’ means eight carbon atoms per molecule. Draw a structural formula of an octene
molecule.
[1]
(ii) Describe a test which would distinguish between octane and octene.
test .............................................................................................................................
result with octane .......................................................................................................
result with octene ................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 14]
6 Structural formulae are an essential part of Organic Chemistry.
(a) Draw the structural formula of each of the following. Show all the bonds in the structure.
(i) ethanoic acid
[1]
(ii) ethanol
[1]
(b)
b) Ethanoic acid and ethanol react to form an ester.
What is the name of this ester?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) The same linkage is found in polyesters. Draw the structure of the polyester which
can be formed from the monomers shown below.
HOOC — C6H4 — COOH and HO — CH2 — CH2 — OH
[3]
(iii) Describe the pollution problems caused by non-biodegradable polymers.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Two macromolecules have the same amide linkage.
Nylon, a synthetic polymer, has the following structure.
O O O O O
C C N N C C N N C
H H H H
Protein, a natural macromolecule, has the following structure.
N C N C N C N C
H O H O H O H O
How are they different?
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]
1 What is used in the production of ethanol from ethene?
A hydrogen and oxygen

B oxygen only
C steam
D yeast
2 Which term describes the formation of ethanol from glucose?
A cracking
B distillation
C fermentation
D polymerisation
3 Which statement about ethanol is correct?
A It burns in air to form ethene and water.

B It is prepared from ethene by fermentation.
C It is prepared from glucose in an addition reaction.
D It is the only product when ethene reacts with steam.
4 Ethanol can be formed by
1 fermentation
2 reaction between steam and ethene
Which of these processes uses a catalyst?
1 2
A
B
C
D
5 The flow chart shows the preparation of ethanol and some important chemistry of ethanol.
fermentation process Y
substance X ethanol carbon dioxide + substance Z
6 By which of the following methods is ethanol formed?
1 fractional distillation of petroleum

2 fermentation
3 catalytic addition of steam to ethene
A 1 and 2 only
B 1 and 3 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
7 An organic compound has the molecular structure shown.
H H H H
H C C C C O H
H H H H
Which type of organic compound is this?
A alcohol
B alkane
C alkene
D carboxylic acid
8 Which row correctly describes the production of ethanol and its properties?
9 Which statement about the names of organic compounds is correct?
A Compounds containing C=C double bonds are alkanes.

B The compound of formula CH3CO2H is methanoic acid.
C The compound of formula C2H4 is ethane.
D The compound of formula C2H5OH is an alcohol.
10 Ethanol is manufactured from petroleum by reacting ethene with steam.
Which statements about this process are correct?
1 Ethene is obtained from the cracking of alkanes.

2 The process is carried out in the presence of yeast.
3 The reaction is an addition reaction.
4 The rate of reaction is increased by a catalyst.
A 1 and 3 only B 1 and 4 only C 1, 2 and 3 D 1, 3 and 4
11 Ethene reacts with Y to produce ethanol.
ethene + Y → ethanol
What is Y?
A hydrogen
B oxygen
C steam
D yeast
12 Ethanol is made by fermentation.
How is ethanol obtained from the fermentation mixture?
A chromatography
B crystallisation
C electrolysis
D fractional distillation
13 Ethanol can be manufactured from substance X.
catalyst
substance X + steam ethanol
A carbon dioxide
B ethene
C hydrogen
D oxygen
14 The equation shows an industrial process.
catalyst
H2O + C2H4 compound X
What is the name of compound X?
A ethane
B ethanoic acid
C ethanol
D methanol
15 Which type of compound is shown?
H H H
H C C C OH
H H H
A alcohol
B alkane
C alkene
D carboxylic acid
16 Which statements about ethanol are correct?
1 It can be made by fermentation.

2 It is an unsaturated compound.
3 It burns in air and can be used as a fuel.
17 Ethanol is produced from either ethene or sugar.
Which type of chemical reaction is used in each case?
ethene → ethanol sugar → ethanol
A addition fermentation
B addition fractional distillation
C distillation fermentation
D distillation fractional distillation
18 The table shows the boiling points of four members of the homologous series of alcohols.
What is the value of X?
A 55 °C B 82 °C C 98 °C D 115 °C
19 Which of the statements about ethanol are correct?
1 Ethanol can be formed by an addition reaction.

2 Ethanol can be formed by fermentation.
3 When ethanol burns in air, it forms carbon dioxide and water.
A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 C 1 and 3 D 2 and 3
20 Which process is not used during the production of ethanol?
A addition of steam to ethene

B fermentation
C fractional distillation
D reacting ethane with oxygen
21 Which row is correct for ethanol?
made by
burns
fermentation
A
B
C
D
22 Which statement about ethanol is not correct?
A It can be used as a fuel.

B It can be used as a solvent.
C It is formed by reaction between steam and ethane.
D Its functional group is –OH.
23 Ethanol is an important chemical produced by the ……1…… of ……2…… .
24 The diagram represents the molecule of an organic compound.
key
= carbon
= oxygen
= hydrogen
What is the name of the compound?
A ethane
B ethanoic acid
C ethanol
D ethene
25 When glucose is fermented, ethanol is formed together with
A carbon dioxide.
B ethene.
C methane.
D oxygen.
26 Compounds containing five carbon atoms in a molecule may have names beginning with ‘pent…’.
What is the name of the compound shown?
key
= carbon
= oxygen
= hydrogen
A pentane
B pentanoic acid
C pentanol
D pentene
27 What is not essential for the formation of ethanol by fermentation?
A light
B sugar
C yeast
D water
28 Ethene reacts with Y to produce ethanol.
ethene + Y → ethanol
What is Y?
A hydrogen
B oxygen
C steam
D yeast
1 The alkenes are a homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
(a) The table below gives the names, formulae and boiling points of the first members of
the series.
name
ame for boiling point / oC
ethene
t 2H4 -1
propene
r 3H6 -
butene
u 4H8 -
pentene
e 5H10 30
hexene
(i) Complete the table by giving the formula of hexene and by predicting its boiling
point.
[2]
(ii) Deduce the formula of the alkene which has a relative molecular mass of 168.
Show your working.
[2]
(b) Describe a test that will distinguish between the two isomers, but-2-ene and cyclobutane.
test
result with but-2-ene
result with cyclobutane [3]
(c) Alkenes undergo addition reactions.
(i) What class of organic compound is formed when an alkene reacts with water?
[1]
(ii) Predict the structural formula of the compound formed when hydrogen chloride
reacts with but-2-ene.
[1]
(iii) Draw the structure of the polymer formed from but-2-ene.
[2]
2 Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They undergo addition reactions.
(a) Two of the methods of making alkenes are cracking and the thermal decomposition of
chloroalkanes.
(i) Complete an equation for the cracking of the alkane, decane.
C10H22 → ............................. + ......................................

decane
(ii) Propene can be made by the thermal decomposition of chloropropane.

Describe how chloropropane can be made from propane.
reagents propane and ..............................
conditions ................................................... [4]
(b) The following alkenes are isomers.
CH3–CH2–CH=CH2 CH3–C=CH2
|
CH3
(i) Explain why they are isomers.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give the name and structural formula of another hydrocarbon that is isomeric with
the above.
name ......................................................
structural formula
[4]
(c) Give the name of the product when but-1-ene reacts with each of the following.
steam .........................................................
hydrogen ....................................................
bromine ...................................................... [3]
(d) Alkenes can polymerise.
(i) Deduce the name and structural formula of the monomer from the structure of the
polymer.
冢冣
H H
兩兩
————C————C————
兩兩
CH3 H n
name of monomer .......................................................
structural formula
(ii) Draw the structure of the polymer formed from the following monomer.
O
储
H O ᎏ C ᎏ CH3
C C
H H
[4]
(iii) Describe the pollution problems caused by the disposal of polymers in landfill sites
and by burning.
landfill sites ...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
burning ......................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]
3 Two homologous series of hydrocarbons are the alkanes and the alkenes.
(a)
a) One general characteristic of a homologous series is that the physical properties vary in
a predictable way.
State three other general characteristics of a homologous series.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) How can the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon show whether it is an alkane
or an alkene?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) How do alkanes and alkenes differ in their molecular structures?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Cracking is the thermal decomposition of alkanes into smaller hydrocarbons and possibly
hydrogen.
(i) State two conditions required for the cracking of an alkane.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) One type of cracking produces an alkane and an alkene.
Complete an equation for the cracking of heptane into an alkane and an alkene.
C 7H16 o
................ + ................ [1]
(iii) Complete an equation for the cracking of heptane into hydrogen and two other products.
C 7H16 o
................ + ................ + H2 [1]
(iv) Suggest one reason why cracking is important.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Hydrocarbons burn in excess oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. 20 cm3 of a gaseous hydro
excess of oxygen, 200 cm3. After cooling, the volume of the residual gas at r.t.p. was 150 cm3, 50 cm3
oxygen.
(i) Determine the volume of the oxygen used.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Determine the volume of the carbon dioxide formed.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The hydrocarbon was an alkane.
Determine the formula of the hydrocarbon.
[1]
[Total: 15]
4 Alcohols can be made by fermentation or from petroleum.
(a) Ethanol can be made by the fermentation of glucose.
yeast
C6H12O6(aq) 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g) exothermic reaction
Yeast are living single-cell fungi which ferment glucose by anaerobic respiration. This
reaction is catalysed by enzymes from the yeast.
(i) What is meant by the term respiration?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Anaerobic means in the absence of oxygen.
Name the products formed from respiration in the presence of oxygen.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) What are enzymes?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Suggest a method of measuring the rate of this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The following observations were noted.
• When a small amount of yeast was added to the aqueous glucose the reaction started
and the solution went slightly cloudy.
• The reaction rate increased and the solution became cloudier and warmer.
• After a while, the reaction rate decreased and eventually stopped, leaving a 14%
solution of ethanol in water.
(i) Why did the reaction rate increase?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest an explanation for the increase in cloudiness of the solution.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Give two reasons why the fermentation stopped.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) One use of ethanol is in alcoholic drinks.
Give two other uses of ethanol.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) Alcohols can be made from petroleum by the following sequence of reactions.
alkanes from petroleum → alkene → alcohol
Describe the manufacture of ethanol from hexane, C6H14. Include in your description an
equation and type of reaction for each step.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
[Total: 17]
1 The alcohols form a homologous series. The first five members are given in the table
(a) below.
heat of combustion
alcohol formula
in kJ / mol
methanol CH3OH 730
ethanol CH3–CH2–OH 1380
propan-1-ol
butan-1-ol CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–OH 2680
pentan-1-ol CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–OH 3350
(i) Complete the table. [2]
(ii) Complete the equation for the combustion of pentan-1-ol in excess oxygen.
C5H11OH + .......O2 → ..................... + ..................... [1]
(b) State three characteristics of a homologous series other than the variation of physical
properties down the series.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) The following alcohols are isomers.
CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–OH and (CH3)2CH–CH2–OH
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Draw the structural formula of another isomer of the above alcohols.
[1]
(d) Alcohols can be made by fermentation and from petroleum.
(i) Ethanol is made from sugars by fermentation.
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
The mass of one mole of glucose, C6H12O6, is 180 g.

Calculate the maximum mass of ethanol which could be obtained from 72 g of
glucose.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) Describe how ethanol is made from petroleum.
petroleum (alkanes) → ethene → ethanol
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 15]
2 The Carlsbad caverns in New Mexico are very large underground caves. Although the walls
of these caves are coated with gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate), the caves have been
formed in limestone.
(a) It is believed that the caves were formed by sulphuric acid reacting with the limestone.
(i) Complete the word equation.
calcium + sulphuric calcium + +

carbonate acid sulphate
[1]
(ii) Describe how you could test the water entering the cave to show that it contained
sulphate ions.
test
result [2]
(iii) How could you show that the water entering the cave has a high concentration of
hydrogen ions?
[1]
(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas which was escaping from nearby petroleum deposits was being
oxidised to sulphuric acid.
(i) Complete the equation for this reaction forming sulphuric acid.
H2S + O2 [2]
(ii) Explain why all the hydrogen sulphide should be removed from the petroleum
before it is used as a fuel.
[1]
(iii) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule
of the covalent compound hydrogen sulphide.
Use o to represent an electron from a sulphur atom.
Use x to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.
[2]
(c) Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the Contact Process. Sulphur dioxide is oxidised to
sulphur trioxide by oxygen.
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
(i) Name the catalyst used in this reaction.
[1]
(ii) What temperature is used for this reaction?
[1]
(iii) Describe how sulphur trioxide is changed into sulphuric acid.
[2]
(d) Gypsum is hydrated calcium sulphate, CaSO4.xH2O. It contains 20.9% water by mass.
Calculate x.
Mr: CaSO4, 136; H2O, 18.
79.1 g of CaSO4 = moles
20.9 g of H2O = moles
x= [3]
3 Some of the factors that can determine the rate of a reaction are concentration, temperature
and light intensity.
(a) A small piece of calcium carbonate was added to an excess of hydrochloric acid. The
time taken for the carbonate to react completely was measured.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
The experiment was repeated at the same temperature, using pieces of calcium carbonate
of the same size but with acid of a different concentration. In all the experiments an
excess of acid was used.
concentration of
acid / mol dm–3 4 2 2 ……….
number of pieces
of carbonate 1 1
time / s ………. 80 ………. 160
(i) Complete the table (assume the rate is proportional to both the acid concentration
and the number of pieces of calcium carbonate). [3]
(ii) Explain why the reaction rate would increase if the temperature was increased.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) Explain why the rate of this reaction increases if the piece of carbonate is crushed
to a powder.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) Fine powders mixed with air can explode violently. Name an industrial process
where there is a risk of this type of explosion.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Sodium chlorate(I) decomposes to form oxygen and sodium chloride. This is an example
of a photochemical reaction. The rate of reaction depends on the intensity of the light.
2NaClO(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + O2(g)
(i) Describe how the rate of this reaction could be measured.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) How could you show that this reaction is photochemical?
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Photosynthesis is another example of a photochemical reaction. Glucose and more

complex carbohydrates are made from carbon dioxide and water.
(i) Complete the equation.
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + ……….. [2]
(ii) Glucose can be represented as
HO OH
Draw the structure of a more complex carbohydrate that can be formed from
glucose by condensation polymerisation.
[2]
4 The alcohols form an homologous series.
(a) Give three characteristics of an homologous series.
[3]
(b) The following two alcohols are members of an homologous series and they are isomers.
CH3 ― CH2 ― CH2 ― CH2 ― OH and (CH3)2CH ― CH2 ― OH
[2]
(ii) Deduce the structural formula of another alcohol which is also an isomer of these
alcohols.
[1]
(c) Copper(II) oxide can oxidise butanol to liquid X, whose pH is 4.
mineral wool
soaked in butanol copper(II) oxide
heat
liquid X
formed by
oxidation of
butanol.
(i) Give the name of another reagent which can oxidise butanol.
[1]
(ii) Which homologous series does liquid X belong to?
[1]
(iii) State the formula of liquid X.
[1]
(d) The alcohol ethanol can be made by fermentation. Yeast is added to aqueous glucose.
C6H12O6(aq) → 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)
Carbon dioxide is given off and the mixture becomes warm, as the reaction is exothermic.
The graph shows how the rate of reaction varies over several days.
rate of
reaction
time
(i) Suggest a method of measuring the rate of this reaction.
[2]
(ii) Why does the rate initially increase?
[1]
(iii) Suggest two reasons why the rate eventually decreases.
[2]
[Total: 14]
1 Ethene forms an addition polymer as shown.
H H H H H H H H
...... + C C + C C + ...... ...... C C C C ......
H H H H H H H H
Which terms describe this polymer?
A a saturated compound called poly(ethane)

B a saturated compound called poly(ethene)
C an unsaturated compound called poly(ethane)
D an unsaturated compound called poly(ethene)
2 Which statement about carboxylic acids is not correct?
A Aqueous ethanoic acid has a pH below pH 7.

B They contain the functional group –COOH.
C They produce carbon dioxide when reacted with a metal carbonate.
D Methyl orange turns yellow in aqueous ethanoic acid.
3 What are the properties of a dilute solution of ethanoic acid?
4 Which statements are correct for ethanoic acid?
1 It contains a carbon-oxygen double bond.

2 It contains two carbon atoms.
3 It decolourises bromine water.
4 It contains an –OH group.
A 1 and 2 only
B 1 and 3
C 1, 2 and 4
D 2, 3 and 4
5 The structure of a compound, Y, is shown.
H O
H C C O H
Which row describes some of the physical properties of Y?
6 Which statement describes the compound shown below?
H O
H C C
H O H
A It is a colourless flammable gas.

B It is a liquid which decolourises bromine water.
C It is a liquid with a characteristic smell.
D It is formed when ethane reacts with steam.
7 Which diagram shows the structure of pentanoic acid?
B
A H
H H H H H H O H H H
H C C C C C O H H C C C C C O H
H H H H H H H H H H
C D
H H H H H H H H O
H C C C C C H C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H O H
8 Three types of organic compound are alkanes, alkenes and alcohols.
Which structure does not belong to any of these three types of compound?
A B
H H H
H H H
H C C C H
C C C H
H H H
H H
C D
H H H H H
H C C C O H H C C C OH
H H O H H H
9 Which structure shows a carboxylic acid?
A B C D
H H H H H O H H
H C C H H C C O H H C C O H C C
H H H H H H H
10 The table shows bonds that are present and bonds that are not present in compound X.
bond
C–C
C=C
C–H
C–O
C=O
O–H
What type of compound is X?
A a carboxylic acid
B an alcohol
C an alkane
D an alkene
11 The diagram shows an industrial process. Substance M is one of the substances produced by
this process and is used as aircraft fuel.
substance M
What is this process and what is substance M?
process substance M
A fractional distillation paraffin

B fractional distillation petrol
C thermal decomposition paraffin
D thermal decomposition
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com petrol
1 (a) Hydrocarbons are compounds which contain hydrogen and carbon only.
• 10 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon, CxHy, are burned in 100 cm3 of oxygen, which is an
excess of oxygen.
• After cooling to room temperature and pressure, there is 25 cm3 of unreacted oxygen,
50 cm3 of carbon dioxide and some liquid water.
All volumes are measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.
(i) What is meant by an excess of oxygen?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What was the volume of oxygen that reacted with the hydrocarbon?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Complete the table below to express the smallest whole number ratio of
volume of
volume of volume of
: : carbon dioxide
hydrocarbon reacted oxygen reacted
produced
volume of
volume of volume of
carbon dioxide
hydrocarbon reacted oxygen reacted
produced
smallest whole
number ratio of
volumes
[1]
(iv) Use your answer to (a)(iii) to find the mole ratio in the equation below. Complete the
equation and deduce the formula of the hydrocarbon.
.........CxHy(g) + .........O2(g) → .........CO2(g) + .........H2O(l)
formula of hydrocarbon = ...........................................

[2]
(b) Cracking is used to convert long chain alkanes into shorter chain alkanes and alkenes. Alkenes
are unsaturated compounds.
Decane, C10H22, can be cracked to give propene and one other product.
(i) Complete the chemical equation.
C10H22 → C3H6 + ...............

[1]
(ii) What is meant by the term unsaturated?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Describe a test to show that propene is an unsaturated compound.
test ......................................................................................................................................
result ...................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Propene can be polymerised. The only product is polypropene. The equation for the
polymerisation is:
CH3 H
nC3H6 C C
H H n
(i) Name the type of polymerisation that occurs.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Deduce the maximum mass of polypropene that could be produced from 1 kg of propene.
............... kg [1]
(iii) Give the empirical formula of
propene, .............................................................................................................................
polypropene. .......................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 13]
2 Two homologous series of hydrocarbons are the alkanes and the alkenes.
(a)
a) One general characteristic of a homologous series is that the physical properties vary in a
predictable way.
State three other general characteristics of a homologous series.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) How can the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon show whether it is an alkane
or an alkene?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) How do alkanes and alkenes differ in their molecular structures?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Cracking is the thermal decomposition of alkanes into smaller hydrocarbons and
possibly hydrogen.
(i) State two conditions required for the cracking of an alkane.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) One type of cracking produces an alkane and an alkene.
Complete an equation for the cracking of heptane into an alkane and an alkene.
[1]
C 7H16 o
................ + ................
(iii) Complete an equation for the cracking of heptane into hydrogen and two other
products.
[1]
C 7H16 o
................ + ................ + H2
(iv) Suggest one reason why cracking is important.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Hydrocarbons burn in excess oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. 20 cm3 of a gaseous
hydrocarbon burned in an excess of oxygen, 200 cm3. After cooling, the volume of the residual
gas at r.t.p. was 150 cm3, 50 cm3 of which was oxygen.
(i) Determine the volume of the oxygen used.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Determine the volume of the carbon dioxide formed.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The hydrocarbon was an alkane.
Determine the formula of the hydrocarbon.
[1]
[Total: 15]
3 (a) Coal is a solid fossil fuel.
Name two other fossil fuels.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Two of the elements present in a sample of coal are carbon and sulfur.
A sample of coal was heated in the absence of air and the products included water, ammonia
and hydrocarbons.
Name three other elements present in this sample of coal.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Sulfur, present in coal, is one major cause of acid rain. Sulfur burns to form sulfur dioxide which
reacts with rain water to form sulfuric acid.
(i) Describe how the high temperatures in vehicle engines are another cause of acid rain.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Give two harmful effects of acid rain.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) In 2010, a large coal-burning power station in the UK was converted to burn both coal and
wood.
Explain why the combustion of wood rather than coal can reduce the effect of the emissions
from this power station on the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 12]
4 (a) (i) Coal is a solid fossil fuel. Name another fossil fuel.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain what is meant by the term fossil fuel.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for the formation of acid rain.
Two of the acids in acid rain are sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
(i) Explain how the combustion of coal can form sulfuric acid.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) High temperatures generated by the combustion of fossil fuels can lead to the
formation
of nitric acid. Explain.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Nitric acid contains nitrate ions.
Describe a test for nitrate ions.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Explain how you could determine which one of two samples of acid rain had the
higher concentration of hydrogen ions.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 13]
5 Butane is oxidised to a mixture of carboxylic acids by oxygen in the presence of a catalyst.
The acids formed are methanoic acid, ethanoic acid and propanoic acid – the first three members
of the carboxylic acid homologous series.
(a)
a) Give the name and structural formula of the fourth member of this series.
name ...................................................................................................................................
structural formula showing all the atoms and bonds
[3]
(ii) State three characteristics of a homologous series.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) All members of this series are weak acids.
What is meant by the term weak acid ?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters. Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid to form
the ester ethyl ethanoate, CH3COOCH2CH3.
(i) Give the name and formula of the ester which is formed from methanol and propanoic
acid.
name ...................................................................................................................................
formula ................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) What is the name of the ester which has the formula CH3COOCH3?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c)
c) Complete the equation for the oxidation of butane to propanoic acid.
3C4H10 + .........O2 → 4C2H5COOH + .......H2O

[1]
(ii) Name another compound which can be oxidised to propanoic acid.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 14]
6 (a) Natural gas, which is mainly methane, is a fossil fuel.
(i) What is meant by the term fuel ?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name two other fossil fuels.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Name a solid fuel which is not a fossil fuel.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fossil fuels are formed by the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. Anaerobic means in
the absence of oxygen.
(i) The organic matter contains hydrogen and carbon. Suggest the products that would be
formed if the decomposition occurred in the presence of oxygen.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) What are the two main disadvantages in the widespread use of fossil fuels?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
1 Which of the compounds shown are in the same homologous series?
1 CH3OH
2 CH3CH2OH
3 CH3COOH
4 C 3CH2CH2OH
2 Which compound is not an alkane, CnH2n+2?
A CH3CH2CH2CH3
B (CH3)2CHCH3
C CH3CHCHCH3
D (CH3)3CH
3 Which compound does not belong to the same homologous series as the other three
compounds?
A CH3OH B C2H5COOH C C2H5OH D C7H15OH
4 Which homologous series is not represented in the compounds shown below?
H H H H H H
H C C C H H C C C H
H H H H O H H
H H H H H
H C C C O H H C C C H
H H O H H C H H
A alcohols
B alkanes
C alkenes
D carboxylic acids
5 The structures of four compounds are shown.
W X
H H H H H
H C C C H C C C H
H H H H H H
Y Z
H H H H H H
H C C C C H H C C H
H H H H H H
Which are members of the same homologous series?
A W, X, Y and Z
B W and X only
C W, Y and Z only
D X and Z only
6 A hydrocarbon A is cracked to make B and hydrogen.
Compound C is formed by the addition polymerisation of B.
To which homologous series do A, B and C belong?
alkene alkane
A A B and C
B B A and C
C C A and B
D – A and C
7 The structures of four different organic compounds are shown.
H H O H O
H C H H C O H H C H H C O H
H H H
How many different homologous series are represented by these compounds?
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
8 Ethene, propene and butene are all members of the same homologous series.
Which statement explains why ethene, propene and butene have similar chemical properties?
A They all have the same functional group.

B They are all gases at room temperature.
C They are all hydrocarbons.
D They are all organic.
9 The structures of four molecules are shown.
1 2 3 4
H H H H H H H H H
H C C C H H C C OH H C C H C C
H H OH H H H H H H
Which molecules belong to the same homologous series?
A 1 an
a B 1 and 3 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4
10 The main constituent of natural gas is hydrocarbon X.
To which homologous series does X belong and how many atoms are in one molecule of X?
11 In which reaction could one of the products belong to the same homologous series as the organic
reactant?
A addition of steam to ethene

B combustion of an alkane
C cracking of an alkane
D polymerisation of ethene
12 The diagram represents ethene.
H H
C C
H H
Which compound has chemical properties similar to those of ethene?
A B C D
H H H H H H H H H H
H C C H H C C C H H C C O H H C C C
H H H H H H H H H
13 Which row represents compounds in the same homologous series?
H H H H H H H H H
A H C C C H H C C C H H C C C H
H H H H OH H H Br H
H H H H H H H H H H H H
B H C C C C H C C C C H H C C C C H
H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H
C H C C C H H C C H H C C C C H
H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H
D H C C O H H C O C H H C C O H
H H H H H O
14 The structures of four molecules are shown.
OH H H H OH H
H C O H C O H C C O C C H
H H H H
P Q R S
Which two molecules belong to the same homologous series?
A P and Q B P and S C Q and R D R and S
15 A hydrocarbon X is cracked to make Y and hydrogen.
Compound Z is formed by the addition polymerisation of Y.
To which homologous series do X, Y and Z belong?
alkane alkene
A X, Y and Z –
B X and Y Z
C X and Z Y
D Y and Z X
16 Which group of compounds is part of a homologous series?
A CH4, C2H4, C3H8

B C3H6, C3H8, C3H7OH
C CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH
D CH3CO2H, CH3CH2OH, HCO2H
17 PVA is a polymer. The monomer has the structure shown.
H O H
C C
H H
To which homologous series does this compound belong?
alcohols alkenes
A
B
C
D
18 Ethanol is a fuel used in cars. It can be made from petroleum.
C4H10 → C2H4 + C2H6 cracking
C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH producing ethanol
C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O burning
Compounds of how many homologous series appear in these equations?
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
19 Which pair of compounds are members of the same homologous series?
A B
H H H H H H H H H
H C C H H C C C H H C C H C C
H H H H H H H H H
C D
H H H H H H H O
C C C C H C C OH H C C
H H H H H H H OH
n
20 The diagram shows the structures of three compounds.
O H O O H H
H C H H C C H H C C C H
H H H
Why do these three compounds belong to the same homologous series?
A They all contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

B They all contain the same functional group.
C They are all carbon based molecules.
D They are all flammable liquids.
21 Which structures show compounds that are members of the same homologous series?
1 2
H H H H H O
H O C C C H H C C C O H
H H H H H
3 4
H H H H H H H
H C C C C H C C C C O H
H H H H H H H H
A 1 and 2 B 1 an C 2 an
a D 3 and 4
22 Which structure shows a compound that belongs to a different homologous series to propane?
A B C D
H H H H H H H H H H H
H C H C C H C C C C H H C C C C H
H H H H H H H H H H
H H H
23 Butene and hexene belong to the same homologous series.
What is the same for butene and hexene?
A boiling point
B functional group
C number of hydrogen atoms per molecule
D relative molecular mass
24 Which bond is not in a molecule of ethanoic acid?
A C–O B C=O C C=C D O–H
1 Islay is an island off the west coast of Scotland. The main industry on the island is making
ethanol from barley.
Barley contains the complex carbohydrate, starch. Enzymes catalyse the hydrolysis of starch
to a solution of glucose.
(a) (i) Draw the structure of the starch.

Glucose
G lucose can be represented
eprese by HO OH
(ii) Enzymes can catalyse the hydrolysis of starch. Name another catalyst for this
reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Both starch and glucose are carbohydrates. Name the elements found in all
carbohydrates.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Yeast cells are added to the aqueous glucose. Fermentation produces a solution
containing up to 10 % of ethanol.
(i) Complete the word equation for the fermentation of glucose.
glucose → .......................... + ..........................

[1]
(ii) Explain why is it necessary to add yeast and suggest why the amount of yeast in the
mixture increases.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Fermentation is carried out at 35 °C. For many reactions a higher temperature would
give a faster reaction. Why is a higher temperature not used in this process?
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) The organic waste, the residue of the barley and yeast, is disposed of through a pipeline
into the sea. In the future this waste will be converted into biogas by the anaerobic
respiration of bacteria. Biogas, which is mainly methane, will supply most of the island’s
energy.
(i) Anaerobic means in the absence of oxygen. Suggest an explanation why oxygen
must be absent.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) The obvious advantage of converting the waste into methane is economic.
Suggest two other advantages.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 12]
2 Carbonyl chloride, COCl 2, is widely used in industry to make polymers, dyes and
pharmaceuticals.
(a) Carbonyl chloride was first made in 1812 by exposing a mixture of carbon monoxide and
chlorine to bright sunlight. This is a photochemical reaction.
CO(g) + Cl 2(g) → COCl 2(g)
(i) Explain the phrase photochemical reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Give another example of a photochemical reaction and explain why it is important
either to the environment or in industry.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Carbonyl chloride is now made by the reversible reaction given below.
CO(g) + Cl 2(g) COCl 2(g)

The reaction is catalysed by carbon within a temperature range of 50 to 150 °C.
(i) Predict the effect on the yield of carbonyl chloride of increasing the pressure.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) If the temperature is allowed to increase to above 200 °C, very little carbonyl chloride
is formed. Explain why.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Explain why a catalyst is used.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The structural formula of carbonyl chloride is given below.
Cl
C O
Cl
Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the outer (valency) electrons in one molecule
of this covalent compound.
Use o to represent an electron from a carbon atom.

Use x to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.
Use ● to represent an electron from an oxygen atom.
[3]
[Total: 13]
3 There are two types of polymerisation - addition and condensation.
(a) Explain the difference between them.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Poly(dichloroethene) is used to package food. Draw its structure. The structural formula
of dichloroethene is shown below.
H Cl
C C
H Cl
[2]
(c) The polymer known as PVA is used in paints and adhesives. Its structural formula is
shown below.
CH2 CH CH2 CH
OOCCH3 OOCCH3
Deduce the structural formula of its monomer.
(d) A condensation polymer can be made from the following monomers.
HOOC(CH2)4COOH and H2N(CH2)6NH2
Draw the structural formula of this polymer.
[3]
[Total: 8]
4 Starch, a complex carbohydrate, is a natural macromolecule or polymer.
It can be formed from its monomer by condensation polymerisation.
(a)
a) Explain the terms:
monomer ...................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
condensation polymerisation ......................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Draw the structural formula of starch to include three monomer units.
Glucose, the monomer, can be represented as HO OH .
[3]
(b) Starch can be hydrolysed to simple sugars by heating with dilute sulfuric acid or by
warming with a dilute solution of saliva. The reaction can be catalysed by H+ ions from
the acid or by the enzymes in saliva.
(i) What is an enzyme?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Explain why, if the saliva / starch mixture is heated above 70 °C, the hydrolysis stops.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) The complete acid-catalysed hydrolysis of starch forms only glucose.

The partial acid-catalysed hydrolysis of starch forms a mixture of sugars which
includes glucose. Describe how you could identify the different sugars in this mixture.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]
5 Monomers polymerise to form polymers or macromolecules.
(a) (i) Explain the term polymerise.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) There are two types of polymerisation - addition and condensation. What is the
difference between them?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) An important monomer is chloroethene which has the structural formula shown below.
H H
C C
H Cl
It is made by the following method.
C2H4 + Cl 2 → C2H4 Cl 2 dichloroethane
This is heated to make chloroethene.
C2H4Cl 2 → C2H3Cl + HCl
(i) Ethene is made by cracking alkanes. Complete the equation for cracking
dodecane.
C12H26 → .................... + 2C2H4

[1]
Another method of making dichloroethane is from ethane.
C2H6 + 2Cl 2 → C2H4Cl 2 + 2HCl
(ii) Suggest a reason why the method using ethene is preferred.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Describe an industrial method of making chlorine.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iv) Draw the structural formula of poly(chloroethene).
Include three monomer units.
[2]
[Total: 9]
6 Synthetic polymers are widely used in the modern world.
(a) Their use has brought considerable advantages to modern life as well as some
disadvantages.
(i) Suggest two advantages of a plastic bucket compared to a steel bucket.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Name two uses of man-made fibres, such as nylon and Terylene.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Describe the pollution caused by synthetic polymers.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) One type of polymer is formed by addition polymerisation.
(i) The structural formula of an addition polymer is given below.
CH CH2
CH3 n
Give the name and structural formula of the monomer.
name of monomer ............................................................................................... [1]
structural formula of monomer
(ii) Draw the structural formula of the addition polymer formed by the polymerisation of
phenylethene. The structural formula of phenylethene is given below.
C6H5 H
C C
H H
[2]
(c) Nylon is made by condensation polymerisation. It has the structural formula shown
below.
C (CH2)8 C N (CH2)6 N
O O H H
(i) Name the linkage in this polymer.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Name the natural macromolecules which have the same linkage.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Deduce the formulae of the two monomers which reacted to form the nylon and
water.
monomer ...................................................................................................................
monomer ...................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 15]
1 The diagram shows a molecule of an organic compound W.
H O
H C C
H OH
A A solution of W in water has a pH greater than pH 7.

B A solution of W in water reacts with sodium hydroxide solution.
C When copper(II) carbonate is added to a solution of W in water, a gas is produced.

D When magnesium is added to a solution of W in water, a gas is produced.
2 Ethene forms an addition polymer as shown.
H H H H H H H H
...... + C C + C C + ...... ...... C C C C ......
H H H H H H H H
Which terms describe this polymer?
A a saturated compound called poly(ethane)

B a saturated compound called poly(ethene)
C an unsaturated compound called poly(ethane)
D an unsaturated compound called poly(ethene)
3 Which row describes the formation of a polymer?
monomer polymer
A ethane poly(ethane)
B ethane poly(ethene)
C ethene poly(ethane)
D ethene poly(ethene)
4 The diagram shows three repeat units in the structure of an addition polymer.
H Cl H H H Cl
C C C C C C
H H H Cl H H
Which alkene monomer is used to make this polymer?
A B
Cl Cl H Cl H H Cl H
H C C H H C C H C C C C
H H H H H Cl H Cl
5 Which process does not produce carbon dioxide?
A combustion of methane
B fermentation of sugar
C polymerisation of ethene
D respiration
6 A macromolecule is a very large molecule.
Macromolecules can be made by joining smaller molecules together. This is called

polymerisation.
Which row in the table describes the formation of a polymer?
monomer polymer
A ethane poly(ethane)
B ethene poly(ethene)
C ethane poly(ethene)
D ethene poly(ethane)

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1 (a) A small amount of liquid bromine is added to a container which is then sealed.

number of number of number of

(i) Explain the term isotope.

industrial use ....................................................................................................... [1]

medical use ......................................................................................................... [1]

melting point boiling point electrical conductivity electrical conductivity

A 839 1484 good good

(b) Which substances are solids at room temperature?

(c) Which substance could be a metal?

(d) Which substance could be aqueous sodium chloride?

(e) Which substance is an ionic compound?

(f) Which substances are liquids at room temperature?

The following results were obtained.

temperature rate of diffusion

Explain why nitrogen diffuses faster than chlorine.

Explain why the nitrogen diffuses faster at the higher temperature.

(iii) Predict the colour and physical state of fluorine.

physical state [2]

result with bromide

result with iodide [3]

(d) Traces of chlorine can be separated from bromine vapour by diffusion.

property strontium chloride sulphur chloride

appearance white crystalline solid red liquid

particles present ions molecules

electrical conductivity of solid poor poor

electrical conductivity of liquid good poor

(c) Explain the difference in electrical conductivity between the following.

(i) solid and liquid strontium chloride

(ii) liquid strontium chloride and liquid sulphur chloride

(a) (i) Name a solid fossil fuel.

(ii) Name a gaseous fossil fuel.

(b) Petroleum is separated into more useful fractions by fractional distillation.

(i) Name two liquid fuels obtained from petroleum.

water from aqueous copper(II) sulphate

helium from a mixture of helium and argon

copper(II) sulphate from aqueous copper(II) sulphate

ethanol from aqueous ethanol

barium sulphate from a mixture of water and barium sulphate [5]

The solutions all have the same concentration.

aqueous ammonia, a weak base ............

dilute hydrochloric acid, a strong acid ............

aqueous sodium hydroxide, a strong base ............

aqueous sodium chloride, a salt ............

(ii) Another fullerene has a relative molecular mass of 840.

(c) A mixture of a fullerene and potassium is an excellent conductor of electricity.

(i) Which other form of solid carbon is a good conductor of electricity?

or more simply it can be written as –COO–.

HOOCC6H4COOH and HOCH2CH2OH

the cross represents

(i) Suggest why it was necessary to spray the chromatogram.

(ii) Explain what is meant by the Rf value of a sample.

plant acid Rf value

tartaric acid 0.22

sample 1 Rf = ................ It is ..................... acid.

sample 2 Rf = ................ It is ..................... acid. [2]

use ....................................................................................................................... [2]

• Boiling point = 102 °C

• Universal Indicator turns green

2 A blue solid, X, is soluble in water.

Which method is used to obtain pure solid X from an aqueous solution?

3 A mixture is separated using the apparatus shown.

What is the mixture?

A aqueous copper chloride and copper

How is ethanol obtained from the fermentation mixture?