Design of RC Members For Flexure and Axial Loads

Lecture-03
Design of Reinforced Concrete Members

for Flexure and Axial Loads
By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@nwfpuet.edu.pk
1
Topics Addressed
• General
• Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Flexure Load only
• Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Axial Compressive Load

only

with Uniaxial Bending

with Biaxial Bending
2
General
• While transmitting load from floors and roof to the foundations, frame
members (beams and columns) of a RC frame structure are subjected to
one or more of the following load effects :
• Axial Load (compression or tension), Flexure, Shear and Torsion
• If all of these effects exist together in a RC frame member, Axial and

Flexure loads are considered as one set of effects in the design process;
whereas Shear and Torsion are considered as another set of load effects.
• It means that the design for Axial+ Flexure is not affected by Shear + Torsion
and vice versa.
3
General
• When frame members are designed for the effects of Axial and Flexure
loads (with or without shear+ torsion) , following cases are possible
• Members subjected to Flexure Load only
• In this case normal beam design procedures are followed.
• Members subjected to Axial Load only
• Pure compression member design procedures are used
• Members subjected to Combined Axial and Flexure Loads
• Interaction diagram procedures, considering Axial and Flexure effects together, are used.
• The Provisions of Chapter 10 shall apply for design of members subjected to flexure or
axial loads or to combined flexure and axial loads.
• These cases will be discussed one by one in the next slides
4
Reinforced Concrete
Members Subjected to
Flexure Load only
5
Contents
• Loading Stages Before Collapse

• Design of Solid Rectangular Members
• Design of Solid T Members
• Design of Hollow Rectangular Members
6
Loading Stages Before Collapse
• Beam Test
In order to clearly understand the behavior of RC members subjected to
flexure load only, the response of such members at three different loading
stages is discussed.
BEAM TEST VIDEO
7
1. Un-cracked Concrete – Elastic Stage:

• At loads much lower than the ultimate, concrete remains un-cracked in
compression as well as tension and the behavior of steel and concrete
both is elastic.
2. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) – Elastic Stage

• With increase in load, concrete cracks in tension but remains un-cracked
in compression. Concrete in compression and steel in tension both
behave in elastic manner.
8
3. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) – Inelastic (Ultimate Strength) Stage

• Concrete is cracked in tension. Concrete in compression and steel in
tension both enters into inelastic range. At collapse, steel yields and
concrete in compression crushes.
9
Stage-1: Behavior
Compression zone
fc
d ft = fr
h M = Mcr
fc = ft << fc'
Strain Diagram ft
b Stress Diagram Compressive Stress
Tension Zone fc'
• This is a stage where concrete is at the verge

of failure in tension
ft = fr = 7.5 fc'
Tensile Stress
Concrete stress-strain diagram
10
Stage-1: Calculation of Forces
Compression zone
fc
C= 0.5fc × (b × 0.5h)
1/2 h
d 2/3 h
h M
1/2 h
T=0.5ft × (b × 0.5h)
b ft
C = T ; f c = ft fc = ft = Mc/Ig
M = 0.5fc × (b × 0.5h) × (2/3 h) OR where c = 0.5h
= 1/6 fc × b × h2 Ig = bh3/12
fc = ft = 6M/(bh2) fc = ft = 6M/(bh2)
The contribution of steel is ignored
At ft = fr , where modulus of rupture, fr = 7.5 fc′ for simplification.
Cracking Moment Capacity, Mcr = fr × Ig/(0.5h) = (fr × b × h2)/6 If there is no reinforcement,

member will fail in tension.
11
Stage-2: Behavior
Compression zone
c < 0.003 fc = 0.45fc'
ft > fr
M > Mcr
d fc = 0.45fc'
h
fs =0.5 fy
s = fs/Es fs = 0.5 fy
b Strain Diagram Stress Diagram

Tension Zone
Concrete Cracked
Compressive Stress
fc'
fy 0.45fc'
0.5fy c 0.003
Es
t
12
Compression zone
fc
C = 0.5fc  (bc)
c
M
d
h la = d – c/3
T= Asfs
Stress Diagram
b
In terms of moment couple (∑M = 0) C=T (∑Fx = 0)

M = Tla = Asfs (d – c/3) (½)fcbc = Asfs
As = M/fs(d – c/3) c = 2Asfs / fcb {where fs = nfc and n =Es/Ec}
c = 2Asn/b
13
Stage-3: Behavior
Compression zone
c = 0.003 fc
ft > >fr
M > >Mcr
fs = fy
d fc = αfc′, where α < 1
h
s = fy/Es T = Asfy
Strain Diagram Stress Diagram
b Compressive Stress
Tension Zone fc'
Concrete Cracked fy
Es
c 0.003
t
Stress-Strain Diagram for Stress-Strain Diagram for Concrete in
Reinforcing Steel in Tension Compression
14
fc
c = 0.003 0.85fc′
C = 0.85fc′ab
a = β1c
d la = d – a/2
h
M
T = Asfy
Stress Diagram Equivalent Stress Diagram
b
In terms of moment couple (∑M = 0) C=T (∑Fx = 0)

M = Tla = Asfy (d – a/2) 0.85fc ′ab = Asfy
As = M/fy(d – a/2) a = Asfy/ 0.85fc ′ b
15
• According to the strength design method (ACI 10.3.3), the nominal flexural
capacity of RC Members shall be calculated from the conditions
corresponding to stage 3.
• ACI code, R10.3.3 — The Nominal Flexural Strength (ΦMn) of a RC member is
reached when the strain in the extreme compression fiber reaches the assumed
strain limit of 0.003, (i.e. strains at stage 3.)
• In other words, the member finally fails by crushing of concrete, even if steel
in tension has yielded well before crushing of concrete.
16
• When concrete crushes at εc =0.003, depending on the amount of steel (As)
present as tension reinforcement, following conditions are possible for steel strain
(εs)
1. εs = εy Balanced Failure Condition, Brittle Failure
2. εs < εy Over reinforced condition, brittle failure
3. εs > εy Under Reinforced Condition, Ductile Failure
• For relative high amount of tension reinforcement, failure may occur under
conditions 1 & 2, causing brittle failure. It is for this reason that ACI code
restricts maximum amount of reinforcement in member subjected to flexural
load only.
17
• To ensure ductile failure & hence to restrict the maximum amount of
reinforcement, the ACI code recommends that for tension controlled sections
(Beams) εs = εt = 0.005
18
Design of Solid Rectangular Members
• Singly Reinforced:
• Flexural Capacity
• Mn = Asfy (d – a/2) [Nominal capacity]
• ΦMn = ΦAsfy(d – a/2) [Design capacity]
• To avoid failure, ΦMn ≥ Mu
• For ΦMn = Mu; ΦAsfy(d – a/2) =Mu ;
• As = Mu/ {Φfy (d – a/2)} and a = Asfy/0.85fc′b
c = 0.003 fc 0.85fc′
C = 0.85fc′ab
a = β1c
d la = d – a/2
h
M
T = Asfy
Stress Diagram Equivalent Stress Diagram
b
19
• Maximum reinforcement (Asmax):
• From equilibrium of internal forces,
• ∑Fx = 0 → C = T
• 0.85fc′ab = Asfy …………(a)
• From similarity of triangles, in strain diagram
at failure condition,
• c/εu = (d – c)/εs
• c = dεu/(εu + εs)
• For a = β1c ; As = ρmax b d and εs = εt , substitution in equation (a) yields;
ρmax = 0.85 β1(fc′/fy) εu/ (εu + εt)
20
• For ductility in Tension Controlled sections (Beams)
• εs = εt = 0.005 (ACI 10.3.5)
• and at failure εu = 0.003 (ACI R10.3.3),
• c = dεu/(εu + εs) → c = 0.375d and, a = β1c = β10.375d
• Therefore, when a = β10.375d, As = Asmax in equation (a). Hence equation (a)
becomes,
• 0.85fc′β10.375db = Asmaxfy
• Asmax = 0.31875β1bd fc′/fy … (b)
10.2.7.3 — Factor β1 shall be taken as 0.85 for concrete strengths fc′ up to and including 4000 psi. For strengths
above 4000 psi, β1 shall be reduced continuously at a rate of 0.05 for each1000 psi of strength in excess of 4000
psi, but β1 shall not be taken less than 0.65.
21
• Asmax = 0.31875 β1bd fc′/fy … (b)
• For β1 = 0.85; fc′ = 3 ksi ; and fy = 40 ksi
• Asmax = 0.0203 bd; which means 2 % of effective area of concrete
• β1 = 0.85; fc′ = 3 ksi ; and fy = 60 ksi
• Asmax = 0. 0135 bd; which means 1.35 % of gross area of
concrete
22
• Maximum flexural capacity ( ΦMnmax):
Table 1: Maximum factored flexural capacity (ΦMn in in-kips) of singly reinforced RC rectangular beam for specified
material strength and dimensions
fc′ = 3 ksi b (in)
fy = 40 ksi 12 15 18
12 1063.45 (2.93) 1329.32 (3.66) 1595.18 (4.39)
18 2392.77 (4.39) 2990.96 (5.49) 3589.16 (6.59)
d (in) 20 2954.04 (4.88) 3692.55 (6.10) 4431.06 (7.32)
24 4253.82 (5.86) 5317.27 (7.32) 6380.73 (8.79)
30 6646.59 (7.32) 8308.25 (9.15) 9969.89 (10.98)

Note: The values in brackets represents Asmax in in2.
23
• Flexural nominal capacity at other strains
• We know that the ductility requirement of ACI code does not allow us to utilize the
beam flexural capacity beyond ΦMnmax. The code wants to ensure that steel in tension
yield before concrete crushes in compression.
• However, if we ignore ACI code restriction, let see what happens.
• We know that
• c = dεu/(εu + εs) ; a= 0.85c ; As = 0.85fc′ab/ fs; Mn = Asfs(d – a/2) ; fs = Eεs ≤ fy;
• For εu = 0.003 and assuming various values of εs , we can determine As and Mn
24
Table 2: Flexural Capacity of 12 x 24 inch RC beam at different tensile strain condition
εs (in/in) 0.0005 0.001 0.00137* 0.0021 0.003 0.004 0.005** 0.007
c (in) 17.14 15.00 13.70 11.84 10.00 8.57 7.50 6.00
As (in2) 30.75 13.45 8.91 7.70 6.50 5.57 4.80 3.90
fs (ksi) 14.50 29.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00
Mn (in-kips) 5669 5315 5052 4608 4096 3646 3279 2723
*Yield strain
**ACI limit
25
• Conclusions
• At balance condition, Yield strain = 0.00137, M = 5052; we see no substantial
increase in capacity beyond this point i.e. with further increase in steel reinforcement,
or decrease in strain there is no appreciable increase in flexural capacity.
• At ACI code limit of strain = 0.005, M = 3279; we see that there is considerable gap
between moment capacity at balance and moment capacity at ACI limit. Therefore if
ductility is not required, beam capacity can be further increased up to capacity at
balanced point.
• However if ductility is also required, we can only increase moment capacity (without
changing dimensions), if we provide reinforcement in compression (doubly
reinforced).
26
• Minimum reinforcement (Asmin):
• According to ACI 10.5.1, at every section of a flexural member
where tensile reinforcement is required by analysis, the area As
provided shall not be less than that given by ρminbwd where,
ρmin is equal to 3√ (fc′)/fy and not less than 200/fy.
27
• Doubly Reinforced
• Background
• We have seen that we can not provide tensile reinforcement in excess of Asmax
= 0.31875β1bd fc′/fy , so there is a bar on maximum flexural capacity.
• We can increase Asmax if we increase b, d, fc′ or decrease fy .
• If we can’t do either of these and provide reinforcement in excess of Asmax ,
concrete in compression may crush before steel in tension yields.
• However if we provide this excess reinforcement also on compression side so
that the compression capacity of concrete also increases, we would be able to
increase the flexural capacity of the member. In this case the member is called
doubly reinforced.
• In other words the range of Asmax is increased. In such a case
• Asmax = 0.31875β1bd fc′/fy + compression steel.
28
• Consider figure d and e, the flexural capacity of doubly reinforced beam
consists of two couples:
• The forces Asfy and 0.85fc′ab provides the couple with lever arm (d – a/2).
• Mn1 = Asfy (d – a/2) ……..………………… (c)
• The forces As′fy and As′fs′ provide another couple with lever arm (d – d′).
Mn2 = As′fs′ (d – d′) ………………………………….. (d)
29
• The total nominal capacity of doubly reinforced beam is therefore,
• Mn = Mn1 + Mn2 = Asfy (d – a/2) + As′fs′ (d – d′)
30
• Factored flexural capacity is given as,
ΦMn = ΦAsfy (d – a/2) + ΦAs′fs′ (d – d′) …………….. (e)
• To avoid failure, ΦMn ≥ Mu. For ΦMn = Mu, we have from
equation (e),
Mu = ΦAsfy (d – a/2) + ΦAs′fs′ (d – d′) ……………..… (f)
• Where, ΦAsfy (d – a/2) is equal to ΦMnmax (singly) for As = Asmax
• Therefore, Mu = ΦMnmax (singly) + ΦAs′fs′ (d – d′)
• {Mu – ΦMnmax (singly)} = ΦAs′fs′ (d – d′)
• As′ = {Mu – ΦMnmax (singly)}/ {Φfs′ (d – d′)} ……….….... (g) ; where,
fs′ ≤ fy
31
Cc = Compression force
• Maximum reinforcement due to concrete in
• Cc + Cs = T [ ∑Fx = 0 ] compression region,
Cs = Compression force
in steel in compression
region needed to
• 0.85fc′ab + As′fs′ = Astfy
balance the tension
• For Amax = β1c = 0.85 × 0.375d; Ast force in addition to the
tension force provided
will become Astmax by Asmax (singly).
• 0.85fc′β10.375db + As′fs′ = Astmaxfy
• Astmax = β10.31875bdfc′/fy + As′fs′/fy
• Astmax = Asmax (singly) + As′fs′/fy
32
• Maximum reinforcement
• The total steel area actually provided Ast as tension reinforcement
must be less than Astmax in above equation i.e. Ast ≤ Astmax
• Astmax (singly ) is a fixed number, whereas As′ is steel area actually
placed on compression side. (For more clarification, see example)
 Note that Compression steel in the above equation may or may not yield when
tension steel yields.
33
• Conditions at which fs′ = fy when tension steel yields.
• By similarity of triangle (fig b), compression steel strain (εs′) is,
• εs′ = εu (c – d′)/ c …………………………….. (h)
• For tensile steel strain (εs) = εt = 0.005 (for under reinforced behavior):
• c = 0.375d
• Substituting the value of c in eqn. (h), we get,
• εs′ = εu (0.375d – d′)/ 0.375d = (0.003 – 0.008d′/d) …………….….. (i)
• Equation (i) gives the value of εs′ for the condition at which reinforcement on tension
side is at strain of 0.005 ensuring ductility.
34
• εs′ = {0.003 – 0.008d′/d} ……..……………….. (i) OR
• d′/d = (0.003 - εs′)/0.008 ………………………. (j)
• Substituting εs′ = εy,in equation (j).
• d′/d = (0.003 - εy)/0.008 …………..………..…. (k)
• Equation (k) gives the value of d′/d that ensures that when tension steel is at a strain
of 0.005 (ensuring ductility), the compression steel will also be at yield.
• Therefore for compression to yield, d′/d should be less than the value given by
equation (k).
35
Design of Solid Rectangular
Members
• Table 3 gives the ratios (d′/d) and minimum beam effective depths (d) for compression
reinforcement to yield.
• For grade 40 steel, the minimum depth of beam to ensure that compression steel will also yields at
failure is 12.3 inch.
Table 3: Minimum beam depths for compression reinforcement to yield
Minimum d for d' =

fy, psi Maximum d'/d
2.5" (in.)
40000 0.2 12.3

60000 0.12 21.5
75000 0.05 48.8
36
• Example
• Design a doubly reinforced concrete beam for an ultimate flexural
demand of 4500 in-kip. The beam sectional dimensions are
restricted. Material strengths are fc′ = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi.
d = 20″
b = 12″
37
• Solution:
• Step No. 01: Calculation of ΦMnmax (singly)
ρmax (singly) = 0.0203
Asmax (singly) = ρmax (singly)bd = 4.87 in2
ΦMnmax (singly) = 2948.88 in-kip
• Step No. 02: Moment to be carried by compression steel
Mu (extra) = Mu – ΦMnmax (singly)
= 4500 – 2948.88 = 1551.12 in-kip
38
• Solution:
• Step No. 03: Find εs′ and fs′
From table 2, d = 20″ > 12.3″, and for d′ = 2.5″, d′/d is 0.125 < 0.20 for grade 40 steel.
So compression steel will yield.
Stress in compression steel fs′ = fy
Alternatively,
εs′ = (0.003 – 0.008d′/d) ………………….. (i)
εs′ = (0.003 – 0.008 × 2.5/20) = 0.002 > εy = 40/29000 = 0.00137
As εs′ is greater than εy, so the compression steel will yield.
39
• Solution:
• Step No. 04: Calculation of As′ and Ast.
As′ = Mu(extra)/{Φfs′(d – d′)}=1551.12/{0.90×40×(20–2.5)}= 2.46 in2
• Total amount of tension reinforcement (Ast) is,
Ast = Asmax (singly) + As′= 4.87 + 2.46 = 7.33 in2
• Using #8 bar, with bar area Ab = 0.79 in2
No. of bars to be provided on tension side = Ast/ Ab= 7.33/ 0.79 = 9.28
No. of bars to be provided on compression side = As′/ Ab=2.46/ 0.79 = 3.11
Provide 10 #8 (7.9 in2 in 3 layers) on tension side and 4 #8 (3.16 in2 in 1 layer) on
compression side.
40
• Solution:
• Step No. 05: Ensure that d′/d < 0.2 (for grade 40) so that selection of bars does not
create compressive stresses lower than yield.
With tensile reinforcement of 10 #8 bars in 3 layers and compression reinforcement of
4 #8 bars in single layer, d = 19.625″ and d′ = 2.375
d′/d = 2.375/ 19.625 = 0.12 < 0.2, OK
41
• Solution:
• Step No. 06: Ductility requirements: Ast ≤ Astmax
• Ast , which is the total steel area actually provided as tension reinforcement must be less
than Astmax .
• Astmax (singly ) is a fixed number for the case under consideration and As′ is
steel area actually placed on compression side.
• Asmax (singly) = 4.87 in2 ; As′ = 4 × 0.79 = 3.16 in2 ; Astmax= 4.87 + 3.16 = 8.036 in2
Ast = 7.9 in2
Therefore Ast = 7.9 in2 < Astmax OK.
42
Design of Solid T Members
• Difference between T-beam and T-beam Behavior
43
44
• Asf =0.85fc′(b – bw)hf/fy
• Asf, is the steel area which when stressed to fy, is required to balance the longitudinal compressive force in the overhanging
portions of the flange that are stressed uniformly at 0.85fc′.
• ΦMn1 = ΦAsffy (d – hf/2)
• As = ΦMn2 /Φ fy (d – a/2) = (Mu – ΦMn1)/Φ fy (d – a/2)
• a = Asfy/ (0.85fc′bw)
• As represents the steel area which when stressed to fy, is required to balance the longitudinal compressive force in the
rectangular portion of the beam.
• Total steel area required (Ast) = Asf + As
45
• Flexural Capacity (Alternate Formulae)

• ΦMn = Mu= ΦAstfy (d – x)
• Ast = Mu/ {Φfy (d – x)}
• x = {bwa2/2 + (b – bw)hf2/2}/ {bwa + (b – bw)hf}
• a = {Astfy – 0.85fc′ (b – bw)hf}/0.85fc′bw
46
• Ductility Requirements
• T = C1 + C2 [ ∑Fx = 0 ]
Astfy = 0.85fc′abw + 0.85fc′(b – bw)hf
Astfy = 0.85fc′abw + Asffy
• For ductility εs = εt = 0.005 (ACI 10.3.5),
• a = amax = β1c = β10.375d, and Ast will become Astmax, Therefore,
Astmaxfy= 0.85fc′β10.375dbw + Asffy
Astmaxfy= 0.85fc′β10.375dbw + Asf
Astmax = 0.31875 β1(fc′/fy)dbw + Asf OR Astmax = Asmax (singly) + Asf
• So, for T-beam to behave in a ductile manner Ast, provided ≤ Astmax
47
 Effective Flange width for T and L beam (ACI 8.10)
48
 Example 03
 Design a beam to resist a factored moment equal to 6500 in-kip. The
beam is 12″ wide, with 20″ effective depth and supports a 3″ slab. The
beam is 25′ long and its c/c distance to next beam is 4 ft. Material
strengths are fc′ = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi.
49
• Example Solution:
• Span length (l) = 25′
• d = 20″; bw = 12″; hf = 3″
• Effective flange width (b) is minimum of,
• l/4 = 25 × 12/4 = 75″
• 16hf + bw = 16 × 3 + 12 = 60″
• c/c distance to next beam = 4 × 12 = 48″
• Therefore, b = 48″
50
• Check if the beam behaviour is T or rectangular.
• Let a = hf = 3″
As = Mu/Φfy(d – a/2) = 6500/{0.90 × 40 × (20 – 3/2)} = 9.76 in2
a = Asfy/(0.85fc′b) = 9.76 × 40/ (0.85 × 3 × 48) = 3.20″ > hf
• Therefore, design as T beam.
51
• Design:
• We first calculate Asf, the steel area which, when stressed to fy, is required to
balance the longitudinal compressive force in the overhanging portions of the
flange that are stressed uniformly at 0.85fc′.
Asf = 0.85fc′ (b – bw) hf/fy
= 0.85 × 3 × (48 – 12) × 3/40 = 6.885 in2
• The nominal moment resistance (ФMn1), provided by Asf is,
ФMn1 = ФAsffy {d – hf/2} = 0.9 × 6.885 × 40 × {20 – 3/2} = 4585.41 in-kip
52
• Design:
• The nominal moment resistance (ФMn2), provided by remaining steel As is, ФMn2
= Mu – ФMn1 = 6500 – 4585.41 = 1914.45 in-kip
• Let a = 0.2d = 0.2 × 20 = 4″
As = ФMn2/ {Фfy(d – a/2)} = 1914.45/ {0.9 × 40 × (20 – 4/2)}= 2.95 in2
a = Asfy/(0.85fc′bw) = 2.95 × 40/(0.85 × 3 ×12) = 3.90″
• This value is close to the assumed value of “a”. Therefore,
Ast = Asf + As = 6.885 + 2.95 = 9.84 in2 (13 #8 Bars)
53
• Ductility requirements, (Ast = As + Asf) ≤ Astmax
Astmax = Asmax (singly) + Asf
= 4.87 + 6.885 = 11.76 in2
Ast = As + Asf = 13 × 0.79 = 10.27 in2 < 11.76 O.K.
54
• Ensure that Ast > Asmin
Ast = 10.27 in2
• Asmin = ρminbwd
• ρmin = 3√(fc′)/fy ≥ 200/fy
3√(fc′)/fy = 3 × √(3000)/60000 = 0.004
200/fy = 200/40000 = 0.005
ρmin = 0.005 ; Asmin = 0.005 × 12 ×20 = 1.2 in2 < Ast, O.K.
55
• Design:
• We design the same beam by alternate method.
• Trial 01:
• Assume a = hf = 3″
x = {bwa2/2 + (b – bw)hf2/2}/ {bwa + (b – bw)hf}
= {12×32/2+(48 – 12)×32/2}/ {12×3+ (48 – 12)×3} = 1.5″
Ast = Mu/ {Φfy (d – x)} = 6500/ {0.90 × 40 ×(20 – 1.5) = 9.76 in2
56
• Design:
• Trial 02:
• a = {Astfy – 0.85fc′ (b – bw)hf}/0.85fc′bw
= {9.76 × 40 – 0.85×3×(48 – 12)×3}/ (0.85×3×12)= 3.76″
x = {12×3.762/2+(48 – 12)×32/2}/ {12×3.76+ (48 – 12)×3} = 1.61″
Ast = 6500/ {0.90 × 40 × (20 – 1.61)} = 9.81 in2
57
• Design:
• Trial 03:
a = {9.81 × 40 – 0.85×3×(48 – 12)×3}/ (0.85×3×12)= 3.83″
x = {12×3.832/2+(48 – 12)×32/2}/ {12×3.83+ (48 – 12)×3} = 1.62″
Ast = 6500/ {0.90 × 40 × (20 – 1.62)} = 9.83 in2, O.K.
• This is same as calculated previously for T-beam.
58
Design of Hollow Rectangular Members
59
• As1 =0.85fc′bohf/fy
• As1 represents the steel area which when stressed to fy, is required to balance the longitudinal
compressive force in the rectangular portion of the area bohf that is stressed uniformly at 0.85fc′.
• ΦMn1 = ΦAs1fy (d – hf/2)

• As2 = ΦMn2 /Φ fy (d – a/2) = (Mu – ΦMn1)/Φ fy (d – a/2)
• a = As2fy/ {0.85fc′(b - bo)}
• As2 is the steel area which when stressed to fy, is required to balance the longitudinal compressive
force in the remaining portion of the section that is stressed uniformly at 0.85fc′.
• Total steel area required (Ast) = As1 + As2
60
• Flexural Capacity (Alternate Formulae)

• ΦMn = Mu = ΦAstfy (d – x)
• Ast = Mu/ {Φfy (d – x)}
• x = {bohf2/2 + (b – bo)a2/2}/ {(b –bo)a + bohf}
• a = {Astfy – 0.85fc′bohf}/0.85fc′(b –bo)
61
• Ductility Requirements
• For summation of internal forces,
• Astfy = 0.85fc′ba – 0.85fc′bo(a – hf)
• For εt = 0.005, a = β1 × 0.375d, we have Ast = Astmax, hollow, therefore,
• Astmax, hollow = {0.85fc′bβ1 × 0.375d – 0.85fc′bo(0.375d – hf)}/ fy
• Astmax, hollow = 0.319(fc′/fy)β1bd – 0.85(fc′/fy)bo(0.375d – hf)
• Astmax, hollow = Asmax (singly) – 0.85(fc′/fy)bo(0.375d – hf)
• So, for hollow beam to behave in a ductile manner:
Ast, provided ≤ Astmax, hollow
62
 Example
• Design a beam to resist a factored moment equal to 2000 in-kip. The beam has a
hollow section with 12″ width and overall depth of 24″. The hollow part inside
the section is 3″ wide and 16″ deep. Material strengths are fc′ = 3 ksi and fy = 40
ksi.
16″ 24″
3″
12″
63
 Example Solution
• h = 24″; d = 20″ (assumed)
• b = 12″
• bo = hf = 3″
• Check if the beam behaviour is rectangular or hollow rectangular.
• Let a = hf = 3″
As = Mu/Φfy(d – a/2) = 2000/{0.90 × 40 × (20 – 4/2)} = 3.00 in2
a = Asfy/(0.85fc′b) = 3.00 × 40/ (0.85 × 3 × 12) = 3.92″ > hf
• Therefore, design as hollow beam.
64
• First calculate As1,
As1 = 0.85fc′bohf/fy
= 0.85 × 3 × 3 × 3/40 = 0.574 in2
• The nominal moment resistance (ФMn1), provided by As1 is,
ФMn1 = ФAs1fy {d – hf/2} = 0.9 × 0.574 × 40 × {20 – 3/2} = 382.12 in-kip
• The nominal moment resistance (ФMn2), provided by remaining steel As2 is,
ФMn2 = Mu – ФMn1 = 2000 – 382.12 = 1617.83 in-kip
65
• Let a = 0.2d = 0.2 × 20 = 4″
As2 = ФMn2/ {Фfy(d – a/2)} = 1617.83/ {0.9 × 40 × (20 – 4/2)} = 2.50 in2
a = As2fy/ {0.85fc′ (b – bo)} = 2.50 × 40/ {0.85 × 3 × (12 – 3)} = 4.35″
• This value is close to the assumed value of “a”. Therefore,
Ast = As1 + As2 = 0.575 + 2.50 = 3.08 in2
• Using #6 bar, with bar area Ab = 0.44 in2
# of bars = Ast/ Ab = 3.08/ 0.44 = 7 bars
66
• Ductility requirements, (Ast) provided <Astmax, hollow
• Astmax, hollow = Asmax (singly) – 0.85(fc′/fy)bo(0.375d – hf)
= 4.87 – 0.85 × (3/40) × 3 × (0.375 × 20 – 3) = 4.00 in2
• Therefore, Ast = 3.08 in2 < 4.00 in2 O.K.
67
• Design the same beam by alternate approach.
• Trial 01:
Assume a = hf = 3″
• x = {bohf2/2 + (b – bo)a2/2}/ {(b –bo)a + bohf}
= {3×32/2+(12 – 3)×32/2}/ {(12–3)×3 + 3×3} = 1.5″
• Ast = Mu/ {Φfy (d – x)} = 2000/ {0.90 × 40 × (20 – 1.5)} = 3.00 in2
68
• Design the same beam by alternate approach.
• Trial 02:
• a = {Astfy – 0.85fc′bohf}/0.85fc′(b –bo)
= {3.00 × 40 – 0.85×3×3×3}/ {0.85×3×(12 – 3)} = 4.23″
x = {3×32/2+(12 – 3)× 4.232/2}/ {(12–3)×4.23 + 3×3} = 1.99″
Ast = 2000/ {0.90 × 40 × (20 – 1.99)} = 3.08 in2, O.K.
• This is same as calculated previously for hollow-beam.
69
Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected
to Axial Compressive Loads
70
Contents
 Axial Capacity
 Maximum Reinforcement Ratio
 Example
71
Axial Capacity
• Consider a Rectangular Section

• Nominal Axial Capacity is given as
• Cs1+ Cs2+Cs3+ Cc = Pn
• Cs1 = As1 * fs1
• Cs2 = As2 * fs2
• Cs3 = As3 * fs3
• Cc = Ac * fc
• As1 * fs1 + As2 * fs2 + As3 * fs3 + Ac * fc = Pn
72
Axial Capacity
• The section will reach its axial capacity when strain in concrete reaches a value
of 0.003.
• The yield strain values of steel for grade 40 and 60 are 0.00138 and 0.00207
respectively. Therefore steel would have already yielded at 0.003 strain. Hence
fs1 = fs2 = fs3 = fs4 = fy and fc = 0.85 fc′
• Let As1 + As2 + As3 = Ast and Ac = Ag – Ast , Then
• Ast fy + 0.85 fc′(Ag – Ast) = Pn
• where Ag = gross area of column section,
• Ast = total steel area
• ΦPn = Pu
73
Axial Capacity
• As per ACI code (10.3.6 and 10.3.7 ), the axial capacity for
• Spiral Columns
• ΦPn (max) = 0.85Φ [0.85fc′(Ag − Ast) + fy Ast] ; Φ = 0.70
• Tied Columns
• ΦPn (max) = 0.80Φ [0.85fc′(Ag − Ast) + fy Ast] ; Φ = 0.65
• The ACI factors are lower for columns than for beams,
reflecting their greater importance in a structure.
• The additional reduction factors of 0.80 and 0.85 are used
to account for accidental eccentricities not considered in
the analysis that may exist in a compression member, and
to recognize that concrete strength may be less than fc′
under sustained high loads. R10.3.6 and R10.3.7
74
Maximum Reinforcement Ratio
• 1 % ≤ Ast /Ag ≤ 8 %
• Practically, however reinforcement more than 6 % is seldom used.
75
Example
• Design a 18″ × 18″ column for a factored axial compressive load of 300
kips. The material strengths are fc′ = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi.
18″
18″
76
Example
• Solution
• Nominal strength (ΦPn) of axially loaded column is:
• ΦPn = 0.80Φ{0.85fc′(Ag–Ast) + Astfy}
• Let Ast = 1% of Ag
• ΦPn = 0.80 × 0.65 × {0.85 × 3 × (324 – 0.01 × 324) + 0.01 × 324 ×
40}
= 492 kips > (Pu = 300 kips), O.K.
Therefore, Ast = 0.01 × 324 = 3.24 in2
• Using 3/4″ Φ(#6) {# 19, 19 mm}, with bar area Ab =0.44 in2
• No. of bars = As/Ab = 3.24/0.44 = 7.36 ≈ 8 bars
• Use 8 #6 bars {8 #19 bars, 19 mm}
77
Reinforced Concrete Members subjected to
Axial Compressive Load with Uniaxial Bending
78
Contents
• Behavior of Columns subjected to Uniaxial Bending

• Axial Capacity
• Design by Trial and Success Method
• Alternative Approach
• Interaction Diagram
79
Behavior of Columns subjected to
Uniaxial Bending
• Shown in figure, is a vertical rectangular RC
member subjected to axial compressive load Pu at
some eccentricity ex along x-axis of the cross
section causing moment Muy. y
x
• Such a column is called uniaxial column.

• The bending is called uniaxial bending because
the bending exists only about one of the
centroidal axis of the cross section.
80
Axial Capacity
• Pu = ΦPn = Φ (Cc + Cs – T) [ ∑F = 0 ]
= Φ (0.85fc′ab + As1fs1 – As2fs2)
• Pu = Φ{0.85fc′ab+As1fs1 – As2fs2} …..(1)
• fs1 = Eεs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c ≤ fy
• fs2 = Eεs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c ≤ fy
• Note: Negative sign with As2 shows that
steel layer As2 is under tensile stresses.
For εs1:
εs1/(c - d′) = εu/c
For εs2:
εs2/(d - c) = εu/c
81
Flexural Capacity
• Mu = ΦMn [ ∑M = 0 ] (about geometric center),

• Mu = Φ [Cc× {(h/2) – (a/2)} + As1fs1 × {(h/2) – d′} +
As2fs2 × {d – (h/2)}]
• With (d – h/2) = {h – d′ – h/2} = {(h/2) – d′}
• Mu = Φ [Cc× {(h/2) – (a/2)} + As1fs1 × {(h/2) – d′} +
As2fs2 × {(h/2) – d′}] ………(2a)
• Note: All internal forces are in counter clockwise sense to

resist flexural demand caused by Pu.
82
Flexural Capacity
• Mu = Φ [Cc× {(h/2) – (a/2)} + As1fs1 × {(h/2) – d′} +

As2fs2 × {(h/2) – d′}] ………(2a)
• With, Cc = 0.85fc′ab ; As1 = As2 = As
The equation (2a) becomes (2b) as:
• Mu=Φ[0.425fc′ab(h–a)+As{(h/2)–d′}(fs1+fs2)] .…(2b)
• Where, fs1 = Eεs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c ≤ fy &
• fs2 = Eεs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c ≤ fy
83
Flexural Capacity
• It is important to note that equation (1) & (2b) are

valid for 2 layers of reinforcements only.
• Pu=Φ{0.85fc′ab+As1fs1 – As2fs2}………(1)
• Mu=Φ[0.425fc′ab(h–a)+As{(h/2)–d′}(fs1+fs2)]…(2b)
• For intermediate layers of reinforcement, the
corresponding terms with “As” shall be added in the
equations.
84
Design by Trial and Success Method
• As discussed in previous lectures, the singly reinforced flexural

member can be designed by trial and success method using following
formulae:
• As = Mu/ {Φfy (d – a/2)} & a = Asfy/0.85fc′b
• In the same way, equations (1) and (2b) may be used for design of RC
member subjected to compressive load with uniaxial bending
• Pu=Φ{0.85fc′ab+As1fs1 – As2fs2} …………………………………(1)
• Mu=Φ[0.425fc′ab(h – a) + As{(h/2) - d′}(fs1 + fs2)] …………… .(2b)
85
• However unlike equations for beam where fs = fy, here we don’t know
values of fs1 and fs2 . But we do know that steel stress shall be taken
equal to or less than yield strength. Therefore
• fs1 = Eεs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c ≤ fy
• fs2 = Eεs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c ≤ fy
• Equation (1) can be now written in the following form
• Pu = Φ {0.85fc′β1cb + AsE × 0.003(c – d′)/c – AsE × 0.003(d – c)/c)}---(1)
86
• Equation (1) can be transformed into a quadratic equation to obtain

the value of “c” for a particular demand Pu and assumed As:
• Φ0.85fc′ β1bc2 + (Φ174As – Pu)c – Φ87As (d – d′) = 0
• However such approach will not be convenient because the check that
stresses in reinforcement layers fs1 and fs2 shall not exceed fy can not
be applied in the above equation.
87
• As an example, with Mu = 40 ft-kip, Pu = 145 kips, As = 0.88 in2, fc′ = 3 ksi, b = h

= 12″, d = 9.5″ and d′ = 2.5″, c comes out to be 6.08″ from quadratic equation.
• For c = 6.08″, now fs1 and fs2 shall be ≤ fy
• fs1 = Eεs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c = 51 ksi ; greater than 40 ksi
• fs2 = Eεs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c = 49 ksi ; greater than 40 ksi
• It means that every time when we obtain value of c, we have to check stresses
in steel and only that value of c will be used when fs1 and fs2 are ≤ fy .
• Therefore this method of trial and success will not work in members subjected to axial
load and flexure together. We now look at another approach.
88
Alternative Approach
• Instead of calculating c, we assume c and calculate ФPn and ФMn for a

given set of data such as follows:
• ФPn =Φ{0.85fc′ab+ AsE × 0.003(c – d′)/c – AsE × 0.003(d – c)/c)}
• ФMn = Φ [0.425fc′β1c b (h – a) + As {(h/2) – d′} (fs1 + fs2)]
• For As = 0.88 in2, fc′ = 3 ksi, b = h = 12″, d = 9.5″ and d′ = 2.5″ , all values
in the above equations are known except “c”.
89
• ФPn and ФMn are calculated for various values of “c” from 0 to h, with
the check that during calculations fs1 and fs2 do not exceed fy for both
eqns.
Table 4
c (in) ФPn (kips) ФMn (kip-ft)

0 ≤ c ≤ (h = 12)
3.69 0 36.25
5 64.6 41.59
7 133 43.09
9 185.3 36
12 252.64 19.44
Axial capacity 281 0
90
• Plot the values and check the

capacity of the column for the
demand equal to Mu = 40 ft-kip
and Pu = 145 kips
Demand point
(40,145)
91
Interaction Diagram
• General:
• For a column of known dimensions and
reinforcement, several pairs of P and M
from various values of “c” using
equations 1 and 2b can be obtained and
plotted as shown. Such a graph is known
as capacity curve or interaction diagram.
Nominal and Design diagram are given
in the figure.
92
Interaction Diagram
• General:
• If the factored demand in the form of Pu
and Mu lies inside the design interaction
diagram, the given column will be safe
against that demand.
93
Interaction Diagram
• Important Features of Interaction

Diagram
• Horizontal Cutoff: The horizontal
cutoff at upper end of the curve at a
value of αΦPnmax represents the
maximum design load specified in
the ACI 10.3.5 for small
eccentricities i.e., large axial loads.
94
Interaction Diagram
• Important Features of Interaction

Diagram:
• Linear Transition of Φ from 0.65 to
0.90 is applicable for εt ≤ fy/Es to εt =
0.005 respectively.
95
Interaction Diagram
• Development of Interaction
Diagram:
• Interaction diagram can be
developed by calculation of
certain points as discussed
below:
• Point 01: Point representing
capacity of column when
concentrically loaded.
• This represents the point for
which Mn = 0.
96
Interaction Diagram
Diagram:
• Point 02: c = h
• Point 2 corresponds to
crushing of the concrete at the
compression face of the section
and zero stress at the other
face.
97
Interaction Diagram
Diagram:
• Point 03: c = (h-d′)
• At Point 3, the strain in the
reinforcing bars farthest from
the compression face is equal
to zero.
98
Interaction Diagram
Diagram:
• Point 04: c = 0.68d (Grade 40)
c = 0.58d (Grade 60)
• Point representing capacity of
column for balance failure condition
(εc = 0.003 and εt = εy).
c = d {εc/ (εc + εy)}

εc = 0.003
εy = 0.0013 (Grade 40)
εy = 0.0021 (Grade 60)
99
Interaction Diagram
Diagram:
• Point 05: c = 0.375d
• Point in tension controlled
region for net tensile strain (εt)
= 0.005, and Φ = 0.90, (εc =
0.003).
c = d {εc/ (εc + εt)}

εc = 0.003
εt = 0.005
100
Interaction Diagram
Diagram:
• Point 06: c = 0.23d
• Point on capacity curve for
which εt >> 0.005 and εc =
0.003.
εt >> 0.005
c = d {εc/ (εc + εt)}

εc = 0.003
εt >> 0.005
101
Interaction Diagram
• Example: Develop interaction diagram for the given column. The

material strengths are fc′ = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi with 4 no. 6 bars.
12″
12″
102
Interaction Diagram
• Solution:
• Design interaction diagram will be developed by plotting (06) points as
discussed earlier.
• Point 1: Point representing capacity of column when
concentrically loaded: Therefore
• ΦPn = Φ [0.85fc′(Ag − Ast) + fyAst]
= 0.65 × [0.85×3×(144 – 1.76) + 40 × 1.76] = 281.52 kip
• ΦMn = 0
103
Interaction Diagram
• Solution:
• Point 2: c = h
• c = 12 ″ (c = h); a = β1c = 0.85 × 12 = 10.2″
• fs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c = 0.003×29000(12 – 2.25)/12 = 70.69 ksi > fy,
use fy = 40 ksi.
• fs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c = 0.003×29000(9.75 – 12)/12 = -16.31 ksi< fy
• Therefore, ΦPn = Φ {0.85fc′ab + As fs1 – Asfs2}
= 0.65{0.85×3×10.2×12 +0.88×40+0.88×16.31} = 235.09 kip
• ΦMn = Φ [0.425fc′ab (h – a) + As {(h/2) – d′} (fs1 + fs2)]
= 0.65[0.425×3×10.2×12×(12–10.2)+0.88×{(12/2) – 2.25}(40-16.31)]
= 233.41 in-kip = 19.45 ft-kip
104
Interaction Diagram
• Solution:
• Point 3: c = (h-d ′)
• c =12-2.25=9.75; a = β1c = 0.85 × 9.75 = 8.29″
• fs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c = 0.003×29000(9.75 – 2.25)/9.75 = 66.92 ksi > fy,
use fy = 40 ksi.
• fs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c = 0.003×29000(9.75 – 9.75)/9.75 = 0 ksi< fy
• Therefore, ΦPn = Φ {0.85fc′ab + As fs1 – Asfs2}
• = 0.65{0.85×3×8.29×12 +0.88×40} = 187.77 kip
= 0.65[0.425×3×8.29×12×(12–8.29)+0.88×{(12/2) – 2.25}(40)]
= 391.67 in-kip = 32.64 ft-kip
105
Interaction Diagram
• Solution:
• Point 4: Point representing balance failure: The neutral axis for the
balanced failure condition is easily calculated from c = d {εu/
(εu + εy)} with εu equal to 0.003 and εy = 40/29000 = 0.001379, c =
0.68d
• cb = d {εu/ (εu + εy)} = 9.75 × 0.003/ (0.003 + 0.001379)

= 0.68d = 6.68″ giving a stress-block depth;
ab = β1cb = 0.85 × 6.68 = 5.67″
106
Interaction Diagram
• Solution:
• Point 4: Balance failure: For the balanced failure condition, fs = fy.
• fs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c = 0.003×29000(6.68–2.25)/6.68= 57.69 ksi > fy,
• fs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c = 0.003×29000(9.75 – 6.68)/6.68 = 40 ksi = fy
• Therefore, ΦPb = Φ {0.85fc′ab + Asfs1 – Asfs2}
= 0.65{0.85×3×5.67×12 +0.88×40–0.88×40} = 112.77 kip
• ΦMb = Φ [0.425fc′ab (h – a) + As {(h/2) – d′} (fs1 + fs2)]
= 0.65[0.425×3×5.67×12×(12–5.67)+0.88×{(12/2) – 2.25}(40 + 40)]
• = 528.54 in-kip = 44.05 ft-kip
107
Interaction Diagram
• Solution:
• Point 5: This point is in tension controlled region for which εt = 0.005, Φ = 0.90:
• For εt = 0.005; c = d {εu/ (εu + εt)} = 9.75× {0.003/ (0.003 + 0.005)} = 0.375d
= 3.66″
• a = β1c = 0.85 × 3.66 = 3.11″
• fs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c = 0.003×29000(3.66 – 2.25)/3.66 = 33.51 ksi < fy
• fs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c = 0.003×29000(9.75 – 3.66)/3.66 = 144.76 ksi > fy, use fy =
40 ksi.
• Therefore, ΦPn = Φ{0.85fc′ab + Asfs1 – Asfs2}
= 0.90{0.85×3×3.11×12 +0.88×33.51–0.88×40}= 80.50 kip
• = 0.90[0.425×3×3.11×12×(12–3.11)+0.88×{(12/2) – 2.25}(33.51+40)]
= 599 in-kip = 49.91 ft-kip
108
Interaction Diagram
• Solution:
• Point 6: Point on capacity curve for which εt >> 0.005:
• Let εt = 2 × 0.005 = 0.01; c = d {εu/ (εu + εt)} = 9.75× {0.003/ (0.003 + 0.01)}
= 0.23d = 2.25″
• a = β1c = 0.85 × 2.25 = 1.91″
• fs1 = 0.003E (c – d′)/c = 0.003×29000(2.25 – 2.25)/2.25 = 0 < fy
• fs2 = 0.003E (d – c)/c = 0.003×29000(9.75 – 2.25)/2.25 = 290 ksi > fy, use fy = 40
ksi.
• Therefore, ΦPn = Φ{0.85fc′ab + Asfs1 – Asfs2
= 0.90{0.85×3×1.91×12 +0.88×0 – 0.88×40} = 20.90 kip
= 0.90[0.425×3×1.91×12×(12–1.91)+0.88×{(12/2) – 2.25}(0 +40)
= 384.16 in-kip = 32.01 ft-kip
109
Interaction Diagram
• Solution:
M vs P h
d
d'
500
b
450
Nominal Interaction
400
Curve
350
Layer 02
Layer 01
300 Design Interaction
P (kip)
Curve
250
0.80fPo
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80
M (kip-ft)
110
Interaction Diagram
• Use of Design Aids: Graph A.5 to A.16

(Nilson)
• Given Pu, e, Ag, fy, and fc′
• Calculate Kn = Pu/(Φfc′Ag)
• Calculate Rn = Pue/( Φfc′Agh)
• Calculate γ = (h − 2 × d ′)/h
• Use applicable graph from A.5 to A.16
(Nilson 13th Ed.) and find ρg as shown.
• Ast = ρgAg
Reference: Design of Concrete Structures 13th Ed. by Nilson,

Darwin and Dolan.
111
Interaction Diagram
• Example: Using design aids, design a 12″ square column to support

factored load of 145 kip and a factored moment of 40 kip-ft. The
material strengths are fc′ = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
12″
12″
112
Interaction Diagram
• Solution: Design Aids (using fc′ = 4 ksi and fy = 60

ksi)
• Kn = Pu/(Φfc′Ag) = 145/(0.65 × 4 × 144) = 0.40
• Rn = Pue/( Φfc′Agh) = (40 × 12)/ (0.65 × 4 × 144 ×
12) = 0.11
• With d′ = 2.5 in, γ = (12 − 2 × 2.5)/12 = 0.60.
• Kn = 0.4
• Rn = 0.11
• ρ = 0.007
• Ast = 0.007 × 144 = 1.0 in2. < 1 % of Ag = 1.44
• Using #6 bar, No. of bars = Ast/Ab = 1.44/0.44 ≈ 4
bars
113
Reinforced Concrete Members subjected to
Axial Compressive Load with Biaxial Bending
114
Contents
• Behavior of Columns subjected to Biaxial Bending

• Difficulties in Constructing Biaxial Interaction Surface
• Approximate Method for Converting Biaxial case to Uniaxial case
• Bresler’s Approximate Methods for Design of Biaxial Columns
• Reciprocal Load Method
• Load Contour Method
• Circular Columns
115
Behavior of Columns subjected to Biaxial Bending
• Column section subjected to

compressive load (Pu) at
eccentricities ex and ey along x
and y axes causing moments Muy
and Mux respectively.
116
• The biaxial bending resistance of

an axially loaded column can be
represented as a surface formed
by a series of uniaxial interaction
curves drawn radially from the P
axis.
117
• (a) uniaxial bending

about y axis.
• (b) uniaxial bending

about x axis.
• (c) biaxial bending

about diagonal axis.
118
• Force, strain and stress

distribution diagrams for
biaxial bending
119
Difficulties in Constructing Biaxial Interaction
Surface
• The triangular or trapezoidal

compression zone.
• Neutral axis, not in general,

perpendicular to the
resultant eccentricity.
120
Approximate Method for Converting Biaxial
Case to Uniaxial Case
• For rectangular sections with

reinforcement equally distributed on all
faces.
• Biaxial demand can be converted to

equivalent uniaxial demand using
following equations: (reference PCA)
• Mnxo = Mnx + Mny (h/b)(1 – β)/β
• Mnyo = Mny + Mnx (b/h)(1 – β)/β
121
Approximate Method for Converting Biaxial Case to
Uniaxial Case
• 0.55 ≤ β ≤ 0.7
• A value of 0.65 for β is generally a good
initial choice in a biaxial bending analysis.
• For a value of β = 0.65, the equations can be

simplified as below:
• Mnxo = Mnx + 0.54Mny (h/b)
• Mnyo = Mny + 0.54 Mnx(b/h)
• Pick the larger moment for onward

calculations
122
Uniaxial Case
• Design Example
• Using equations for converting bi-axial column to uni-axial column,
design a 12″ square column to support factored load of 190 kip and
factored moments of 35 kip-ft about x axis and 50 kip ft about y axis.
The material strengths are fc′ = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
X
b=12″
h =12″
123
Uniaxial Case
• Design Example
• Solution:
• Assuming compression controlled behavior (Φ = 0.65), the required
nominal strengths are:
• Mnx = Mux/ Φ = 35/ 0.65 = 53.84 ft-kip
• Mny = Muy/ Φ = 50/ 0.65 = 76.92 ft-kip
• Mnxo = Mnx + 0.54Mny (h/b)
= 53.84 + 0.54 × 76.92 × 1 = 95 ft-kip
Similarly,
• Mnyo = Mny + 0.54 Mnx (h/b)=76.92+0.54×53.84 × 1 = 105.9 ft-kip
• Muy = 0.65 × 105.9 = 68.84 ft kip. The biaxial column can now be designed as an
equivalent uni-axial column with moment about y-axis.
124
Uniaxial Case
• Design Example
• Solution:
• Note: In the original equations developed by PCA, they have used nominal
values of moments because the resultant Moment was supposed to be
used on the nominal interaction diagram. However if we have factored
interaction diagram, the equation can be directly applied on factored
moments without any difference in the final output, as follows:
• Mux = 35, Muy= 50 ;
• Mu = Mux + 0.54Muy (h/b) = 35 + 0.54 × 50 = 62 ft-kip
• Mu = Muy + 0.54Mux (h/b) = 50 + 0.54 × 35 = 68.9 ft-kip
125
Uniaxial Case
 Design Example
 Solution:
 Pu = 190 kip and Mu = 68.84 fi-kip
 Kn = Pu/(Φfc′Ag) = 190/(0.65 × 4 × 144) = 0.51
 Rn = Pue/( Φfc′Agh) = 68.84 × 12/ (0.65 × 4 × 144 ×

12) = 0.18
 With 2.25 in. d′
 γ = (12 − 2 × 2.25)/12 = 0.63 ≈ 0.60.
 From that graph, with the calculated values of Kn

and Rn, ρg = 0.031. Thus,
 Ast = 0.031 × 144 = 4.46 in2.
 Using #6 bar, # of bars = Ast/Ab = 4.46/ 0.44 =

10.33 ≈ 12 bars
126
Uniaxial Case
• Design Example
Solution:
Alternatively, we can design the Column from the uniaxial interaction
diagram developed for 12 x 12 inch column having 12 no. 6 bars, fc′ = 4 ksi and
fy = 60 ksi. The red dot shows that column is safe for the given values of Pu = 190
kips and Mu = 68.9
127
Bresler’s Approximate Methods for Design of Biaxial
Columns
• Reciprocal Load Method

• For Pn ≥ 0.1fc′Ag
Where Pn = Pu/ Ф
• Load Contour Method

• For Pn < 0.1fc′Ag
Where Pn = Pu/ Ф
128
Reciprocal Load Method
• Bresler's reciprocal load equation derives from the geometry of the

approximating plane. It can be shown that:
• {(1/Pn) = 1/ (Pnxo) +1/ (Pnyo) − (1/Pno)
 If ФPn ≥ Pu O.K.
Where,
• Pn = approximate value of nominal load in biaxial bending with
eccentricities ex and ey.
• Pnyo = nominal load when only eccentricity ex is present (ey = 0),
• Pnxo = nominal load when only eccentricity ey is present (ex = 0),
• Pno = nominal load for concentrically loaded column
129
• Steps
 Mnx = Mux/Ф
 Mny = Muy/Ф
 Check if Pn ≥ 0.1 fc′Ag
 Reciprocal Load Method applies
 γ= (h−2d′)/h Pno
 Assuming As, ρ = As/ bh
 ex/h = (Mny/Pn)/ h
Pnyo
 Pnyo can be determined
 ey/h = (Mnx/Pn)/ h
 Assuming As, ρ = As/ bh
 Pnxo can be determined
130
• Design Example
• Using Reciprocal Load Method, design a 12″ square column to support
factored load of 190 kip and factored moments of 35 kip-ft each about x and
y axis respectively. The material strengths are fc′ = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
X
b=12″
h =12″
131
• Design Example
• Solution:
• Design using approximate methods (Reciprocal Load Method):
• Given demand: Mnx = Mux/Ф = 35/0.65 = 53.84 ft-kip
• Mny = Muy/Ф = 35/0.65 = 53.84 ft-kip;
• Pu = 190 kips
• Check if Pn ≥ 0.1 fc′Ag
• Pn = 190/ 0.65 = 292.31 kip
• 0.1fc′Ag = 0.1 × 4 × 12 × 12 = 57.6 kip
• As Pn > 0.1 fc′Ag, therefore reciprocal load method applies.
132
• Design Example
• Solution:
• Consider bending about Y-axis
• With 2.5 in. d′, γ= (12 − 2 × 2.5)/12 = 0.60 (graph A.5 of Nilson
13th Ed applies)
• ex/h = (Mny/Pn)/ h = {(53.84 × 12)/ 292.30}/12 ≈ 0.18
• Assuming the column to be reinforced with 4 #6 bars,
therefore,
• ρ = As/ bh = 4 × 0.44/ (12 × 12) = 0.012
• Using graph A.5, Pnyo can be determined.
133
 Design Example
 Solution:
 ρ = 0.012
 ex/h = 0.18
 Kn = 0.68
 Pnyo/fc′Ag = 0.68
 Pnyo = 0.68 × fc′Ag
 Pnyo = 0.68 × 4 ×144= 391 kips
 Also,
 Pno/fc′Ag = 1.09
 Pno = 1.09 × fc′Ag
 Pno = 1.09 × 4 ×144= 628 kips
134
• Design Example
• Solution:
• Consider bending about X-axis
• With d′=2.5 inch, γ= (12 − 2 × 2.5)/12 = 0.60 (graph A.5 of
Nilson 13th Ed applies)
• ey/h = (Mnx/Pn)/ h = {(53.83/0.65) × 12)/ 292.30}/12 ≈ 0.18
• Assuming the column to be reinforced with 4 #6 bars,
therefore
• ρ = As/ bh = 4 × 0.44/ (12 × 12) = 0.012
• Using graph A.5, Pnxo can be determined.
135
 Design Example
 Solution:
 ρ = 0.012
 ey/h = 0.18
 Kn = 0.68
 Pnxo/fc′Ag = 0.68
 Pnxo = 0.68 × fc′Ag
 Pnxo = 0.68 × 4 ×144= 391 kips
136
• Design Example
• Solution:
• Now apply reciprocal load equation,
• (1/Pn) = 1/ (Pnxo) +1/ (Pnyo) − 1/ ( Pno)
• (1/Pn) = 1/ (391) +1/ (391) − 1/ (628) = 0.00372
• Pn = 284 kip, and the design load is:
• ΦPn = 0.65 × 284 = 184 kips ≈ 190 kips, O.K.
137
• Design Example
• Solution:
• Instead of using Nelson charts, the Interaction diagram
developed earlier for 12 x 12 inch column with 4 no 6 bars is
used in the next steps of Reciprocal Load Method. .
• Pn = 190/ 0.65 = 292.31 kip
• Mnx = Mny = 53.84 ft-kip
138
• Solution:
• Design using
Approximate methods:
This interaction curve is

for both x and y axes as
the column is square
139
• Design Example
• Solution:
• Design using Reciprocal Load Method :
• From nominal interaction curve,
• Pno = 590 kip,
• For Mnx = 53.84 ft-kip, Pnxo = 450 kip
• For Mny = 53.84 ft-kip, Pnyo = 450 kip
• Now apply reciprocal load equation,
• (1/Pn) = 1/ (Pnxo)+1/ (Pnyo)−1/ ( Pno)= 1/ (450) +1/ (450) − 1/ (590)
= 0.00285
• Pn = 344.50 kip, and the design load is:
• ΦPn = 0.65 × 344.50 = 223.92 kips > 190 kips, O.K.
140
• Design Example
• Solution:
650
• Designing the same column by 600 Nominal
converting bi-axial case to uni-axial 550 Interaction
500 Curve
case. 450 Design
400 Interaction
• Mu = 35 + 0.54 *20 = 53.9kip-ft Curve
P (kip)
350
300 0.80fPo
• Pu = 190 kip 250
200
• Interaction diagram for 12 x 12 inch 150
100
column with 4 no 6 bars is given in 50
the figure. 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
• The blue dot shows that column is M (kip-ft)
safe under the given demand.
141
Load Contour Method
• The load contour method is based on representing the failure surface

of 3D interaction diagram by a family of curves corresponding to
constant values of Pn.
• (Mnx/Mnxo)α1 + (Mny/Mnyo)α2 ≤ 1
• Where,
• Mnx = Pney ; Mnxo = Mnx (when Mny = 0),
• Mny = Pnex ; Mnyo = Mny (when Mnx = 0)
142
Load Contour Method
• When α1 = α2 = α, the shapes of such

interaction contours are as shown for
specific α values. For values of Mnx/Mnx and
Mny/Mny , α can be determined from the
given graph.
143
Load Contour Method
• Calculations reported by Bresler indicate that α falls in the range from

1.15 to 1.55 for square and rectangular columns. Values near the lower
end of that range are the more conservative.
144
Load Contour Method
• Steps:
• Mnx = Mux/Ф
• Mny = Muy/Ф
 Check if Pn < 0.1 fc′Ag
 Load contour method applies
 γ = (h− 2d′)/h
 ex/h = (Mny/Pn)/ h
• Assuming As, ρ = As/ bh
• Mnyo can be determined
• ey/h = (Mnx/Pn)/ h
• Assuming As, ρ = As/ bh
• Mnxo can be determined
Mnyo
145
Load Contour Method
• Design Example
• Using Load Contour Method, design a 12″ square column to support
factored load of 30 kip and factored moments of 20 kip-ft each about x
axis and 30 kip-ft about y axis. The material strengths are fc′ = 4 ksi and fy
= 60 ksi.
Y
X
b=12″
h =12″
146
Load Contour Method
• Design Example
• Solution:
• Design using Load Contour Method:
• Given demand: Mnx = Mux/Ф = 20/0.65 = 30.76 ft-kip
• Mny = Muy/Ф = 30/0.65 = 46.15 ft-kip;
• Pn =Pu/Ф = 30/ 0.65 = 46.15 kips
• Check if Pn < 0.1 fc′Ag
• 0.1fc′Ag = 0.1 × 4 × 12 × 12 = 57.6 kip
• As Pn < 0.1 fc′Ag, therefore load contour method applies.
147
Load Contour Method
• Design Example
• Solution:
• Design using Load Contour Method:
• With d′=2.5 in., γ = (12 − 2 × 2.5)/12 = 0.60
(graph A.5 of Nilson 13th Ed applies)
• ex/h = (Mny/Pn)/ h = {(46.15 × 12)/ 46.15}/12 = 1
• Assuming the column to be reinforced with 4 #6 bars, then
• ρ = As/ bh = 4 × 0.44/ (12 × 12) = 0.012
• Using graph A.5, Mnyo can be determined.
148
Load Contour Method
 Design Example
 Solution:
 ex/h = 1
 ρ = 0.012
 Rn = 0.12
 Mnyo/fc′Agh= 0.12
 Mnyo = 0.12 × fc′Agh
 Mnyo = 0.12 × 4 ×144 × 12
= 830 in-kip
149
Load Contour Method
 Design Example
 Solution:
 Design using Load Contour Method:
 Consider bending about X-axis
 With d′=2.5 in., γ= (12 − 2 × 2.5)/12 = 0.60 (graph A.5 of Nilson
13th Ed applies)
 ey/h = (Mnx/Pn)/ h = {(30.76× 12)/ 46.15}/12 ≈ 0.65
 Assuming the column to be reinforced with 4 #6 bars, therefore
 ρ = As/ bh = 4 × 0.44/ (12 × 12) = 0.012
 Using graph A.5, Mnxo can be determined.
150
Load Contour Method
 Design Example
 Solution:
 ey/h = 0.65
 ρ = 0.012
 Rn = 0.14
 Mnxo/fc′Agh= 0.14
 Mnxo = 0.14 × fc′Agh
 Mnxo = 0.14 × 4 ×144 × 12
 = 968 in-kip
151
Load Contour Method
 Design Example
 Solution:
 Design using Load Contour Method:
 Now apply load contour equation,
 (Mnx/Mnxo)α1 + (Mny/Mnyo)α1 = 1
 For α ≈ 1.15
 (30.76×12/968)1.15+(46.15×12/830)1.15=0.9
5 < 1, OK
152
Load Contour Method
• Design Example
• Solution:
• Design by converting bi-axial
case to uni-axial case. 650
600 Nominal
• Mu= 30 + 0.54 *20 = 40.8 kip- 550
500
Interaction
Curve
ft 450
400
Design
Interaction
P (kip)
350 Curve
• Pu = 30 kip 300 0.80fPo
250
• Interaction diagram for 12 x 12 200
150
100
inch column with 4 no 6 bars is 50
0
given in the figure. 0 20 40 60 80 100
M (kip-ft)
• The blue dot shows that
column is safe under the given
demand.
153
Circular Columns
• Behavior
• Strain distribution at ultimate load.
• The concrete compression zone
subject to the equivalent
rectangular stress distribution has
the shape of a segment of a circle,
shown shaded.
154
Circular Columns
• Design Example
• Design a circular column, using approximate methods, for a factored load of
60 kips and a factored moment of 20 ft-kips about x axis and 30 kip-ft about
y axis. The diameter of column is 16″. Material strengths are fc′ = 4000 psi
and fy = 60000 psi.
16″ diameter
155
Circular Columns
• Design Example
• Solution:
• Check that which method applies?
• Pn = Pu /Ф = 60/0.65 = 90.30 kips
• Mnx = Mux /Ф = 20/0.65 = 30.76 ft-kips
• Mny = Muy /Ф = 30/0.65 = 46.15 ft-kips
• Check if Pn ≥ 0.1 fc′Ag
• 0.1fc′Ag = 0.1 × 4 × π × 162/4= 80.42 kip; 92.30 kip > 80.42 kip
• Therefore, reciprocal load method applies.
156
Circular Columns
• Design Example
• Solution:
• With d′=2.5 in., γ = (16 − 2 × 2.5)/16 = 0.70 (graph A.5 of Nilson
13th Ed applies)
• ex/d = (Mny/Pn)/ d = {(46.15 × 12)/ 46.15}/16 = 0.75
• Let Ast = 1% of Ag = (1/100) × π × (16)2/4 = 2.02 in2
• Using #6 with bar area Ab = 0.44 in2
• No. of bars = As/Ab= 2.02/ 0.44 = 4.59 ≈ 6 bars (See ACI 10.9.2)
• Take 6 #6 bars
• ρ =As/(Ag) = (6 × 0.44)/(π × 162/4) = 0.013
• Using graph A.14, Pnyo can be determined.
157
Circular Columns
• Design Example
• Solution
• ρ = 0.013
• ex/d = 0.75
• Kn = 0.15
• Pnyo/fc′Ag = 0.15
• Pnyo = 0.15 × fc′Ag
• Pnyo = 0.15 × 4 × 201= 121 kips
• Also,
• Pno/fc′Ag = 1.04
• Pno = 1.04 × fc′Ag
• Pno = 1.04 × 4 × 201= 836 kips
158
Circular Columns
• Design Example
• Solution:
• Consider bending about X-axis
• With d′=2.5 in., γ = (16 − 2 × 2.5)/16 = 0.70 (graph A.5 of Nilson
13th Ed applies)
• ey/d = (Mnx/Pn)/ d = {(30.76 × 12)/ 46.15}/16 = 0.50
• ρ =As/(Ag) = (6 × 0.44)/(π × 162/4) = 0.013
• Using graph A.14, Pnxo can be determined.
159
Circular Columns
• Design Example
• Solution:
• ρ = 0.013
• ey/d = 0.50
• Kn = 0.25
• Pnxo/fc′Ag = 0.25
• Pnxo = 0.25 × fc′Ag
• Pnxo = 0.25 × 4 × 201= 201
kips
160
Circular Columns
• Design Example
• Solution:
• Apply reciprocal load equation:
• (1/Pn) = 1/ (Pnxo) +1/ (Pnyo) − 1/ ( Pno)
• (1/Pn) = 1/ (201) +1/ (121) − 1/ (836) = 0.0012
• Pn = 83 kip, and the design load is:
• ΦPn = 0.65 × 83 = 54 kips ≈ 60 kips, O.K.
161
References
 Design of Concrete Structures (13th Ed.) by Nilson, Darwin

and Dolan.
• Reinforced Concrete - Mechanics and Design (4th Ed.) by James
MacGregor.
 ACI 318.
 PCA notes 2002
162
The End
163

Design of RC Members For Flexure and Axial Loads

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Design of RC Members For Flexure and Axial Loads

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Lecture-03

Design of Reinforced Concrete Members

By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

• Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Flexure Load only

• Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Axial Compressive Load

• Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Axial Compressive Load

• Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Axial Compressive Load

• If all of these effects exist together in a RC frame member, Axial and

• Loading Stages Before Collapse

BEAM TEST VIDEO

1. Un-cracked Concrete – Elastic Stage:

2. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) – Elastic Stage

3. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) – Inelastic (Ultimate Strength) Stage

Tension Zone fc'

• This is a stage where concrete is at the verge

Cracking Moment Capacity, Mcr = fr × Ig/(0.5h) = (fr × b × h2)/6 If there is no reinforcement,

b Strain Diagram Stress Diagram

In terms of moment couple (∑M = 0) C=T (∑Fx = 0)

In terms of moment couple (∑M = 0) C=T (∑Fx = 0)

1. εs = εy Balanced Failure Condition, Brittle Failure

2. εs < εy Over reinforced condition, brittle failure

3. εs > εy Under Reinforced Condition, Ductile Failure

18 2392.77 (4.39) 2990.96 (5.49) 3589.16 (6.59)

d (in) 20 2954.04 (4.88) 3692.55 (6.10) 4431.06 (7.32)

24 4253.82 (5.86) 5317.27 (7.32) 6380.73 (8.79)

30 6646.59 (7.32) 8308.25 (9.15) 9969.89 (10.98)

Table 2: Flexural Capacity of 12 x 24 inch RC beam at different tensile strain condition

εs (in/in) 0.0005 0.001 0.00137* 0.0021 0.003 0.004 0.005** 0.007

c (in) 17.14 15.00 13.70 11.84 10.00 8.57 7.50 6.00

As (in2) 30.75 13.45 8.91 7.70 6.50 5.57 4.80 3.90

fs (ksi) 14.50 29.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00

Mn (in-kips) 5669 5315 5052 4608 4096 3646 3279 2723

Table 3: Minimum beam depths for compression reinforcement to yield

Minimum d for d' =

40000 0.2 12.3

• Difference between T-beam and T-beam Behavior

• Total steel area required (Ast) = Asf + As

• Flexural Capacity (Alternate Formulae)

 Effective Flange width for T and L beam (ACI 8.10)

• ΦMn1 = ΦAs1fy (d – hf/2)

• Total steel area required (Ast) = As1 + As2

• Flexural Capacity (Alternate Formulae)

• Consider a Rectangular Section

• Behavior of Columns subjected to Uniaxial Bending

• Such a column is called uniaxial column.

• Mu = ΦMn [ ∑M = 0 ] (about geometric center),

• Note: All internal forces are in counter clockwise sense to

• Mu = Φ [Cc× {(h/2) – (a/2)} + As1fs1 × {(h/2) – d′} +

• It is important to note that equation (1) & (2b) are

• As discussed in previous lectures, the singly reinforced flexural

• Equation (1) can be transformed into a quadratic equation to obtain

• As an example, with Mu = 40 ft-kip, Pu = 145 kips, As = 0.88 in2, fc′ = 3 ksi, b = h

• Instead of calculating c, we assume c and calculate ФPn and ФMn for a

• ФPn =Φ{0.85fc′ab+ AsE × 0.003(c – d′)/c – AsE × 0.003(d – c)/c)}

• ФMn = Φ [0.425fc′β1c b (h – a) + As {(h/2) – d′} (fs1 + fs2)]

in the above equations are known except “c”.

c (in) ФPn (kips) ФMn (kip-ft)

• Plot the values and check the

• Important Features of Interaction

• Important Features of Interaction

c = d {εc/ (εc + εy)}

c = d {εc/ (εc + εt)}

c = d {εc/ (εc + εt)}