Emasculation is perlonned in a bisexual flower, to 00. What are thr objf>ctiv s of plant brt:: >dirif.

make it female parent before anthesis i.e. it may
not be pollinated by its own pollen. It is bagged
after pollination.
00. I c r... - ·- advantages of using a bag
r I tnlJ ffiln l f Or P~ .
The technique of bagging, prevents the pollination
of the female parent by an undesired pollen of
some other plant. The minute pores allow the entry
of air for respiration.
The main objectives of plant breeding are better
yield and quality, uniformity resistance to diseases
and pests, tolerance to climatic variations,
consumers demand and change in growth habit.
7
00. What characu•r., ,,n... Pl •cl1 ti ff)r 11 -1r1 I ~ 1ur
Hybridisation is performed for the desired/use ful
characters such as grain size, nutrient contents,
disease resistance in number of flowers, early
maturity, root system, etc.

{! Human Pathology
•
A disease is a condition of a body or a part of it, in which functions are disturbed or deranged. A disease is
caused by a disease agent which may be biological, nutrient or chemical.
The biological agent causing diseases are called pathogens. They comprise viruses, bacteria, fungi,
protozoans , helminthes , insects and other organisms. The diseases caused by these organisms are
communica ble infectious diseases. They are transmitted by different methods. They cause diseases t o the
healthy persons either by tissue damage or by secretion of toxins.

4 3,WMIINilt0 I
ai»i : To identify common disease-cau sing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba , Plasmodium, roundworm
through pe rmanent slides or specimens. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause .
<m..ahvuali ll.ti.q.u.i.Juz : Permanent slides or specimens of disease-cau sing organisms, notebook, pencil,
pen, micros cope, etc.
tf)Jw£Jl.d.uJui : Study the provided permanent slides or specimen of disease causing organisms and note
down your observation s as shown below:
f)dJznJ:.ific.ali.n :
A. Ascaris lumbricoides (The giant intestinal roundworm)
Phylum - Nematoda Species - Lumbricoid es

C.o»unJl.11.lA :
It is Ascaris lumbricoid es the roundworm . It is an endoparasi te of human Mouth
intestine.
'
2 It is more common in children. I
I
pore
I
I

3 Its body is cylindrical and tapering at both the ends. i Female

;
4. It makes its entry through eating soil infected with eggs of Ascaris. The worm I
Lateral genital
aperture
ingests semi-diges ted food of the host with the help of suctorial pharynx. I line '
; \:,.
:
It respires anaerobica lly. i Cloaca!
The animal shows sexual dimorphism . The female is longer than the male.
'\
I
\ i
7 A dorsal, a ventral and two lateral lines extend lengthwise . '
i
fl! The posterior end of the male is curved ventrally, having cloaca! aperture and
penial setae. Pineal setae Tail
(spicules)
In males, there is a cloaca! aperture posteriorly having two equal chitinous, Male Female
spicules or pineal setae, which help in copulation.

89 Blology-12
 1 In females, the genital aperture is present on the m1'd -vent ral line at about one-third of the length from the
anterior end. At the posterior end, there is anus.
l
11. The post anal part of the body is called tail, which is present both in male and female worms.
1 1 • The fertilisation is internal and the development is indirect.
(l)LdMM Sip,rpt.o11tA :
Generally a large number of adult Ascaris worm infest a single host, and obstruct the inteS t inal passage
and thereby cause abdominal discomforts like colic pains.
The patient may also suffer from constipation, diarrhoea, vomiting and weakness.
In children mental efficiency is affected and body growth is retarded.
The patient may die of serious infection.
I:
Washing hands before meal is a good preventive measure.
Protection of food articles from dust and flies.
. The disease can best be treated by administering antihelminthic drugs such as oil of chenopodium,
alcopar, zentel, bendex, etc.
Disposal of human faeces by underground sewerage systems.
5 Parents should be extra cautious that their children do not take to the habit of eating soil. 1
·. Washing of fruits and vegetables by potassium permanganate.
B. Entamoeba histolytica
Phylum - Protozoa Genus - Entamoeba Species - histolytica
C.0»111W1.U :
1. It is Entamoeba histolytica an endoparasite of human intestine.
2 The microscopic parasite is 18-25 mm. Nucleus Food vacuoles
mma
3 The parasite live in the large intestine of humans.
4. It is covered by a semipermeable plasmalemma. lasm

,. .
0

~ -'- plasm
5. The parasite is unicellular and has one pseudopodium. ~-~

6. Cytoplasm is differentiated into ectoplasm and endoplasm. t

7. Contractile vacuoles are absent, because there is no need
of osmoregulation.
8. The parasite feeds on RBCs of the host by damaging wall udo-
podium ..,J
of intestine and reach blood capillaries.
. Reproduction is by binary fission. In
bacteria Ingested red
blood cells
1 It is dispersed in the four-nucleated encysted stage.
Fig. Entamoeba histolytica
It produces ulcers and can also reach to other body organs.
IJJ1ApfUQ .$Jµn/:diJmA :
E. histolytica cause a disease called ~oebic dysentry or Enteritis'.
Stool with mucus and blood discharge.
Sometimes colic pain may occur.
Infection occurs by ingesting cysts with food and drinking water through the oral route.
In the host gutwall, the mature 4 nuclear cyst form eight uninucleated trophozoites.
The patient feels severe gripping pain in the abdomen, fever, nausea, exhaustion and nervousness.
In the extra-intestinal amoebiasis, several lesions and abscesses are formed in the liver, lungs and brain.
The patient may have a slightly enlarged liver with pain and tenderness in right upper portion of the
abdomen.

70 IUology-12
CJJniADl.
1. Elimination of the source of faecal contaminations.
, Water can be disinfected by boiling.
Protection of food and drinks from dust, mos, etc.
,. . Washing of vegetables and fruits before using.
=1 Taking of suitable medicines such as Iodoquinol metron, Emeline Dchydro-emetine under the advice of a

physician.
d
6 Avoid taking salad and fruits from vendors or fruit handlers as some of them may be carriers ao may
place the general public at risk.
C. Plasmodium Vivax (Malarial Parasite)
D15PQ5P [ n11 'r Malaria
P~31um Protozoa Genus - Plasmodium Specie. Vivax
Cytoplasm
~ J,UIUUUA :

1. It is a plasmodium, an endoparasite of blood cells in human.

2 Plasmodium enters the human body in sporozoite stage by the bites
of female Anopheles mosquito.
3 It is a digenetic, obligate parasite, which completes its life history on
two hosts - male and female Anopheles.
4 Male is the intermediate or secondary host, where the parasite
completes its asexual phase.
5. Female anopheles is the definitive or primary host, where the 0
parasite completes its asexual phase. Fig. Sporoznites 1 °,. idmm \.
6. Life Cycle of Plasmodium in Male : When a mosquito bites a man it releases minute sporozoites in
the blood stream. From blood, sporozoites enter liver cells, here they become round and form
Schizont Cytoplasm Nuclei Metacryptomerozoites
Liver c e l l ~ ~ /' Liver cell breaks

"'""~::::··;•r~v
,.el
~:::;~:~ ~
Cryptomerozoites ···.· V-- Red blood corpuscle
Nuclei ~ RBCs
Cytoplasm .
Schizont . !'.'.•Trophozmte
.
Liver cell ..i..,/Signet ring stage
Nucleus ofliver cell?; ~ Amoeboid
Vacuole
Sporozoite t stage

"""''"' _.- Haemozoin granules

'--IL-- Schuffner's dots
\
Cyst wall breaks -~ 8@El \ Rosette stage
~ ~ .

Mature oocyst
\\\ rt!)?/_ci~·:~::::.::::··
~· Red blood corpuscle
\\___ -k
<i)- . ---
Formation of male gamete
Vacuoles ----~u
\ ~ Male gamete
Growing-oocyst _,,....,..,...~ ."Residual body
Cyst wall
Mnle gamctl"
Fertilisation
Wall of stomach of
anopheles mosquito
Ookinete
hg. l 1/c l H It oj mc1forial paraqrr
71 Blology-U
 cryptomerozo·t Th ·
merozoites i es. e latter enter new liver cells and produce metacryptomerozo~tes. The rnetac
Schizont an~nter RB~s and pass trophozoites signet ring stage as well as amoeboid stage and Pr;tto.
I . m~rozoites. The merozoites enter fresh RBCs and produce gametocytes, and repeat Uce
cyc e. :11is c_ycle is synchronous and periodic from invasion of RBCs .by merozoites to their rupture takethe
48
hours m P. vivruc P. fale
7 w C f ' · eparum, and P. ovale and 72 hours in P. malana.
· e re. Ie o Plasmodll'- -- F'enMlr "ri 1phrlr After several generations of erythrocytic sch'1zogonY. s
;e~01te s become differentiated into microgametocytes (male gametocytes) and macrogarnet~;llle
a1:: : gametocyte). When the mosquito bites the infected man, they enter i~s mouth and reach the es
g al th blood meal. These gametocytes produce male and female gametes m the stomach of mosqu'!Ut t
Th e m e and female g t 1 o.
.. . ame es fuse to form zygote.
~er f~rtilisation, the zygote grows into diploid vermiform ookinete, which penetrates in the Wall f
s .oma~ and fom1s oocyst. The oocyst produces sporozoites which are released in the haemocoeJ of ti
.mosquito antl reach into the salivary gland and make the mosquito infectious. e
(/)JAcad.t} ~ n m A :

1
· The symptoms of malarial fever appear about 14 days after the infectious bite .
.... Ep~ly symptoms include slight sleeplessness, yawning, tiredness, headache, less appetite and muscular
am.
3· Before fever the patient feels chilliness or cold at the extremities. It is followed by rise in the bod
temperature which may reach 106°F at the maximum height of fever.
4. After heavy sweating temperature drops to 98.4 °F.
5. It is a cyclic fever.
~ 98.4°F Cold Stage ~
Sweating (Normal) 103°-106°F
S~~ (~S~~ )
(Fever)

Ci,.nflLol:
The control measures can be divided into three types :
1. It can be treated with the help of drugs like Primaquine and Chloroquine phosphate. Most effective is
Daraprim, slow in action but kills the parasite in blood, liver and also in the mosquito that feeds on the
blood of infected person.
2. Prevention of infection like use of mosquito nets, external application of mosquito repellant cream such as
odomos, oil etc. Maintenance of healthy environmental conditions, proper nourishment and proper healt
lessen the chances of the disease.
3 Female anopheles, its larvae and pupae can be destroyed by adopting different methods like sprinkle of oil
or solution of DDT on water, so that larvae and pupae of mosquito may not breathe fresh air and die of
suffocation. Cover the drains or make underground drains to eliminate breeding ground for mosquitoes.
Maintain proper water flow of the drains and water courses by removing slug and aquatic vegetation.
o. Round worm: Disease Caused - Roundworm of scalp in children or Dermatomycosis
c,)Jnnw,u .
1. It is a group of fungal dise~se. Many fungi belon~ing_ to the genera Microsporum, Trichoph~on a~i
Epidennophyton are responsible for roundworm which is one of the most common infectious disease J
man.
2. Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as skin, nails, hair and scalp etc. are the
main symptoms of the disease.
1. These lessens are accompanied by intense itching.
The fine mycelium of the fungus occurs in break in the dermis.
J
72 Blology-12
P'
A
• 8
~"''
(lll~wn11nof
th1• ,r~lp)

1-tq. Hm11\\1H 111 A. H111q\\Cll m of I 111, B ({111,, nnn ,

I' l
C
I,

. iw, " ,.. · , 1 ·, ' "''"' • ' h II po m ,ir1 1 111, 1 l

·nfects
, It 1 hau~
.
where hyphae emerges from the sheath and grow up and down in t hem.
- The hyphae m
the hair put out to the surface fine filaments' on which spores are born.
1
The s~ores are very small and are produced in great numbers. They are readily detached and spread
i,nfeetiOD. ·
Roundwonns are generally acquired from soil or by using towels clothes or even the comb of infected
individuals. '
$,I, 111r-111 JA 0u 1/);'u)nl.('

nnea Ba~bae is an infection of the beard hair. It is predominantly a disease of men who live in rural areas
and acqmre the fungus from infected animals.
Tinea Capitis is an infection of the scalp hair. It is characterised by loss of hair, inflammation and scaling·
This fungus also occurs in domestic animals, from whom it can be transmitted to children.
~ Tinea Ungium is a dennatophytic infection of disease in nail bed. In this disease, the nail becomes yellow
and brittle. The nail plates rises and separates from the nail bed.
Tinea Corporis is an infection of the smooth or bare parts of the skin. The disease is characterised by red,
circular, scaly pustular lessens that are well-demarcated. These are accompained by itching.
j Tinea pedis and Tinea manuum are dermatophytic infections of the feet and hands' respectively. Clinical
symptoms vary from a fine scale to a vesiculopustular eruption. They are most commonly found in adults
and increase in frequency with age. It is also called Athlete's foot.
Co1i1A.o1:
1. Washing of hands with germicidal soaps.
2 Personal cleanliness is most essential.
3. Hair should be kept clean by frequent washing and regular combing.
'i Adaily bath regularly keeps the skin clean and free of germs .

. Use of disinfectants for killing the various pathogenic microbes, which may otherwise find their entry in
body e.g. lysol, cresol, phenol etc.

~ . Voce
0. r~ame the organism which causes the disease 0. l'llme the organism which-causes the d'sease
ascariasis 1 r" "':_ .
Ascaris lumbricoides Entamoeba histolytica
8. ,L_ .. ·s techni,al 1.erm for fungal diseases? 0. \.UI 1.r

Mycoses Oil of Chenopodium, Alcopar, Dewonnis, Zenlet,

e. me the fungi wt-i--:h ,., •. ~ .... •i'1gl"'r Mehak, etc.
These fungi are Microsporum, Epidermophyton i). rt": lilt: I';.\ mntom O • d'iic;?

and Trichophyton. Abdominal discomfort, colic pain due to

a. hat 1s the source of infection of amoebiac;is? obstruction of large intestine by worms, diarrhoea,
vomiting.
Amoebiasis is a water borne disease i.e., it spreads
through contaminated water. Q. wn t I the sourc ot inf ction of ac;cariasi5
73 Blology-U
 (i) Eating of conta minat ed food
(ii) Habit of eating soil by childr en
0. Name prima ry and ~econ dilry hoo;t
r1odium \ ivax.
'
Its prima ry host is male and secondary host is
female anoph eles mosquito.
00. Name the p,ttho gen which c.iuse s amoe bic
dystn tc') .
rt is cause d by Entam oeba histolytica.
00. Nam ti .. patho gen and\ , ,,,. <'f m,ilar id.
Path,"'Q_en-Plasmodium, Vector-Female anopheles
IDOSl.}UltO.
00. ~ ari,,;. ' · o L '"'ter'" '
Asc_artas~ c~ best be treate d by administering
anti-h elmin thic drugs such as oil of Chenopodium,
Alcop ar, Bende x, Dewormis, Mebex, Wormin,
Zenta l etc.
08. \ here does the sexua l repro ductio n occur
Plasr r _. . n? in
It occur s in the gut of the female anopheles. The
game tocyt es are sucked, when the female
anoph eles bites a perso n, suffering from malaria.
00. \' ha• ·_ "' ~ cg~ e .. c paras ite?
A paras ite havin g single host life cycle.
00. Wh,t jr ,jjl'fonP tic" lifr f\fcle?
The life cycle of a paras ite which completes in two
of
hosts.
oo. what ,ro th" .. ,,mp•nm-- ' l ' /\mol\ hi lSi.:.?
Passing of mucus and blood along with the stools
gripping pain, nause a and fever. ·
OP. N==1mf tht-. othPr ant.i-m al Hldl drugs .
Paludrine, primaquin, chloroquinine, camoquin and
camoprima.
00. What ,s derma tophy tes?
It is a group of artificial fungi which cause diseases
to skin, hair and nails, etc.
00. What are fungi imper fecti?
These fungi are chara cteris ed by the absence of
sexual reprod uction and mainly reproduce
asexually by conidia.
80. What is the most impo rtant diagnostic feature
Entamoeba histolytica?
It has a single pseudopodium.
80. Name the infective stage of malarial pathogen.
Sporo zoites These are releas ed in the blood by
biting of female anoph eles mosquito.

l:J!· Ecological Adaptations-Xeric ,,,,..

Ther e are organ isms which grow or live in the place s
which are chara cteris ed by extrem ely dry air, high
temp eratu re, much sunsh ine, frequ ent winds and few cloud
s. In additi on, the soil is sandy, porou s and dry
with scant y moist ure. The rainfa ll is also very little. Such
an envir onme nt is called Xeric, e.g., Deser ts. The
flora and fauna of such place s are quite differ ent, with
percu liar adapt ation s eithe r to conse rve water or to
avoid loss of wate r from their bodie s.

fZ,@(WNtii@ J
tli.m : To study two plant s and two anima ls found in Xeric condi
tions. Comm ent upon their morphological
adapt ation s.
~ lul.q.u.iJuu/ :Livin g or prese rved speci mens or chart s of Acacia, Opun tia,
Came l, Chameleon.
o)JtDa.d.alui : Obse rve the provi ded mode ls/cha rts of aquat ic plant
s and anima ls
carefu lly. Draw their neat and well labell ed diagr ams.
Note down their exter nal
adapt ive featu res using the guide lines given below :
(A) To study the morp holo gical adap tatio ns in Xerophyti
c plant s
1. Acr1c1a arab1 cd (BdbooJ or .11JKar)
. - .....
(i) It is a droug ht endu ring xerop hyte.
(ii) The older parts of the stem are cover ed by thick
(iii) Leav es are bipin nate, pinnu les small in size.
brown -cork y bark.
Stipular 13
spine
Stem
~•::ir
(iv) Deep -feed er exten sive root system . Fil{. Acacia showing st oul c1 ,es,
small leaflets and hairy rachis
74 Blology -12
 (v) The stipules are rnodified 1
(vi)Young stem grey, Partial! nto spines to reduce transpiration and prevent grazing.
(vii) Stem contains gurn fi Yc~vered with hair.
s or retamin
(viii) Small size pinnules red 9 Water and see ling place of injury.
l T 11 1 lh , l\J l )h, 1
, uce chances of drought and heat neurosis.
(i) It is a wild and cultivated shrub
(ii) It is succulent or drou h ·
wild and arid areas. g t re 5 isttng xerophyte, which grows in
(iiil The stem is jointed, flatte Spine-\J Areole
is green and takes over th n~ and green called ph llcll,'adc~ . It Bristles;p
{iv) The stem possess e nction of photosynthesis. Scar of
retaining water. es ahu ndant mucilage, which helps in fallen scale

(v) The leaves are cadu

fonnation to reduce tracous: T?ey fall down soon after their
nsp1ration
(ri) Phylloclades bear sever
1 ·
one or more spines ~. nodes or areoles. The areol~s have Fig. Shoot of Opuntia sh(J ., ,
branches. ' w ich represent the leaves of axillary phyllocfadrs

~~~
.
{vii) Presence of bristles or hard ene d hair.
{viii) Thick cuticle, sunken stomata .
. , presence of mucilage.
(ix) Besides, there are a numb fb .
. er o nstles to reduce transpiration
an d preven t grazmg.
{x) Cuticle is thick.
,.;,v ,
J. ~alatro01s ~<:) _M .... _, .
...._..:!fJ'
(i) The plant is a wild, drought enduring shrub of arid areas. Ftg. Calatropis

(ii) Plant parts contain a milky latex which retains water strongly.
{iii) Plant parts are covered with a white powder.
(iv) Leaves are thick and leathery.
(v) Thick cuticle, sunken stomata and extensive root system .
.., Aloe
(i) Leaves are fleshy due to the presence of mucilage and latex.
(ii) Leaves are shining indicating a thick wax deposition on them.
(iii) Leaf margin is spiny. Fig. Aloe
'2uuu . Xerophytes have adapted to the xeric conditions by increasing absorption of water, hoarding of
~ater or conservation of water by reducing transpiration. ·
(B) To study the morphological adaptations in animals in Xeric conditions
l. ,a.ffi~)us (C;pni=>l I Muscular Large eye
nostrils lashes
(i) It is a xerocoles animal adapted to the desert conditions.
(ti) U is able to tolerate wide range of temperature
fluctuations and is able to maintain blood moisture even
durtng hot period.
(iii) It excretes concentrated urine and can with sta
nd
dehydration upto 25% of its body weight.
(iv) The limbs are didactylous with a large pad, which
· d dy ground
enables the animal to walk on soft an san ·
(v) Eyes and nostrils bear heavy fringe of hairs to protect
them from sand particles. Fig. Camel Adapted to desert conditio11'i
75 Blolon-U
 speeds heat flow away from the
(vi) It accumulates its fat in the hump rather than all over the body. Thi s
body and its thick coat prevents the flow of heat inwards to the body. d abl •t to mo
h 1 d on san en e 1 ve on
(vii) Its feet have two toes each with fleshy pad below which spread t e oa '
hot and slippery sand. h· h b 1 d
(viii) Its slender snout bears a cleft upper lip, long eye lashes and muscular noS t rils, w IC can e c ose
for protection from wind blown sand. d •
. ) . all its body in tissues an not m a
(IX The water which the camel drinks is evenly distributed over d
specific pocket or organ. Thus, the camel can survive without water for many ays.
2. Ch
(i) It is a reptile similar to the lizard, commonly found in desert. . .
(ii) lwo fingers of its leg oppose the other three, and this lets the chameleon achieve a great gnppmg
power. Trunk covered with
(iii) It possesses stick like legs and long tail that is almost a fifth Tongue dry epidermal scales
limb.
(iv) Its one foot long tongue is normally rolled-up as a tape and
kept inside its mouth. The chameleon shoots this tongue out
at its prey.
(v) Its eyes can move in all directions and each eye can see,
independent of the other. The chameleon can look in front
with its right eye and look behind with its left eye at the
same time.
(vi) Its body is covered with dry epidermal scales, which prevent
water loss from its body surface. Fig. Chameleon
(vii) It can change its skin colour according to its surroundings
i.e., it can camouflage. This provides protection against
predators.
. r r1Jqc-
(i) It is found in wild, dry sandy and rocky area.
(ii) It is 8-10 min length and 15-20 cm in breadth.
(iii) Body is circular, grey brown in colour with red and black spots. Fig. Python
(iv) Prey is swallowed, after crusing action of body coiling.
(v) Head is distinct.
4. He 1.. o <Pe nischnus Collaris)
(i) It is a very common animal found in deserts of Rajasthan.
(ii) It is a nocturnal animal and lives in underground tunnels during
daytime.
(iii) Body is almost globular, 20-25 cm in length.
Fig. Hedgehog
(iv) The limbs are short and thin. All the digits are clawed.
n 11/I Desert animals have to face high temperature during day and low temperature at night as well as
the scarcity of water. To be successful under these conditions, they have adapted to regulate their body
temperature and to conserve the water. They undergo hibernation and aestivation.

76 Blology-12
 o. r ..impte of x tn11h l
.)
~a·m~oce
cartus (opuntia , Asparagus, Austntll\nn A I ri and
lwo fingers of Its leg oppose the other three, in
Ruse Us · I ftr. 0, this lnts tho r.hamelcon achieve a great g PP g
v,1' \ mo, pholl' ll ti powf'!r.
9. th •1.utt,,
.. h, flf Of) Wh t f ,Ir u •t ,1 ri I P

small size bushes, slim bodu st • These are non-sur:cu 1ent xerop hytcs which endure
.
J• em covered With
t,ark or green or reduced leaves small red d drought due to their morphologtcaJ, anatom1ca1
·
spiny or fl eshy or form phyll · d , uce or and physiological adaptat.lons.
hed d t .
branc . an ex ens1vely developed.
o e, root-long CM), 1 1 ,lytPS .
th I The plants which have adaptations to xenc (dry)
e. ~ ll"· h\ 1• .,, LLI. '--l .. 1.dracters of habitats are called xerophytes.
Thick cuticle, multilayered epidenn· k 00. "lh,l'r u h rh l ·ist1c, of d rt
stoma ta, extens1ve . sclerenchy m t 1s, sun . en Habit of Burrowing, grey colour body, regu~ate
~ . . a ous tissue,
palisade ts many layered thick, xylem is well body temperature by sweating, _evaporation,
developed, presence of mucilage gums , resinan d nocturnal, skin dry impervious and discharge dry
tannins . etc. , urine.
c,. .., .:. - .eaves modified into spines in 00. or .1ov11 ton~ can a camel survive itho t f
, 1. ,•ic -1.,. .s- and• ,,tte ·?
The le~ves are tnodified into spines in xerophytic The camel can survive without food and water for
plants m order to reduce the transpiratory surface. as long as 1O days at a stretch. This feature helps
0. , ,, <1t "'1€ x1::nc h~oitats? it to survive in deserts where food and drink are
scarce.
The habitats, where soil does not contain much
water and the environmental conditions are arid. oo. Which features of camel's body enable it to
survive in sand'✓ areas'
o. ,, -:1 ... c-1 o. e special feature of camel which
o"::ib es \ c SUI"' h. e in water-deficient areas. The limbs of camel are didactylous (only two digits
in each limb) with a large pad which enables it to
The camel perspires very little and its breathing walk on soft and sandy ground. Also, the eyes and
rhythm is always slow. This feature of camel nostrils bear heavy fringe of hairs to protect them
enables it to survive in water-deficient areas. from 5and particles.
o. ~a~ a e Po11dlothermal or Exothermis? 00. Which adaptation of .he chameleon enables it to
These are the cold blooded animals in which body protect itself from its enemies as \' ell as help it
temperature varies with the environmental to catch its prei· ver· e:::is·~--...
conditions. They regulate their body temperature The chameleon can change its skin colour
by various means.
according to its surroundings i.e., it can
0. Defi11e hibe1 nation ;\nd aestivation. camouflage. This adaptation of the chameleon
These are adaptations to low and high enables it to protect itself from its enemies as well
temperature. Hibernation is winter sleep while as helps it to catch its prey very easily.
aestivation is summer sleep. 00. What ar~ th_ {.. au.... s r-· -s"'--~· ... plants ,e ·c
0. ..,e, , c .,, rurnlt'S habitatfor hPD ."' -. s"-r_ tn•?
The animals which live in dry or xeric habitats are (i) Leaves reduced, modified into spines.
called xerocoles. (ii) Leaves covered with dense hairs shiny surlace.
00. c:1 C :1 l a~c u· rhP av'"is of c.h lmPlPon .. (iii) Leaves needle-like, thick cuticle.
The chameleon can look in front with its right eye 00. Whdl J':. ... s;. .... .,io ...... 1. .......... ,.,~ulent lr , and
and look behind with its left eye at the same time. t'.'lm for vc11h, ... ir clant?
Also, its eyes can move in all directions. Succulent leaves contain mucilage to bind and
store water, become thick and fleshy.
00. -~ .. .......w, ~ "'l1ulfo;;(-.JI , .. ~Ii,, ,.. .,(, dChieve a
UI

-> ~at gripping power 7

Tl Blology-12
 GJ.. Ecological Adaptations - ffydric ,,,.
The environment in which organisms live is dynamic and goes on changing. The orga~sms muS t change
according to the changing environment otherwise they may not survive. The orga~1sms have become
adapted morphologically, structurally and physiologically to the environment in which they grow a nd
flourish, i.e., Habitat.
These useful inheritable variations in fonn, function and behaviour which help an organism to adj_ust well in
the environment are called adaptations. A group of organisms living under the same set of environmental
conditions is called Ecological group.

"",'·i&,",rna@J
aim : To study two plants and two animals found in aquatic conditions and comment upon their
morphological adaptations.
?}lc""-,.;,._1.:i ,fl.,, quiJuul: Living or preserved specimens or charts of Hydrilla, Nelumbo (Lotus), Labeo
rohita, Scoliodon, note- book, pencil, etc.
dJ/tJJudu.lu.. • Observe the provided models/charts of aquatic plants and animals carefully. Draw the·
neat and well labelled diagrams. Note-down their external adaptive features using the guidelines given
below:
(A) To Study the morphological adaptations in aquatic plants
1. f-lydnlla
(i) It is a submerged hydrophyte found attached to the
substratum by adventitious roots in freshwater ponds.
(ii) It is found in shallow freshwater of pools, lakes, ponds,
tanks, etc.
===
===/ Water

(ill) The stem is soft and slender and bears thin and
-Z:
membranous leaves in whorls of 3-8. It limps when
taken out of water showing the absence of any
orls of
mechanical tissue. merged
(iv) The shape of the leaves help the plant to stand strong eaves
water currents.
Roots
(v) The leaves are arranged in such a way as to provide
least resistance to the flow of water. They lack cuticle Fig. Hydril/a (A submerged hydrophyteJ
and stomata.
(vi) The whole plant is covered by mucilage. It prevents
epiphytic growth and protects the plant against the
rotting effect of water.
2. Neh.1" .... ,_rt, '>)
(i) The plants are perennial and are anchored hydrophytes
which usually grow in shallow water.
Petiole
(ii) The plant bears large and flat leaves.
__ Rhizome
(iii) It floats on the surface of water.
(iv) Some of the mature leaves come out of water.
(v) Air spaces in petiole and lamina.
(vi) The petioles are long, slender and spongy. - ~=~~...:.
--------------------
-: Adventitious
roots

Fig. Net umbo (Lotus)

78 Bloloff-U
 (vii) The leaves have cuticle and t
. of wax is
•") A coating s omata on the
· upper surface.
(VOi stomata by water. Present on the upper surface of the leaves to avoid wetting and clogging of
s
th
(iX) The fruits consi \ of fleshy alamus With embedded that achenos, are dispersed in water.
1 ) ro study the morphologic I d .
0 0
,B
[.
. . (Cdrp)
,bPo ron1ta aptatrons In aquatic animals
(i} It is a freshwater bony fi h d
1
. about me tre in
.. It is s anandisWei
. length hs k known as Carp in English and Rohu in Hindi.
commonly
(u)
('ii) It has a streamlined b d g 4 g. Dorsal fin
l o y. This body
least resistance to motion in water. sh ff
ape o ers Scales
Ey,
(iv) It possesses fins that help in . .
swimming
(v) It is covered With overlapping cycloi'd sc.al caudal
I h . bl d es. fin
(vi) t as air a der or SWim bladder h' h . ,
buoyancy. , w 1c mamtams
(vii) Its internal pressure balances th t 'd
. e ou s1 e pressure . fin Pectorl fin
Ventral fin Pelvic
oflf tuwatti~r. ~•s adaptation helps to meet any
uc a ons lil pressure. Fig. Labeo rohita (Rohu) (Bony fish)

(viii) Its eyes have well developed nictitating membrane to prevent the entry of water into eyes.
(ix) It has two nostrils, which are housed internally.
(x) Mouth is located at the anterior end With an upper and a lower jaw bearing sharp teeth.
(xi) It possesses gills as organs of respiration for the exchange of gases in water.
(xii) Large eyes are present but it has no eyelids.
(xiii) A peculiar system of sense organs, the lateral line system is present. It helps the fish to receive
information from the surroundings.
(xiv) One pair of pectoral fins, one pair of pelvic fins and three or four unpaired (median) fins are present.
The fins help in balancing and also in locomotion in water.
(xv) The tail or the caudal fin is used as a rudder i.e., to change direction.
(xvi) Due to high concentration of salts in the sea than in blood, it loses water by osmosis and actively
transports salts out of body. The kidneys excrete only small quantities of highly concentrated urine,
thus they conserve water in bodies.
2. Scoliodon (Dog-fish)
{i) The body is spindle-shaped, elongated and laterally compressed.
(ii) It is made up of cartilages and possesses a pair of spiracles and five gill slits.
(iii) Locomotion is made possible with the help of a pair of pectoral fins, one caudal fin, one ventral fin, a
pair of pelvic fin, and two median dorsal fins.
(iv) Numerous dennal placoid scales are embedded in the spin, which form the exoskeleton of the fish.
The scales protect the fish.
First dorsal fin Ampallary

Second dorsal fin

Nostril
Mouth

Gill slits
fig. Sculioc/11,1 (l)og fis/1)

79 Blology-12
 o. G "t. sl1m Clf h\ d 1"Ph\flP'i
pl 00. Wht.1t r< th id pttvP. fec1tures in hydrophytes
Eichhomia Nclumbo (Lotus), Hydrilla, Vallisneria, rlirnt d illf .
Nymphaea (\\dter lily), etc. The adaptive features in hydrophytes are aimed ~t
e. t ·s t ndw11 of Nenchyma in hydro- buoyancy in water and prevention of decay m
water.
r' "
Aerenchyma stores air, which is utilised by tho 00. ":f are the large tunnels and hot present in
plant. tissues in metabolism. -·, r .J - ♦ ';! ms ,•Ir L ,-'.,.~-i.,,,tr.,c;?
I

o. tht' main Plv, if hy iI nrli•i n.. Large tunnels and holes are present in leaves and
Poor o"'·ygen contents, low light intensity, low stems of hydrophytes to make the plant buoyant
temperature and excess of water. so that it can float in water. Also, they h~lp. to
a. t h, ~roph~u:::,
store gases such as oxygen and carb~n _dioxide
from air which can be utilized for respiration and
The plants that grow in abundance of water are
photosynthesis respectively.
called hydrophytes.
oo. Why d __ n_ ""Jcme.~~d . ...,drophytes possess
0. nat are tht:- 1110 n stresses faced by the
sm,-. ll lend Pr leo ,~ -
hyd ophytes?
Small slender leaves help the suhme -&,_
Abundance of water, deficiency of light and oxygen hydrophytes to stand the strong water curre .._,
and tearing and decaying effect of water. which may tear the leaves, if they are broad.
0. What are c. ,_._ ..,i___ aJdiltat1ons of water
00. Whataretheaquaticada"'~ a~ ; "a · ;3·s.
plants?
Presence of streamlined bodies, forelimbs,
Presence of abundant aerenchyma, absence of modified fins, presence of webbed toes, presence
mechanical tissue- sclerenchyma, poorly of gills or breathing organs, slimy skin, presence of
developed xylem etc.
scales, powerful muscles, swim bladder,
O. Name the differen -oes of hydrophytes. subcutaneous fat, etc.
(i) Floating hydrophytes.
00. Why do the floating h 7 Jrophytes possess broad
(ii) Floating leaves' anchored hydrophytes.
leaves?
(ill) Suspended hydrophytes.
Broad leaves help the floating hydrophytes to fl.oat
(iv) Submerged anchored hydrophytes
on the surface of water.
0. Norm~ d free-,t,..,a .... ; 1'1.JC. c..,111~ 1.e
00. Give three aaapu.c ,l:!atures of water hyacinth
Eichhornia suitable to ac 1 • • •!•c:i
o. ny do the submerged hydrophytes possess an (i) Spongy offset stem
oily coat on the surf;u•p -f ... Li:ij- •-;ne-' (ii) Petiol swollen, inflated
The submerged hydrophytes possess an oily coat (iii) Presence of root pockets
on the surface of their leaves to prevent their
00. ,,., !~ 1_. "'" _. .. J, ..au U'lw'l. •,:;,:;11 iissues in
decay under-water. la,,.._ ..
DC!>. n • deep sea fish. The aquatic plants store air, to become light,
Angler fish. spongy and buoyant, so that they can easily float
00. special adaptations in deep sea on the surface of water.
80. \IQIIIC I.II\; I a1.u1 5 hat helps d f qu tic
Body is small in size, compressed and flattened, ,ii
presence of bioluminescence, high rate of (i) Streamlined body
reproduction, scales absent, pectoral and caudal (ii) Loss of external ears
fins absent due to low mobility. (iii) Presence of eye protecting nictitating
00. t I n l dC1 r 111 1 h membrane.
f I 1 (iv) Webbed feet
The swim bladder stores air which helps the fish to (v) Disappearance of neck - constriction
stay in water at a required depth without spending (vi) Shiny body due to mucous glands.
energy.