Vapor Pressure

Rate of vaporization = Rate of condensation

The pressure exerted by a vapor in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid is called the vapor pressure.

Et2O (volatile) C6H6 H2O C6H5CH3

C6H5NH2
(non
volatile)
An Equation for Vapor Pressure: Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

ln P = –A (1/T ) + B
Intermolecular Forces and Some Properties of Liquids
Vapor Pressure increases with decreased strength of
intermolecular forces—the kinetic energy needed to
overcome intermolecular forces of attraction is less, and more
molecules have enough energy to escape.
Surface Tension

Surface tension is the energy needed to increase the surface

area of the liquid. To increase the surface area, it is necessary
to pull molecules apart against the intermolecular forces of
attraction.
Viscosity

A liquid’s resistance to flow.

The stronger the intermolecular forces of attraction, the greater
the viscosity.
When a liquid flows, one portion of the liquid moves with
respect to neighboring portions.
Cohesive forces within the liquid create an internal friction,
which reduces the rate of flow.

Cohesive Forces
Intermolecular forces between like molecules.
Adhesive Forces
Intermolecular forces between unlike molecules.
Ionic Solid is a solid that consists of cations and anions held together
by ionic bonds. KCl, NaBr etc.
Melting point of ionic solids depends on their Lattice Energies.
Lattice energy: Energy given off when separated gaseous ions- positive
and negative- come together to form one mole of a solid ionic
compounds.
Lattice energy increases with magnitude of charges on ions and
decreases with increasing size of ions.

Lower Lattice Energy Higher Lattice Energy

m.p = 801 oC m.p = 2800 oC
Covalent Network Solid is a solid that consists of atoms held
together in large networks or chains by covalent bonds.
Diamond and graphite

Covalent network solids have very high melting points.

For diamond 3550 oC

 SOLIDS

Crystal Solids Amorphous Solids

consist of regular arrangement (noncrystal solids)
of repeating three dimensional units
These repeating units are called
Unit cells.
Number of atoms per unit cell
Simple cubic: 8 corners x 1/8 atom = 1 atom
Body-centered cubic: 8 corners x 1/8 atom + the central atom = 2 atoms
Face-centered cubic: 8 corners x 1/8 atom + 6 faces x 1/2 atom = 4 atoms