Air hydrodynamic drag force

1 x-y-equations
Derivation of the parametric equations for a sphere fired into
still air, with consideration of the hydrodynamic drag force

2 Ball fired
System of equations for finite differences

3 Projectile trajectory
Application to hit a desired point in x-y plane

4 Parashute
Application to a parashute.
Terminal velocity obtained, 6.2 m/s
(Using Matlab)
07.10.2020
1. Parametric equations of a rigid sphere fired into still air
Force o
The derivation is for the case of a rigid sphere F g= m
y Air resi
Direction of displacement
F a = A⋅

∑ F =m

Vertical displacement Horizontal displacement

in up direction
x

x Dividing equation
Horizontal displacement
F g =m⋅g Not applicable (a ) ρa
m⋅a x + A⋅C dx⋅ ⋅
Air resistance, in the oposite 2
direction of the velocity by the mass, one
ρa 2 A ρa 2
F x=− A⋅C dx⋅ ⋅v x (b ) a x + ⋅C x⋅ ⋅v x =
2 m 2
d
Second Newton law replacing a x =
d
∑ F x=m⋅a x dv x A ρa
F x =m⋅a x + ⋅C ⋅ ⋅v
dt m dx 2
 d
Second Newton law replacing a x =
d
∑ F x=m⋅a x dv x A ρa
F x =m⋅a x + ⋅C ⋅ ⋅v
dt m dx 2
ρa 2
-A⋅C dx⋅ ⋅v x =m⋅ax (c )
2
ρa 2
m⋅a x +A⋅C dx⋅ ⋅v x=0 (d )
2 Microsoft Equation
3.0

( )
replacing equation dv x 3 C dx ρ a 2
A 3 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅v x =
= (g) dt 8 r ρs
m ρ s⋅4⋅r
defining
in equation
3 C dx ρa
dv x A ρa 2 K x= ⋅ ⋅
+ ⋅C dx⋅ ⋅v x =0 (f ) 8 r ρs
dt m 2 and replacing Ec .( j)
dv x 3 ρa 2 dv x
+ ⋅C ⋅ ⋅v =0 (h ) +K x⋅v 2x =0
dt ρ s⋅4⋅r dx 2 x dt
dv x
Microsoft Equation
=− K x⋅v2x
dt
3.0

Vertical up displacement y
Dividing equation (d
Force of gravity ρa
F g =−m⋅g ( a) m⋅a y + A⋅C dy⋅ ⋅v y⋅|v
2
Vertical up displacement y
Dividing equation (d
Force of gravity ρa
F g =−m⋅g ( a) m⋅a y + A⋅C dy⋅ ⋅v y⋅|v
2
Air resistance by the mass, one obtai
ρa 2 ρa
F a =− A⋅C dy⋅ ⋅v y (b ) A
2 a y + ⋅C dy⋅ ⋅v y⋅|v y|+
m 2
Second Newton law dv y
∑ F y=m⋅a y replacing a y =
dt
F g + F a=m⋅a y dv y A ρa
ρ + ⋅Cdy⋅ ⋅v y⋅|v
-m⋅g-A⋅C dy⋅ a ⋅v 2y =m⋅a y ( c) dt m 2
2
ρa
m⋅a y +A⋅C dy⋅ ⋅v y⋅|v y|+ m⋅g=0 (d )
2 Microsoft Equation
3.0

replacing equation
A 3
=
m ρ s⋅4⋅r
(g ) dt (
dv y 3 C
+ ⋅
8 r
defining
in equation 3 C dy
dv y A ρa K y= ⋅
+ ⋅C ⋅ ⋅v ⋅|v |+g=0 (f ) 8 r
dt m dy 2 y y and replacin
dv y 3 ρa dv y
+ ⋅C ⋅ ⋅v ⋅|v |+g=0 ( h) +K y⋅v
dt ρ s⋅4⋅r dy 2 y y dt
dv y
=−g−
Microsoft Equation
3.0

dt
 dv y
=−g−
dt

3 Cdy ρa dv y dv y
K y= ⋅ ⋅ ( j' ) =−g−K y⋅v y⋅|v y| ( m' ) +K
8 r ρs dt dt

Horizontal displacement
v x =v x0+ a x⋅t
dv x
=− K x⋅v2x (m) a x =− K x⋅v x
2
dt
3 C dx ρa 3 C dx ρa
K x= ⋅ ⋅ ( j) K x= ⋅ ⋅
8 r ρs 8 r ρs
Vertical displacement v x =v x0− K x⋅v 2x⋅t
dv y v x =v x0− K x⋅v x⋅|v x|⋅t
=−g−K y⋅v y⋅|v y| (m' )
dt
3 C dy ρa
K y= ⋅ ⋅ ( j' )
8 r ρs v x =v x0− K x⋅v x⋅|v x|⋅t
Microsoft Equation
3.0
 m:mass of sphere [ kg ]
Force of gravity A:proyected surface area
F g = m⋅g of sphere [ m² ]
C d : drag coefficient [−]
Air resistance
ρa : air density [ kg/m 3 ]
ρa 2
F a = A⋅C d⋅ ⋅v ρ s : sphere density [ kg/m3 ]
2 v: velocity [ m/s ]
∑ F =m⋅a Microsoft Equation
3.0
a: acceleration [ m/s² ]
r:radius of sphere [ m] Microsoft Equation
3.0

viding equation (d ) evaluating the

ρa 2 ratio A/m for
⋅a x + A⋅C dx⋅ ⋅v x =0
2 the case of a sphere,
the mass, one obtains A π⋅r 2
A ρa 2 = 4
+ ⋅C x⋅ ⋅v x =0 (d ) m ρ s⋅ ⋅π⋅r 3
3
m 2
dv x A 3
= ( g)
placing a x = (e ) m ρ s⋅4⋅r
dt
x A ρa 2 Microsoft Equation
3.0

+ ⋅C dx⋅ ⋅v x =0 (f )
m 2
 dv x
placing a x = (e )
dt
x A ρa 2 Microsoft Equation

+ ⋅C dx⋅ ⋅v x =0 (f )
3.0

m 2 where rs is the density of the sphere

Microsoft Equation
3.0

3 C dx ρ a 2
⋅ ⋅ ⋅v x =0
8 r ρs ) (i)
dv x
dt
+ K x⋅v 2x =0 (k)

ng 3 Cdx ρa
K x= ⋅ ⋅ ( j)
C dx ρa 8 r ρs
⋅ ⋅ ( j)
r ρs
placing Ec .( j) into Ec . (i )
K x⋅v 2x =0 (k )

− K x⋅v2x (m )

Microsoft Equation
3.0

g equation (d ) evaluating
ρa A π⋅r 2
A⋅C dy⋅ ⋅v y⋅|v y|+ m⋅g=0 = 4
2 3
g equation (d ) evaluating
ρa A π⋅r 2
A⋅C dy⋅ ⋅v y⋅|v y|+ m⋅g=0 = 4
2 m ρ s⋅3 ⋅π⋅r 3
mass, one obtains
ρa A 3
= ( g)
C dy⋅ ⋅v y⋅|v y|+g=0 (d ) m ρ s⋅4⋅r
2
dv y Microsoft Equation
3.0

g a y= (e )
dt
ρa
⋅Cdy⋅ ⋅v y⋅|v y|+g=0 (f )
2
Microsoft Equation
3.0

dt (
dv y 3 C dy ρ a
8 r ρs )
+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅v y⋅|v y|+g=0 ( i')

defining
3 C dy ρa
K y= ⋅ ⋅ ( j')
8 r ρs
and replacing Ec .( j) into Ec . (i )
dv y
+K y⋅v y⋅|v y|+g=0 (k')
dt
dv y
=−g−K y⋅v y⋅|v y| (m' )
dt Microsoft Equation
3.0
 dv y
=−g−K y⋅v y⋅|v y| (m' )
dt Microsoft Equation
3.0

dv y
dt
+ K y⋅v y⋅|v y|+ g=0 ( k' )
dv y
dt
3 C ρ
=−g− ⋅ dy⋅ a ⋅v y⋅|v y|
8 r ρs ( ) (

x⋅t v y =v y0+ a y⋅t

2 2
⋅v x a y =−g− K y⋅v y
x ρa 3 C dy ρa
⋅ K y= ⋅ ⋅
ρs 8 r ρs
K x⋅v 2x⋅t v y =v y0−( g+ K y⋅v 2y )⋅t
K x⋅v x⋅|v x|⋅t (q )
v y =v y0−( g+ K y⋅v y⋅|v y|)⋅t (r )
Microsoft Equation
3.0

Microsoft Equation
3.0

K x⋅v x⋅|v x|⋅t (q) v y =v y0−( g+ K y⋅v y⋅|v y|)⋅t (r)

System of two non linear second order ODEs

y" = -g -C * y' * abs(y') (m`)
x" = - Kx * (x')^2 (m)
1 of 6

2 of 6
f the sphere

3 of 6

4 od 6
( g)

5 of 6
)
⋅v y⋅|v y| ( p)

6 of 6

(r)
 2. Sphere fired into the air
Initial horizontal velocity Air temperature
Ball diameter (1) vx0= v*cos (b) tair =
d= 4.267 cm v0 = 50 m/s Air properties
d= 0.04267 m b= 1.16 rad Kinemativ viscosity
Ball mass vx0= 20.0 m/s kinVisc =
m= 45.93 g kinVisc =
m= 0.04593 kg Initial verticall velocity Air density (m3/kg)
Initial velocity vy0= v*sin (b) ra =
v0 = 50 m/s v0 = 50 m/s ra =
Angle b= 1.159 rad
b= 66.42182 º vy0= 45.8 m/s Reynolds number at tim
b= 1.159 rad Horizontal movement
Acceleration of gravity Frontal area Rex_,t =
g= 9.81 m/s² A= (p/4) * d^2 Vertical movement
d= 0.04267 m Rey_,t =
A= 0.00143 m²

(1) a golf ball is used in the example

System of equations for finite differences

Horizontal velocity (t <> 0)

1 vx_t = vx_t-1 - Cx_t-1 * vx_t-12 * (tt - tt-1)
Drag coefficient in horizontal displacement
2 Cx_t = (A/m) *(Particle_Drag_Coefficient_CD_Re(abs(v x_t-1) * d /kinVisc))*ra/2
Horizontal space
3 sx_t = sx_t-1 + vx_t * (tt - tt-1)
Vertical velocity (t<>0)
4 vy_t = vy_t-1 - (Cy_t-1 * vy_t-1*abs(vy_t-1) +g) )* (tt - tt-1)
 Vertical space
5 sy_t = sy_t-1 + vy_t * (tt - tt-1)
Drag coefficient in vertical displacement
6 Cy_t = (A/m) *(Particle_Drag_Coefficient_CD_Re(abs(v y_t-1) * d /kinVisc))*ra/2

Horizontal displacement Vertical displacement

Ec. 1 Ec. 2 Ec. 3 Ec. 4 Ec. 5 Ec. 6
t vx cx sx t vy sy cy
0 20.00 0 0 45.83 0 1/m
0.2
0.4 #VALUE!
#VALUE! ###
###
### #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.2
0.4 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! ###
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0.6
0.8
1
#VALUE!
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###
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0.6
0.8
1
#VALUE!
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1.2
1.4
1.6
#VALUE!
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#VALUE!
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1.2
1.4
1.6
#VALUE!
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1.8
2
2.2
#VALUE!
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1.8
2
2.2
#VALUE!
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###
###
2.4
2.6 #VALUE!
#VALUE! ### #VALUE!
#VALUE! 2.4
2.6 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! ###
2.8 #VALUE! ### #VALUE! 2.8 #VALUE! #VALUE! ###
3 #VALUE! ### #VALUE! 3 #VALUE! #VALUE! ###
3.2
3.4 #VALUE!
#VALUE! ###
###
### #VALUE!
#VALUE! 3.2
3.4 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! ###
###
###
3.6
3.8
4
#VALUE!
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###
###
#VALUE!
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#VALUE!
3.6
3.8
4
#VALUE!
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#VALUE! ###
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4.2
4.4
4.6
#VALUE!
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#VALUE!
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4.2
4.4
4.6
#VALUE!
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###
4.8
5
5.2
#VALUE!
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#VALUE!
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4.8
5
5.2
#VALUE!
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5.4
5.6
5.8
#VALUE!
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#VALUE!
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5.4
5.6
5.8
#VALUE!
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#VALUE! ###
###
###
6
6.1
6.2
#VALUE!
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###
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
6
6.1
6.2
#VALUE!
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#VALUE!
#VALUE! ###
###
###
6.3
6.4
6.42
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! ###
### #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
6.3
6.4
6.42
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! ###
###
6.425 #VALUE! ### #VALUE! 6.425 #VALUE! #VALUE! ###
6.427 #VALUE! ### #VALUE! 6.427 #VALUE! #VALUE! ###
6.5
6.7
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! ###
### #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
6.5
6.7
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! ###
###
7.8 #VALUE! ### #VALUE! 7.8 #VALUE! #VALUE! ###
8 #VALUE! ### #VALUE! 8 #VALUE! #VALUE! ###

cx,ave = ### cy,ave = ###

vx = f(t)
25.00
 vx = f(t)
25.00

20.00
vx (m/s)

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
t (s)
Air temperature Drag coefficient a sphere (-)
12 ºC Cd = Particle_Drag_Coefficient_CD_Re(Re)
Air properties
Kinemativ viscosity Constant C
AirKinematicViscosity_tC(t) C= A/m*Cd*ra/2
#VALUE! (m²/s) C= (A/m) *(Particle_Drag_Coefficient_CD_Re(abs(v ) * d /kinVisc))*ra/2
Air density (m3/kg) Cx_t = (A/m) *(Particle_Drag_Coefficient_CD_Re(abs(v x_t) * d /kinVisc))*ra/2
AirDensity_tC(t) Cy_t = (A/m) *(Particle_Drag_Coefficient_CD_Re(abs(v y_t) * d /kinVisc))*ra/2
#VALUE! (m3/kg)

Reynolds number at time t v0

Horizontal movement vy,0
vx_t * d / kinVisc β
vx,0
Vertical movement
vy_t * d / kinVisc

v x = v x,0 - a x⋅t
2
a x =C x⋅v x
Ec. 1 2
v x = v x,0 - C x⋅v x⋅t ( x) Microsoft Equation
3.0

Ec. 2
v y = v y,0 - a y⋅t
Ec. 3 a y =(+C y⋅v y⋅abs ( v y ) + g )
Ec. 4 v y = v y,0 - ( C y⋅v y⋅abs ( v y ) +g )⋅t (y) Microsoft Equation
3.0
 a y =(+C y⋅v y⋅abs ( v y ) + g )
v y = v y,0 - ( C y⋅v y⋅abs ( v y ) +g )⋅t (y)

Ec. 5
C= ( A
m
ρ
⋅Cd⋅ a
2 )
Ec. 6

Curve x-y
Ball curve
sx sy 1
0.00 0 0.9
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.8
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.7
#VALUE! #VALUE!
y (m)
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.6

#VALUE! #VALUE! 0.5

Inflection point #VALUE! #VALUE! 0.4

#VALUE! #VALUE! 0.3

#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.2
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0.1
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! Horizontal distance: x (m)
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! 0
#VALUE! #VALUE! 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80

#VALUE! #VALUE!
Ground level #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!

vy = f(t)

50.00

45.00
 vy = f(t)

50.00

45.00

40.00

vy (m/s)
35.00

30.00

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00 t (s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7
 1 of 4

e(abs(v ) * d /kinVisc))*ra/2
e(abs(v x_t) * d /kinVisc))*ra/2
e(abs(v y_t) * d /kinVisc))*ra/2

2 of 4

Microsoft Equation
3.0
 3 of 4
2

Ball curve

zontal distance: x (m)

0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00

4 of 4
6 7 8
3. Projectile trajectory Projectile trajectory with consideration of aerodynam

Velocidad in We want to analyze a case in which the projectile must fall at a horizo
v0 = 50 m(s with an initial velocity "vo" and an angle "b". The velocity of the proje
Ángulo allways the constant value "vo" and only the angle "b" is varied to hi
b= 16.135325 º of 20º is used , which later must be varied so that the projectile hits t
(initially taken as 20º) In the column "x" (the column in red, which shows the horizontal coo
distance value "x" to the desired value. For the value of angle "b" use
which corresponds a value of the height y = 6.89. To obtain that the p
at that distance "x", the height should be y = 0.
The angle "b" that causes the projectile to hit at height y = 0 must be
using the "goal seek" function where the "Set cell" is the cell correspo
must become zero (To value = 0). The value of angle "b" is assignated
The initial velocity is fixed and In Excel go to: Data / What-if analysis / Goal search. The Goal-Seek wi
has a value of 50 m/s.
For angle "b", use
initially a value of 20º
which should be varied
to hit the desired point.

In the solution obtained, with v = 50 m/s, and b = 20º, the projectile hits the ground (level y = 0)
at a distance x = 79.43, that is, at 0.57 m from the desired value. After iteration, the closest value
may be something else.
The process should be repeated until the closest acceptable value is obtained. If greater accuracy
is required, more rows can be added to the table.

To reach a goal above or below the zero level, the same method is used, but the iteration looks
for a height with a value other than zero.
 Projectile trajectory
t x y
1
0 0 0
0.1 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0.9
0.2 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.3 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0.8

0.4 #VALUE! #VALUE!

0.7
0.5 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.6 #VALUE! #VALUE!
y (m)

0.6
0.7 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.5
0.8 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.9 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0.4
1 #VALUE! #VALUE!
1.1 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0.3

1.2 #VALUE! #VALUE!

0.2
1.3 #VALUE! #VALUE!
1.4 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0.1
1.5 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0 Horizontal distance: x (m
1.6 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0
1.7 #VALUE! #VALUE!
1.8 #VALUE! #VALUE!
1.9 #VALUE! #VALUE!
2 #VALUE! #VALUE!
2.1 #VALUE! #VALUE!
2.2 #VALUE! #VALUE!
2.3 #VALUE! #VALUE!
2.4 #VALUE! #VALUE!
2.5 #VALUE! #VALUE!
2.6 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! First try with b = 20º
2.7 #VALUE! #VALUE!
2.8 #VALUE! #VALUE!
2.9 #VALUE! #VALUE!
3 #VALUE! #VALUE!
3.1 #VALUE! #VALUE!
3.2 #VALUE! #VALUE!
3.3 #VALUE! #VALUE!
3.4 #VALUE! #VALUE!
3.5 #VALUE! #VALUE!
3.6 #VALUE! #VALUE!
3.7 #VALUE! #VALUE!
3.8 #VALUE! #VALUE!
3.9 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4.1 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4.2 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4.3 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4.4 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4.5 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4.6 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4.7 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4.8 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4.9 #VALUE! #VALUE!
5 #VALUE! #VALUE!
5.1 #VALUE! #VALUE!
5.2 #VALUE! #VALUE!
5.3 #VALUE! #VALUE!
5.4 #VALUE! #VALUE!
5.5 #VALUE! #VALUE!
5.6 #VALUE! #VALUE!
5.7 #VALUE! #VALUE!
5.8 #VALUE! #VALUE!
5.9 #VALUE! #VALUE!
6 #VALUE! #VALUE!
6.1 #VALUE! #VALUE!
ation of aerodynamic air resistance

ectile must fall at a horizontal distance defined as x = 80 (m),
. The velocity of the projectile at the exit of the cannon has
angle "b" is varied to hit the objective. Initially an angle "b"
o that the projectile hits the desired point.
shows the horizontal coordinate), find the closest
he value of angle "b" used, the closest value is x = 79.43 to
6.89. To obtain that the projectile collide with the ground
t at height y = 0 must be found. This value can be obtained
et cell" is the cell corresponding to the height (6.89) that
of angle "b" is assignated to the cell "Changing cell".
search. The Goal-Seek window opens
In Set cell put the cell address with "6.89". In this case, the cell is: H79
You want this cell "H79" to be zero. Thus in To value enter the value "0
You want to get this zero value by changing the value of angle "b",
defined in cell F8. In By changing cell, enter "F8" in the cell.
Press OK. To accept, press OK again.
With this action, a height y = 0 is obtained, and if the value of "x" is
no longer the closest to 80. Repeat the process starting with the new
value of "x" closest to the desired value.

nd (level y = 0)
e closest value

eater accuracy

eration looks
 3 of 3

2
Projectile trajectory

Horizontal distance: x (m)

3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
 1

n this case, the cell is: H79

To value enter the value "0"
the value of angle "b",
"F8" in the cell.

and if the value of "x" is

ess starting with the new

2
4. Parachute

The T-10D main parachute is a parabolic-shape and has a nominal diameter of 35 feet (11 m) with 30 suspensio
The entire assembly weighs 31 pounds (14 kg).
Paratroopers can be dropped from an aircraft at a maximum speed of 173 mph (150 km/h), at a minimum of 50

Example fot matlab

d= 5.5 m C= A/m * Cd * ra/2
mp = 15 kg A/m = 0.250
Cd = 1.75 Cd = 1.75 -
A= pi()/4 * d^2 ra = 1.17 kg/m3
d= 5.5 m C= 0.255 -
A= 23.8 m²
Human = 80 kg dv/dt = C*v^2 - g m/s
m= mh +mp C= 0.255
mh = 80 kg
mp = 15 kg
m= 95 kg

A/m=
A= 23.8 m²
m= 95
A/m = 0.250

Parachutes are designed to reduce your terminal velocity by about 90 percent so you hit the ground at a relativ

info:fall.m

% Free body of parachute 25.08.2020

% Force of gravity
% Fg = m*g
% Air resistance
% Fa = A * Cd * RhoA/2 * v^2
% Sum(F) = m*a
% Fg - Fa = m*a
% m*g - A * Cd * RhoA/2 * v^2 = m*a
% m*a + A * Cd * RhoA/2 * v^2 - m*g = 0
% a + A/m* Cd * RhoA/2 * v^2 - g = 0
% a = dv/dt
% dv/dt + A/m* Cd * RhoA/2 * v^2 - g = 0
% let
% C = A/m* Cd * RhoA/2
% C = 0.255
% dv/dt + C * v^2 - g = 0
% _______________________
% Evaluation of constant C
% Parachute
% d = 5.5 m parachute diameter
% A = (1/4)*pi *d^2 parachute area
% A = 23.76 m^2
% mp = 15 kg parachute mass
% mh = 80 kg of a man
% m = mp + mh total mass
% m = 95 kg
% Cd = 1.75 parachute drag coeff.
% Rhoa = 1.2 kg/ air density
% C = A/m * Cd * Constant
% C = 0.255

fall.m

function parachute = fall(t,y) % 25.08.2020

g = 9.81; % m/s²
C =0.255;
parachute = [y(2); -g + C * (y(2)^2) ];

% Constant C derived in Info_fall.m

% C = 0.255
% dv/dt = -g + C*v² parachute acceleration

% Usually a man with a parachute reaches the

% ground at a relatively low speed of
% maybe 5-6 (m/s)
% The result of this example is v = 6.2 (m/s)

test_fall.m

% Script test_fall 25.08.2020

% Select variable to be ploted

% height: 1, velocity: 2
clear
Tr = [0 15 ]; % time range (s)
IVs = [600 0]; % Initial height and velocity
[t,y] = ode45(@fall, Tr, IVs);

PlotSel= 2; % plot h: 1 or plot v: 2

if PlotSel == 1; plot(t,y(:,1))
xlabel('time [s] '),ylabel('h(m)')
title('y(2); -g + C * (y(2)^2)')
elseif PlotSel ==2; plot(t,y(:,2))
xlabel('time [s] '),ylabel('v(m/s)')
title('y(2); -g + C * (y(2)^2)')
else
disp('Error')
end
legend('at t= 3(s), h = 584 (m) v = 6.2 (m/s)')
grid
5 feet (11 m) with 30 suspension lines.

150 km/h), at a minimum of 500 ft (150 m).

you hit the ground at a relatively low speed of maybe 5–6 meters per second

Information for program "fall.m"

Microsoft Equation
3.0
Program "fall.m"
Script to test the fall.m program

Vertical velocity vs. time

At a time of 3 (s), the parashute reach its terminal velocity
v = 6.2 (m/s)
Time start countdown, when the parashute is fully open.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-osuniversityphysics/chapter/6-4-drag-force-and-terminal-spe
ag-force-and-terminal-speed/