STATISTICS &PROBABILITY 1&2

PREAMBLE: Express the product in factorial form

1. 5 x 4 x 3
ANSWER: 5!/2!

2. 6 x 5 x 4
ANSWER: 6!/3!

3. 10 x 9 x 8 x 7
ANSWER: 10!/6!

PREAMBLE: A fair die is thrown once. Find the probability of obtaining

4. A prime number
ANSWER: ½ [ S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, A = {2, 3, 5}, P(A) = 3/6 = ½ ]
5. An odd prime
ANSWER: 1/3 [S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {1, 3, 5} P(B) = 3/6 = ½ ]
6. A prime number less than 5
ANSWER: 1/3 [S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, C = {2, 3} P(C) = 2/6 = 1/3]
PREAMBLE: A and B are events in a sample space S

1. If P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.7 and P ( A ∩B )=0.3. Find P( A ∪ B)

ANSWER: 0.9 [ P ( A ∪ B )=0.5+0.7−0.3=0.9]
2. If P(A) = 0.7, P ( A ∪ B )=0.9∧P ( A ∩ B )=0.5 . Find P(B)
ANSWER: 0.7 [ P ( B )=0.9+0.5−0.7=1.4−0.7=0.7]
3. If P(A) = 0.8, P(B) = 0.6 and P( A ∪ B) = 0.9. Find P( A ∩ B)
ANSWER: 0.5 [ P ( A ∩B )=0.8+0.6−0.9=1.4−0.9=0.5]
PREAMBLE: A pair of fair dice are thrown. Find the probability of obtaining a total score
of:

1. 5
ANSWER: 1/9 [ A = {(1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)} P(A) = 4/36 = 1/9]

2. 11
ANSWER: 1/18 [ B = {(5, 6), (6, 5)}, P(B) = 2/36 = 1/18]

3. 8
ANSWER: 5/36 [ C = {(2, 6), (6, 2), (3, 5), (5, 3), (4, 4)}, P(C ) = 5/36]
 PREAMBLE: A fair coin is tossed twice. Find the probability of obtaining
1. Exactly one head
1 2 1
ANSWER: [ A={ HT ,TH } , P ( A )= = ]
2 4 2
2. Two heads
1 1
ANSWER: [ B= { HH } , P ( B )= ]
4 4
3. Two tails
1
ANSWER:
4
PREAMBLE: A box contains 2 black, 3red and 4 white marbles identical except for colour.
2 marbles are drawn from the box without replacement. Find the probability that:

1. both marbles are black.

ANSWER: 1/36 [ 2/9 x 1/8 = 1/9 x ¼ = 1/36]

2. both marbles are red.

ANSWER: 1/12 [ 3/9 x 2/8 = 1/3 x ¼ = 1/12]

3. none of the marbles is red or black.

ANSWER: 1/6 [ 4/9 x 3/8 = 1/3 x ½ = 1/6 both are white]
PROBALITY
A number is chosen from the set of numbers S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. Find the
probability

1. The number is even

ANSWER: 4/9 [ A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, P(A) = n(A)/n(S) = 4/9 ]

2. The number is a prime number

ANSWER: 4/9 [ B = {2, 3, 5, 7} , P(B) = n(B) /n(S) = 4 /9 ]

3. The number is odd and greater than 4

ANSWER: 3/9 or 1/3 [ C = {5, 7, 9}, P(C ) = n(C

3 Find the probability of getting a sum of 5 when a pair of fair dice is rolled?
ANSWER: 1/9 [ A = {(1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)}, P(A) = 4/36 = 1/9]

A bowl contains 10 balls of which 3 are black and 7 white. The balls are identical except
for colour. Two balls are randomly drawn from the bowl without replacement. Find the
probability that

1. both balls are white

ANSWER: 7 / 15 [(7/10)(6/9) = (7/10)(2/3) =14/30 = 7/15 ]

2. both balls are black

ANSWER: 1/15 [(3/10)(2/9) = 1/15

3. the first ball is white and the second black

ANSWER: 7/30 [ (7/10)(3/9) = 21/90 = 7/30 ]

PREAMBLE: Two fair dice are thrown. Find the probability:

1. the total score is 10

ANSWER: 1/12 [ A = {(4, 6), (6, 4) , (5, 5) P(A) = 3/36 = 1/12]

2. the total score is less than 5

ANSWER: 1/6 [ B ={ (1, 1), (1, 2). (2. 1), (2, 2), (1, 3), (3, 1)} P(B) = 6/36 =
1/6]

3. the total score exceeds 10

ANSWER: 1/12 [ C = {(5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)}, P(C ) = 3/36 = 1/12]
PREAMBLE: A fair coin is tossed three times. Find the probability of obtaining:

1. at least two heads.

ANSWER: 1/2 [ A = {HHT, THH, HTH, HHH} P(A) = 4/8 = ½]

2. at most two heads.

ANSWER: 7/8 [B = {TTT, HTT, THT, TTH, HHT, THH, HTH} P(B) =
7/8]

3. one head or two heads.

ANSWER: 3/4 [C = {HTT, THT, TTH, HHT, HTH, THH}, P(C ) = 6/8 =
¾]
A number is chosen from the set of numbers S = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19}.
Find the probability
1. the number is even
ANSWER: 4/9 [ A = {12, 14, 16, 18}, P(A) = n(A)/n(S) = 4/9 ]
2. the number is a prime number
ANSWER: 4/9 [ B = {11, 13, 17, 19} , P(B) = n(B) /n(S) = 4 /9 ]
3. the number is odd and less than 17
ANSWER: 3/9 or 1/3 [ C = {11, 13, 15}, P(C ) = n(C ) /n(S) = 3/9 = 1/3
PREAMBLE: Find the number of arrangements of n different books on a shelf given that:

1. n = 5
ANSWER: 120 [ 5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 120]

2. n = 4
ANSWER: 24 [ 4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24]

3. n = 6
ANSWER: 720 [ 6! = 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 6(120) = 720]
PREAMBLE: Evaluate:

1. 100!/98!
ANSWER: 9,900 [100 x 99 = 9900]

2. 25!/23!
ANSWER: 600 [25 x 24 = 600]

3. 1000!/998!
ANSWER: 999,000 [1000 x 999 = 999,000]
PREAMBLE: Find the number of outcomes when

4. a die is tossed twice

ANSWER: 36 [ 6 x 6 = 36]

5. a coin is tossed thrice

ANSWER: 8 [ 2 x 2 x 2 = 8]

6. a die and a coin are tossed once

ANSWER: 12 [ 6 x 2 = 12]
PREAMBLE: Evaluate:
7. 100!/98!
ANSWER: 9,900 [100 x 99 = 9900]

8. 25!/23!
ANSWER: 600 [25 x 24 = 600]

9. 1000!/998!
ANSWER: 999,000 [1000 x 999 = 999,000]
PREAMBLE: A and B are mutually exclusive events such that P(A) = 0.5 and P(B) = 0.3.
Find:

1. P(AUB)
ANSWER: 0.8 [P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) = 0.5 + 0.3 = 0.8]

2. P(A∩B)
ANSWER: 0 [A and B are mutually exclusive]

3. P(A|B)
ANSWER: 0 [ P(A|B) = P(A∩B)/P(B) = 0/0.3 = 0]
PREAMBLE: Given the measurements 2, 0, 4, 8, 0, 4, 2, 8 find

1. the median
ANSWER: 3 [0, 0, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8, 8 median = (2 +4)/2 = 3]

2. the mode
ANSWER: 0, 2, 4, 8

3. the mean
ANSWER: 7/2 [(2 + 2 + 4 + 4 + 8 + 8)/8 = 28/8 = 7/2]
PREAMBLE: Evaluate the numerical expression

1. (10 permutation 2)
ANSWER: 90 [10!/8! = 10 x 9 = 90]

2. (6 permutation 3)
ANSWER: 120 [6!/3! = 6 x 5 x 4 = 120]

3. (7 permutation 3)
ANSWER: 210 [7!/4! = 7 x 6 x 5 = 7 x 30 = 210]
PREAMBLE: A bag contains 4 red, 3 white and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag.
Find the probability the ball is

1. either red or white

ANSWER: 7/12 [P(R or W) = (3 + 4)/12 = 7/12]

2. not white
ANSWER: 3/4 [P(not W) = 1 - P(W) = 1 – 3/12 = 1 – ¼ = ¾]

3. neither black nor white

4. ANSWER: 1/3 [P(neither B nor W) = P(R) = 4/12 = 1/3]

: Find the median and the mode of the set of numbers.

1. 13, 17, 15, 18, 17, 19, 12

ANSWER: MEDIAN = 17, MODE = 17 [12, 13, 15, 17, 17, 18, 19]

2. 38, 29, 45, 38, 39, 48, 50

ANSWER: MEDIAN = 39, MODE = 38 [ 29, 38, 38, 39, 45, 48, 50]

3. 58, 48, 59, 45, 60, 59, 47

ANSWER: MEDIAN = 58, MODE = 59, [ 45, 47, 48, 58, 59, 59, 60]