2 Evidence

Qualitative observations
• Macroscopic properties are those you can observe with your eyes
• Be careful not to confuse an inference with an observation
• e.g. if you add powdered zinc to an acid solution, the mixture
bubbles – you may believe that hydrogen gas is being produced,
but this is an inference
Quantitative observations
• These involve the collection of numerical data during an experiment
• Instrumentation is required, such as an electronic balance
How was the periodic table developed?
What characterizes a metal?
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• Malleable – they can be hammered into different shapes
• Ductile – they can be drawn into wires
• Shiny when pure and unreacted
• Sonorous – they ring when struck
• Tend to have high densities
• Have high melting and boiling points
• Tend to lose electrons to form cations
What characterizes non-metals?
• Poor conductors of both heat and electricity
• Are brittle
• Tend to have low densities
• Have low melting points and boiling points
• Are non-ductile
• Tend to gain electrons and form anions
What are transition elements?
• Found in groups 3 to 12
• Form colourful compounds
• Can be used as catalysts
• Many can form ions with different charges
What are noble gases?
• Found in group 18 of the periodic table – they are naturally inert
• Noble gases are present in air and can be extracted by liquefying air
What are fossil fuels?
• Fossil fuels are the product of the decomposition of carbon-based life
forms such as marine animals and plants that captured the Sun’s
energy millions of years ago
How is crude oil transformed into useful
fuels?
• Extracted crude oil needs to be refined before the hydrocarbons
present can be fully utilized
• Fractional distillation is the industrial process used to separate crude
oil into its useful components
What are alkanes and where do they come
from?
• Alkanes are a family of saturated hydrocarbons with only hydrogen
and carbon atoms
• Saturated means that they only contain C-C single bonds
• Found in unprocessed crude oil
IUPAC nomenclature for alkanes
How do alkenes differ from alkanes?
• Alkenes have C-C double bonds
• Alkenes are commonly involved in synthetic chemical reactions
What are alcohols and their applications?
• Class of organic compounds that contain the functional group –OH
• The hydroxyl group replaces one hydrogen of a hydrocarbon molecule
What is the composition of the Earth’s
atmosphere?
• 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 0.04%(400ppm) of carbon dioxide