Statistics & Probablility Week 1-5

STATISTICS &
PROBABILITY
Quarter 2 – Week 1-5
Learning Activity Sheets (LAS)
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DINAGAT ISLANDS
Statistics and Probability 11/12

Second Quarter – Learning Activity Sheets
Week 1-5
First Edition, 2020
________________________________________________________________________________________
Author: Roxanne Mae Grefiel Daz, MAME
School: Loreto National High School (A Stand-Alone SHS)/ Loreto District
Division: Dinagat Islands
E-mail: roxannemae.daz@deped.gov.ph
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Published by Schools Division of Dinagat Islands
Development Team of the Learning Activity Sheets
Writer: Roxanne Mae Grefiel Daz, MAME

Editor: Roxanne Mae Grefiel Daz, MAME
Reviewers: Edeliza F. Seguis, Dr. Rene G. Ebol & Dr. Michael C. Paso
Layout Artist: Fernando M. Galito
Management Team:
Schools Division Superintendent FELISA G. LARANJO, PhD, CESO VI
OIC, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent LEONEVEE V. SILVOSA, CESE
Chief Education Supervisor, SGOD MILA O. GERALDINO, PhD
Chief Education Supervisor, CID LOPE C. PAPELERAS, PhD
Education Program Supervisor, SHS EDELIZA F. SEGUIS
Education Program Supervisor, LRMS MICHAEL C. PASO, PhD
Printed in the Philippines by ______________________________
Department of Education – Learning Resource Management Section

Office Address: White Beach, Dinagat, Dinagat Islands
________________________________________________________________________________________
Week 1 BASIC CONCEPTS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Name: ________________________________________ Section: ________________________
Learning Objectives:
LO1. illustrates: (a) null hypothesis; (b) alternative hypothesis; (c) level of significance;
(d) rejection region; and (e) types of errors in hypothesis testing.
M11/12SP-IVa-1
LO2. identifies the parameter to be tested given a real-life problem. M11/12SP-IVa-3

Specific objectives: Recognize basic concept in hypothesis testing
Time Allotment: 1 Week
Pretest
Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Miss Dazzling is a vegetable vendor in Loreto public market. She commonly receives large deliveries
of vegetables. For each delivery that is received, she takes a random sample of 100 vegetables to see
what percent of the sample is bruised or damaged and performs a significance test. If the sample
shows considerable evidence that more than 5% of the total delivery of fruits is bruised or damaged,
then she will request a new shipment of vegetables.
Let p represent the proportion of vegetables in a delivery that are bruised/damaged.
What are appropriate hypotheses for the Miss Dazzling's significance test?
A. H0: p = 0.05 C. H0: p = 0.05
Ha: p ≠ 0.05 Ha: p > 0.05
B. H0: p ≠ 0.05 D. H0: p = 0.05
Ha: p = 0.05 Ha: p < 0.05
2. Enna Marie said that the rejection region actually relies on the significance level. Is her statement
correct?
A. Yes B. No C. both A and B D. neither A nor B
3. Rea is a chemist in a private pharmaceutical company somewhere in Loreto. She used to test drugs
for its side effects and other impurities. Since most produced drugs have been proven effective and
safe, she saves time and money resources by testing batches of drugs rather than testing individual
samples. She performs a test to check if a certain drug is harmful, and the entire batch is discarded
if the side effects are detected. This is similar to using a null and an alternative hypothesis to
determine whether to discard the batch. The hypotheses being tested could be stated as:
HO: The batch does not contain side effects and other harmful chemicals.
Ha: The batch contains the side effects and other harmful chemicals
Under which of the following conditions would the testers commit a Type II error?
A. The batch actually contains the side effects and other harmful chemicals, and they
conclude it does.
B. The batch actually contains the side effects and other harmful chemicals, and they
conclude it does not.
C. The batch does not actually contain the side effects and other harmful chemicals, and they
D. The batch does not actually contain the side effects and other harmful chemicals, and they
conclude it does.
4. A teacher in Loreto National High School wants to approximate the average height of her students
aged 16 years or older. From a simple random sample of 30 students, the teacher obtains a sample
________________________________________________________________________________________
mean height of 5 feet. Given this real-life problem that present a statistical study, what is the
parameter to be tested?
A. The parameter is the teacher and student.
B. The parameter is the sample mean height of 5 feet.
C. The parameter is the random sample of 30 students.
D. The parameter is the average height of her students aged 16 years or older
5. Fred is a famous soccer player in Dinagat Islands who has made 92% of his penalty shot he has
attempted in his career. He decided to practice a new technique for shooting his penalty. Fred was
curious if this new technique produced significantly better or worse results. He tried the new
technique and made 88% of 50 attempts. Here’s Fred’s alternative hypothesis:
Ha: The proportion of attempts made using this new technique is …
What is an appropriate way for Fred to finish his alternative hypothesis?
A. … equal to 88% C. …equal to 92%
B. … not equal to 88% D. …not equal to 92%
Key Concepts: Basic Concept in Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis is considered an educated guess which provides proposed outcomes based on experience
and theoretical knowledge which is likely to be correct. According to Cambridge Dictionary, it is an
idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proven. Let us
now have some examples of hypothesis:
1. Drinking milk before going to bed will make you sleep better.
2. Sanitizer Y is better than Sanitizer X in terms of germ-killing effects.
Each of the following statements is not considered as hypothesis, but rather fact. A fact is an
observation about the world around us.
1. Asia is the largest continent in the world in terms of area.
2. The boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius
A statistical hypothesis is a claim or a conjecture that may either be true or false. The claim is
usually expressed in terms of the value of a parameter or the distribution of the population values.
There are two kinds of statistical hypothesis: the null and the alternative hypothesis.
A null hypothesis denoted by the symbol Ho (read as “H sub O”) is a claim that denotes “absence”
such as absence of difference, absence of relationship, or equality to a certain value. It usually
comes with “=”, “≤”, or “≥” when written in symbol (Banigon, et al., 2016).
An alternative hypothesis denoted by the symbol Ha (read as “H sub A”) is a claim that denotes
“presence” such as presence of difference, presence of relationship, or inequality to a certain value.
It usually comes with “≠”, “<”, or “>” when written in symbol (Banigon, et al., 2016).
In formulating the hypotheses (plural form of hypothesis), we can use the following guidelines.
1. First, identify the claim. Does it denote “absence” or it states equality to a certain value?
2. Identify the parameter used in the claim. Does it talk about population average or a proportion of
the population?
3. Represent the parameter by a symbol. For population mean (average), we use µ and for population
proportion we use p.
4. Always remember that the null and alternative hypotheses are complementary and must not
overlap. The usual pairs are as follow:
________________________________________________________________________________________
Example 1. A student researcher in DREESMNHS wants to test his assumption that 75% of the
senior high school students who enrolled in the academic track wanted to become a teacher. He
collected samples randomly and found out that 25 out of 130 students are planning to become a
teacher. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
Step by step solution:
Step 1: Identifying the claim
Claim: 75% of the senior high school students in DREESMNHS who enrolled in the academic
track wanted to become a teacher.
Step 2: Identifying the parameter

Parameter: The parameter is 75% of the senior high school students in DREESMNHS who
enrolled in the academic track. The value 75% stands for a proportion of the population.
Step 3: Representation
Symbol: The symbol to be used for parameter is p
Step 4: Null and alternative hypotheses complementary pair

The claim that 75% of the senior high school students in DREESMNHS enrolled in the
academic track wanted to become a teacher is our null hypothesis, the alternative
hypothesis would be not equal to 75%. Thus, we will be using complementary pair (a);
Ho: Parameter = Value versus Ha: Parameter ≠ Value
Answer: The null and alternative hypotheses stated in;
(a) Words
Ho: The proportion of senior high school students enrolled in DREESMNHS in the academic
track who wanted to become a teacher is equal to 75%.
Ha: The proportion of senior high school students enrolled in DREESMNHS in the academic
track who wanted to become a teacher is not equal to 75%.
(b) Symbols
Ho: p = 0.75 Ha: p ≠ 0.75
Note: we use decimal instead of percent because it is appropriate for computation.
A non – directional test is also called a two–tailed test.

A directional test may either be right–tailed or left–tailed.
Below, are the graphical representations of the non – directional and directional tests.
The following simple steps are suggested in order to determine the direction of the test.
1. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
2. Examine the symbol used in the alternative hypothesis.
3. Make a decision. (Directional or Non-directional)
________________________________________________________________________________________
Here are some keywords that denote direction:
Example 1: A baker claims that the cake he developed is fortified with vitamin A.
Step 1: The hypotheses are;
Ho: The developed bread is not different with other bread.
Ha: The developed bread is fortified with vitamin B.
Step 2: The alternative hypothesis utilizes the ˃ symbol because of the word fortified which means
“to strengthen” or “to add”
Step 3: The test is directional or one-tailed (right-tailed).
1 – α is the probability of a correct decision when the null hypothesis is true.

1 – β is the probability of a correct decision when the null hypothesis is false. It is the power of the
statistical test since it is the measure of the ability of a hypothesis test to reject a false null hypothesis
which is very important. (McClave & Sincich, 2003)
Below is the graphical representation of the decision errors under the normal curve.
Notice that the rejection region of a directional test is in one tail while the non – directional test the
rejection region is distributed to the two tails of the curve.
The most commonly used probability values for α and β are 0.05 and 0.01.
The probability of committing a Type I error is denoted by the Greek letter α (alpha) while the
probability of committing a Type II error is denoted by β (beta). These probabilities are shown on the
table below.
Types of Errors and Their Probability
Rejection region refers to the region under the normal curve where the value of the test statistic
lies for which the null hypothesis will be rejected. This region is sometimes called critical region.
Therefore, if the computed statistic lies on the rejection region, then we reject the null hypothesis.
But, if it is found outside the rejection region, we do not reject (accept) the null hypothesis. Notice
also that there is a line that separates the rejection region from the non-rejection region denoted by
1 – α. This line passes through the confidence coefficients, which are also called critical values.
The action to reject or fail to reject the (accept) a hypothesis is summarized on the table below.
________________________________________________________________________________________
The four possible outcomes in decision-making based on the table are:
Outcome 1: If the null hypothesis is true and is not rejected (accepted), the decision is correct. No
error is committed.
Outcome 2: If the null hypothesis is true and rejected, the decision is incorrect. A Type I error is
committed.
Outcome 3: If the null hypothesis is false and rejected, the decision is correct. No error is committed.
Outcome 4: If the null hypothesis is false and accepted, the decision is incorrect and a Type II error
is committed.
Now, let us examine some examples of errors in decision making.

Example 1. A manufacturer of IT gadgets recently announced they had developed a new battery for
a tablet and claimed that it has an average life of at least 24 hours. Would you buy this battery?
Explanation
A type I error is committed if you decide not to buy the battery and a possible consequence
is you lost the opportunity to have a battery that could last for at least 24 hours.
Type II error is committed when you buy the battery and found out that the battery’s life
was less than 24 hours. A possible consequence is that you wasted your money in buying the battery.
Acceptance region refers to the region under the normal curve where the value of the test statistic
lies for which the null hypothesis will not be rejected.
To determine whether the test is directional or non-directional we simply examine the alternative
hypothesis. If it uses the “not equal to” symbol (≠), then the test is non-directional but if it utilizes
the “less than (˂) “or “greater than (˃)” symbol, the test is directional.
The table below shows the critical values for the z – statistic.
The table of critical values of z shows that for a 95% confidence level, the critical values for a non–
directional test are –1.96 and +1.96. The negative (-) and positive (+) signs tell that the rejection
region is found on both tails of the distribution. Moreover, for a directional test the critical value at
95% confidence level is +1.64 for right–tailed and –1.64 for left – tailed.
To understand better the table, study this example:
Example 1. Is the computed z = 2.0 at 90% confidence level, two-tailed found in the rejection region
or acceptance region?
________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 1: Selecting the best one
Direction: Read each question carefully and choose the ONE best answer from the given choices.
Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. News says that the mean age of COVID19 patient in the Philippines is 58 years old. Euxanne
wants to perform a significance test to see if this holds true in her place. She takes a
random sample of COVID19 patients after obtaining consent from them and from
the proper authorities and observes a mean age of 𝑥̅ =50 years old.
Here's Euxanne's null hypothesis:

H0: The mean age of COVID19 patient in this place is...
What is an appropriate way for Euxanne to finish her null hypothesis?
A. …. equal to 50 years old C. … equal to 58 years old
B. … not equal to 50 years old D. … not equal to 58 years old
2. San Jose National High School had a dropout rate of 5%. The principal assured to lower this figure
and supported programs to decrease dropouts. A group of teacher-researchers wanted to
test if the dropout rate had actually decreased, so they obtained a random sample of
students to see what proportion of the sample was considered dropout.
What are appropriate hypotheses for their significance test?
A. H0: 𝑝̂ = 5% Ha: 𝑝̂ > 5%
(where 𝑝̂ is the proportion of the sample that is considered dropout)
B. H0: 𝑝̂ = 5% Ha: 𝑝̂ < 5%
(where 𝑝̂ is the proportion of the sample that is considered dropout)
C. H0: p = 5% Ha: p > 5%
(where p is the proportion of the population that is considered dropout)
D. H0: p = 5% Ha: p < 5%
(where p is the proportion of the population that is considered dropout)
3. An ice-cream vendor installed a new automated ice-cream machine. The machine is designed to
dispense 500 mL of ice-cream on the medium size setting. The owner suspects that the
machine may be dispensing too much in medium size. They decided to take a sample of 20
medium sizes to see if the average amount is significantly greater than 500 mL.
What are the appropriate hypotheses for their significant test?
A. H0: p = 500 mL Ha: p > 500 mL
(where p is the proportion of ice-cream dispensed on this setting)
B. H0: p = 500 mL Ha: p < 500 mL
(where p is the proportion of ice-cream dispensed on this setting)
C. H0: μ = 500 mL Ha: μ> 500 mL
(where μ is the average amount of ice-cream dispensed on this setting)
D. H0: μ = 500 mL Ha: μ < 500 mL
(where μ is the average amount of ice-cream dispensed on this setting).
4. Eugene Fred is a renowned basketball player who has made 85% of the free throws he has
attempted in his career. He decided to practice a new technique for shooting his free-throws.
Eugene was curious if this new technique produced significantly better or worse results. He
tried the new technique and made 80% of 50 attempts.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Here’s Eugene’s alternative hypothesis:
Ha: The proportion of attempts made using this new technique is …
What is an appropriate way for Eugene to finish his alternative hypothesis?
5. An online seller in Loreto regularly receives large shipments of fruits. For each shipment that is
received, the seller takes a random sample of 700 fruits to see what percent of the sample is
bruised and performs a significance test. If the sample shows convincing evidence that more
than 10% of the entire shipment of fruits is bruised, then she will request a new shipment of
fruits.
Let p represent the proportion of fruits in a shipment that are bruised.
What are appropriate hypotheses for the company's significance test?
A. H0: p = 0.1 C. H0: p = 0.1
Ha: p ≠ 0.1 Ha: p > 0.1
B. H0: p ≠ 0.1 D. H0: p = 0.1
Ha: p = 0.1 Ha: p < 0.1
Activity 2: Supply me! What are we missing?
Vocabulary and Concepts

Direction: Complete each statement to form a correct mathematical concept. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper. Choose your answer from the options in the box provided
1. The significance level is denoted by ______and is the probability of rejecting the

___________________, if it is true.
2. Typical values for significance level are __________, ___________, and __________.
3. In most settings, the choice of significance level is determined by the context we are operating in,
but ___________ is the most commonly used value.
4. The formula for the Z-test is: Z equals the ____________, minus the ______________, divided by the
standard error.
5. We will get a value, when we calculate Z. If this value falls into the middle part, then we cannot
reject the null. If it falls outside, in the shaded region, then we reject the null hypothesis. That is
why the shaded part is called _________________________.
6. The rejection region or the area that is cut-off actually depends on the ______________.
α null hypothesis 0.01 sample mean
0.05 hypothesized mean 0.1 rejection region
µ significance level ∞ β
Practice and Application

Direction: Read and analyze carefully the given problems. Supply the missing information in the
solution process given below. Write your answer on the blank space provided.
1. Dazzling Enterprise business of RTW’s by a batch process has a normal income of 690 pesos per
batch. A new marketing strategy is tried experimentally on 12 batches with the following profits: 620,
590, 660, 620, 700, 710, 690, 720, 700, 690, 720 and 650 pesos. Is the income of the new marketing
strategy a significantly different from that of the old strategy?
Assume the data is approximately normal. From the data we calculated the following:
𝑥̅ =672.5 pesos, s =41.86pesos.
1. Formulate hypotheses:
Ho: _____________________________
Interpretation in words: That is 672.5 is not significantly different from 690
Ha: μ ≠ 690
________________________________________________________________________________________
Interpretation in words: ___________________________________
2. Choose α.
We choose α= 0.01
3. Select statistic (depending on what is given or known):
Test the Ho using the Student's t statistic.
4. Find Critical region (from Table 2, n=12-1=11):
|t| > t (.995) (11) = ___________________________
5. Compute the value of the test statistic:
t= (x ̅- μ)/(s/√n) = _______________________________________
6. Conclusion:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Activity 3: Where is that error?

Direction: Read each problem carefully and choose the ONE best answer from the given choices
that corresponds to the error being referred in the question. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. “Mae and Tom Cakes and Pastry House” is curious if they should build another branch. They plan
to survey a sample of their customers to see if there is strong evidence that the proportion
interested in a snack plan is higher than 40% in which case they will consider building a new
branch.
Let p represent the proportion of customers interested in a snack plan. Here are the
hypotheses they'll use:
HO: p≤0.40
Ha: p>0.40
Which of the following would be a Type I error in this setting?
A. More than 40% are actually interested, and they don't conclude that more than 40% are
interested.
B. More than 40% are actually interested, and they conclude that more than 40% are
interested.
C. At most 40% are actually interested, and they conclude that more than 40% are interested.
D. At most 40% are actually interested, and they conclude that less than 40% are interested.
2. With the same problem situation given on Problem 1, what would be the consequence of a Type II
error in this context?
A. They don't consider building a new branch when they should.
B. They don't consider building a new branch when they shouldn't.
C. They consider building a new branch when they shouldn't.
D. They consider building a new branch when they should.
3. Doctor Euxanne initiated a “Donate a Blood – Be a Life Saver Program”. Donated blood is tested
for contagious diseases and other impurities. Since most donated blood is safe, her personnel
save time and money resources by testing batches of donated blood rather than testing
individual samples. Personnel perform a test to check if a certain contaminant is present,
and the entire batch is discarded if the contaminant is detected. This is similar to using a
null and an alternative hypothesis to determine whether to discard the batch. The hypotheses
being tested could be stated as:
HO: The batch does not contain the contaminant.
Ha: The batch contains the contaminant.
A. The batch does not actually contain the contaminant, and they conclude it does not.
B. The batch does not actually contain the contaminant, and they conclude it does.
C. The batch actually contains the contaminant, and they conclude it does.
D. The batch actually contains the contaminant, and they conclude it does not.
4. With the same problem situation given on Problem 3, what would be the consequence of a Type I
________________________________________________________________________________________
A. The batch is discarded when it actually contains the contaminant.
B. The batch is discarded when it actually doesn't contain the contaminant.
C. The batch is kept when it actually contains the contaminant.
D. The batch is kept when it actually doesn't contain the contaminant.
5. A large district wide survey recently showed a failure rate among students’ scholastic achievement
of 9% in Dinagat Islands. The supervisor of Loreto district wonders if this result holds true
for her district, so she plans on taking a sample of her schools to see if the failure rate is
significantly different than 9% in her district.
Let p represent the failure rate in her district. Here are the hypotheses she'll use:
HO: p=0.09
Ha: p≠0.09
Under which of the following conditions would the supervisor commit a Type I error?
A. She concludes the district’s failure rate is not 9% when it actually is.
B. She concludes the district’s failure rate is not 9% when it actually is not.
C. She concludes the district’s failure rate is 9% when it actually is.
D. She concludes the district’s failure rate is 9% when it actually is not.
6. With the same problem situation given on Problem 5, which of the following would be a Type II
error in this setting?
A. The district’s failure rate is actually 9% and she concludes it isn't.
B. The district’s failure rate is actually 9% and she concludes it is.
C. The district’s failure rate is not 9% and she fails to detect the difference.
D. The district’s failure rate is not 9% and she concludes her district’s rate is different.
7. A beauty expert in Dinagat wants to test the null hypothesis that a new facial cream is no more
effective than that of the older cream.
Under which of the following conditions would the expert commit a Type II error?
A. Concluding the new creams are no more effective when in fact they are not.
B. Concluding the new creams are more effective when in fact they are.
C. Concluding the new creams are no more effective when in fact they are.
D. Concluding the new creams are more effective when in fact they are not.
8. With the same problem situation given on Problem 7, what would be the consequence of a Type I
A. They don't conclude that the new cream is more effective when it actually is not more
effective.
B. They don't conclude that the new cream is more effective when it actually is more effective.
C. They conclude that the new cream is more effective when it actually is more effective.
D. They conclude that the new cream is more effective when it actually is not more effective.
Activity 4: Can you identify me? Spotting parameter
Direction: Given real-life problems below that present a statistical study, identify the parameter to
be tested. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1) A principal in Loreto district wants to estimate the average length of service of her employees aged
25 years or older. From a simple random sample of 45 employees, the principal obtains a sample
mean length of service of 15 years.
Answer:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2) A teacher wants to estimate the mean grade received by her advisory, the Grade 12 STEM Section
Platinum. From a random sample of 20 students under her advisory, the teacher obtains a sample
mean of 90 of grade received.
Answer:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
3) Paracetamol is a pain reliever and a fever reducer. A researcher wants to estimate the proportion of
patients taking Paracetamol that are healed within 3 days. A random sample of 23 patients
suffering from pain and fever is obtained, and 13 of those patients were healed after 3 days.
Answer:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
4) A farmer wants to estimate the average farm size in San Jose. From a simple random sample of 100
farms, the farmer obtains a sample mean farm size of 931 acres.
Answer:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reflection
Direction: Now that you have completed your learning activity sheets for this week, write your
reflection about what you have learned from the lesson. Your reflections should include your opinion,
personal experience, and evidence to back up your thoughts. The purpose of this is to ensure you
are processing your thoughts on the content of the lesson. Write your reflection on the space provided
below.
I learned that……………
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Post-test
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
________________________________________________________________________
paper.
________________________________________________________________________
1. Fred is a famous soccer player in Loreto who has made 92% of his penalty shot he has attempted in
________________________________________________________________________
his career. He decided to practice a new technique for shooting his penalty. Fred was curious if this
new technique produced significantly better or worse results. He tried the new technique and made
88% of________________________________________________________________________
50 attempts.
Here’s Fred’s alternative hypothesis:
Ha: The________________________________________________________________________
proportion of attempts made using this new technique is …
What is an appropriate way for Fred to finish his alternative hypothesis?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Enna Marie said that the rejection region actually relies on the significance level. Is her statement
________________________________________________________________________
correct?
A. Yes B. No C. Maybe D. Hard to tell
________________________________________________________________________
3. Miss Dazzling is a vegetable vendor in Loreto public market. She commonly receives large deliveries
of vegetables. For each delivery that is received, she takes a random sample of 100 vegetables to see
________________________________________________________________________
what percent of the sample is bruised or damaged and performs a significance test. If the sample
shows considerable evidence that more than 5% of the total delivery of fruits is bruised or damaged,
________________________________________________________________________
then she will request a new shipment of vegetables.
Let p represent the proportion of vegetables in a delivery that are bruised/damaged.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
What are appropriate hypotheses for the Miss Dazzling's significance test?
A. H0: p = 0.05 C. H0: p = 0.05
Ha: p ≠ 0.05 Ha: p > 0.05
B. H0: p ≠ 0.05 D. H0: p = 0.05
Ha: p = 0.05 Ha: p < 0.05
4. Rea is a chemist in a private pharmaceutical company somewhere in Loreto. She used to test drugs
for its side effects and other impurities. Since most produced drugs have been proven effective and
safe, she saves time and money resources by testing batches of drugs rather than testing individual
samples. She performs a test to check if a certain drug is harmful, and the entire batch is discarded
if the side effects are detected. This is similar to using a null and an alternative hypothesis to
determine whether to discard the batch. The hypotheses being tested could be stated as:
HO: The batch does not contain side effects and other harmful chemicals.
Ha: The batch contains the side effects and other harmful chemicals
A. The batch actually contains the side effects and other harmful chemicals, and they
conclude it does.
B. The batch actually contains the side effects and other harmful chemicals, and they
C. The batch does not actually contain the side effects and other harmful chemicals, and they
D. The batch does not actually contain the side effects and other harmful chemicals, and they
conclude it does.
5. A teacher in Loreto National High School wants to approximate the average height of her students
aged 16 years or older. From a simple random sample of 30 students, the teacher obtains a sample
mean height of 5 feet. Given this real-life problem that present a statistical study, what is the
parameter to be tested?
A. The parameter is the random sample of 30 students.
B. The parameter is the sample mean height of 5 feet.
C. The parameter is the teacher and student.
D. The parameter is the average height of her students aged 16 years or older
________________________________________________________________________________________
Answer Key
References:
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/null_hypothesis.asp
http://www.biostathandbook.com/hypothesistesting.html
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/AlternativeHypothesis.html
https://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=alternative%20hypothesis
General Mathematics, Grade 11, LM and TG.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Null and alternative hypotheses and
Week 2
Test-statistic
Name: ________________________________________ Section: ________________________
LO1. Formulates the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on a population
mean. M11/12SP-IVb-1
LO2. Identifies the appropriate form of the test-statistic when: (a) the population
variance is assumed to be known; (b) the population variance is assumed to
be unknown; and (c) the Central Limit Theorem is to be used.
M11/12SP-IVb-2
Pre - Test
Direction: Read each statement carefully and identify the term described. Write your answer on your
answer sheet.
1. A claim in a research that states no differences among the variables involved.
A. hypothesis C. null hypothesis
B. alternative hypothesis D. critical Region
2. It is a set of values that could reject a claim of a research.
A. critical region C. type II error
B. type I error D. population mean
3. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.
A. 𝛼 C. ∞
B. 𝛽 D. ∅
4. What is known as non-directional test?
A. one-tailed test C. ten-tailed test
B. six-tailed test D. two-tailed test
5. It is a value computed from the data of the entire population which is done by adding all the data
and divided by the number of data.
A. sample mean C. sample variance
B. population mean D. population variance
6. The square of a population standard deviation.
7. Which of the following is committed when accepting a false null hypothesis?
8. Committed when rejecting a true null hypothesis.
9. It is done to the level of significance for non-directional test.
A. divided by 4 C. divided by 2
B. multiplied by 4 D. multiplied by 2
10. What is the confidence level when the level of significance is 10%?
A. 85% C. 95%
B. 90% D. 100%
11. A value selected from a table for the appropriate test.
A. critical value C. one-tailed test/one-directional test
________________________________________________________________________________________
B. critical region D. two-tailed test/two-directional test
12. Set of values that indicates that there is a significant difference.
13. This test indicates that the null hypothesis when the inequality in the alternative hypothesis is
greater than or less than.
14. It is also known as non-directional test.
15. Which of the following is a value used to determine the probability needed in decision making?
A. z-test C. test statistic
B. t-test D. Chi-square test
16. The test when the test statistic is z-score.
17. It is the test when the test statistic is t-score.
18. What is referred as the test when the test statistic is Chi-square statistic?
19. Which of the following is the test when the test statistic is F-score?
A. Chi-square test C. ANOVA test
B. t-test D. test statistic
20. The graph of a standard normal distribution.
A. normal curve C. circle graph
B. histogram D. bar graph
Key Concepts: Null and alternative hypotheses and Test-statistic
The first step in hypothesis testing is the formulation of the null and alternative hypotheses.
Z-test on the comparison between the population mean 𝜇 and sample mean 𝑥̅ is used when the
population mean 𝜇 and the population standard deviation 𝜎 are known, and 𝜇 is compared to a
sample mean 𝑥̅.
It is also important to identify the parameters or statistics involve in the problem to determine the
appropriate formula.
Example:
Direction: Read and understand the problem below. Determine the values of the parameters,
statistics and sample size involved and formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
A manufacturer of ethyl alcohol has developed a new packaging design. He claims that the new
packaging design has an average reduction of production expenses of Php 5.00 per bottle with a
standard deviation of Php 2.00. A manager of one of their satellite production branch claims that the
200 samples of this new packaging design has an average reduction of production expenses of Php
3.00. Test the difference of the population and sample means at 0.05 level of significance.
Solution:
Given: sample size 𝑛 = 200
Parameter: population mean 𝜇0 = 5 population standard deviation 𝜎 = 2
________________________________________________________________________________________
Statistic: sample mean 𝑥̅ = 5
Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.
𝐻0: The average reduction of production expenses of the new packaging design of ethyl alcohol is Php
5.00.
In symbol, 𝐻0: 𝜇 = 5
𝐻1: The average reduction of production expenses of the new packaging design of ethyl alcohol is
less than Php 5.00.
In symbol, 𝐻1: 𝜇 < 5
(We used less than in 𝐻1 because the sample average is Php3.00 which is less than the population
average Php5.00)
T-Test on the Comparison Between the Population Mean and Sample Mean will be used when the
population standard deviation 𝜎 is unknown but the sample standard deviation 𝑠 is known or can
be computed. The t-test will replace z-test. The degrees of freedom df is the number of pieces of
independent information available for computing variability. The required number of degrees of
freedom varies depending on the size of the distribution. Hence, for a single group of population 𝑑𝑓
= 𝑁 − 1 and for two groups 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑁1 + 𝑁2 − 1 for t-test where 𝑁, 𝑁1, and 𝑁2 are the population size.
Test statistic is a value computed from the data. The test statistic is used to assess the evidence in
rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis. Each statistic test is used for a different test. You can use
the z-score, t-score, the F-statistic, or Chi-Square statistic. These will be used for the following tests, z-
test, t-test, ANOVA test, and Chi-square test, respectively. All data must be assumed to be normally
distributed. Here, we will consider three conditions in choosing the appropriate test statistic. These
three are when the population variance is assumed to be known, when the population variance is
assumed to be unknown, and when using the Central Limit Theorem.
Test statistic when the population variance is assumed to be known:
• In this condition, the z-score is used. The formula for z-score is given by the formula below.
where
z is the z-score, 𝑥̅ is the sample mean, 𝜇0 is the population mean, 𝜎 is the population standard
deviation, and n is the sample size.
Example:
Test statistic when the population variance is assumed to be unknown
• In this condition, the z-score is inappropriate to use. A different test statistic will be
used then. The t-score will be used in this case. Another condition to observe when using t-
score is when the sample size n is less than 30, i.e., (𝑛 < 30) and the population is normally
or approximately normally distributed. The formula for t-score is given by the formula below.
where t is the t-score, 𝑥̅ is the sample mean, 𝜇 is the population mean, 𝑠 is the sample
standard deviation, and n is the sample size.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Example:
Test statistic using Central Limit Theorem
• The Central Limit Theorem states that if a random samples of size n are drawn from a large
or infinite population with finite mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎2, then the sampling distribution of
the sample mean is approximately normally distributed with mean 𝝁𝒙̅ = 𝝁 and a standard
𝜎 √𝑛 (𝑥̅ − 𝜇)
deviation of 𝝈𝒙̅ = . Hence, 𝒁 = or equivalently, 𝒙
̅~𝑵 (𝝁, 𝝈𝟐/𝒏).
√𝑛 𝜎
In other words, the sampling distribution of the sample means approaches a normal distribution as
the sample size gets larger — no matter what the shape of the population distribution. This fact holds
especially true for sample sizes over 30. All this is saying is that as you take more samples, especially
large ones, your graph of the sample means will look more like a normal distribution.
The average of your sample means will be the population mean. Compute the sum of all means from
all samples divided by the number of means added. The result is the actual population mean.
Similarly, the average of all of the standard deviations of all samples is the actual standard deviation
for your population.
Example:
GMA-ABS claimed that their employees had a mean monthly salary of Php12,500.00. A reporter
wants to verify this claim by asking 30 employees. The result showed that these employees had an
average monthly salary of Php10,000.00 with a standard deviation of Php 2,000.00. Test the claim
at 10% level of significance assume that the population is approximately normally distributed.
Activity 1: Hypothesizing!
For numbers 1 and 2:
Roxanne Mae works for the Dazzling Video Project at YouTube. Five years ago, 25% of her videos
created were visited by a million viewers, and Roxanne Mae would like to show that this proportion
is different now than it was five years ago.
1. The null hypothesis for this problem is _______________________.
A. p = 0.25 B. p > 0.25 C. p < 0.25 D. p ≠ 0.25
2. The alternative hypothesis for this problem is ______________________.
A. p = 0.25 B. p > 0.25 C. p < 0.25 D. p ≠ 0.25
For numbers 3 and 4:
Miss Realyn works for the DSWD and was assigned in the municipality of Loreto. She initiated a
study about the correlation between DSWD cash assistance for education and the academic
________________________________________________________________________________________
achievement of the student-beneficiaries. Nationally, 40% of student-beneficiaries perform better in
school. Realyn suspects that the proportion of student-beneficiaries in remote areas is higher. In a
simple random sampling of 600 students from remote areas, she finds that 270 subjects have good
academic standing.
At the 1% level (α = .01), is this good evidence that student-beneficiaries in remote areas are more
likely to have better performance?
3. The null hypothesis for this problem is ____________________________.
A. p = 0.4 B. p > 0.4 C. p≠0.4 D. p < 0.4
4. The alternative hypothesis for this problem is ________________________.
A. p = 0.4 B. p > 0.4 C. p≠0.4 D. p < 0.4
Activity 2: Better Choices
Problem 1: Eugene Fred said that senior high school students’ study 20 hours per week.
1. What is the null hypothesis for this?
A. µ = 20 B. µ ≠ 20 C. µ > 20 D. µ < 20
2. What is its alternative hypothesis?
A. µ = 20 B. µ ≠ 20 C. µ > 20 D. µ < 20
Problem 2: Dazzling Pharmaceuticals Republic has a medicine that is being manufactured and each
pill is supposed to have 14 milligrams of the active ingredient.
A. µ < 14 B. µ > 14 C. µ ≠ 14 D. µ = 14
A. µ = 14 B. µ > 14 C. µ ≠ 14 D. µ < 14
Problem 3: The principal of Loreto National High School- A Stand Alone Senior High wants to test if
it is true what teachers say – that their students use cell phones an average of 3.2 hours a day.
A. µ = 3.2 B. µ ≠ 3.2 C. µ > 3.2 D. µ < 3.2
A. µ = 3.2 B. µ < 3.2 C. µ > 3.2 D. µ ≠ 3.2
Activity 3: Calculate Me!
Direction: Read and analyze the problem carefully. Then, perform the task being asked as you
calculate the test statistic. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. According to the Research Team of the Province of Dinagat Islands, 60% of all Dinagatnon adults
ages 18 to 24 currently drink alcohol. Is the proportion of Loretonhon college students who currently
drink alcohol different from the proportion nationwide? A survey of 450 Loretonhon college students
indicates that 66% currently drink alcohol. The hypotheses were:
Ho: p=0.60
Ha: p≠0.60
Calculate the test statistic.
2. A magician claims to be able to predict the result of coin flips before they happen. Someone who
guesses randomly will expect about half of coin flips correctly. In 100 flips, the magician correctly
predicts 57 flips. Do the results of this test indicate that the magician does better than random
guessing? The hypotheses are
H0: p = 0.50
Ha: p > 0.50
________________________________________________________________________________________
where p is the proportion of correct coin flip predictions by the magician.
What is the test statistic for this problem?

A. z = -9.43
B. z = -.1.40
C. z = 1.40
D. z = 9. 43
Activity 4: Test Me!
Tests on the population mean (known variance)
Direction: Read and analyze the problem carefully. Perform the task by answering the following
given guide questions. Provide answer/s on the blank spaces provided for you to fill
in. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Problem 1:
Is a water-dispensing machine performing according to specification? Nature Spring’s
dispensing machine is designed to fill bottles with exactly 2 liters of their product. To test if the
machine is performing according to specification, we collect a sample of 100 “2-liter” bottles. The
average quantity contained in the sample bottles is 𝑥̅ = 1.985 liters. The (population) standard
deviation of the fill is known to be 0.05. Test whether the machine is in control, at the 5% level of
significance.
(a) What are the null and alternative hypotheses?
HO: ________________________
Ha: ________________________
(b) What is the test statistic?
Our test statistic is based on the sample of n = 100 bottles. Let 𝑥̅ denote the
mean fill level from this sample. Our test statistic is
(c) What is the rejection region?
Since this is a 2-sided alternative, we reject for large values of |z|, specifically when |z|
> zα/2. Since we are testing at the 5% significance level, we have α = .05 and zα/2 = 1.96 ≈ 2. We reject
H0 when ______________________________
(d) What assumptions are you making?
We are assuming that the sample bottles were drawn independently without bias from
the population.
(e) What is the result of the test?
The observed value of the test statistic is
_____________
Since this value is in the rejection region, we __________________ at significance level 5%.
Activity 5: Strong Connection: Variation Problem
Tests on the population mean (unknown variance)
given guide questions. Provide answer/s on the blank spaces provided for you to fill
in. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Problem 2:
This is a variation of problem 1. A certain population has unknown mean µ and unknown standard
deviation σ. You want test (at significance level 5%) the null hypothesis H0: µ = 2 against the
alternative Ha: µ ≠ 2. To this end, you collect a sample of size n = 100. The sample mean is 𝑥̅ =
1.985 and the sample standard deviation is s = 0.5.
(a) What is the test statistic?
(b) What is the rejection region?
Since this is a 2-sided alternative, we reject for large values of |t|, specifically when |t| > tα/2. We
have n − 1 = ____________ degrees of freedom. Since we are testing at the 5% significance level, we
have α = .05 and tα/2 ≈ 2. We reject H0 when ______________
(c) What assumptions are you making? We are assuming that the samples are drawn
independently from the population.
(d) What is the result of the test? The observed value of the test statistic is
Since this value is in the rejection region, we _______________ at significance level 5%.
(e) How is this problem different from problem?
Solution: The population standard deviation is unknown, so we use a _____ instead of a _____.
Reflection
Direction: Reflect on the learning that you gained after taking up the lesson by completing the chart
below.
What are I thought that……………

your
thoughts _____________________________________________________
or ideas _____________________________________________________
before _____________________________________________________
taking up _____________________________________________________
the
_____________________________________________________
lesson?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
What new _____________________________________________________
I learned that……………
ideas you _____________________________________________________
already _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
have after _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
taking up _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
the _____________________________________________________
lesson? _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Author: Roxanne Mae _____________________________________________________
Grefiel Daz, MAME
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Post - Test
answer sheet.
1. A value selected from a table for the appropriate test.
2. It is a set of values that could reject a claim of a research.
3. Set of values that indicates that there is a significant difference.
4. This test indicates that the null hypothesis when the inequality in the alternative hypothesis is
greater than or less than.
5. It is a value computed from the data of the entire population which is done by adding all the data
and divided by the number of data.
6. Also known as non-directional test.
7. Is committed when accepting a false null hypothesis
8. Which of the following is a value used to determine the probability needed in decision making?
9. It is done to the level of significance for non-directional test.
A. divided by 4 C. divided by 2
B. multiplied by 4 D. multiplied by 2
10. The test when the test statistic is z-score.
11. A claim in a research that states no differences among the variables involved.
A. hypothesis C. null hypothesis
B. alternative hypothesis D. critical Region
12. It is the test when the test statistic is t-score.
13. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.
A. 𝛼 C. ∞
B. 𝛽 D. ∅
14. What is known as non-directional test?
A. one-tailed test C. ten-tailed test
B. six-tailed test D. two-tailed test
15. Referred as the test when the test statistic is Chi-square statistic.
16. The square of a population standard deviation.
17. Which of the following is the test when the test statistic is F-score?
A. Chi-square test C. ANOVA test
B. t-test D. test statistic
________________________________________________________________________________________
18. Committed when rejecting a true null hypothesis.
19. The graph of a standard normal distribution.
A. normal curve C. circle graph
B. histogram D. bar graph
20. What is the confidence level when the level of significance is 10%?
A. 85% C. 95%
B. 90% D. 100%
Answer Key
References
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-concepts-statistics/chapter/hypothesis-test-for-a-
population-mean-1-of-5/
https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/BS/BS704_HypothesisTest-Means-
Proportions/BS704_HypothesisTest-Means-Proportions_print.html
https://www.real-statistics.com/hypothesis-testing/null-hypothesis/
https://stattrek.com/hypothesis-test/mean.aspx
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://web.williams.edu/Mathematics/
sjmiller/public_html/BrownClasses/162/Handouts/StatsTests04.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjX7euFxpXvAh
WREqYKHeSKCfAQFjAfegQICxAC&usg=AOvVaw0KY_C0ltB8VTAXfms0uTUo&cshid=161482363438
5
________________________________________________________________________________________
Week 3 Rejection Region
Name: ________________________________________ Section: ________________________
Learning Objective:
LO1. identifies the appropriate rejection region for a given level of significance
when:
(a) the population variance is assumed to be known;
(b) the population variance is assumed to be unknown; and
(c) the Central Limit Theorem is to be used.
M11/12SP-IVc-1
Pre - Test
Direction: Read and analyze each statement carefully. Write your answer on your answer
sheet.
1. A value that is the average distance of the values of data from a sample.
A. sample standard deviation C. population mean
B. population variance D. population standard deviation
2. The square of the population standard deviation.
3. What refers to the sum of all population data divided by the number of population data?
4. It depicts the number of pieces of independent information available for computing variability.
A. degrees of pain C. degrees of knowledge
B. degrees of freedom D. degrees of happiness
5. Which of the following refers to the degrees of freedom of a single population?
A. N-5 C. N-2
B. N-4 D. N-1
6. A seller claimed that her lip tint has a mean organic content of 90%. A rival seller asked 60 users
of that lip tint and found that it has a mean organic content of 85% with a standard deviation of 5%.
If a test is conducted on the claim at 1% level of significance and assume that the population is
approximately normally distributed, what is the result of the test?
A. 22. 36 C. 62. 02
B. 40.02 D. 81.12
7. A company produced ethyl alcohol and claimed to have a mean alcohol content of 70%. A random
sample of 80 of ethyl alcohol was take as sample to verify this claim. It was found out that the mean
alcohol content is 65% with a standard deviation of 2%. If a test is conducted on the claim at 5%
level of significance and assume that the population is normally distributed, what is the result of the
test?
A. 22. 36 C. 62. 02
B. 40.02 D. 81.12
________________________________________________________________________________________
Key Concepts: Rejection Region
After the test statistic is computed, the critical region is set. The set of all possible values of
the test statistic could range from negative infinity to positive infinity. This will be divided into two
regions. One region will be set as the acceptance region and the other one is the rejection or critical
region. The division of these two regions will be based on the alternative hypothesis.
In constructing the rejection region, it is important to correctly formulate the alternative
hypothesis. Recall that there are three possible symbols to be used in the formulation of the
alternative hypothesis, namely, >, <, ≠. Each of this will have a corresponding critical region.
Rejection Region When the Population Variance Is Assumed to Be Known
➢ When the population variance is known or when the sample size is 30 or more, the critical values
are determined using the z-table.
Below is the summary of the possible alternative hypothesis and its corresponding critical
region for testing population mean when the population variance is assumed to be known.
Where 𝜇 is the population mean, 𝜇0 is the possible value of the population mean, 𝑧 is the value of test
statistic and are the critical values.
Example:
Critical region
Since < is use in 𝐻1, 𝑧 < −Z𝛼 will be used. Now using the z-table, the value of −𝑧𝛼 is
−Z𝛼 = −Z0.05 = −1.645
Now, we construct the critical and acceptance regions.
________________________________________________________________________________________
The Rejection Region When the Population Variance Is Assumed to Be Unknown
➢ When the sample size is less than 30, the critical values are determine using the student t-
distribution table.
In this case, the student t-distribution table will be used in determining the critical value/s.
When the sample size is greater than 30 and the variance is unknown, the Central Limit Theorem
will be used.
Where 𝜇 is the population mean, 𝜇0 is the possible value of the population mean, t is the value of test
statistic are the critical values and 𝑣 is the degrees of freedom.
Example:
The mean number of hours of student to finish answering the Statistics Module is 5 hours. A random
sample of 15 students was asked and found that their mean number of hours to finish answering
the Statistics module is 6 hours with a standard deviation of 2 hours. Test the hypothesis at 5% level
of significance.
Solution:
Rejection Region Using Central Limit Theorem

➢ Central limit theorem is considered when the sample size is 30 or more and the population is not
normally distributed or approximately normally distributed.
Example: San Miguel Corporation gives a monthly benefit to their employees during the
COVID19 pandemic. They claimed that the average monthly benefit of their employees is at least Php
5, 000.00. A random sample of 35 employees were taken as samples to verify the said claim and
found that their average monthly benefit is Php 6, 000.00 with a standard deviation of Php 600.00.
Is the company’s claim correct at 0.05 level of significance? Assume that the population is
approximately normally distributed.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 1: Pick Me Up
1. Assume that a one-tail t test is being used to discover if the population mean is less than 100.
The level of significance is .05 and 25 observations were sampled.
The rejection region is:
A. t > 1.708 C. t > 1.318
B. t < -1. 711 D. t < -1.316
2. Which of the following is true about the t distribution?
A. Approaches the normal distribution as its degrees of freedom increase
B. Assumes the population is normally distributed
C. It is more spread out than the standard normal distribution
D. All of the above statements are true
3. The Central Limit Theorem states that the sampling distribution of the sample mean is about
normal if ______________________.
A. all possible samples are selected
B. sample size is large
C. the standard error of the sampling distribution is small
D. the standard deviation is big
4. The Central Limit Theorem states that the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means
is ____________________________.
A. equal to the population mean divided by the square root of the sample size
B. close to the population mean if the sample size is large
C. exactly equal to the population mean
D. approximately equal the sample mean
5. The Central Limit Theorem states that the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the
sample means is ________________.
A. equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size
B. close to the population standard deviation if the sample size is large
C. exactly equal to the standard deviation
D. approximately greater than the population variance
6. Samples of size 25 are chosen from a population with mean 40 and standard deviation 7.5. The
mean of the sampling distribution of sample means is
A. 7.5 B. 8 C. 40 D. 2.7
7. Samples of size 25 are chosen from a population with mean 40 and standard deviation 7.5. The
standard error of the sampling distribution of sample means is
A. 0.3 B. 1.5 C. 7.5 D. 10.15
8. According to the Central Limit Theorem, the sampling distribution of the mean can be estimated
by the normal distribution:
A. as the number of samples gets "large enough."
B. as the size of the sample standard deviation decreases.
C. as the sample size (number of observations) gets "large enough."
D. as the size of the population standard deviation increases.
Activity 2: Solve it!

Direction: Read and analyze the problem carefully. Then, perform the task being asked by
providing a comprehensive solution.
A producer of a fever drug claimed that the drug is 90% effective in relieving fever for a period
of 24 hours. In a sample of 200 people who have fever, the drug provided relief for 160 people for a
period of 24 hours. Determine whether the manufacturer’s claim is legitimate at the 0.05 level of
significance.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 3: Am I a Sufficient?
Direction: Read and analyze the problem carefully. Then, perform the task being asked by
providing a comprehensive solution.
The price of a popular dress at the mall is 179 pesos. Madam Judy bought five of the same
dress at an online store for the following prices:
155 179 175 175 161
Assuming that the online store prices of dresses are normally distributed, is there a sufficient
evidence in the sample, at the 5% level of significance, to conclude that the average price of the dress
is less than 179 pesos if purchased at an online store?
Activity 4: Can we be confident?

Direction: Read and analyze the problems carefully. Perform the tasks by answering the questions
that follow. Show your solution comprehensively.
Problem 1: Study the following weights (in lb) of 10 randomly selected senior high school students:
98 105 110 138 145 161 171 190 212 231
If the population is normally distributed, can we be 90% confident that the average weight
of the entire population is above 130 lb?
Problem 2: If the population is normally distributed, can we be 90% confident that the average weight
of the entire population is not 130 lb (i.e., is much less or much more than 130 lb instead
of just more than in our previous problem)? Determine the new rejection region and make
the yes/no decision.
Reflection
Direction: Reflect on the learning that you gained from the lesson by completing the table below.
What were the misconceptions about the topic What new or additional learning is gained
before taking up this lesson? from this lesson in terms of skills, content,
and attitude?
I thought… I learned that …
Post - Test
answer sheet.
1. What refers to the sum of all population data divided by the number of population data?
2. Which of the following refers to the degrees of freedom of a single population?
A. N-5 C. N-2
B. N-4 D. N-1
3. A value that is the average distance of the values of data from a sample.
A. 22. 36 C. 62. 02
B. 40.02 D. 81.12
5. It depicts the number of pieces of independent information available for computing variability.
A. degrees of pain C. degrees of knowledge
B. degrees of freedom D. degrees of happiness
6. A company produced ethyl alcohol and claimed to have a mean alcohol content of 70%. A random
sample of 80 of ethyl alcohol was take as sample to verify this claim. It was found out that the mean
________________________________________________________________________________________
alcohol content is 65% with a standard deviation of 2%. If a test is conducted on the claim at 5%
level of significance and assume that the population is normally distributed, what is the result of the
test?
A. 22. 36 C. 62. 02
B. 40.02 D. 81.12
7. The square of the population standard deviation.
Answer Key
________________________________________________________________________________________
References
https://web.williams.edu/Mathematics/sjmiller/public_html/BrownClasses/162/Handouts/StatsT
ests04.pdf
https://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/en/v/soga/Basics-of-statistics/Hypothesis-Tests/Hypothesis-Tests-
for-One-Population-Mean/Sigma-Is-Unknown/index.html
https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_introductory-statistics/s12-04-small-sample-tests-for-a-
popul.html
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/z/z-test.asp
https://www.slideshare.net/jundumaug1/statistics-hypothesis-testing-15999074
http://www.nuigalway.ie/maths/jn/MA238_Assignment_5_Solutions.pdf
________________________________________________________________________________________
Test-Statistic and Drawing
Week 4 Conclusions on Population
Mean
Name: ________________________________________ Section: ________________________
LO1. computes for the test-statistic value (population mean).
M11/12SP-IVd-1
LO2. draws conclusion about the population mean based on the test-statistic value
and the rejection region.
M11/12SP-IVd-2
LO3. solves problems involving test of hypothesis on the population mean.
M11/12SP-IVe-1
Pre - Test
Direction: Read and analyze each statement carefully. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. It is the decision when the value of the test statistic lies within the critical region.
A. reject HO C. both A and B
B. accept HO D. neither A nor B
2. The decision when the value of the test statistic lies outside the critical region.
3. What refers to the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is rejected in a right-tailed test?
A. lies within the critical region C. anywhere in the critical region
B. left side of the critical region D. right side of the critical region
4. Which of the following is the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is accepted in a right-
tailed test?
5. Considered as the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is rejected in a left-tailed test.
6. It is the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is accepted in a left-tailed test.
7. The conclusion when the value of test statistic lies within the critical region.
A. There is enough evidence to reject Ho. C. There is no null hypothesis.
B. There is no enough evidence to reject Ho. D. Cannot be determined
8. Which of the following is the conclusion when the value of test statistic lies outside the critical
region?
9. What refers to the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is rejected in a two-tailed test?
A. lies within one of the critical regions C. anywhere in the critical region
B. lies between the two critical regions D. right side of one of the critical regions
10. It is the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is accepted in a two-tailed test.
________________________________________________________________________________________
A. Accept Ho because there is no enough evidence to conclude that the lip tint has a mean
organic content less than 95%.
B. Reject Ho because there is enough evidence to conclude that the lip tint has a mean
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
12. An association of City Mayors conducted a study to determine the average number of times a
family went to buy necessities in a week. They found that the mean is 4 times in a week. A random
sample of 20 families were asked and found a mean of 5 times in a week and a standard deviation
of 2. If a test is conducted on the claim that the population mean is not equal to 5 at 5% level of
significance and assume that the population is approximately normally distributed, what is the result
of the test?
A. Accept Ho because there is no enough evidence to conclude that the average number of
times a family went out to buy necessities in a week is 4 times.
B. Reject Ho because there is enough evidence to conclude that the average number of
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
Key Concepts: Test-Statistic and Drawing Conclusions on Population Mean
As discussed on Week 2, test statistic is a value computed from the data. The test statistic
is used to assess the evidence in rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis. Each statistic
test is used for a different test. You can use the z-score, t-score, the F-statistic, or Chi-Square
statistic. These will be used for the following tests, z-test, t-test, ANOVA test, and Chi-square
test, respectively. All data must be assumed to be normally distributed. Here, we will consider
three conditions in choosing the appropriate test statistic. These three are when the
population variance is assumed to be known, when the population variance is assumed to be
unknown, and when using the Central Limit Theorem.
Test statistic when the population variance is assumed to be known:
• In this condition, the z-score is used. The formula for z-score is given by the formula
below.
where z is the z-score, 𝑥̅ is the sample mean, 𝜇0 is the population mean, 𝜎 is the
population standard deviation, and n is the sample size.
Example:
________________________________________________________________________________________
Test statistic when the population variance is assumed to be unknown
• In this condition, the z-score is inappropriate to use. A different test statistic will be
used then. The t-score will be used in this case. Another condition to observe when
using t-score is when the sample size n is less than 30, i.e., (𝑛 < 30) and the
population is normally or approximately normally distributed. The formula for t-score
is given by the formula below.
where t is the t-score, 𝑥̅ is the sample mean, 𝜇 is the population mean, 𝑠 is the sample
standard deviation, and n is the sample size.
Example:
Test statistic using Central Limit Theorem
• The Central Limit Theorem states that if a random samples of size n are drawn from
a large or infinite population with finite mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎2, then the sampling
distribution of the sample mean is approximately normally distributed with mean
________________________________________________________________________________________
𝜎 √𝑛 (𝑥̅ − 𝜇)
𝝁𝒙̅ = 𝝁 and a standard deviation of 𝝈𝒙̅ = . Hence, 𝒁 = or equivalently, 𝒙
̅~𝑵 (𝝁,
√𝑛 𝜎
𝝈𝟐/𝒏).
In other words, the sampling distribution of the sample means approaches a normal
distribution as the sample size gets larger — no matter what the shape of the population
distribution. This fact holds especially true for sample sizes over 30. All this is saying is
that as you take more samples, especially large ones, your graph of the sample means will
look more like a normal distribution.
The average of your sample means will be the population mean. Compute the sum of
all means from all samples divided by the number of means added. The result is the actual
population mean. Similarly, the average of all of the standard deviations of all samples is
the actual standard deviation for your population.
Activity 1: Accurate Calculations
Direction: Read and understand the problem carefully. Perform what is being asked by showing your
comprehensive calculation on the required test statistic.
Problem 1:
Assume we want to test whether or not girls, on average, score higher than 600 on the NCAE verbal
section. Suppose α is .05. Suppose we know that the standard deviation for girls NCAE verbal section
scores is 100.
Below is the collection of the data using a random sample of 20 girls and their verbal section scores:
650 730 510 670 480
800 690 530 590 620
710 670 640 780 650
490 800 600 510 700
Calculate the test statistic.
Activity 2: What is it?
Direction: Read and understand the problem carefully. Perform what is being asked by showing your
comprehensive calculation on the required test statistic and p-value.
Problem 1.
The Office of the President Scholarship Grant Program gives grants to low-income undergraduate
students. According to the National Tertiary Student Aid Study conducted by the Republic of the
Philippines Department of Education in 2008, the average scholarship grant award for 2007-2008
was 2,600 pesos. We are curious if the mean amount is different this year for scholarship grant
recipients at Malipayon University.
Suppose that we randomly select 50 scholarship grant recipients from Malipayon University. For
these 50 students, the mean scholarship grant award is 2,450 pesos with a standard deviation of
600 pesos.
Let µ = the mean amount of scholarship grant awards received by Malipayon University scholarship
grant recipients this year.
We test the hypotheses:
H0: μ = 2,600,
Ha: μ ≠ 2,600.
The sample size is greater than 30, so a t-model is a good fit for the sampling distribution.
________________________________________________________________________________________
What is the t-test statistic?
What is the P-value?
Activity 3: Test Me
Direction: Read and understand the problem carefully. Perform what is being asked
comprehensively.
Problem 1:
Suppose we wanted to test whether or not the average entrance exam score at Maalaga University
was significantly different from the average entrance exam score at Malambing University.
Taking a random sample, we manage to get the following 7 scores from Maalaga students:
Maalaga University:
1340 1500 1430 1440 1380 1470 1290
and the following 9 scores from Malambing students:
Malambing University:
1540 1480 1390 1450 1440 1350 1520 1400 1600
Assuming that the variance in entrance exam scores for students at Maalaga and students at
Malambing are the same, and assuming that both samples are taken from normal populations, test
(at the α = .05 significance level) whether or not there is a significant difference in the average
entrance exam score between these two schools.
Activity 4: Making Conclusions
Direction: Read and analyze the problem carefully. Perform the task by answering the following given
questions thru comprehensive solution.
The mean length of the electric wire is supposed to be 8.5 feet. An electrician wants to check whether
the shipment of electric wire she receives has a mean length different from 8.5 feet. If the electrician
observes that the sample mean of 61 pieces of electric wire is 8.3 feet with a sample standard
deviation of 1.2 feet, what will she conclude? Is 8.3 very different from 8.5?
Activity 5: Make Me
Direction: Read and understand the problem carefully. Perform the task by answering the question
that follow.
1. A prescription allergy medicine is assumed to comprise an average of 245 parts per million (ppm)
of active ingredient. The manufacturer occasionally gathers data to decide if the creation process is
working accurately.
A random sample of 64 pills has a mean of 250 ppm with a standard deviation of 12 ppm.
Let μ denote the average amount of the active ingredient in pills of this allergy medicine.
The null and alternative hypotheses are
H0: µ = 245, Ha: µ ≠ 245.
The level of significance is 1%. The T-test statistic is 3.33 with a P-value of 0.0014.
Make a correct conclusion.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Reflection
Direction: Reflect on the learning that you gained after taking up the lesson. List the topics you’ve
learned on this lesson and rank them in order according to how well or poor you
understand these topics. Make sure that the topics you’ve learned the most are in the
higher rank and those you’ve learned the least are in the lower rank. Then provide a
short statement about the application of the knowledge you gained from the activities
by describing and stating situation where key concepts are used in real life settings.
Use a separate paper for your answer.
Order Practical Real-life

(rate it from 1 to 5 with 1 Application of the
The topics I’ve learned on
being the least learned topic Topic
this lesson are. . .
and 5 as the most learned
topic)
Post-test
1. The conclusion when the value of test statistic lies within the critical region.
2. It is the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is accepted in a left-tailed test.
3. Which of the following is the conclusion when the value of test statistic lies outside the critical
region?
4. Considered as the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is rejected in a left-tailed test.
5. What refers to the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is rejected in a two-tailed test?
6. Which of the following is the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is accepted in a right-
tailed test?
7. It is the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is accepted in a two-tailed test.
8. What refers to the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is rejected in a right-tailed test?
________________________________________________________________________________________
A. Accept Ho because there is no enough evidence to conclude that the lip tint has a mean
B. Reject Ho because there is enough evidence to conclude that the lip tint has a mean
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
10. The decision when the value of the test statistic lies outside the critical region.
11. An association of City Mayors conducted a study to determine the average number of times a
family went to buy necessities in a week. They found that the mean is 4 times in a week. A random
sample of 20 families were asked and found a mean of 5 times in a week and a standard deviation
of 2. If a test is conducted on the claim that the population mean is not equal to 5 at 5% level of
significance and assume that the population is approximately normally distributed, what is the result
of the test?
A. Accept Ho because there is no enough evidence to conclude that the average number of
B. Reject Ho because there is enough evidence to conclude that the average number of
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
12. It is the decision when the value of the test statistic lies within the critical region.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Answer Key
________________________________________________________________________________________
References
population-mean-1-of-5/
https://www.real-statistics.com/hypothesis-testing/null-hypothesis/
https://stattrek.com/hypothesis-test/mean.aspx
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://web.williams.edu/Mathematics/
sjmiller/public_html/BrownClasses/162/Handouts/StatsTests04.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjX7euFxpXvAh
WREqYKHeSKCfAQFjAfegQICxAC&usg=AOvVaw0KY_C0ltB8VTAXfms0uTUo&cshid=161482363438
5
https://stattrek.com/hypothesis-test/mean.aspx#:~:text=%3D%20n%20-%201.-
,Test%20statistic.,SE%20is%20the%20standard%20error.
https://www.westga.edu/academics/research/vrc/assets/docs/tests_of_significance_notes.pdf
https://www.econometrics-with-r.org/3-3-hypothesis-tests-concerning-the-population-mean.html
________________________________________________________________________________________
Population Proportion, Central
Week 5 Limit Theorem and Test-
Statistic
Name: ________________________________________ Section: ________________________
LO1. formulates the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on a population
proportion. M11/12SP-IVe-2
LO2. identifies the appropriate form of the test-statistic when the Central
Limit Theorem is to be used. M11/12SP-IVe-3
LO3. identifies the appropriate rejection region for a given level of significance when
the Central Limit Theorem is to be used.
M11/12SP-IVe-4
LO4.computes for the test-statistic value (population proportion).
M11/12SP-IVf-1
LO5. draws conclusion about the population proportion based on the test-statistic
value and the rejection region. M11/12SP-IVf-2
LO6. solves problems involving test of hypothesis on the population proportion.
M11/12SP-IVf-g-1
Pre - Test
1. A randomly selected sample of 1,000 senior high school students in Loreto was asked whether
they had ever played Mobile Legend. Sixteen percent (16% or 0.16) of the 1,000 students surveyed
said they had. Which one of the following statements about the number 0.16 is correct?
A. It is a sample proportion. C. It is a margin of error.
B. It is a population proportion. D. It is a randomly chosen number.
2. In a random sample of 1000 students, 𝑝̂ = 0.80 (or 80%) were in favor of a limited face to face
classes. The standard error of 𝑝̂ (the sample proportion) is
A. 0.013 B. 0.160 C. 0.640 D. 0.800
3. A hypothesis test is done in which the alternative hypothesis is that more than 10% of a population
is left-handed. The p-value for the test is calculated to be 0.25. Which statement is correct?
A. We can conclude that more than 10% of the population is left-handed.
B. We can conclude that more than 25% of the population is left-handed.
C. We can conclude that exactly 25% of the population is left-handed.
D. We cannot conclude that more than 10% of the population is left-handed
4. A prospective observational study on the relationship between sleep deprivation and heart disease
was done by Ayas, et. al. (Arch Intern Med 2003). Women who slept at most 5 hours a night were
compared to women who slept for 8 hours a night (reference group). After adjusting for potential
confounding variables like smoking, a 95% confidence interval for the relative risk of heart disease
was (1.10, 1.92). Based on this confidence interval, a consistent conclusion would be
A. Sleep deprivation is associated with a modestly increased risk of heart disease.
B. Sleep deprivation is associated with a modestly decreased risk of heart disease.
C. There was no evidence of an association between sleep deprivation and heart disease.
D. Lack of sleep causes the risk of heart disease to increase by 10% to 92%.
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Consider a random sample of 100 females and 100 males. Suppose 15 of the females are left-
handed and 12 of the males are left-handed. What is the estimated difference between population
proportions of females and males who are left-handed (females − males)? Select the choice with the
correct notation and numerical value.
A. p1 − p2 = 3 B. p1 − p2 = 0.03 C. 𝑝̂ 1 − 𝑝̂ 2 = 3 D. 𝑝̂ 1 − 𝑝̂ 2= 0.03
6. In a random sample of 50 men, 40% said they preferred to walk upstairs rather than take the
elevator. In a random sample of 40 women, 50% said they preferred the stairs. The difference between
the two sample proportions (men – women) is to be calculated. Which of the following choices
correctly denotes the difference between the two sample proportions that is desired?
A. p1 − p2 = 0.10 B. 𝑝̂ 1 − 𝑝̂ 2 = 0.10 C. p1 − p2 = −0.10 D. 𝑝̂ 1 − 𝑝̂ 2 = −0.10
7. A confidence interval was used to estimate the proportion of statistics students that are female. A
random sample of 72 statistics students generated the following 90% confidence interval: (0.438,
0.642). Using the information above, what size sample would be necessary if we wanted to estimate
the true proportion to within ±0.08 using 95% confidence?
A. 597 B. 150 C. 105 D. 420
8. A teacher in Loreto National High School (A Stand-Alone Senior High) sampled 46 students from
a large school to obtain a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of students in favor of raising
the authorized contribution fees. The interval was (.356, .397). If the teacher had used a 90%
confidence interval instead, the confidence interval would have been
A. Wider and would have a smaller chance of missing the true proportion.
B. Narrower and would have a larger chance of missing the true proportion.
C. Narrower and would have a smaller chance of missing the true proportion.
D. Wider and would have a larger chance of missing the true proportion.
9. The mayor of Loreto notices an article that asserts the municipal unemployment rate is 8%. He
suspects that the unemployment rate is lower in the central barangays, so he plans to take a sample
of 200 residents to test if the proportion of residents that are unemployed in the sample is
significantly lower than the municipal unemployment rate. Let p represent the proportion of
residents that are unemployed.
Which of the following is an appropriate set of hypotheses for the mayor's significance test?
A. Ho: 𝑝̂ = 0.08 C. Ho: p = 0.08
Ha: 𝑝̂ < 0.08 Ha: p < 0.08
B. Ho: 𝑝̂ < 0.08 D. Ho: p = 0.08
Ha: 𝑝̂ = 0.08 Ha: p > 0.08
10. Joselito is a quality control expert at a factory that paints car parts. He knew that 20% of parts
were being painted with an error, so he made a change in the painting process. After the change,
he wanted to test H0: p=0.2 versus Ha: p<0.2, where p is the proportion of parts that were being
painted with an error.
Joselito took a sample of 400 parts and found that 16% of them had an error. He used
these results to calculate a test statistic of z = - 2.00 and a p-value of approximately 0.023. Assume
that the conditions for inference were met. Is there sufficient evidence at the α=0.05 level to
conclude that less than 20% of the parts are being painted with an error?
A. Yes, because 0.023<0.05 C. No, because 0.05>0.023
B. Yes, because 16%<20% D. No, because 0.16>0.05
Key Concepts: Population Proportion, Central Limit Theorem and Test-Statistic
When testing about a proportion, the following assumptions must be made:
1. The conditions for a binomial experiment are met. That is, there is a fixed number of independent
trials with constant probabilities and each trial has two outcomes that we usually classify as
“success” and “failure”.
2. The condition 𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5 and 𝑛𝑞 ≥ 5are both satisfied so that the binomial distribution with 𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 and
𝜎 = √npq.
________________________________________________________________________________________
If all the above conditions are met the test statistic is the z-test statistic for proportions. The formula
for computing this value is:
Steps in solving problems involving test hypothesis on the population proportion:

1. Describe the population parameter of interest.
2. Formulate the hypothesis.
3. Check the assumptions.
4. Check a significance level size for 𝛼.
5. Select the appropriate test statistic.
6. State the decision rule for rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis.
7. Compare the computed values.
8. Interpret the result.
We will now apply the formula and steps involving test hypothesis on the population proportion.
Example 1: Using the 0.5 level of significance run a z-test given the following:
Solution:
1. The parameter of interest is the population proportion p.
2. 𝐻0: 𝑝 = 𝑝0
𝐻0: 𝑝 = .10
𝐻1: 𝑝 ≠ .10
3. With n=74, the Central Limit Theorem applies.
4. 𝛼 = 0.5, Two-tailed (The problem does not suggest direction.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Note: In the p-value approach we compute the probability value to the left of -0.91. That is the area
between z=0 and z=0.91 is given in z-table as 0.3186. Therefore, the observed probability value is
0.5000-0.3186 = 0.1814. Since the test is two-tailed, the p-value is multiplied by 2. So, p-value =
0.1814 x 2 = 0.3628.
Z = - 0.91
6. Reject the 𝑯𝟎 if the computed probability value is ≤ 0.05. Do not reject (or accept) 𝑯𝟎 if the
computed probability value > 0.05.
7. We know that 0.3628 > 0.05
8. Thus, based on the evidence at hand we cannot reject the null hypothesis 𝑯𝟎.
There is no significant difference between the sample proportion and the population proportion.
Activity 1: Compute Me
Direction: For each item below, compute the value of q and then the value of z given the hypothesized
proportion (p), the observed proportion (𝑝̂ ) and the sample size (n). Write your answer on your answer
sheet.
B. For each problem below, compute for the value of the hypothesized proportion (𝑝̂ ), the value of q,
and finally the value of z.
1. A teacher wants to test her assumption that less than 30% of the Loreto Senior High School
students like research class. After randomly collecting 150 samples, she found out that only 50
students like their research class.
2. After launching the Water and Hygiene in School program, the principal believes that 95 % of
the students applied the proper handwashing techniques in school as well as at home. A random
survey was conducted to 500 students and only 410 of them said they practiced correct
handwashing technique both in school and at home.
Activity 2: Safety at its finest!
given question. Write your answer with solution in a comprehensive manner on your answer sheet.
The Dinagat Islands health department wishes to identify if the mean bacteria count per unit
volume of water at Linao Spring Resort is within the safety level of 200. A researcher collected 10
water samples of unit volume and found the bacteria count to be:
175 190 215 198 184
207 210 193 196 180
Does the data indicate that the bacteria count is within the safety level?
Test at the α = .01 level.
Compute the test statistic.
You may assume that the measurements constitute a sample from a normal population.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 3: Can we conclude?
given question. Write your answer with solution in a comprehensive manner on your answer sheet.
A student-researcher at Loreto National High School (A Stand-Alone Senior High) is interested
in the mean age of the population of students in the aforementioned school. A random sample of 10
students drawn from the population of interest has a mean of 27.
Assuming that the population is approximately normally distributed with variance 20; can
we conclude that the mean is different from 30 years? (α=0.05). If the p - value is 0.0340 how can
we use it in making a decision?
Activity 4: Rejection region, it is?
Read and analyze the problem carefully. Perform the task by answering the following given question.
Write your answer with solution in a comprehensive manner on your answer sheet.
Assume we desired to test whether or not the average quarterly exam score at Iniwan
University was significantly different from the average quarterly exam score at Nangiwan
University.
Taking a random sample, we manage to get the following 7 scores from Iniwan students:
Iniwan University:
1340 1500 1430 1440 1380 1470 1290
and the following 9 scores from Nangiwan students:
Nangiwan University:
1540 1480 1390 1450 1440 1350 1520 1400 1600
Assuming that the variance in quarterly exam scores for students at Iniwan and students at
Nangiwan are the same, and assuming that both samples are taken from normal populations, then we
would like to test (at the α = .05 significance level) whether or not there is a significant difference in
the average entrance exam score between these two schools.
Your only task here is to determine first the rejection region.
Activity 5: Is it Correct?
Direction: Read and analyze the problem carefully. Then, perform the task being asked as you
calculate the test statistic. Write your answer with solution in a comprehensive manner on your
answer sheet.
Dinagatnon College Students Who Drink
According to the survey conducted by Dinagat Health Services, 60% of all Dinagatnon adults
ages 18 to 24 currently drink alcohol. Is the proportion of Loretonhon college students who currently
drink alcohol different from the proportion nationwide? A survey of 450 Loretonhon college students
indicates that 66% currently drink alcohol. The hypotheses were:
H0: p = 0.60
Ha: p ≠ 0.60
The calculated test statistic is approximately 2.60. Is it correct? Provide justification by solving the
problem comprehensively.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Reflection
Direction: Fill in the pyramid of learning by indicating 3 new learned concepts you had on
this lesson, 2 situations where you can apply the knowledge you gained in
real life settings and 1 question you have in mind. Use a separate paper
for your answer.
1
question
I have in mind:
2 situations where I can apply the

knowledge I gained in real-life settings:
My 3 New Learned Concepts on this Lesson:
Post-test
1. In a random sample of 50 men, 40% said they preferred to walk upstairs rather than take the
elevator. In a random sample of 40 women, 50% said they preferred the stairs. The difference between
the two sample proportions (men – women) is to be calculated. Which of the following choices
correctly denotes the difference between the two sample proportions that is desired?
A. p1 − p2 = 0.10 B. 𝑝̂ 1 − 𝑝̂ 2 = 0.10 C. p1 − p2 = −0.10 D. 𝑝̂ 1 − 𝑝̂ 2 = −0.10
2. Consider a random sample of 100 females and 100 males. Suppose 15 of the females are left-
handed and 12 of the males are left-handed. What is the estimated difference between population
proportions of females and males who are left-handed (females − males)? Select the choice with the
correct notation and numerical value.
A. p1 − p2 = 3 B. p1 − p2 = 0.03 C. 𝑝̂ 1 − 𝑝̂ 2 = 3 D. 𝑝̂ 1 − 𝑝̂ 2= 0.03
3. A confidence interval was used to estimate the proportion of statistics students that are female. A
random sample of 72 statistics students generated the following 90% confidence interval: (0.438,
0.642). Using the information above, what size sample would be necessary if we wanted to estimate
the true proportion to within ±0.08 using 95% confidence?
A. 597 B. 150 C. 105 D. 420
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. A prospective observational study on the relationship between sleep deprivation and heart disease
was done by Ayas, et. al. (Arch Intern Med 2003). Women who slept at most 5 hours a night were
compared to women who slept for 8 hours a night (reference group). After adjusting for potential
confounding variables like smoking, a 95% confidence interval for the relative risk of heart disease
was (1.10, 1.92). Based on this confidence interval, a consistent conclusion would be
A. Sleep deprivation is associated with a modestly increased risk of heart disease.
B. Sleep deprivation is associated with a modestly decreased risk of heart disease.
C. There was no evidence of an association between sleep deprivation and heart disease.
D. Lack of sleep causes the risk of heart disease to increase by 10% to 92%.
5. A teacher in Loreto National High School (A Stand-Alone Senior High) sampled 46 students from
a large school to obtain a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of students in favor of raising
the authorized contribution fees. The interval was (.356, .397). If the teacher had used a 90%
confidence interval instead, the confidence interval would have been
A. Wider and would have a smaller chance of missing the true proportion.
B. Narrower and would have a larger chance of missing the true proportion.
C. Narrower and would have a smaller chance of missing the true proportion.
D. Wider and would have a larger chance of missing the true proportion.
E. Wider, but the chance of missing the true proportion cannot be determined
6. A hypothesis test is done in which the alternative hypothesis is that more than 10% of a population
is left-handed. The p-value for the test is calculated to be 0.25. Which statement is correct?
A. We can conclude that more than 10% of the population is left-handed.
B. We can conclude that more than 25% of the population is left-handed.
C. We can conclude that exactly 25% of the population is left-handed.
D. We cannot conclude that more than 10% of the population is left-handed
7. The mayor of Loreto notices an article that asserts the municipal unemployment rate is 8%. He
suspects that the unemployment rate is lower in the central barangays, so he plans to take a sample
of 200 residents to test if the proportion of residents that are unemployed in the sample is
significantly lower than the municipal unemployment rate. Let p represent the proportion of
residents that are unemployed.
Which of the following is an appropriate set of hypotheses for the mayor's significance test?
A. Ho: 𝑝̂ = 0.08 C. Ho: p = 0.08
Ha: 𝑝̂ < 0.08 Ha: p < 0.08
B. Ho: 𝑝̂ < 0.08 D. Ho: p = 0.08
Ha: 𝑝̂ = 0.08 Ha: p > 0.08
8. In a random sample of 1000 students, 𝑝̂ = 0.80 (or 80%) were in favor of a limited face to face
classes. The standard error of 𝑝̂ (the sample proportion) is
A. 0.013 B. 0.160 C. 0.640 D. 0.800
9. Joselito is a quality control expert at a factory that paints car parts. He knew that 20% of parts
were being painted with an error, so he made a change in the painting process. After the change,
he wanted to test H0: p=0.2 versus Ha: p<0.2, where p is the proportion of parts that were being
painted with an error.
Joselito took a sample of 400 parts and found that 16% of them had an error. He used
these results to calculate a test statistic of z = - 2.00 and a p-value of approximately 0.023. Assume
that the conditions for inference were met. Is there sufficient evidence at the α=0.05 level to
conclude that less than 20% of the parts are being painted with an error?
A. Yes, because 0.023<0.05 C. No, because 0.05>0.023
B. Yes, because 16%<20% D. No, because 0.16>0.05
10. A randomly selected sample of 1,000 senior high school students in Loreto was asked whether
they had ever played Mobile Legend. Sixteen percent (16% or 0.16) of the 1,000 students surveyed
said they had. Which one of the following statements about the number 0.16 is correct?
A. It is a sample proportion. C. It is a margin of error.
B. It is a population proportion. D. It is a randomly chosen number.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Answer Key
________________________________________________________________________________________
References
population-proportion-3-of-3/
http://www.uvm.edu/~rsingle/stat211/TMP/notes/ClassNotes_ch5.pdf
https://bolt.mph.ufl.edu/6050-6052/unit-4/module-12/proportions-step-4/
https://online.stat.psu.edu/statprogram/reviews/statistical-concepts/proportions
https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Book%3A_Introductory_Statistics_(S
hafer_and_Zhang)/08%3A_Testing_Hypotheses/8.05%3A_Large_Sample_Tests_for_a_Population_Pro
portion
https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_introductory-statistics/s12-05-large-sample-tests-for-a-popul.html
https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/msen/files/lecture_14.pdf
https://stattrek.com/hypothesis-test/proportion.aspx
http://www.ltcconline.net/greenl/courses/201/hyptest/hypprob.htm
________________________________________________________________________________________

Statistics & Probablility Week 1-5

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Statistics & Probablility Week 1-5

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STATISTICS &

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DINAGAT ISLANDS

Statistics and Probability 11/12

Development Team of the Learning Activity Sheets

Writer: Roxanne Mae Grefiel Daz, MAME

Printed in the Philippines by ______________________________

Department of Education – Learning Resource Management Section

Name: ________________________________________ Section: ________________________

LO2. identifies the parameter to be tested given a real-life problem. M11/12SP-IVa-3

Time Allotment: 1 Week

Key Concepts: Basic Concept in Hypothesis Testing

Step 2: Identifying the parameter

Step 4: Null and alternative hypotheses complementary pair

A non – directional test is also called a two–tailed test.

Step 3: The test is directional or one-tailed (right-tailed).

1 – α is the probability of a correct decision when the null hypothesis is true.

Now, let us examine some examples of errors in decision making.

Here's Euxanne's null hypothesis:

Activity 2: Supply me! What are we missing?

Vocabulary and Concepts

1. The significance level is denoted by ______and is the probability of rejecting the

0.05 hypothesized mean 0.1 rejection region

Practice and Application

Activity 3: Where is that error?

Activity 4: Can you identify me? Spotting parameter

General Mathematics, Grade 11, LM and TG.

Time Allotment: 1 Week

Key Concepts: Null and alternative hypotheses and Test-statistic

Given: sample size 𝑛 = 200

Parameter: population mean 𝜇0 = 5 population standard deviation 𝜎 = 2

Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.

In symbol, 𝐻1: 𝜇 < 5

Test statistic when the population variance is assumed to be known:

Test statistic when the population variance is assumed to be unknown

Test statistic using Central Limit Theorem

For numbers 1 and 2:

1. The null hypothesis for this problem is _______________________.

A. p = 0.25 B. p > 0.25 C. p < 0.25 D. p ≠ 0.25

2. The alternative hypothesis for this problem is ______________________.

A. p = 0.25 B. p > 0.25 C. p < 0.25 D. p ≠ 0.25

For numbers 3 and 4:

3. The null hypothesis for this problem is ____________________________.

A. p = 0.4 B. p > 0.4 C. p≠0.4 D. p < 0.4

4. The alternative hypothesis for this problem is ________________________.

A. p = 0.4 B. p > 0.4 C. p≠0.4 D. p < 0.4

Activity 2: Better Choices

Calculate the test statistic.

What is the test statistic for this problem?

Tests on the population mean (known variance)

(c) What is the rejection region?

(d) What assumptions are you making?

(e) What is the result of the test?

The observed value of the test statistic is

Activity 5: Strong Connection: Variation Problem

Tests on the population mean (unknown variance)

(a) What is the test statistic?

(b) What is the rejection region?

(e) How is this problem different from problem?

What are I thought that……………

General Mathematics, Grade 11, LM and TG.

Time Allotment: 1 Week

−Z𝛼 = −Z0.05 = −1.645

Now, we construct the critical and acceptance regions.

Name: ________________ Section: