NAME:_____________________________________

11
STRAND/BLOCK:__________________________

STATISTICS
AND PROBABILITY
Quarter IV – Week 2
The Parameter

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Contextualized Learning Activity Sheets (CLAS)
Quarter IV - Week 2: The Parameter
First Edition, 2020

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 Let’s Try
Directions: Read each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
space provided before the number.

______ 1. What is a z-test?

A. Statistical test C. Geometric test
B. Algebraic calculations D. Trigonometric calculations
______ 2. When are z-tests useful?
A. When standard deviation is known
B. When the data is normally distributed
C. When we want to compare sample and population means
D. All the answers are correct
______ 3. If we were to put all possible samples from a population, calculate the mean for
every sample and construct the graph of the shape of the distribution based on
all the means, what would we have?
A. The standard error of the mean
B. The bootstrap distribution of the mean
C. The sampling distribution of the mean
D. The population distribution of the mean
______ 4. ‘Children can learn a second language faster before the age of 8’, what statement
is this?
A. A null hypothesis C. A two-tailed hypothesis
B. A one-tailed hypothesis D. Non-scientific statement
______ 5. If an experimental hypothesis claims that ‘Eating cheese before bed affects the
chances of having nightmares’, what would be the null hypothesis?
A. Eating cheese before bed increases the chances of having nightmares
B. Eating cheese before bed decreases the chances of having nightmares
C. Eating cheese before bed does not affect the chances of having nightmares
D. Eating cheese before bed affects the chances of having nightmares
______ 6. Rejection of the null hypothesis is a conclusive proof that the alternative
hypothesis is _________.
A. True B. False C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B
______ 7. What certain assumptions does parametric tests make?
A. Population size C. underlying distribution
B. sample size D. standard deviation
______ 8. What does it mean when we take a level of significance of 5%?
A. We are 5% confident that the results have not occurred by chance
B. We are 95% confident that results have not occurred by chance
C. We are 95% confident that results have occurred by chance
D. We are 5% confident that the results have occurred by chance.
______ 9. What does one-tailed and two-tailed distribution test determine?
A. If two extreme values of the sample needs to be rejected
B. If the hypothesis has one or two possible conclusions
C. If the rejection region is located in one tail of the distribution.
D. If the rejection region is located in one or two tails of the distribution
______ 10. When do we commit a Type II error?
A. We reject the null hypothesis when it is true
B. We accept the null hypothesis when it is false
C. We reject the null hypothesis when it is false
D. We accept the null hypothesis when it is true
1
 Lesson 1
The Parameter

MELCs:
 Identify the parameter to be tested given a real-life problem.
(M11/12SP-IVa-3)
 Formulate the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on a population
mean. (M11/12SP-IVb-1)

Objectives: 1. Define parameter and its symbol.

2. Identify the parameter to be tested given a real-life problem.
3. Discuss appropriate null and alternative hypotheses on a population mean.
4. Employ the basic steps in hypothesis testing.

Let’s Explore and Discover

In daily life, we had been faced with various instances
Unlocking where we are forced to create worthy decisions that would be
beneficial to us and to our society. In order to effectively
of Difficulties
construct our decisions, we must first look out for possible
evidences and information which will support our claims and
Parameter-a will serve as basis for decision-making.
numerical
characteristic of a Null Hypothesis
population.

Rejection region- Will it be

the interval in the Will it be
rejected? accepted?
sampling
distribution that
leads to rejection of
the null
hypothesis.

Gathering collective perspectives has become the most common form of gathering
information. This is usually done to serve as basis for essential decision-making especially
in terms of developing policies for implementation. Technology also has played a huge part
on reaching out the probable respondents in a survey, in collecting opinions far and wide.
Moreover, in analysing these collected data, Statistics has provided us with systematic
procedures to make sense out of all the frequencies obtained.
Parameter is a numerical quantity that characterizes a given population which
means it tells us something about the whole population. It denotes the true value that
would be obtained if a census rather than a sample was undertaken.

2
Example of parameters and their symbol:
1. Mean (𝝁) – the average of the outcome based on the repeated process or experiment.
2. Variance (𝝈𝟐 ) – a measure of variability, shows the degree of spread in a data set.
3. Standard deviation (𝝈) – denotes how far, on the average, an observed value is from
its mean, a square root of the variance.

Example of identifying parameter

1. The average weight of grade 11 students 17 years and older is 59 kilograms for
males.
Parameter: The average weight of grade 11 students is 59 kg.

2. According to a survey made by the guidance counselors, 59% of the grade 12

students have family problems.
Parameter: The percentage of grade 12 students who have family problems is 59% .

3. The recorded standard deviation of the reading habits of STEM students is 7.99 hrs
per day according to the conducted interviews made by the guidance counselor of a
certain school.
Parameter: The standard deviation of the reading habits of the stem students is
7.99 hours.

In order to test these parameters involved, hypothesis testing is devised to follow a

sequencial flow of procedure which, in return, leads to the attainment of a conclusion.
Hypothesis testing is a statistical testing procedure used to resolve a hypothesis. A
hypothesis is tested in order to identify whether it is true or not. If it is found to be true, it
is accepted; if it is found to be false, it is to be rejected. There are certain instances where
we test hypotheses concerning means. Say for example, we want to find out whether there
is a significant difference between the population mean 𝜇 and the sample mean 𝑋̅. When
we say significant difference, it means that the difference is statistically significant.

Basic Steps in Testing Hypothesis

Whenever we test hypotheses, we follow these steps:

Step 1: Identify the claim and formulate the null (𝐻𝑜 ) and alternative (𝐻𝑎 )
hypotheses.
Step 2: Set the level of significance and identify whether it is a one-tailed or
two-tailed test based on the alternative hypothesis. Decide on the test
statistic to use and determine the critical value. Draw the rejection
region.
Step 3: Compute the test value using the test statistic.
Step 4: Make a decision whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.
Step 5: Formulate a conclusion by answering the research question.

Accepting or Rejecting the Null Hypothesis

In deciding whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis, use these steps.
1. Identify the critical value using appropriate statistical tables.
2. Illustrate the rejection region and critical value.
3. If the computed value or the test value falls within the rejection region, reject the
null hypothesis, otherwise, accept the null hypothesis.

3
Example 1
Hypotheses Rejection Region Decision
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 50
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 < 50 Reject Ho
Test value: −2.57
Critical value: −1.96
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 50
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 > 50 Accept Ho
Test value: 1.45
Critical value: 1.96
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 50
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≠ 50 Reject Ho
Test value: −2.15
Critical value: ±1.96
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 50
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≠ 50 Accept Ho
Test value: 1.45
Critical value: ±1.96

Let’s Practice

Directions: Construct Null (𝐻𝑜 ) and alternative (𝐻𝑎 ) hypotheses for each claim.
1. Claim: A consumer analyst reports that the mean life of a certain type of automobile
battery is 74 months.
𝐻𝑜 :

𝐻𝑎 :

2. Claim: A radio station publicizes that its proportion of the local listening audience
is greater than 39%.
𝐻𝑜 :

𝐻𝑎 :

Directions: Identify the parameter to be tested in each of the real-life problems given below.
Write your answers on the space provided.
1. A certain health magazine stated that 16% of men said they used exercise to reduce
weight.
Parameter: _______________________________________________________________
2. A tire manufacturer claims that his tires will give good service to car owners for
45 000 miles.
Parameter: _______________________________________________________________
3. It is claimed that the average time spent by employees on phone calls is 6 minutes.
Parameter: _______________________________________________________________

4
 Let’s Do More

Directions: Match each symbol in column B with the correct term in column A. Write your
answers on the lines provided below and reveal a word that would complete the statement
that follows.

Column A Column B
1. Population Mean A. 𝑠
2. Sample standard deviation E. 𝑋̅
3. Population standard deviation H. 𝜎 2
4. Sample size L. 𝑁
5. Population size M. 𝜎
6. Sample mean P. 𝑛
S. 𝜇

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1 2 3 4 5 6

A ____________ is a smaller group that represents specific attributes of the population

as a whole.

Directions: Arrange from 1-5 the following steps in hypothesis testing. Write the
corresponding number on the space provided.

_______ Compute the test value using the test statistic.

_______ Formulate a conclusion
_______ Identify the claim and formulate the null (𝐻𝑜 ) and alternative (𝐻𝑎 ) hypotheses.

_______ Set the level of significance, identify type of test, decide on the test statistic and
critical value to use, and draw the rejection region
_______ Make a decision whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.

5
 Let’s Sum It Up

Activity 1
Directions: Complete the statements by filling in the blanks with the words in the box
below.
Mean Standard deviation Variance Parameter Hypothesis testing

A (1) _____________ is a numerical quantity that characterizes a given population.

Some of its examples include (2) _______________, denoted by the symbol (𝜇), is the average
of the outcome based on the repeated process, (3) _________________, a measure of
variability, shows the degree of spread in a data set, and (4) _______________, denotes how
far, on the average, an observed value is from its mean, a square root of the variance. All
of these are essential values in the conduct of _________________.

6
 Lesson 2
Test-statistic when the population variance is known
and unknown

MELC:

 Identifies the appropriate form of the test-statistic when: (a) the population
variance is assumed to be known; (b) the population variance is assumed to be
unknown; and (c) the Central Limit Theorem is to be used. (M11/12SP-IVb-2)

Objectives: 1. Identify the appropriate form of the test-statistic when the population
variance is assumed to be known and the Central Limit Theorem is to be
used.
2. Identify the appropriate form of the test-statistic when the population
variance is assumed to be unknown and the Central Limit Theorem is to
be used.
3. Solve problems involving known and unknown population variances.

Let’s Explore and Discover

In statistics, statisticians and researchers prefer to
Unlocking determine the characteristic of each entity in the population
of Difficulties in order to draw the most precise conclusion possible. Mostly,
this is impossible since population tends to be quite large.
Sample Mean- is This is where a sample can efficiently be used.
the estimate of the A population is regarded as a distinct group of individuals
population mean. with a common characteristic. It is a pool of individuals from
which statistical samples are drawn.
Population Mean-
is the average of the A sample refers to a random selection of members of a
group population. It is a small group drawn from the population that
characteristic. possesses the characteristic of its entire population.

Sample Mean and Population Mean in a Large Sample Size

In testing hypothesis, we want to find out if the mean difference is significant or not.
For this purpose, z-test is appropriate for the following conditions:
1. The population variance is known.
2. The population variance is unknown but the sample size is large (greater than or
equal to 30; 𝑛 ≥ 30). Here we can use the sample standard deviation (𝑠) instead of
the population standard deviation (𝜎).

7
Test-statistic when the population variance is known and 𝒏 > 𝟑𝟎
The z-test of one-sample mean is used to test if the sample mean 𝑋̅ significantly
differ from the population mean 𝜇. We use the z score formula since we are dealing with
sample mean. By the Central Limit Theorem, we have:
𝑋̅ −𝜇 𝜎
𝑧= where 𝜎𝑋̅ =
𝜎𝑋 ̅ √𝑛
The formula for z-test can be written as:
(𝑋̅ − 𝜇)√𝑛
𝑧=
𝜎
where:
𝑋̅ = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝜇 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝜎 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
After computing for the test value z, we will compare the computed value against the
critical value of z as shown in the table below. The rejection region in the sampling
distribution must be illustrated.
Table 1. Critical value of z
Level of Significance
Type of Test
𝛼 = 0.01 𝛼 = 0.05
One-tailed ±2.33 ±1.65
Two-tailed ±2.58 ±1.96

Example 1.
A certain drug is claimed by its manufacturers to reduce overweight men by 4.75 kg
per month, with a standard deviation of 0.89 kg. Ten randomly chosen men reported losing
an average of 4.25 kg within a month. Does this data support the claim of the manufacturer
at 0.05 level of significance?
Solution:
Follow the five-step procedure in testing hypothesis.
Step 1: 𝐻𝑜 : The average weight loss per month using the drug is equal to 4.75
kg (𝜇 = 4.75).
𝐻𝑎 : The average weight loss per month using the drug is not equal to
4.75 kg (𝜇 ≠ 4.75).
Step 2: Type of test: two-tailed or nondirectional test
Critical value: With the use of table 1, 𝛼 = 0.05, two-tailed test, the
critical value is 𝑧 = ±1.96
Rejection region:

Step 3: Compute test value

Given:
𝑋̅ = 4.25
𝜇 = 4.75
𝑛 = 10
𝜎 = 0.89
Substitute the given values in the formula:
(𝑋̅ − 𝜇)√𝑛
𝑧=
𝜎
(4.25 − 4.75)√10
𝑧=
0.89
𝑧 = −1.78
The test value or the computed value is 𝑧 = −1.78.
Step 4: Decision: Since the computed or test value does not fall within the
rejection region, we accept the null hypothesis.
Step 5: Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the sample and
population mean. Thus, the manufacturer is correct in claiming that
the drug can reduce overweight men by 4.75 kg per month.

8
Test-statistic when the population variance is unknown and 𝒏 > 𝟑𝟎
If, for instance, 𝜎 is unknown, we can still use the z-test by replacing 𝜎 by 𝑠 (sample
standard deviation) given that 𝑛 > 30. Take a look at this example.

Example 2.
A study shows that the cost of raising a child from birth to age one is more than Php
92 000. A random sample of 36 families reveal a mean of Php 95 000 with a standard
deviation of Php 5 000. Based on these sample data, can it be concluded that the study is
correct in its claim? Use 0.01 level of significance.
Solution:
Step 1: 𝐻𝑜 : The average cost of raising a child from birth to age one is equal to
Php 92 000 (𝜇 = 92 000).
𝐻𝑎 : The average cost of raising a child from birth to age one is more
than Php 92 000 (𝜇 > 92 000).
Step 2: Type of test: one-tailed or directional test
Critical value: With the use of table 1, 𝛼 = 0.01, one-tailed test, the
critical value is 𝑧 = 2.33
Rejection region:

Step 3: Compute test value

Given:
𝑋̅ = 95 000
𝜇 = 92 000
𝑛 = 36
𝜎 = 5 000
Substitute the given values in the formula:
(𝑋̅ − 𝜇)√𝑛
𝑧=
𝜎
(95 000 − 92 000)√36
𝑧=
5 000
𝑧 = 3.6
The test value or the computed value is 𝑧 = 3.6.
Step 4: Decision: Since the computed or test value falls within the
rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.
Step 5: Conclusion: There is a significant difference between the sample and
population mean. Thus, the study is correct in stating that the cost of
raising a child from birth to age one is more than Php 92 000.

Test-statistic when the population variance is unknown and 𝒏 < 𝟑𝟎

When 𝜎 is unknown and the population is less than 30, we will use the t-test of
one-sample mean. The formula for t-test is given as
(𝑋̅ − 𝜇)
𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛
where
𝑋̅ = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝜇 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝑠 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1
The critical value for t can be found in the table of t-distribution. Level of
significance, type of test and degrees of freedom should be identified prior to finding the
critical value. The degree of freedom (𝑑𝑓) is the number of values that are free to vary.

9
Example 3.
The director of a certain school for secretarial studies claimed that his graduates
can type more than 85 words per minute. A random sample of 15 graduates has been found
to have an average of 80 words per minute with a standard deviation of 7.6 words per
minute. Using 0.05 level of significance, test the claim of the director.

Solution:
Step 1: Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
𝐻𝑜 : The average number of words that graduates can type is 85 words per
minute (𝜇 = 85).
𝐻𝑎 : The average number of words that graduates can type is more than 85
words per minute (𝜇 > 85)
Step 2: Type of test: The test is one-tailed(right-tailed)
Critical value: Using the t-distribution table, the critical value of t at 0.05
level, one-tailed test, df = 15-1 = 14 is 𝑡 = 2.145
Rejection region:

Step 3: Compute for the test value.

Given:
𝑋̅ = 80
𝜇 = 85
𝑛 = 15
𝑠 = 7.6
Substitute values in the formula
(80 − 85)
𝑡=
7.6
√15
= −2.55
Step 4: Decision: Accept the null hypothesis since the computed value falls outside
the rejection region.

Step 5: Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the sample mean and
the population mean. Thus the claim of the director of a certain school for
secretarial studies that their graduates can type more than 85 words per
minute is incorrect.

10
 Let’s Practice

I. Directions: Find the critical value, draw the rejection region, compute for the
test statistic and decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.
Hypotheses Given Rejection Region Test Value Decision
1. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 9.7 𝑋̅ = 10.1
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 9.7 𝑠 = 4.2
𝑛 = 50
𝛼 = 0.05
2. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 70 𝑋̅ = 72
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 70 𝑠 2 = 19
𝑛 = 50
𝛼 = 0.01
3. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 8.5 𝑋̅ = 8.3
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 8.5 𝑠 2 = 0.80
𝑛 = 170
𝛼 = 0.05

Directions: Find the critical value or values for the t-test for each of the following. Draw
the rejection region.

Hypotheses Given Rejection Region Test Value Decision

1. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 9.8 ̅
𝑋 = 10.0
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 9.8 𝑠 = 4.2
𝑛 = 13
𝛼 = 0.05
2. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 80 𝑋̅ = 75
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 80 𝑠 2 = 19
𝑛 = 20
𝛼 = 0.01
3. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 10.4 𝑋̅ = 8.3
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 10.4 𝑠 2 = 16
𝑛 = 15
𝛼 = 0.10

11
 Let’s Do More

Directions: Solve the problem below. Follow the five-step procedure in testing
hypothesis.
1. A light bulb manufacturer advertises 2. A supermarket boasts that checkout
that his bulbs last 950 hours with a times for customers are less than 20
standard deviation of 80 hours. A minutes. A random sample of 36
random sample is chosen before each customers reveals a mean checkout
campaign to make sure that the claim time of 22 minutes with a standard
is correct. If one such sample of 35 deviation of 3 minutes. What can you
bulbs show a mean of 975 hours, can conclude about the supermarkets
the advertising claim be considered an boast at 0.01 level?
underestimate at 0.05 level of
significance? Solution:
Step 1:
Solution:
Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 2:

Step 3:

Step 3:

Step 4:

Step 4:

Step 5:

Step 5:

12
Directions: Solve the problem below. Follow the five-step procedure in testing hypothesis.
1. The average amount of rainfall 2. The mean content of 20 bottles of
during the summer season is 10.55 Brand A apple juice is 340 ml with a
inches. A researcher in PAGASA standard deviation of 5 ml. Is this in
selects a random sample of 9 line with the manufacturer’s claim that
provinces and finds that the average the bottle contains, on the average, 350
amount of rainfall last year was 7.58 ml? Use 0.01 level of significance.
inches with a standard deviation of
1.4 inches. At 0.05 level of Solution:
significance, can it be concluded Step 1:
that the mean rainfall last year was
below 10.55 inches?
Step 2:
Solution:
Step 1:

Step 2:
Step 3:

Step 3:

Step 4:

Step 4: Step 5:

Step 5:

What is the importance of the five-step procedure in hypothesis testing?

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

13
 Let’s Sum It Up
Activity 1
Directions: Complete the statements by filling in the blanks with the words in the box
below.
sample mean Z-test population mean hypotheses level of significance

__________ are tentative statements to explain a phenomenon based on available

evidences. In hypothesis testing, ________ of one sample mean is used to compare sample
mean and population mean. _________________ refers to the mean of the whole group and
is often regarded as hypothesized mean 𝜇. While ____________ is the mean of the smaller
scale which represents the attributes of the group as a whole. Also, ________________ is
assigned to represent the risk or degree of confidence a researcher is willing to take on
committing Type I error.

Let’s Assess

Directions: Read each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
space provided before the number.

_______1. Which of these denotes parameter value?

A. 𝑋̅ B. 𝑋 C. 𝜇 D. 𝑡
_______2. When you give a number to describe a population, you are doing _______.
A. Estimating parameters C. Inferential Statistics
B. Hypothesis testing D. Descriptive Statistics
_______3. What do we call the subgroups of the population?
A. Sample B. Population C. terms D. averages
_______4. When the confidence is 95%, the level of significance is ______.
A. 0.1 B. 0.5 C. 0.01 D. 0.05
_______5. Which of the following are the 95% confidence coefficients?

A. ±1.645 B. ±1.96 C. ±2.33 D. ±2.58

_______6. When 𝛼 = 0.01, the critical values are ________.
A. ±2.58 B. ±1.96 C. ±2.33 D. Both A and C

14
For numbers 7-8, refer to the word problem below.
The production manager of a large manufacturing company estimates that the mean
age of his employees is 23.8 years. The treasurer of the firm needs a more accurate
employee mean age figure in order to estimate the cost of an annuity benefit program being
considered for employees. A random sample of 72 workers showed that the mean age of
employees sampled is 27.2 years with a standard deviation of 4.5 years. At 0.01 level, what
can the treasurer conclude about the accuracy of the production manager’s estimate?

_______7. What would be the null hypothesis of the problem above?

A. The mean age of employees is 23.8 years (𝜇 = 23.8).

B. The mean age of employees is not 23.8 years (𝜇 ≠ 23.8).
C. The mean age of employees is greater than 23.8 years (𝜇 > 23.8).
D. The mean age of employees is less than 23.8 years (𝜇 < 23.8).

_______8. What is the test value or the computed value of z?

A. 5.87 B. 6.18 C. 6.41 D. 7.81

For numbers 9-10, refer to the problem below.

Investigating a complaint from a buyer that there is short-weight selling, a
manufacturer takes a random sample of twenty 30 g cans of coffee from a large shipment
and finds that the mean weight is 29 g with a standard deviation of 0.7 g. Is there evidence
of short-weighing at 0.01 level of significance?
_______9. What would be the null hypothesis of the problem above?

A. A can of coffee weighs 30 g (𝜇 = 30).

B. A can of coffee does not weigh 30 g (𝜇 ≠ 30)
C. A can of coffee weighs more than 30 g (𝜇 > 30)
D. A can of coffee weighs less than 30 g (𝜇 < 30)

_______10. Based on the computed t value, what will be the conclusion?

A. There is no enough evidence of short-weight selling on cans of coffee.
B. The buyer is correct in complaining that there is short-weight selling on
cans of coffee.
C. The buyer is incorrect in complaining that there is short-weight selling on
cans of coffee.
D. The buyer is correct in claiming that there is no short-weight selling on
cans of coffee.

15
 Answer Key
LESSON 1

Let’s Try Let’s Practice

1. A 6. D
2. D 7. C 1. HO: The mean life of a certain type of automobile battery is
3. C 8. B equal to 74 months (𝜇 = 74).
4. B 9. D Ha: The mean life of a certain type of automobile battery is
5. C 10. B not equal to 74 months (𝜇 ≠ 74).
2. Ho: The proportion of the local listening audience in a radio
station is equal to 39% (𝜇 = 0.39).
Let’s Do More Ha: The proportion of the local listening audience in a radio
station is greater than 39% (𝜇 > 0.39).

S A M P L E
Let’s Sum it Up
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. The percentage of men 1. Parameter
using exercise to reduce
weight is 16%.
2. Mean
2. The average distance a tire 3. Variance
will give good service to car 4. Standard
3-5-1-2-4 owners is 45 000 miles. deviation
3. The average time spent by 5. Hypothesis
employees on phone calls is
testing
6 minutes.

LESSON 2
Let’s Practice Let’s Do More

1.
Step 1:
1. 1. 𝐻0 : The mean life of a light bulb is
0.67; Accept 𝐻𝑂 0.17; Accept 𝐻𝑂 equal to 950 hours (𝜇 = 950).
𝐻𝑎 : The mean life of a light bulb is not
equal to 950 hours (𝜇 ≠ 950).
2. 2. Step 2:
3.24; Reject 𝐻𝑂 -5.13; Accept 𝐻𝑂 type of test: two-tailed or
nondirectional
Critical value: 𝛼 = 0.05, 𝑧 = ±1.96
3. 3. Rejection region:
-2.92; Reject 𝐻𝑂 -2.03; Reject 𝐻𝑂

16
 LESSON 2

1.
Step 3: Step 1:
Given: 𝐻𝑜 : The average amount of rainfall during the
𝑋̅ = 975 𝑛 = 35 summer season is 10.55 inches (𝜇 = 10.55).
𝜇 = 950 𝜎 = 80 𝐻𝑎 : The average amount of rainfall during the
Substitution: summer season is below 10.55 inches (𝜇 < 10.55).
(975 − 950)√35 Step 2:
𝑧=
80 Type of test: one-tailed(left-tailed)
𝑧 = 1.85 Critical value: 𝛼 = 0.05, 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑑, 𝑑𝑓 = 9 − 1 =
Step 4: 8, 𝑡 = −1.86
Decision: Accept the null hypothesis. Rejection region:
Step 5:
Conclusion: The light bulb manufacturer is
correct in claiming that his bulbs last 950
hours.
Step 3:
2. Given:
Step 1: 𝑋̅ = 7.58 𝜇 = 10.55 𝑛 = 9 𝑠 = 1.4
𝐻𝑜 : The average checkout time of customers in Substitution:
(7.58 − 10.55)
a supermarket is 20 minutes (𝜇 = 20). 𝑡=
𝐻𝑎 : The average checkout time of customers in 1.4
a supermarket is less than 20 minutes (𝜇 < √9
20). 𝑡 = −6.36
Step 2: Step 4:
Type of test: one-tailed or directional Decision: Reject the null hypothesis.
Critical value: 𝛼 = 0.01, 𝑧 = −2.33 Step 5:
Rejection region: Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that
the mean rainfall last year was below 10.55
inches.

2.
Step 3: Step 1:
Given: 𝐻𝑜 : The mean content of a bottle of Brand A apple
𝑋̅ = 22 𝑛 = 36 𝜇 = 20 𝜎=3 juice is 350 ml (𝜇 = 350).
Substitution: 𝐻𝑎 : The mean content of a bottle of Brand A apple
(22 − 20)√36 juice is not 350 ml (𝜇 ≠ 10.55).
𝑧= Step 2:
3 Type of test: two-tailed test
𝑧=4
Critical value: 𝛼 = 0.01, 𝑡𝑤𝑜 − 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑑, 𝑑𝑓 = 20 − 1 =
Step 4:
Decision: Accept the null hypothesis. 19, 𝑡 = ±2.861
Rejection region:
Step 5:
Conclusion: Therefore, the supermarket’s
claim that checkout times for customers are
less than 15 minutes is incorrect.
Step 3:
Given:
𝑋̅ = 340 𝜇 = 350 𝑛 = 20 𝑠=5
Let’s Sum It Up Let’s Assess Substitution:
(340 − 350)
𝑡=
5
Hypotheses
1. C 6. D √20
Z-test 𝑡 = −8.94
Population 2. A 7. A Step 4:
mean 3. A 8. C Decision: Reject the null hypothesis.
4. D 9. A Step 5:
Sample mean Conclusion: The manufacturer is incorrect in
Level of 5. B 10. B
claiming that the average content of a bottle of
significance Brand A apple juice is 350 ml.

17
 References

Websites:
Statisticshowto.com “Population Mean Definition”. Accessed on May 6, 2021,
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/hypothesis-testing/

Frost, Jim. Central Limit Theorem Explained. www.statisticshowto.com, Accessed on May 6,

2021, https://www.statisticshowto.com/propability-and-statistics/normal-
distributions/central-limit-theorem-definition-examples/

https://www.stat.yale.edu/courses, accessed May 7, 2021

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19
 Table for t-distribution

Source: https://www.google.com/search?table+of+t+critical+values&oq

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