The Building Technical Model Regulations

(Structural Safety)

English Edition

2023.3.3
 Contents

CHAPTER1 General Provisions ···················································································· P04

1.1 Quate and Start
1.2 Scope
1.3 Terms and Definitions
1.4 Existing Buildings and Structures
1.5 Extensions, Renovations and Changes of Use to Existing Buildings/ Structures

CHAPTER2 Basic Performance ················································································· P07

2.1 Classification of Buildings
2.2 General for Materials

CHAPTER3 Principles of Structural Calculation············································································· P08

3.1 Terms and Definitions
3.2 Principles of Structural Calculation
3.3 Structural Calculation by LRFD
3.4 Principles of Strength Calculation
3.5 Strength Calculation of Category-1 Buildings
3.6 Strength Calculation of Category-2 Buildings
3.7 Strength Calculation of Category-3 Buildings
3.8 Restriction on Serviceability
3.9 Important building

CHAPTER4 Design Loads ······················································································· P12

4.1 Types of Loads and External Forces and Load Combinations
4.2 Dead Load
4.3 Live Load
4.4 Wind Load
4.5 Seismic Load

CHAPTER5 Survey and Inspection ················································································ P27

5.1 Survey
5.2 Inspection

CHAPTER6 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure ····································································· P28

6.1 Scope
6.2 Definitions
6.3 Rules for Durability
6.4 Structural Calculation
6.5 Joint and Anchoring of Reinforcement Bars
6.6 Structure of Column
6.7 Structure of Slab
6.8 Structure of Beam
6.9 Bearing Wall
6.10 Strength of Reinforced Concrete Members
6.11 Prevention of Shear Fracture

CHAPTER7 Design of Steel Structure ············································································· P36

7.1 Scope
7.2 Definitions
7.3 Rules for Durability
7.4 Structural Calculation
7.5 Materials
7.6 Effective Slenderness Ratio of Compression Members
7.7 Column Base
7.8 Joint
 7.9 Placement of Diagonals and Walls
7.10 Width-Thickness Ratio
7.11 Joints for Deformable Members
7.12 Lateral Restraint to Prevent Tortional Backling of Beams
7.13 Strength of Steel Members

CHAPTER8 Design of Composite Structure ······································································ P41

8.1 Scope
8.2 Applicable Structures

CHAPTER9 Design of Foundation ························································································· P42

9.1 Scope
9.2 Regulations for Durability
9.3 Structural Calculation
9.4 General
9.5 Material
9.6 Strength of Foundation
9.7 Ground Liquefaction
Chapter 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1 (Quate and start)

This standard shall serve as the structural safety standards referred to in the Article 8 of the
Law on Construction.

1.2 (Scope)
In accordance with the law on Construction, provisions of this standard shall apply to all
buildings but not apply to non-building structures.

1.3 (Terms and Definitions)

1. Site:
Parcel of land which is occupied by a building or two or more buildings which are
unable to be separated due to their use.
2. Basement:
Story that has a floor below the ground level and the height from the floor to the ground
level is 1/3 or more of the ceiling height of the story.
3. Elements Necessary for Structural Strength:
Foundation, foundation pile, wall, column, roof truss, sill, diagonal members (brace,
knee brace, angle brace or others similar thereto), floor slab, roof slab or horizontal
framing members (beam, girder or others similar thereto) of buildings that bears dead
load or live load, wind load, ground pressure or water pressure, or, earthquakes or other
vibrations or impacts.
4. Site Area:
Area of horizontal projection of a site.
5. Building Area:
Area of horizontal projection of a building surrounded by the center line of exterior
walls or columns in place of the walls. (If the building has projection exceeding 1m from
the center line such as an eaves, pent roof, overhanging balconies or other projections
similar thereto, a line 1m horizontally inside from the edge of such projection).
However, the area of the basement up to 1m above the ground level shall not be
included.
6. Floor Area:
Area of horizontal projection of a space surrounded by the center lines of walls and other
separations on each floor or its part of a building.
7. Total Floor Area:
Aggregate of floor areas of all stories of a building.
8. Building Height:
Height of a building from the ground level.
9. Eaves Height:
Height from the ground level to the top of walls, girders or columns that support roof
4
 trusses or horizontal framing members in place of roof trusses of a building.
10. Number of Stories:
Elevator towers, decorative towers, watchtowers or other similar parts on the roof or
storerooms, machine rooms or other similar parts of the basement are not included in the
number of stories if aggregate of areas of horizontal projection of those parts on the roof
or the basement level does not exceed 1/8 of the building area; and if a building has an
atrium, the site of a building is sloped or stepped, or the number of stories differs in
parts of a building, the number of stories of the building shall be the largest number of
stories.
11. Building:
structure fixed on the ground having roofs, and columns or walls (including structures
with similar construction); gate or fence attached thereto; structure used as grand-stand;
or structures used as office, store, play house warehouse or other facilities similar
thereto established in underground or elevated structure. Building equipment shall be
considered as part of building.
However, facilities which are provided within the site of a railway or tramway for the
operation and maintenance thereof, and over bridge, platform shed, storage tank and
facilities similar thereto are not included.
12. Special Ceiling:
Suspended ceiling that meets all of the following (a) to (c):
(a) Ceiling that is installed in places where people regularly enter, such as rooms,
corridors and others.
(b) Parts of ceiling with a height exceeding 6m and with the area exceeding 200m 2
(c) Ceiling with its members unit mass exceeding 2kg/m 2 .
13. Aspect Ratio:
Proportion of the building height to the shorter length of the depth or the width of the
first floor.

1.4 (Existing Buildings and Structures)

This standard does not apply to buildings for which construction permits or use permits
were issued prior to the enactment of this standard. Also, this standard does not apply to
buildings specified in Article 106 of the Law on Construction.

1.5 (Extension, Renovation and Change of Use of Existing Buildings and Structures)
This standard shall apply to existing buildings when the following construction works are
to be implemented.
Addition of upper floors to existing buildings, removal or replacement of structural
members, alteration to more than half of the total floor area including change of use, and
renovation by which the weight of the building and/or structure increases.
Structural safety shall be confirmed with the building after the alteration work.
Structure and properties of structural materials of existing parts shall be confirmed based
5
on approved construction records.
Properties of the structural materials may be determined by test results of specimen directly
taken from the structural material of the existing part.

6
Chapter 2 BASIC PERFORMANCE

2.1 (Classification of Buildings)

Buildings shall be classified as follows.
(a) Category 1 buildings shall be buildings of height exceeding 45m or those of height
exceeding 20m with the aspect ratio exceeding 4.0.
(b) Category 2 buildings shall be buildings of height exceeding 20m and 45m or less,
except for category 1 buildings.
(c) Category 3 buildings shall be buildings of height of 20m or less.

2.2 (General for Materials)

For materials of principal structural members, effective measures must be taken in order to
prevent corrosion, decay, or attrition, if such materials are liable to suffer corrosion, decay,
or attrition.

2.2.1 (Quality of Structural Materials)

2.2.1.1
Structural materials shall be Cambodian Standard products or materials approved by the
Minister of Land Development, Urban Planning & Construction.
In addition, Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) products that are approved as Cambodian
Standard products may use 1.1 times the reference strength for structural calculation.
(a) Structural steel and cast steel
(b) High strength bolt and bolts
(c) Structural wire rope
(d) Rebar
(e) Welding materials (welding of carbon steel, stainless steel and aluminum alloy)
(f) Turnbuckle
(g) Membrane material, tent warehouse membrane material and membrane structural film

2.2.1.2
Concrete mix proportioning shall be properly specified to ensure homogeneous and dense
finishing as well as required strength at the completion of the work.

2.2.2 (Standard Strength of Structural Materials)

The standard strength of structural materials shall be established by the Minister of Land
Development, Urban Planning & Construction.

7
Chapter 3 PRINCIPLES OF STRACTURAL CALCULATION

3.1 (Terms and Definitions)

The definitions of each term shown in this chapter are as follows.
LRFD: Load & Resistance Factor Design
Ai distribution: seismic story shear force coefficient distribution obtained by calculation
from the vertical building weight distribution of the structure.
Axial force ratio of column: ratio of axial force to the product of the cross-sectional area
of the column and its material strength of the concrete.
Deformation enhancement factor: adjustment factor for deformation increase caused by
long-term load.

3.2 (Principles of Structural Calculation)

Buildings shall have the following structural safety:
(a) Structure shall be safe against dead load, live load, snow load, rain load, wind pressure,
soil pressure and water pressure as well as earthquakes and other vibrations and impacts.
(b) Structural calculations used to confirm structural safety of buildings shall be made by
strength calculation by load combination methods.
(c) Whole of a structure and structural members shall be designed, constructed, and
maintained to secure their expected function and intended use throughout the lifetime of
the building.
(d) Structural calculations shall ensure that the following two required conditions are
satisfied with reasonable reliability.
(1) (Requirement for safety) Structure or structural members shall resist extreme loads and
frequent loads that occur during the design service period.
(2) (Requirement for serviceability) Structure or structural members shall perform a
proper function under normal usage conditions.

3.3 (Structural Calculation by LRFD)

In order to confirm that two requirements in Section 3.2 (d) are satisfied, it shall be
confirmed by structural calculations that the structure as a whole and each structural
member have the required performance at the limit state shown below.
(a) Ultimate Limit: A condition in which the maximum anticipated load condition is reached at
the required level of safety. It shall be confirmed that, at the required level of safety for
load combinations shown in the article 4.1, the stress in each part of the structure caused
under the maximum probable loading condition is not more than the strength of the
structure taking the reliability into consideration.

S C ≦ R・S L
where S C : Stress in each part when stresses under each load are combined with the

8
 coefficients shown in Section 4.1.
R : Reliability factor; a product of material reliability factor Rm and
construction reliability factor Rc, as specified in Section 3.4.1.
S L : Strength of each member specified in Chapters 6 to 9.
(b) Serviceability Limit: The condition in which the structure is subjected to self-weight and
daily loading loads. It shall be verified that load continuously acting on the structure does
not cause excessive deformation, vibration, or column axial stress in the structural
members. To calculate displacement of each part and column axial strength, the inverse of
the reliability factor 1/R shall be multiplied.

3.4 (Principles of Strength Calculation)

The calculation of strength of structural members shall be implemented based on the
principle that qualities of structural materials and construction works satisfy their quality
and performance specified in the Cambodian Standard.
3.4.1
Depending on the status of quality controls of structural materials and construction works,
the material reliability coefficient Rm and the construction condition coefficient Rc
specified by the Minister of Land Development, Urban Planning and Construction shall be
taken into account for the calculation of the strength of structural members.
However, when the qualities of structural materials and construction work is properly
controlled, the upper limit of the reliability coefficient R shall be the value specified by
the Minister of Land Development, Urban Planning and Construction.
3.4.2
When performing strength calculation, effects of floor slabs and walls inside and outside
the structural frame must be properly evaluated; and stiffness of the member and self-
weight must be evaluated based on shape of the members that compose the building.

3.5 (Strength calculation of Category 1 buildings)

For buildings classified into Category 1, the structural safety shall be examined by the
following strength calculations.
(a) (Maximum load-bearing capacity) Structural members composed of the building shall
not reach the strength by the stress of the load combination for examining the ultimate
limit state of design load shown in Chapter 4.
(b) (Maximum deformation capacity) The deformation of each part by wind load and
seismic load shown in Chapter 4 shall not be excessive.
The limit value of deformation of each part shall be based on the standards established
by the Minister of National Land Development, Urban Planning and Construction.
(c) (Method of calculating seismic load) Seismic load shall be calculated by modal
analysis considering the vibration characteristics of the building.
9
 (d) (Column-to-beam strength ratio) In a moment frame that resists horizontal force, the
sum of the column strength shall be more than 1.5 times the sum of the beam strength
at the column-to-beam joint. Column capital of the highest story and column base of
the lowest story are exempted.

3.6 (Strength calculation of Category2 buildings)

For buildings classified into Category 2, the structural safety is examined by the following
strength calculations.
(a) (Maximum load-bearing capacity) Structural members composed of the building shall
not reach the strength by the stress of the load combination for examining the ultimate
limit state of design load shown in Chapter 4.
(b) (Maximum deformation capacity) The deformation of each part by wind load and
seismic load shown in Chapter 4 shall not be excessive.
The limit value of deformation of each part is based on the standards established by the
Minister of National Land Development, Urban Planning and Construction.
(c) (Method of calculating seismic load) Seismic load shall be calculated either by modal
analysis considering the vibration characteristics of the building or by simplified Ai
distribution.

3.7 (Strength Calculation of Category 3 buildings)

Strength calculation of buildings classified into Category 3 shall be in accordance with that of
Category 2 buildings prescribed in the previous article.

3.8 (Restriction on Serviceability)

Regardless of the classification by category, it shall be confirmed that each part of a building
does not have any functional hinderance when using and, specifically for column members, to
satisfy the conditions specified in 3.8.3 for the column axial force.

3.8.1 (Prevention of Hindrance to Building Serviceability)

In case that each part of a building does not satisfy conditional expression listed in the
following table, it shall be confirmed by structural calculation that no hindrance to occur in
service.

Conditional
Parts of building
Expression
Wooden Structure Beam D/ℓ＞1/12
Steel Structure Beam D/ℓ＞1/15
Floor Slabs (other than
Reinforced Concrete ｔ/ℓx>1/30
cantilever)
Structure
Floor Slab (cantilever) ｔ/ℓｘ＞1/10
10
 Beam D/ℓ＞1/10
Where, t: thickness of slab, ℓx: effective length of shorter span of slab, D: depth of beam,
ℓ: effective length of beam

3.8.2
The method for confirming that there is no hindrance to use is as follows.
(a) Calculate the maximum deflection of beams or slabs caused by dead load and live load in
accordance with the actual condition of the building.
(b) Multiply the maximum deflection by the deformation enhancement coefficient listed in the
following table according to the type of structure, divide it by the effective length of the
member, and then confirm that the value obtained is 1/250 or less. When the deformation
enhancement factor is determined by a loading experiment, the value obtained by the
experiment may be used.
Deformation
Type of Structure Enhancement
Coefficient
Wooden Structure 2
Steer Structure 1
Slab 16
Reinforced Concrete Structure
Beam 8

3.8.3 (Axial Force Ratio of Columns)

For the cross section of the column, the value obtained by dividing sum of the dead load and
the live load borne by the column by cross-sectional area of the column shall not exceed 0.4
times the compressive strength (in the case of reinforced concrete structures, the concrete
compressive strength is used.) of the column member.

3.9 (Important buildings)

Buildings exceeding 100m in height, and buildings classified in Category 1 that are used by
unspecified large number of people, shall be designed in consideration of their importance
using one of the following methods.
(a) Multiply wind load and seismic load by importance coefficient “I”. Value of “I” shall
be more than 1.0.
(b) Confirm the collapse mechanism of the building by pushover analysis.
(c) Check the strength and deformation of the building by time history response analysis.

11
Chapter 4 DESIGN LOADS

4.1 (Types of Loads and External Forces and Load Combinations)

In principle, loads acting on buildings shall be based on actual conditions. For the purpose of
designing, however, the loads shown in this chapter may be used as minimum loads.
Other than the loads listed below, loads on structure and parts of the structure actually acting
depending on the intended use and usage condition of the building shall be taken into
consideration appropriately in order to secure safety of the structure corresponding to the
action of the loads.
(a) DL Dead load
(b) LL Live Load
(c) WL Wind Load
(d) EL Seismic Load
(e) SWP Soil Pressure and Water Pressure
(f) VA Vibration and Impact Action
(g) RL Rain Load
(h) Others

4.1.1 (Principle of Load Combination)

Loads such as soil/water pressures, rain load and others that has a possibility of continuously
acting on structure or parts of the structure shall be dealt as same as dead load and for their
load factors, that of dead load shall be applied to them.

4.1.2 (Load Factors and Load Combinations Used for Strength Calculation of Reinforced
Concrete Columns and Foundation)
Load factors and load combinations used for strength calculation of columns and walls that
bear the axial force of reinforced concrete structure as well as foundation shall be in
accordance with (a) to (e) below.
(a) 2.0 DL+ 2.0 LL
(b) 1.6 DL+1.6 LL±1.6 WL
(c) 0.9 DL±1.6 WL
(d) 1.1 DL+0.8LL±1.0EL
(e) 0.9 DL+0.6LL±1.0EL

4.1.3 (Load Factors and Load Combinations Used for Strength Calculation of Other Members)
Load factors and load combinations used for designing members other than those prescribed
in article 4.1.2, such as reinforced concrete floors and beams, steel structures, etc., shall be
in accordance with (f) to (k) below.
(f) 1.5 DL+ 1.5 LL
(g) 1.2 DL+ 2.2 LL
(h) 1.2 DL+1.2 LL±1.6 WL
12
 (i) 0.9 DL±1.6 WL
(j) 1.1 DL+0.8LL±1.0EL
(k) 0.9 DL+0.6LL±1.0EL

4.1.4 (Load Factors and Load Combinations Used for Strength Calculation of Cantilever)
Load factors and load combinations for designing cantilevered structural members such as
balcony and its supporting cantilevers shall be in accordance with (l) below.
(l) 2.2 DL+ 2.2 LL

4.1.5 （Load Factors and Load Combinations Used for the Building Serviceability)
Load factors and load combinations used for the building serviceability shall be in
accordance with below.
1.0DL + 1.0LL

4.2 (Dead Load)

4.2.1 (Definition)
Dead load is a load arisen from self-weight of the building materials and structural materials
such as walls, floors, ceilings, stairs, partition walls, finishes, exterior materials, etc. that
compose the building.

4.2.2 (Calculation of Dead Load)

The dead load shall be determined by multiplying the unit weight of the material by its
thickness. The unit weights of typical building materials are shown in the standard established
by Minister of National Land Development, Urban Planning and Construction.

4.2.3 (Fixed Equipment)

Dead load shall include weight of fixed installations such as plumbing, electrical wiring,
air conditioning ducts, and ventilation ducts.

4.3 (Live load)

4.3.1 (Definition)
Live load is a load generated by using the building, which excludes load generated by
construction work such as self-weight and loads generated by external environment such as
earthquakes and wind.

4.3.2 (Calculation of Live Load)

Live load must be calculated based on the actual condition of the building. However, for
rooms used for the below listed usages in the table, live loads may be calculated using the
values shown in the table, provided that these values in the table do not fall below those of
13
 actual conditions.

Usage Live Load kN/㎡

Residence/Hotel Room 1.30
Office 2.40
Classroom 2.10
Store/Restaurant 3.00
Movie theaters, Halls, etc. (fixed seats) 2.60
Corridor/Lobby/Hall, etc. 4.50
Stage 7.20
Driveway/Garage 3.90
Computer room 4.50
Stack-room/Warehouse 6.00
Stacked bookshelf 10.00
Laboratory/kitchen 3.00
Machine room 4.00
Maintenance passage 1.00
Non-walking roof 0.60
Roof of School/house 2.10
Roof for observation/assembly 4.50

4.3.3 (Concentrated Load)

The safety of a building must be confirmed when it has a concentrated load, such as loads
of water tanks and generators that require foundations, various equipment and machines, and
independent structure built on a floor.

4.3.4 (Reduction of Load for Column and Foundation)

When calculating the compressive force of vertical loading of columns or foundations, the
figures in the table 4.3.2 may be reduced to those multiplied by the figures in the table below
set according to number of supporting floors. However, it shall not apply to parts where the
load is 4.50 kN/m 2 or more.

Number of floors Figure multiplied to reduce live load

2 0.95
3 0.9
4 0.85
5 0.8
6 0.75
7 0.7
8 0.65
9 or larger 0.6
4.3.5 (Commercial Warehouses)
For warehouses used for business purpose, the value of the live loads shall be 3.9 kN per square
meter even if the value calculated by the standards in 4.3.2 based on the actual condition is
less than 3.9kN per square meter.
14
4.4 (Wind load)

4.4.1 (Definition)
Symbols used herein are defined as follows.
q: Velocity pressure (unit: N/m 2 )
E: Numerical value indicating situation of factors that affect wind speed such as roof
height of the relevant building and other buildings, structures, trees, etc. located in the
surrounding the area.
V 0 : Standard wind speed averaged over 10 minutes at a height of 10m, which is stipulated
by Minister of National Land Development, Urban Planning and Construction.
Er: Coefficient indicating distribution of the average wind speed in the height direction
Gf: Gust influence coefficient
H: Average height of buildings and eaves (unit: m)
Z: Height from the ground of the relevant part (unit: m)
Zb, ZG: Value determined according to classification of ground surface relative roughness
(unit: m)
α: Value determined according to ground surface roughness classification (unitless)
Cf: Wind force coefficient
Cpe: External pressure coefficient of closed and open buildings
Cpi: Internal pressure coefficient of closed and open buildings
kz: Coefficient indicating distribution of external pressure in the height direction
h: Height of the eave of a building (unit: m)
f: Difference between building height and height of eave (unit: m)
θ: Angle between roof surface and horizontal plane (unit: degree)
φ: Substantial rate (Ratio of projective area to the area surrounded by the outermost edge
of the part exposed to the wind)

4.4.2 (Wind pressure)

Wind pressure shall be calculated by multiplying velocity pressure by wind force coefficient.

4.4.3 (Velocity pressure)

Velocity pressure shall be calculated by the following formula.
q = 0.6 EV 0 2
The value of E shall be calculated by the following formula.
E=Er 2 ・Gf
Er shall be calculated by the formula listed in the following table. However, if there is a
concern that the average speed is increased due to the effects of the local terrain and features,
those effects shall be taken into consideration.

In case H is less than or equal to Zb Er=1.7(Zb/Z G ) α

In case H exceeds Zb Er=1.7(H/Z ) α
G
15
 Zb, ZG, and α are values listed in the following table according to the ground surface roughness
classification.

Ground surface roughness classification Zb(m) Z G (m) α

I Extremely flat and no-obstacle area 5 250 0.10
Areas other than the Classification I, where the
Ⅱ distance to the coastline or lake shoreline is within 5 350 0.15
500m
Areas other than Classifications I, II, and IV.
Ⅲ 5 450 0.20

Areas designated by the Minister of Land Management,

Ⅳ Urban Planning & Construction as extremely urbanized 10 550 0.27
areas

Gf is a value shown in the following table according to the ground surface roughness
classification and H. However, when the size, structural characteristics, and wind pressure
fluctuation characteristics of the building are calculated based on results of wind tunnel
experiments or actual measurements, such calculations may be applied.

H (1) (2) (3)

Ground surface roughness classification H ≦10 10 ＜ H ＜ 40 40 ≦ H
I 2.0 Values obtained by 1.8
II 2.2 linearly interpolating 2.0
III 2.5 the values listed in 2.1
IV 3.1 (1) and (3) 2.3

4.4.4 (Wind force coefficient)

For buildings and structures with shapes of Fig. 1 through 7, wind force coefficient is
calculated by the following formula using the values listed in Tables 1 through 9 classified
according to the shape of buildings or structures. For other shapes of buildings or structures,
it shall be determined in accordance with the values of similar shapes. However, when it is
calculated based on results of wind tunnel test, the calculated value may be applied.
Cf ＝ Cpe-Cpi

16
Fig.1 Closed buildings (Longitudinal wind direction) refer to Table 1 to 5)

Fig.2 Closed buildings (Traverse wind direction). Refer to Table 1,2 and 5)

Note) Roof shall be treated as the same as flat roof

in Fig.1

Fig.3 Open building (refer to Table 1,3 and 5)

Open at leeward
Open at windward

Table 1 Cpe of wall surfaces

Sideward
Windward 0.5a area from Other than the Leeward
Parts windward edge left

Cpe 0.8kz -0.7 -0.4 -0.4

Table 2 Cpe of flat roof surfaces

0.5a area from windward edge Other than the left
Parts

Cpe -1.0 -0.5

17
Table 3 Cpe of sloping and zigzag roof surfaces
Parts Windward Leeward

θ (degree)
Positive Coefficient Negative Coefficient
10 > - -1.0
10 0 -1.0
30 0.2 -0.3 -0.5
45 0.4 0
90 0.8 -
The values of Cpe according to θ other than the values of θ listed in this table shall be
linearly interpolated values of the values shown in the table, respectively.

Table 4 Cpe of arc roof surfaces

Portions R1 R2 R3

f/D h/D = 0 h/D ≧ 0.5

Positive Negative Positive Negative
Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient
0.05 > - 0 - -1.0
0.05 0.1 0 0 -1.0
0.2 0.2 0 0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.5
0.3 0.3 0 0.2 -0.4
0.5 ≦ 0.6 - 0.6 -
The Cpe values for such ratios other than the h/D and f/D values specified in this table shall
be linearly interpolated values for each of the values shown in the table.
The boundary line of the arc roof plane in Figure 1 shall be the quarter point of the arc.

Table 5 Cpi of closed and open buildings

Open Buildings
Type Closed Buildings
Open at Windward Open at Leeward
Cpi 0 and -0.2 0.6 -0.4

Fig. 6 Independent roofs (refer to Table 6)

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Table 6 Cf of Independent roofs
Parts Gabled Roof Wing-figure Roof
Windward Leeward Windward Leeward
θ(degree) Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative
(1) 10 ≧ 0.6 -1.0 0.2 -0.8 0.6 -1.0 0.2 -0.8
10<
(2) Values obtained by linearly interpolating the values shown in (1) and (3)
<30
(3) 30 0.9 -0.5 0 -1.5 0.4 -1.2 0.8 -0.3

Fig. 5 Lattice structures (refer to Table 7)

Note1) The left figure shows
cross sections of lattice beams
and lattice columns.
Note2) Wind pressure action area
is the projection area of lattice
structure viewed from the
direction of the arrow ..

Table 7 Cf of lattice structures

Φ (1) (2) (3)
Type 0.1 ≧ 0.1<,and, <0.6 0.6
(a) 1.4kz 1.4kz
(b) 2.2kz Values obtained 1.5kz
Steel Pipes
(c-1,2) 1.8kz by linearly 1.4kz
(d) 1.7kz interpolating 1.3kz
(a) 2.0kz the values 1.6kz
(b) 3.6kz shown in (1) 2.0kz
Shaped steel
(c-1,2) 3.2kz and (3) 1.8kz
(d) 2.8kz 1.7kz

Fig. 6 Metal mesh and mesh-shaped structures (refer to Table 8)

Note1) The left figure shows
cross sections of mesh.
Note2) Wind pressure action area
is the projection area of mesh
structure viewed from the
direction of the arrow ..

19
 Table 8 Cf of metal mesh and mesh-shaped structures
Cf 1.4kz

Fig. 7 Chimney and other cylinder structures (refer to Table 9)

Note1) The left figure shows
cross sections of cylinder
structure.

Center Line
Note2) Wind pressure action area
is the projection area of cylinder
structure viewed from the
direction of the arrow .

Table 9 Cf of Chimney and other cylinder structures

(1) (2) (3)
H/B
1≧ 1<, and, <8 8≦
Values obtained by linearly interpolating the
Cf 0.7kz 0.9kz
values shown in (1) and (3)

Arrows in Figures 1 through 9 indicate the wind direction.

kz is based on the values listed in the table below.
H ≦ Zb 1.0

Z ≦ Zb (Zb/H) 2 α
H > Zb
Z > Zb (Z/H) 2 α

4.4.5 (Windbreaks, etc.)

In case that there are other buildings, windbreaks and the like that effectively block the
direction of the wind in the vicinity of the building, velocity pressure in that direction may be
reduced to one-half of the value obtained based on the standard of 4.4.2.

20
4.5 (Seismic Loads)
4.5.1 (Definition)
Terms and symbols used herein are defined as follows.

Open engineering base; Subgrade with sufficient thickness and stiffness at deep
underground and shear wave velocity of 400 m/sec or higher
Acceleration Response Spectrum: A curve showing the period-by-period characteristics of
the acceleration that occurs in a building during an
earthquake, for a damping constant of 5%.
T: Natural period of building (seconds)
T 1 : 1st natural period for building design (seconds)
T c : 1st natural period for ground design (seconds)
G s : Value indicating an amplification factor of acceleration caused by surface ground
gv: Long-period acceleration amplification factors by ground type
C i : Seismic story shear force coefficient at a certain height of a building part above ground
level
R t : Value indicating vibration characteristics of a building
A i : Value indicating distribution of the seismic story shear force coefficient in the height
direction according to the vibration characteristics of the building.
C 0 : Standard story shear force coefficient
h: Height of a building (m)
α i : Value obtained by dividing the sum of dead load and 1/2 of live load supported by the
part of the height for which Ai of a building is to be calculated by the sum of dead load
and 1/2 of live load of portion above the ground.
k: Horizontal seismic intensity
H: Depth from the ground level of each part of the underground part of the building. In case
that it exceeds 20, set it to 20 (m)
F e s: Form coefficient for each floor of a building
F e : Coefficient of modulus of rigidity for calculating form coefficient
F s : Coefficient of eccentricity for calculating form coefficient
R s : Modulus of rigidity of each floor
r s : Reciprocal of story drift angle on each floor
: Average of rs for the building
R e : Eccentricity of each floor
e : The length of the line projected on the plane perpendicular to the direction in which the
calculation is to be performed, and the line that connects the center of gravity of the
dead load and 1/2 of live load supported by each floor and the center of rigidity of each
floor is projected onto the same horizontal plane.
r e : The square root of the value obtained by dividing the torsional stiffness around the
center of rigidity of each floor by the horizontal stiffness in the direction to be

21
 calculated for that floor
K R : Torsional rigidity around the center of rigidity (N・m)
kx: Story-stiffness in X direction (N/m)
: length of the line connecting the rigid center and each member projected onto the same
horizontal plane and projected onto the plane perpendicular to the X direction (unit: m)
Ky: Story-stiffness in the Y direction (N/m)
: Length of the line connecting the rigid center and each member by projecting them on
the same horizontal plane and projecting them onto the plane in the X direction (m)
Wi: Sum of the dead load and 1/2 of the live load on the floor
ΣWi: Sum of the dead load and 1/2 of the live load supported by the floor
Qi: Shear force in accordance with height of the building that is affected by shape
coefficient
Qdi: Design story shear force in accordance with height of the building that is a value
obtained by multiplying Qi by Fes for each story.
I: Importance coefficient
Z: Seismic zone coefficient

4.5.2 (Ground Types)

The ground type is classified into the types listed in the following table according to the
state of the bottom of the building and each Tc shall be applied to the corresponding ground
type.

Period of
Ground Types Ground
Tc（s）
Ground composed mainly of bedrock, hard sand and
gravel, and other pre-Tertiary strata, or ground
Type1 recognized as having a similar ground period based on 0.4
the results of investigations or research into the ground
period, etc.
Type2 Ground other than Type 1 or Type3 0.6
Ground in an alluvium composed of humus, mud, or
other similar materials (including filling), the depth of
which is generally 30 m or more.
Ground reclaimed from swamps, muddy seas, etc., the
Type3
depth of which is generally 3 m or more, and for which 0.8
approximately 30 years have not passed since it was
reclaimed with these materials.
Ground recognized as having a similar ground period

22
 based on the results of investigations or research into the
ground period, etc.
4.5.3 (Seismic Force of Category 1 buildings)
The seismic force of a Category 1 building is obtained from the square root of the sum of
squares of the response story shear force of each degree of the mode calculated according to
the following conditions.
(a) A three-dimensional model in which each floor has a rigid diaphragm and a concentrated
mass is placed at the center of gravity, or a mass point model in which the horizontal
stiffness of each floor is replaced by equivalent shear springs and bending rods.
(b) Mass given to the building shall be sum of 100% of the mass obtained by the dead load
and 50% of the mass obtained by the live load.
(c) Composite modal order shall be higher than 75% of effective mass.
(d) Acceleration response spectrum given to the structural model is obtained by multiplying
the acceleration response spectrum in an open engineering base by amplification factor of
the acceleration of the surface subsoil.

4.5.3.1 (Acceleration Response Spectrum on Open Engineering Base)

Acceleration response spectrum for open engineering base is obtained from the following
table.

Period T (sec) Acceleration response spectrum (m/scc 2 )

T＜0.16 Z(0.16+1.5T)
0.16≦T<0.64 0.4Z

0.64≦ 0.256Z/T

4.5.3.2 (Amplification of Acceleration by Surface Subsoil)

Value indicating amplification factor of acceleration by surface subsoil (Gs) shall be
calculated according to the ground types in 4.5.2.
For grounds falling under type 1, Gs shall be calculated using the formulas shown in table
4.5.3.1, and for those under types 2and 3, the formulas in table 4.5.3.2 shall be adopted for
the calculation.

Table 4.5.3.1 (Acceleration amplification factor for ground type 1)

T<0.576 Gs＝1.5
0.576≦T＜0.64 Gs＝0.864/T
0.64≦T Gs＝1.35

Table 4.5.3.2 (Acceleration amplification factor for ground type 2 and 3)

T<0.64 Gs＝1.5

23
 0.64≦T＜Tu Gs＝1.5（T/0.64）
Tu≦T Gs＝gv
Here, Tu＝0.64（gv/1.5）
gv=2.025 （ground type 2）、2.7（ground type 3）

4.5.3.3 (Primary Natural Period)

For primary natural period used for structural calculation, the value obtained with the
structural model in 4.5.3.1 is adopted. Upper limit of the primary natural period shall be 10
seconds.

4.5.3.4 (Analysis Direction)

The seismic force shall be applied in a total of eight directions: positive and negative forces
in direction of the main axis of the building, direction perpendicular to the main axis, 45°
direction of the main axis, and -45° direction of the main axis.

4.5.4 (Seismic Force for Category 2 Buildings)

In addition to the calculation method specified in 4.5.3, the seismic force of Category 2
buildings shall be calculated in accordance with the height of each part of the building as
the total seismic force acting on the part supported by the part of the relevant height. The
value shall be calculated by multiplying sum of the dead load and 1/2 of the live load of the
relevant part by the seismic story shear force coefficient at the height. The seismic story
shear coefficient shall be calculated by the following formula.
Ci =Z Rt Ai C 0

4.5.4.1 (Standard Story Shear Force Coefficient)

The standard shear force coefficient shall be 0.05 or more.

4.5.4.2 (Primary Natural Period for Designing)

Primary natural period T1 for calculating seismic force shall be the value obtained by the
method in 4.5.3 or the value calculated by the following formula.
T1=0.03h

4.5.4.3 (Calculation of Rt)

Rt shall be calculated by the formulas in the following table.
T1＜Tc Rt=1
Tc≦T1＜2Tc Rt=1-0.2（T1/Tc-1） 2
2Tc≦T1 Rt=1.6Tc/T1
4.5.4.4 (Calculation of Ai)
Ai shall be calculated by the following formula.

24
 1 2𝑇
𝐴 =1+ −𝛼
𝛼 1 + 3𝑇

4.5.4.5 (Analysis Direction)

The seismic force shall be applied in four directions: positive and negative forces in the
direction of the main axis of the building and the direction perpendicular to the main axis.

4.5.5 (Horizontal Seismic Intensity of the Underground Part)

Seismic force acting on each part of underground part of a building shall be calculated by
multiplying sum of the dead load and the live load of the relevant part by horizontal seismic
coefficient conforming to the following formula. However, when building vibration
characteristics during an earthquake are properly evaluated and calculated, that calculation
may be adopted.

ｋ≧0.025（1－（Ｈ／40））

H: Depth from the ground level of each part of building. In the case of
H>20, it shall be 20 (unit, m).

4.5.6 (Story Shear Force for Designing)

The design story shear force Qdi of seismic force shall be not less than the value calculated
by multiplying sum of the dead load and 1/2 of the live load by seismic story shear force
coefficient obtained by 4.5.3 or 4.5.4, and by form coefficient.

Qdi≧Fes・Qi＝Fes Ci ΣWi

4.5.6.1 (Calculation of Fes)

The Fes of a building shall be calculated by multiplying the value of Fs in Table 4.5.6.1
corresponding to modulus of stiffness by the value of Fe in Table 4.5.6.2 corresponding to
eccentricity.

Table 4.5.6.1 (Value of Fs)

modulus of stiffness Value of Fs

(1) Rs≧0.6 1.0

(2) Rs＜0.6 2.0-Rs/0.6

Table 4.5.6.2 (Value of Fe)

eccentricity Value of Fe
(1) Re≦0.15 1.0

25
 (2) 0.15<Re<0.3 Numerical value obtained
by linearly interpolating
(3) Re≧0.3 1.5
4.5.6.2 (Calculation of Rs)
Modulus of stiffness of each floor is calculated by the following formula.
𝑟
𝑅 =
𝑟̅

4.5.6.3 (Calculation of Re)

Eccentricity of each floor is calculated by the following formula.
𝑒
𝑅 =
𝑟

4.5.6.4 (Calculation of Torsional Stiffness around Center of Rigidity of each be floor)

Torsional stiffness of each floor shall be calculated by the following formula based on
horizontal stiffness calculated assuming that the floor is uniformly deformed against shear
force in the direction to be calculated.
However, it shall not apply when story deformation angle of the building is calculated by
special investigation or research.
𝐾 = (𝑘 ∙ 𝑌 ) + (𝑘 ∙ 𝑋 )

4.5.6.5 (Seismic Zone Factor)

Seismic Zone Factor shall ne determined by the Minister of Land Development, Urban
Planning & Construction.

26
Chapter 5 SURVEY AND INSPECTION

5.1 (Survey)
Prior to construction work, site survey and ground survey shall be conducted to ensure safe
construction as shown in (a) to (f) below.
(a) Determine the bearing capacity of the soil or the supporting capacity of the foundation piles
according to the results of the ground survey established by Minister of National Land
Development, Urban Planning and Construction.
(b) Examine whether there are underground gas pipes, cables, water and sewage pipes and take
measures to prevent harm that may occur if they are damaged.
(c) For excavation for basement and other deep excavation works as well as the earth retaining
works for them, safety measures shall be taken based on the conditions of the strata and
groundwater identified by the ground survey.
(d) When excavation or other digging works are implemented near construction sites of buildings
and other structures, measures shall be taken to prevent decline of structural strength by
reinforcing the foundation or ground of the building and to prevent inclination or collapse of
the building by restraining excessive drainage and so forth.
(e) When excavation work to a depth of 1.5m or more is implemented in construction works,
earth retaining wall must be provided unless there is no risk for the ground collapse nor
hindrance in preventing harm and injury judging from the surrounding conditions. In doing
so, the earth retaining wall must have a considerable depth in order to secure stability of the
surrounding ground.
(f) If swelling soil is found in the ground, it shall be checked whether clay minerals such as
smectite are contained in it in order to prevent excessive ground displacement due to the
ground swelling.

5.2 (Inspection)
After completion of each process of construction work, inspections shall be implemented,
prior to use of the building, for the items shown in (a) to (f) below to confirm that the design
quality is ensured.
(a) type, quality, shape, and strength of structural and joining materials.
(b) status of joining structural materials and shape of joints.
(c) location, shape and size of each part of structural members.
(d) treatments to prevent rust, decay and termite of principle structural members.
(e) types of materials, structure and conditions of installation of special ceilings.
(f) shape of foundation, the depth and supporting ground.

27
Chapter 6 DESIGN of REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE

6.1 (Scope)
Provisions of this chapter shall apply to buildings of reinforced concrete structure and
structural parts of reinforced concrete construction in buildings of reinforced concrete structure
combined with steel or other structures.
6.1.1 For buildings with a height of 4 m or less and a total floor area of 30 m2 or less, and
fences with a height of 3 m or less, only (a), (c), and (e) of 6.3 Rules for Durability of
this chapter shall be applied.

6.2 (Definitions)
Definitions of terms and symbols used in this chapter are as follows.
Main reinforcement bars, etc: main reinforcement bars or reinforcing steel for bearing
walls
Hoop: shear reinforcing steel bars perpendicular to the main reinforcement bars of
column, which surround the main bars. Cross tie is included.
Hoop ratio: ratio of sum of the cross-sections of hoops to cross-sectional area of
concrete including the axis of the column.
Hoop ratio pw=Aw/Bc/ph
Where, Aw: cross-section area of a set of hoops
Bc: aspect width of column to cross-section of hoop
ph: center-to-center interval of a set of hoops
Double-bar beam: beams with main bars placed at the top and bottom of the beam
through its entire length.
Stirrups: shear reinforcing bars perpendicular to the main reinforcement bars of the
beam which surround the main bars. Sub-ties are included.
Girder: beams placed in walls of a reinforced concrete or masonry structures
Bearing wall: walls that may resist gravity and external forces, which satisfy all of the
following conditions (a) to (c).
(a) Reinforced concrete walls surrounded by columns and beams;
(b) Walls with a thickness of 12 cm and more than 1/15 of the floor height
(c) Walls without openings or those with openings less than perimeter ratio of openings
specified by the Minister of National Land Development, Urban Planning and
Construction.

6.3 (Rules for Durability)

Regarding structural parts of reinforced concrete buildings, the items shown in (a) to (e)
below must be in accordance with the construction methods stipulated by the Minister of
Land Development, Urban Planning and Construction.
(a) Concrete material
(b) Concrete strength
28
(c) Concrete curing
(d) removal of forms and supports
(e) Thickness of concrete covering reinforcement bars

6.4 (Structural Calculation)

The safety of structural parts of reinforced concrete buildings must be confirmed by the
structural calculations shown in Chapter 3.

6.5 (Splicing joint and Anchoring of Reinforcement Bars)

(a) The ends of a reinforcement bar shall be bent hook shaped and anchored so that it
does not slip out of the concrete. However, the bending is not required for deformed
reinforcement bars used in parts other than those listed below.
(1) External corner of columns and beams (excluding foundation beams)
(2) Chimney
(b) When splicing joints of main reinforcement bars, etc. are installed onto the part of
the structural member with the smallest tensile force, the length of lap must be 25
times or more of the diameter of the main reinforcement bars, etc. (diameter of
thinner bars when bars with different diameters are jointed. The same apply to the
following in this article.) When joints are installed onto the part other than a part
with the smallest tensile force, it must be 40 times or more of the diameter of the
main reinforcement bars.
However, this does not apply to splicing joints that adopt structural methods
stipulated by the Minister of National Land Development, Urban Planning and
Construction.
(c) Tension still bars in beams anchored into columns shall have a length of anchoring
into the column of 40 times or more of the diameter of the tension steel bar, except
when tension still bars are welding to the main reinforcing bars of the column.
However, this does not apply if the safety of structural strength is confirmed by
structural calculations in accordance with the standards stipulated by the Minister of
National Land Development, Urban Planning and Construction.
(d) When applying regulations of the preceding provisions of (b) and (c) to reinforced
concrete structure using lightweight aggregate, "25 times" in these paragraphs shall
read as "30 times" and "40 times" shall read as "50 times".

6.6 (Structure of Column)

Columns that are elements necessary for structural strength shall have the structure specified
as below.
(a) Main reinforcing bars shall consist of 4 or more.
(b) Main reinforcing bars shall be tightly connected to hoops.
(c) Diameter of hoops shall be 6 mm or more
(d) Interval of hoops shall be (a) and (b) or less.
29
 (1) 15 cm,
However, 10 cm shall apply within the distance of twice the smallest width of a
column from the inner column face where plastic hinge may occur.
(2) 15 times the diameter of the thinnest main reinforcement bar.
(e) The hoop ratio shall be 0.2% or more.
(f) The small diameter of a column shall be 1/15 or more of the distance between its
supporting points necessary for structural strength.
However, this does not apply if the safety of structural strength is confirmed by
structural calculations in accordance with the standards stipulated by the Minister of
National Land Development, Urban Planning and Construction.
(g) Sum of the cross-sections of main reinforcing bars shall be 0.8% or more of the
cross-sectional area of the concrete.
(h) Ratio of the inner height of a column to the width of the column shall be 2.0 times or
more. If a reinforced concrete wall is attached and the ratio of the inner height to the
width of a column becomes 2.0 times, a structural slit shall be provided in
accordance with the standard stipulated by the Minister of Land Development, Urban
Planning and Construction.
However, this does not apply to columns attached by bearing walls .

6.7 (Structure of Slab)

6.7.1
Floor slabs that are necessary for structural strength shall be of the structure specified below.
However, this does not apply when it is confirmed by the structural calculation shown in
3.7.2 that no hindrance shall occur for the use by vibration or deformation.
(a) Thickness shall be 8 cm or more and be 1/40 or more of the effective span in the
direction of the short side.
(b) Interval between the tensile reinforcing bars in the parts receiving the maximum bending
moment shall be 20 cm or less in the direction of the short side and 30 cm or less in the
direction of the long side, as well as 3 times or less the thickness of the floor slab.

6.7.2
Floor slabs made of precast reinforced concrete shall be of the following structure, in
addition to the provisions of 6.7.1.
(a) Joints with the surrounding beams, etc. shall be so constructed as to transmit the existing
stress of that part.
(b) When two or more members are combined, these members shall be tightly connected to
each other.

6.8 (Structure of Beam)

Beams that are elements necessary for structural strength shall be double-bar beams and
have stirrups spaced at intervals of 3/4 or less of the depth of the beam (30 cm or less for
30
 girders).

6.9 (Bearing Wall)

6.9.1
Bearing walls shall be of the structure specified below.
(a) Reinforcement bars with a diameter of 12 mm or more shall be installed around
openings.
(b) Reinforcing bars with a diameter of 9 mm or more shall be installed vertically
and horizontally at an interval of 30 cm (45 cm if double-bar is installed) or
less. However, the interval may be extended to 35 cm (50 cm if installed as
double-bar) or less for single-story buildings.
(c) Joints with surrounding columns and beams shall be so constructed as to
transmit the existing stress of that part.
6.9.2
Bearing walls of shear wall structural system shall be of the structure specified below, in
addition to the provision of the preceding paragraph.
(a) Length shall be 45cm or more.
(b) Reinforcement bars with a diameter of 12 mm or more shall be vertically
installed at the ends and the corners.
(c) Bearing walls on each floor shall be tightly connected at the top and the bottom
to wall girders with a width not less than the thickness of the bearing wall (for
the bottom of a bearing wall on the lowest floor, connected to continuous
foundation or foundation beam) so that the existing stress of the bearing walls
to be transmitted to each other.

6.10 (Strength of Reinforced Concrete Members)

Strength of reinforced concrete members shall be obtained according to the following items.

6.10.1 (Definitions)
The symbols herein used are defined as follows.
σy Yield strength of tensile reinforcement bar (N/mm2)
σwy Yield strength of shear reinforcement bar, Yield strength of vertical bar of
bearing wall (N/mm2)
σwh Yield strength of horizontal shear reinforcement bar, Yield strength of
vertical/horizontal reinforcement bar in bearing wall (N/mm2)
FC Compressive strength of concrete (N/mm2)
at Cross-sectional area of tensile reinforcing bar, total cross-sectional area of
main reinforcement bars for tensile side of column (mm2)
ag total cross-sectional area of main reinforcement bars of column (mm2)
aw Cross-sectional area of vertical bars of bearing wall. If an intermediate column
is installed, include the cross-sectional area of the vertical reinforcement bar.
31
 (mm2)
D Depth of column, depth of beam and length of bearing walls (mm)
Dc Depth of compression side column (mm)
d Distance between compression side edge of a column and a beam and the
center of gravity of the tensile reinforcement bar. For bearing walls, D-Dc/2
for I-shaped cross sections, 0.95D for rectangular cross sections (mm)
b Width of column and beam (mm)
j distance between the stress center of columns and beams. 7d/8 may be used for
this value (mm)
B Width of the outer end of the compression side of bearing walls. if a column is
installed on the outer end of the compression side, width of the column (mm)
te When I-shaped cross-section made by bearing wall and attached columns is
replaced with a rectangle cross-section with the same length and cross-
sectional area, the width of the latter. The value shall be 1.5 times or less than
t, thickness of the bearing wall (mm)
Pt Tensile reinforcement bar ratio (%)
P te equivalent tensile reinforcement bar ratio =100at/(te・d) (%)
Pw Shear reinforcement bar ratio with a maximum limit of 0.012. However, the
maximum limit shall be 0.015 when using cross-tie reinforcement bars or spiral
reinforcing bars.
P wh Horizontal shear reinforcement ratio in case the value of te is thickness
M Maximum moment of the member under study for strength (Nmm)
N Axial force of column, axial force of bearing wall (N)
Q Maximum shear force of the member under study for strength (N)
*When M/(Qd)<1, M/(Qd) shall be 1; when M/(Qd)>3, M/(Qd) shall be 3.
σ0 Average axial stress for/against/of ? total cross-sectional areas (N/mm2)
h Distance between centers of upper and lower beams of bearing walls with
openings (mm)
l Distance between centers of columns installed at the both ends of bearing walls
with openings (mm)
h0 Height of opening (mm)
lo Length of opening (mm)
κ Coefficient based on the shape of the joint of column and beam, that are
classified into (a) to (c) below
(a) +-shaped column-beam joint κ=1.0
(b) T-shaped column-beam joint κ=0.7
(c) L-shaped column-beam joint κ=0.4
ψ Correction coefficients depending on the use of orthogonal beams, that are (d)
to (e) below.
(d) Column-beam joint with orthogonal beams on both sides ψ=1.0
(e) Column-beam joints other than the above ψ=0.85
32
Fj Standard value for shear strength of column-beam joint calculated by formula
(f) below (N/mm2)
(f) F j =0.8σ B 0.7
σB Compressive strength of concrete (N/mm2)
bj Effective width of column-beam joint calculated by formula (g) below (mm)
(g) b j =b b +b a1 +b a2
bb Width of beam (mm)
b a1 Smaller value between b 1 /2 or D j /4 (mm)
b a2 Smaller value between b 2 /2 or D j /4 (mm)
b1, b2 Length from both sides of the beam to the side of the column parallel to the
beam (mm)
Dj Depth of column or horizontal length of 90° bending reinforcement bar (mm)

6.10.2 (Strength of Beam)

(a) The bending strength M u of beam shall be obtained by the following formula.

𝑀 = 0.9 ∙ 𝑎 ∙ 𝜎 ∙ 𝑑 （Nmm）

(b) Shear strength Q su of beam shall be obtained by the following formula.

6.10.3 (Strength of Column)

(a) Axial strength N max and N min of column shall be obtained by the following formula.
Maximum compressive strength N max =bDF C +a g σ y (N)
Maximum tensile strength Nmin=-a g σ y (N)

(b) The bending strength of column Mu shall be obtained by the following formula.

(Nmm)
(c) The shear strength of column Q su shall be obtained by the following formula.

33
(d) Circular Column
For the calculation of the strength of a circular cross-section, the circular cross-section
shall be replaced by a square cross-section that has the same diameter and number of main
reinforcement bars and the same diameter and number of hoops as well as their interval as
those of the circular cross-section, to which each formula is to be applied.
The bending moment and shear force generated in the column shall be the square root of
sum of the squares of each value in the two planar directions.

(e) Rectangular column subjected to biaxial bending moment

For rectangular column that is affected by stress in two planar directions, square root of
sum of the squares of the ratio of the bending moment and shear force generated in each
direction to each proof stress shall be 1 or less.

6.10.4 (Strength of Bearing Wall)

(a) Bending strength M wu of bearing wall shall be obtained by the following formula.

(b) Shear strength Q ws u of bearing wall without opening shall be obtained by the following
formula.

(c) Shear strength Q su of bearing walls with openings shall be obtained by the following
formula.

6.10.5 (Strength of column-beam joint)

Strength of the column-beam joint V ju shall be obtained by the following formula.
V ju = κψF j b j D j (N)

34
6.10.4 (Strength of thin plate structural members subjected to out-of-plane forces such as slabs,
retaining walls, foundations, etc.)
(a) The bending strength M u of thin plate structural members subjected to out-of-plane
forces such as slabs, retaining walls, foundations, etc. shall be obtained by the following
formula.

𝑀 = 0.9 ∙ 𝑎 ∙ 𝜎 ∙ 𝑑 （Nmm）

(b) Shear strength Q su of thin plate structural members subjected to out-of-plane forces such
as slabs, retaining walls, foundations, etc. shall be obtained by the following formula.

(c) Punching shear strength Q pu of thin plate structural members subjected to out-of-plane
forces such as slabs, retaining walls, foundations, etc. shall be obtained by the following
formula.
𝑄 = 1.3𝑏 𝑑𝑓 (N)

6.11 Preventions of Shear Fracture

It must be confirmed by structural calculations specified by the Minister of Land
Development, Urban Planning and Construction that shear fracture is prevented for
columns and beams that constitute moment frames.

35
Chapter 7 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE

7.1 (Scope)
The provisions of this chapter apply to buildings of steel structure and structural parts of
steel structure in buildings of steel construction combined with reinforced concrete or other
constructions.

7.2 (Definitions)
Definitions of terms and symbols used in this chapter are as follows.
Steel material: carbon steel
Compression member: members that bear compressive force
Effective slenderness ratio: ratio of the buckling length to the minimum quadratic
radius of the section
Width-thickness ratio: ratio of width to thickness of the plate that constitutes shape of
the member.

7.3 (Rules for Durability)

As to the structural parts of steel structured buildings, the structural methods shall be in
accordance with those specified by the Minister of Land Development, Urban Planning and
Construction for the items shown in (a) below.
(a) Rules for durability

7.4 (Structural Calculation)

As to the structure of steel structured buildings, the safety shall be confirmed by structural
calculation shown in Chapter 3.

7.5 (Materials)
Materials used for elements necessary for structural strength for steel structured buildings
must be carbon steel or cast iron.
Cast iron must not be used for parts where stresses other than compressive stress or contact
stress apply.

7.6 (Effective Slenderness Ratio of Compression Members)

Effective slenderness ratio of steel compression member constituting elements necessary
for structural strength shall be 200 or less for columns and 250 or less for members other
than columns.

7.7 (Column Bases)

Base of column constituting elements necessary for structural strength must be tightly
connected to the foundation using anchor bolts or other structural methods in accordance
with the standards stipulated by the Minister of Land Development, Urban Planning and
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 Construction. However, this does not apply if a roller connection is used.

7.8 (Connection)
7.8.1
Connections of steel members of columns, and beams and diagonals connected to columns
shall be of high-strength bolting or welding. However, for buildings with an eave height of
9 m or less and a span of 13 m or less (excluding those with a total floor area exceeding
3,000 m2), bolting that takes one of the following measures may be used to prevent the bolts
from loosening.
(a) Embedding the bolts in concrete.
(b) Welding the part of the nut to be used for the bolt.
(c) Using double nuts on the bolt.
7.8.2
Structures of joint or connection of steel members of columns, and beams and diagonals
connected to columns shall be in accordance with the methods stipulated by the Minister of
Land Development, Urban Planning and Construction.

7.9 (Placement of Diagonals, Walls, etc.)

For framing, floor framing and tie beam framing, diagonal members such as rolled steel,
steel bars, or structural cables or reinforced concrete walls, roof slabs or floor slabs shall
be placed in a well-balanced manner, so that the building is safe against horizontal forces
in all directions.
However, this shall not apply when safety is confirmed by structural calculation.

7.10 (Width-Thickness Ratio)

For columns and beam members rigidly connected to columns, width-thickness ratio
specified by the Minister of Land Development, Urban Planning and Construction shall be
adopted.

7.11 (Joints for Deformable Members)

In buildings fall under Category 1 and Category 2 buildings, members that resist horizontal
force shall be connected by the methods specified by the Minister of Land Development,
Urban Planning and Construction.

7.12 (Lateral Restraints to Prevent Tortional Buckling of Beams)

In buildings fall under Category 1 and Category 2 buildings, beams constituting moment
frame that resists horizontal force shall satisfy the lateral stiffening specified by the
Minister of Land Development, Urban Planning and Construction.

7.13 (Strength of Steel Members)

Strength of steel frame members shall be obtained according to the following provisions.
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7.13.1 (Definitions)
The symbols herein used are defined as follows.
F Standard strength of steel, etc. (N/mm2)
fp Bearing strength of steel, etc. (N/mm2)
fc Buckling strength of steel, etc. (N/mm2)
fb Buckling strength of bending material (N/mm2)
E Young's modulus of material (N/mm2)
Λ Critical slenderness ratio calculated by the following formula

λ Effective slenderness ratio

lb Distance between supporting points of compression flange (mm)
i Section quadratic radius around the web axis of the T-shaped cross-section consisting of
the compression flange and 1/6 of the bending material (mm)
C Correction factor calculated by the following formula. However, if it exceeds 2.3, it
shall be 2.3, and if the bending moment in the stiffening interval is larger than M 1 , it shall
be 1.

In this equation, M 2 and M 1 are smaller and larger

bending moments around strong axes at both ends of
the buckling interval respectively. M 2 /M 1 shall be
positive if the bending moment is of double
curvature. and if it of single curvature, M 2 /M 1 it
shall be negative.

h Depth of bending member (mm)

A Total cross-sectional area of member (mm2)
Af Cross-sectional area of compression flange (mm2)
Ae Cross-sectional area of member considering sectional deficit (mm2)
Ze Section modulus of member considering sectional deficit (mm3)
If the members satisfy a standard specified by Minister of Land Development, Urban
Planning and Construction, it may be plastic section modulus
N Axial stress of member (N)
M Bending stress of member (Nmm)
yM Bending moment around the strong axis of the member (Nmm)
zM Bending moment around the weak axis of the member (Nmm)
7.13.2 (Strength of Steel Material, etc.)
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 (a) Bearing pressure strength f p of steel, etc. shall be values in the following table (in
cases (1) and (3), when different type of steel, etc. are used for joints, the smaller
value shall apply.)

Type of Bearing Pressure f p N/mm 2

When bearing pressure is generated on a supporting part of 2.9F
(1)
sliding bearing or roller bearing, or other similar cases
When bearing pressure is generated on the surface of the 1.9F
(2)
steel which contacts the bolt shaft, or other similar cases
(3) Cases other than (1) and (2) above 1.4F

(b) The buckling strength fc of compression material of carbon steel and cast iron shall
be according to the following table.
λ/Λ f c N/mm 2

λ/Λ≦1

λ/Λ>1

(c) The buckling strength of the bending member fb is given by values in the following
table. However, if it exceeds the standard strength F, it shall be the value of F.
Type of bending material and method of f b N/mm 2
bending
Rolled steel, plate girder, and other Larger value between:
similar assemblies with symmetry
and
(1) axis in the bearing surface, which are
subjected to bending around a strong
axis.
In case of steel pipes and box-
shaped section members, bending
material listed in (1) which are
(2) F
subject to bending around the weak
axis, or to in-plane bending with a
gusset plate
Grooved section member or those
(3) without symmetry axis in the bearing
surface
7.13.3 (Strength of Beam Member)
(a) Bending strength of beam Mu is obtained by the following formula.

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 𝑀 = 𝑓 ∙ 𝑍𝑒 （Nmm）

(b) Shear strength of beam Qsu is obtained by the following formula.

7.13.4 (Strength of Column Member)

(a) Axial strength of column Nu is obtained by the following formula.
N ≧ 0 (tensile), Nu= F Ae
N < 0 (compressive), Nu = fc A (N)
(b) Bending strength of column Mu is obtained by the following formula.

𝑀 = 𝑓 ∙ 𝑍𝑒 （Nmm）

(c) Shear strength of column Qsu is obtained by the following formula.

(d) Columns subjected to axial force and biaxial bending shall satisfy the following formula.

7.13.5 (Strength of Brace Member)

Axial strength of brace Nu is obtained by following formula.
N ≧ 0 (tensile), Nu= F Ae
N < 0 (compressive), Nu = fc A (N)

7.13.6 (Strengths of Beams Subjected to Axial Force and Braces Subjected to Bending)
Beam members on which axial force acts and brace members on which bending moment
acts shall satisfy 7.13.4(d).

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Chapter 8 DESIGN OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURE

8.1 (Scope)
The provisions of this chapter apply to buildings using steel structure together with
reinforced concrete structure and other structures.

8.2 (Applicable Structures)

When using multiple structural types for a building, the building must be of structure shown
in the table below classified by category of buildings. In this table, reinforced concrete
structure includes steel encased reinforced concrete structure.
However, it shall not apply to basement when the basement is of reinforced concrete
structure or steel encased reinforced concrete structure.

Building Applicable Composite Structure

Category
1 Structure composed of steel frame and reinforced concrete which are
mixed horizontally.
Structure with parts of steel-framed columns and load-bearing walls made
of reinforced concrete
Mixed structure of reinforced concrete structure and steel encased
reinforced concrete structure
Above listed structures and reinforced concrete structure with the roof
frame of steel structure
2 Structure shown in Category1
Reinforced concrete construction for the lower floors (with a height of 9m
or lower) and for upper floors, steel structure or structures shown in
Category 1
3 Not applicable, except that the building is treated as a Category2 building.

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Chapter 9 DESIGN OF FOUNDATION

9.1 (Scope)
Provisions of this section apply to the structural part of foundation of a building.

9.2 (Rules for Durability)

Regarding structural part of foundation of buildings, the following items (a) to (e) must
comply with regulations for durability and all relevant regulations stipulated by the Minister
of Land Development, Urban Planning and Construction.
(a) Concrete material
(b) Concrete strength
(c) Concrete curing
(d) Removal of forms and supports
(e) Thickness of concrete covering for reinforcement bars

9.3 (Structural Calculation)

Safety of foundation of buildings shall be confirmed by structural calculations shown in
Chapter 3.

9.4 (General)

9.4.1
The foundation of a building shall safely transmit loads and external forces acting on the
building to the ground and shall be safe in terms of structural strength against subsidence
or deformation of the ground.

9.4.2
Foundation piles installed by impact, pressure or vibration shall be structurally safe against
the impact and other external forces acting during their installation.

9.4.3
In case where wooden piles are used for the foundation of buildings, the wooden piles shall
be kept under ground-water table, except when they are used for one-story wooden buildings.

9.5 (Material)
Structural materials used for foundation and construction methods for foundation must
comply with the standard stipulated by the Minister of Land Development, Urban Planning
and Construction.

9.6 (Strength of Foundation)

Bearing capacity of ground and bearing capacity of foundation piles shall be determined
42
 based on the results of ground surveys conducted within the building site in accordance with
the methods specified by the Minister of Land Development, Urban Planning and
Construction. Only when past ground survey results that provide sufficient information are
available, they may be used instead of conducting a ground survey. However, for types of
ground listed in the following table, values in the table may be adopted as bearing strength
depending on the type of soils.
Bearing Capacity
Soil Type
kN/m 2
bedrock 2000
compacted sand 1000
mud stone 600
dense gravel layer 600
dense sandy soil 400
sandy ground
(Limited to those that do not have a risk of 100
liquefication when an earthquake occurs.)
hard clay soil 200
clay soil 40
hard loam layer 200
loam layer 100

9.7 (Ground Liquefaction)

If there is a possibility of ground liquefaction, its effect shall be considered.

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