Citing references – Outline

• Identifying and formatting citing elements

• Citing in text
• Preparing reference list / bibliography

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 Referencing
• Research and writing are integral parts of the professional
work of healthcare and biomedical professionals.
• Scientific manuscripts commonly include references to related
information in literature.

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 Definition- Reference
• “It is the standardized way of acknowledging the sources of
information and ideas that you have used in your assignment
and which allows the sources to be identified.”

• A citation tends to mean the part of the text within your

assignment where you acknowledge the source; whilst a
reference usually refers to the full bibliographic information at
the end

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 What is referencing?
• It is a method to demonstrate you readers
that you have conducted a thorough and
appropriate literature search and carried out
appropriate reading.
• With all referencing styles, there are two parts
to referencing: citing and the reference list

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 -Why Referencing?
The inclusion of references in manuscripts substantiates
1. arguments with evidence
2. acknowledges the source of information being referred.

References may be cited from a variety of sources such as

journals, books, conference proceedings, magazines and
newspapers, and the Internet.

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 Why Referencing?
Referencing is important to avoid plagiarisms, to verify
quotations and to enable readers to follow up with what you
have written and fully understand the cited author’s work.

If you do not acknowledge another author’s work or ideas, you

could be accused of plagiarism.

Accurate referencing is commensurate with good academic

practice and enhances the presentation of your work; it shows
that your writing is based on knowledge and informed by
appropriate academic reading

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 Why Referencing?
You will ensure that everyone reading your work can trace the
sources you have used in the development of your work, and
give you credit for your research efforts and quality

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 Referencing styles
• Each referencing style has different rules for presenting
source information. For in-text citations, some use footnotes
or endnotes, while others include the author’s surname and
date of publication in brackets in the text.
• The reference list or bibliography is presented differently in
each style, with different rules for things like capitalisation,
italics, and quotation marks in references.
• Your university will usually tell you which referencing style to
use; they may even have their own unique style.

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 Referencing styles
• Harvard Style
• Vancouver Style
• APA Style (American Psychological Association)

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 Citing elements
• Author or authoring body
• Date of publication
• Title of the work
• Edition
• Publisher
• Place of publication
• Title of the source
• Location information within the source
• URL or DOI
• Nonroutine information

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 Author
• Surname and initials
Kernis, M. H.
• Hyphenated first name
Sun, C.-R.
• Editor’s name
Robinson, D. N. (Ed.)
• No author
Entry under title
• Delete Prof., Dr., Maj., Retd., etc.

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 Authoring body or group
• Full name
National Institute of Health
• Subordinate body
University of the Punjab, Institute of
Business Administration
• Government agencies
Pakistan, Ministry of Finance

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 Date of publication
• Journal, book, AV media
1993
• Meeting, Monthly magazine, Newsletter
1993, June
1993, Spring
• Daily, Weekly
1994, September 28
• Accepted work but not yet published
in press
• No date available
n.d.
• Publication over long period
1959-1963
• Republished work, a note at the end
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(Original work published 1923)
 Title of the work
• Title of book
• Title of book chapter
• Title of journal article
• Title of encyclopedia article
• Subtitle with colon

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 Edition
• Edition you used
• Edition in Arabic numeral
2nd ed.
Rev. ed.
4th rev. ed.

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 Publisher
• Publisher name for non periodicals
• In a brief form
• Omit superfluous terms, such as Publishers,
Publications, Co., Inc.
Sage
Wiley
McGraw-Hill
Prentice Hall
Ferozsons

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 Place of publication
• Name of city
• If city is not well known then add state/province
and/or country
Medford, NJ
• US postal service abbreviations for states (2-digit
codes)
CA for California
• If more cities are given, use the first or the
publisher’s head office if clearly mentioned

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 Title of the source
• Title of the book in case of a book chapter
• Title of the journal in case of journal article
• Journal title
Clinical Biochemistry
Clin. Biochem.

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 Location
• Journal volume and issue number in Arabic numerals
33(4)
• Volume of a book
Vols. 1-20
(Vol.26, pp. 501-508)
• Start and end (inclusive) page numbers for journal article or
book chapter
215-224
(pp. 215-224)
• Discontinuous pages
5-7, 11-12

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 URL or DOI
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

http://www.topicsinclinicalnutrition.com

• Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482

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 Nonroutine information
• Give nonroutine but important information in
square brackets

[Letter to the editor]

[Special issue]
[Brochure]
[Abstract]

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Citing in text

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 Various style manuals
• Harvard Referencing System
• Vancouver
• MLA – Modern Language Association
• APA – American Psychological Association
• Chicago Style – Chicago Manual of Style
• Turabian Style – based on Chicago Style
• ASA – American Sociological Association
• CBE - Council of Biology Editors

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Harvard style

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 Author’s name in sentence

Lee and co-workers (2009) also supported the hypothesis by

creating transgenic mice model and showed that high levels of

aldose reductase were expressed in lens fibre cells as a

consequence of diabetes induced cataract, demonstrating a vital

role of aldose reductase.

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 Author’s name in parentheses

Earlier studies have indicated that oxidative

stress plays important role in pathogenesis of

long-term diabetic complications (David et al.,

2006).

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 Multiple authors
• 2 authors – cite both names separated by &
Example:
(Kosik & Martin, 1999)

• 3 or more authors – cite first author’s name and et

al.
Example:
(Perez et al., 1992)

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 Multiple citations

• Multiple sources from same author – chronological

order, separated by comma
(Burke, 1998, 1999, in press)
• Within same year:
(Burke, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, in press)
• Multiple sources – separated by semicolon,
alphabetical order
(Burke, 1998; Perez, 1992; Wilhite, 2001)

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 Personal communication

• Personal communication (email, phone,

conversation, letter, etc.)
(personal communication)

• Not included in reference list

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 Handling parenthetical citations
• If the source has no known author, then use
an abbreviated version of the title:
Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters
Smokers”
Citation: (“California,” 1999)

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Vancouver Style

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 Author’s reference in sentence

Lee and co-workers [6] also supported the hypothesis by

creating transgenic mice model and showed that high

levels of aldose reductase were expressed in lens fibre

cells as a consequence of diabetes induced cataract,

demonstrating a vital role of aldose reductase.

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Author’s reference in parentheses

Earlier studies have indicated that oxidative

stress plays important role in pathogenesis of

long-term diabetic complications [12].

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 Multiple references
• 2 or more references:
– [1,2]
– [6,25]
– [6-9]

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Reference List / Bibliography

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 Reference list
• Place the list of references cited at the end of the
paper
• Start references on a new page
• Begin each entry flush with the left margin

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Harvard Style

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 Reference list order
• Arrange sources alphabetically beginning with author’s last
name
• If author has more than one reference, arrange entries by
year, earliest first
• When an author appears both as a sole author and, in
another citation as the first author of a group, list the one
author entries first
• If no author given, begin entry with the title and alphabetize
without counting a, an, or the
• Do not underline, italicize or use quote marks for titles used
instead of an author name

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Example – Reference list order
– Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control …
– Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of …
– Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors …
– Kumpfer, K. L. (2002). Prevention …
– Kumpfer, K. L., Alvarado, R., Smith, P., …
– Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Preventions …

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 Book with one author

Carter, R. (1998). Mapping the mind.

Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

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 Book with two authors

Struck, W., & White, E. B. (1979).

The elements of style (3rd ed.).New York:
Macmillan.

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Book with six or more authors

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N.,

Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al.
(2000). An experimental evaluation of…

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 Book with no author

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary

(10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster.

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 Book with editors

Allison, M. T., & Schneider, I. E. (Eds.). (2000).

Diversity and the recreation profession:
Organizational perspectives. State College, PA:
Venture.

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 Chapter in book

Stern, J. A., & Dunham, D. N. (1990). The ocular

system. In J. T. Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary (Eds.),
Principles of psychophysiology: Physical, social,
and inferential elements (pp. 513-553). Berkeley,
CA: University of California Press.

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 Multivolume book

Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A

study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York:
McGraw-Hill.

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 Journal article

Sellard, S., & Mills, M. E. (1995). Administrative

issues for use of nurse practitioners. Journal of
Nursing Administration, 25(5):64-70.

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 Article in press

Jones, R. (in press). The new healthcare

lexicon. Journal of Health.

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 Article with DOI
Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy
and analytic therapy in trauma treatment.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4),
482–488. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482

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• Apple DJ, Ram J, Foster A, Peng Q (2000) Elimination of cataract blindness:
a global perspective entering the new millenium. Surv Ophthalmol 45: S1-
196.
• Ha H, Lee HB (2000) Reactive oxygen species as glucose signaling
molecules in mesangial cells cultured under high glucose. Kidney Int Suppl
77:S19-25. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.07704.x
• Jadoon Z, Shah SP, Bourne R, Dineen B, Khan MA, Gilbert CE, Foster A,
Khan MD (2007) Cataract prevalence, cataract surgical coverage and
barriers to uptake of cataract surgical services in Pakistan: the Pakistan
national blindness and visual impairment survey. Br J Ophthalmol
91:1269–1273. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.106914
• Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL, Yamagishi S, Matsumura T, Kaneda Y, Yorek
MA, Beebe D, Oates PJ, Hammes HP, Giardino I, Brownlee M (2000)
Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways
of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature 404:787-790. doi:10.1038/35008121

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Vancouver Style

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1. Apple DJ, Ram J, Foster A, Peng Q (2000) Elimination of cataract
blindness: a global perspective entering the new millenium. Surv
Ophthalmol 45: S1-196.
2. Jadoon Z, Shah SP, Bourne R, Dineen B, Khan MA, Gilbert CE,
Foster A, Khan MD (2007) Cataract prevalence, cataract surgical
coverage and barriers to uptake of cataract surgical services in
Pakistan: the Pakistan national blindness and visual impairment
survey. Br J Ophthalmol 91:1269–1273.
doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.106914
3. Vinson JA (2006) Oxidative stress in cataracts. Pathophysiology
13:151–162. doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2006.05.006
4. Sjølie AK, Stephenson J, Aldington S, Kohner E, Janka H, Stevens L,
Fuller J (1997) Retinopathy and vision loss in insulin-dependent
diabetes in Europe. The EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study.
Ophthalmol 104: 252-260.

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