EMAC 2 Modified 2023 Single Phase WK 6 7 8 Module .Docx.1

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TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS

Capt. Sabi St., City of Talisay, Negros Occidental
College of _Electromechanical Engineering Technology

Office of the Program Coordinator
LEARNING MODULE
EMAC 2: AC
MACHINERIES
DEPARTMENT: _ELECTROMECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY_
COMPILED BY:
. ____ROBERTO A. RODRIGUEZ___
2020
This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
1
VISION
The Technological University of the Philippines shall be the premier state

university with recognized excellence in engineering and technology at par with
leading universities in the ASEAN region.
MISSION
The University shall provide higher and advanced vocational, technical,

industrial, technological and professional education and training in industries and
technology, and in practical arts leading to certificates, diplomas and degrees.
It shall provide progressive leadership in applied research, developmental
studies in technical, industrial, and technological fields and production using
indigenous materials; effect technology transfer in the countryside; and assist in the
development of s mall-and-medium scale industries in identified growth center.
(Reference: P.D. No. 1518, Section 2)
QUALITY POLICY
The Technological University of the Philippines shall commit to provide

quality higher and advanced technological education; conduct relevant research and
extension projects; continually improve its value to customers through enhancement
of personnel competence and effective quality management system compliant to
statutory and regulatory requirements; and adhere to its core values.
CORE VALUES
T - Transparent and participatory governance

U - Unity in the pursuit of TUP mission, goals, and objectives
P - Professionalism in the discharge of quality service
I - Integrity and commitment to maintain the good name of the University
A - Accountability for individual and organizational quality performance
N - Nationalism through tangible contribution to the rapid economic growth of
the country
S - Shared responsibility, hard work, and resourcefulness in compliance to the
mandates of the university
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Numbers
TUP Vision, Mission, Quality Policy, and Core Values………………………1
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………..2
Course
Description………………………………………………………. 3
Course Outcomes…………………………………………………………
General Guidelines/Class Rules……………………………………………
Grading System……………………………………………………………
Learning Guide (Week No. 1) …………………………………………….
Topic/s………………………………………………………………
Learning Outcomes…………………………………………………
Content/Technical Information………………………………………
Progress Check…… ………………………………………………..
References…………………………………………………………
Learning Guide (Week No. 2) ……………………………………………
Topic/s………………………………………………………………
Learning Outcomes …………………………………………………
Content/Technical Information ……………………………………
Progress Check…… ………………………………………………..
References…………………………………………………………
Learning Guide (Week No. 3)………………………………………………
Topic/s………………………………………………………………
Learning Outcomes……………………………………………………
Content/Technical Information……………………………………
Progress Check…… ………………………………………………..
References…………………………………………………………
Learning Guide (Week No. 4) ……………………………………………
Topic/s………………………………………………………………
Learning Outcomes……………………………………………………
Content/Technical Information……………………………………
Progress Check…… ………………………………………………..
References…………………………………………………………
List of References………………………………………………
About the Author/s……………………………………………………………..
COURSE DESCRIPTION
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COURSE OUTCOMES
GENERAL GUIDELINES/CLASS RULES
GRADING SYSTEM
LEARNING GUIDE
Week No.: __6__
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TOPIC/S
 Auto-transformer.
 Induction voltage regulator
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completing this Learning Module, you will be able to:
1. Familiarize the construction; the function; and application of an Auto –

Transformer
2. Discuss the operating principle of an Auto Transformer
3. Discuss the principle of operation of induction voltage regulator
CONTENT/TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Introduction:
A Transformer has great importance in the distribution of electricity. Without a

transformer, there is no other way to supply high-voltage power from the main source
for your industry. Therefore, it is important to install the transformer to supply the
power. Aside from the Shell and Core type transformer, there is another type of special
transformer built according to its construction, today we are talking about the auto
transformer one of its major types among more. The only difference between an
ordinary transformer and auto transformer is that it has only one winding, which is
wound on a laminated core. On the contrary, an ordinary one has two windings. It is
also called as “Variac” because it is used to vary the voltage supplied to the circuit.
An Auto Transformer is a transformer with only one winding wound on a laminated
core. An auto transformer is similar to a two winding transformer but differ in the way
the primary and secondary winding are interrelated. A part of the winding is common
to both primary and secondary sides.
Electrical Symbol of Auto - Transformer
In an ordinary transformer, the primary and the secondary windings are

electrically insulated from each other but connected magnetically as shown in the
figure below. While in auto transformer the primary and the secondary windings are
connected magnetically as well as electrically. In fact, a part of the single continuous
winding is common to both primary and secondary.
Figure 2. Auto – Transformer
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Figure 2. Wiring diagram of a two – winding transformer
https://circuitglobe.com/what-is-an-auto-transformer.html
Figure 3. Transformer Electrical Symbol
Construction of Auto-transformer
There are two types of auto transformer based on the construction. In one type
of transformer, there is continuous winding with the taps brought out at convenient
points determined by the desired secondary voltage. However, in another type of auto
transformer, there are two or more distinct coils which are electrically connected to
form a continuous winding. The construction of Auto transformer is shown in the
figure below.
Figure 4. Auto – transformer with multiple tappings
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Figure 5. Wiring Diagram of an Auto – Transformer (Step -down)
https://circuitglobe.com/what-is-an-auto-transformer.html#ExplanationwithCircuitDiagram
Figure 6.Wiring Diagram of an Auto – Transformer (Step – up)
The primary winding AB (Figure 5) from which a tapping at C is taken, such that CB
acts as a secondary winding. The supply voltage is applied across AB, and the load is
connected across CB. The tapping may be fixed or variable. When an AC voltage
V1 is applied across AB, an alternating flux is set up in the core, as a result, an emf
E1 is induced in the winding AB. A part of this induced emf is taken in the secondary
circuit.
Let:
V1 – primary applied voltage
V2 – secondary voltage across the load
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I1 – primary current
I2 – load current
N1 – number of turns between A and
N2 – number of turns between C and B
Neglecting no-load current, leakage reactance and losses
V1 = E1 and V2 = E2
Therefore, the transformation ratio:
As the secondary ampere-turns are opposite to primary ampere-turns, so the current

I2 is in phase opposition to I1. The secondary voltage is less than the primary.
Therefore current I2 is more than the current I1. Therefore, the resulting current
flowing through section BC is (I2 – I1).
The ampere-turns due to section BC = current x turns
Equation (1) and (2) shows that the ampere-turns due to section BC and AC balance
each other which is characteristic of the transformer action.
Saving of Copper in Auto Transformer as Compared to Ordinary Two Winding Transformer

The weight of the copper is proportional to the length and area of a cross-section of
the conductor.
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The length of the conductor is proportional to the number of turns, and the cross-
section is proportional to the product of current and number of turns.
Now, from the above figure (B) shown of the auto transformer, the weight of copper
required in an auto transformer is
Wa = weight of copper in section AC + weight of copper in section CB
Therefore
If the same duty is performed with an ordinary two winding transformer shown above
in the figure (A), the total weight of the copper required in the ordinary transformer,
W0 = weight of copper on its primary winding + weight of copper on its secondary

winding
Therefore,
Now, the ratio of the weight of the copper in an auto transformer to the weight of
copper in an ordinary transformer is given as
Saving of copper affected by using an auto transformer = weight of copper required in

an ordinary transformer – weight of copper required in an auto transformer.
Therefore,
Saving of copper = K x weight of copper required for two windings of the transformer
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Hence, saving in copper increases as the transformation ratio approaches unity. Hence
the auto transformer is used when the value of K is nearly equal to unity.
Figure 7. Auto – Transformer with single tap
As shown in figure 6, the input voltage V 1 is connected to the complete winding AB

and the load is connected across a portion of the winding that is CB. The voltage V 2
will bear the same relation to V 1` as in the conventional two – winding transformer;
that is, V2 is equal to V1 multiplied by the ration of the number of turns N CB to the
number of turns NAB. Thus
V2 = V1 x NCB/ NAB
Assuming a unity power factor load, the load current I 2 will be equal V2 divided by
the load resistance RL. If the transformer is 100% efficient, the power input V 1I1 must
equal the power input V2I2.
As shown, I1 flows in the portion of the winding AB, while the current BC is (I 2 – I1).
From the standpoint of transformer action, it is considered that the portion of the
winding AB is the primary and the portion of the winding BC is the secondary. The
ampere-turn NAB I1 in the primary equals the ampere-turn NBC(I1- I2) in the secondary.
From the relationship of the ampere-turns in a transformer;
NBC (I2 – I1) = (NAC – NAB) (I2 – I1)
= NAC I2 - NAC I1 - NAB I2 + NAB I1
Since NAC/NBC = I2/I1
And I1 = I2 NBC/ NAC
Substituting the value of I1 in the second term of formula gives
NBC (I2 – I1) == NAC I2 - NAC (I2 NBC/ NAC) - NAB I2 + NAB I1
NBC (I2 – I1) = (NAC - NBC) I2 - NAB I2 + NAB I1
But (NAC – NBC) = NAB;
Therefore
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NBC (I2 – I1) = NAB I2 - NAB I2 + NAB I1
NBC (I2 – I1) = NAB I1
The foregoing analysis indicates that the power transformed is
Ptrans = (V1 –V2)I1 = V2 (I2 – I1)
Since a = V1/V2 and V2 = V1/a,
Ptrans = (V1 – V1/a) I1= V1I1 (1 – 1/a)
Ptrans = Power input x (1-1/a)
Example 1: An autotransformer having a primary voltage of 116 and a secondary

voltage of 80 delivers a load of 4kw at a unity power factor. Calculate the transformed
power and the power conducted directly from the source to the load.
Solution:
Solving for the transformation ratio first;
a = 116/80 = 1.45
Ptrans = 4,000 x (1 – 1/1.45) = 1, 240 watts
P conducted = 4, 000 – 1,240 = 2, 760 watts
Example 2: A conventional 3-kva 2,200/220- volt transformer is to be connected as an

autotransformer to step down the voltage from 2,420 to 2,200. a) Make a wiring
diagram showing how the transformer should be connected, b) with the transformer
used to transform rated power, calculate the power input. Assume a unity power
factor.
Solution:
a) Figure 7 illustrates how the two-winding transformer is connected for auto-

transformer operation.
Figure 8. Wiring diagram for solution to example 2
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b) Solving for transformation ratio “α”
α = 2,420/2,200 = 1.1
P trans 3,000
Power Input = 1 = 1 = 33, 000 watts
1− 1−
a 1.1
Advantages of Auto Transformer

The advantages are
 It uses single winding, so these are smaller & cost-effective
 These transformers are more efficient
 It needs lesser excitation currents to compare with the conventional type
transformers.
 In these transformers, the voltage can be changed easily and smoothly
 Enhanced regulation
 Fewer losses
 It needs less copper
 Efficiency is high due to low losses in ohmic and core. These losses will be
occurred because of the reduction in transformer material.
Disadvantages of Auto Transformer

The disadvantages are
 In this transformer, the secondary winding cannot be insulated from the primary.
 It is applicable in restricted areas where a small difference in the o/p voltage from
i/p voltage is necessary.
 This transformer is not used for interconnecting systems like high voltage & low
voltage.
 The leakage flux is small among the two windings so the impedance will below.
 If the winding in the transformer breaks, the transformer will not work then the full
primary voltage comes into view across the o/p.
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 It can be dangerous to the load while we are utilizing an autotransformer like a

step-down transformer. So this transformer is used only to make small changes
within the o/p voltage.
Applications of Auto Transformer

The applications are
It increases the voltage drop for the distribution cable
It is used as a voltage regulator
It is used in audio, distribution, power transmission and railways
Autotransformer with several toppings is used to start the motors like induction as
well as synchronous.
It is used in laboratories to obtain a varying voltage continuously.
It is used like regulating transformers in voltage stabilizers.
It increases the voltage in AC feeders
It is applicable in electronics testing centers wherever frequently changing voltages
are required.
It is used where high voltages are necessary like boosters or amplifiers
It is used in audio devices like speakers to match the impedance as well as to adjust
the device for nonstop voltage supply.
 It is used in power stations where the voltage needs to step down and step up to
equal the voltage at the receiving end which is necessary for the device.
https://www.elprocus.com/what-is-an-auto-transformer-construction-and-its-
working/
Induction Voltage Regulators

Definition: The induction voltage regulator is a type of an electrical machine in which the
output voltage may be varied from zero to a certain maximum value depending upon the
ratio of turns in the primary and secondary windings. The primary winding is connected to
the circuit which is to be regulated, and secondary is connected in series with the circuit.
Figure9. The single phase induction motor
The Induction Voltage Regulator is primarily a step-down transformer, so constructed

that the secondary voltage maybe varied from zero to a certain maximum value by
disturbing the position of the primary coil axis with respect to the secondary coil axis,
where the secondary coils are placed in the slots of the stator similar to that of the
alternator, while the primary coil is located in the slot of the rotor mounted
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concentrically inside. The primary is connected directly across the line wires,
sometimes through slip- rings and brushes, while the secondary is placed in series in
one of the line wires.
A wiring diagram of the electrical connection is given in Figure 9. The maximum

voltage induced in the secondary can be made to add directly to, or subtract directly
from, the line voltage by rotating the primary through an angle of 180 degrees, the
regulator is capable of “boosting” o “buckling” the line voltage; in the 90 degrees
position, no voltage is induced in the secondary.
Figure 10. Wiring Diagram of induction voltage regulator in a transmission lines
Figure 11. Auto Transformer in the form of Voltage regulator
https://www.engineeringbookspdf.com/auto-transformer-principle-operationworking-
applications/
REFERENCES
Textbook/s :
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Siskind, Charles (1966). Electrical Machines 2 nd Edition, McGraw-Hill

Kogakusha, Ltd.
Hubert, Charles (1978). Preventive Maintenance of Electrical

Equipment, McGraw-Hill Inc.
LEARNING GUIDE
Week No.: __8__
TOPIC
Types of Single Phase Induction Motors

1. Split Phase motor
2. Capacitor Start, Capacitor Run motor
LEARNING OUTCOME
After the lesson, the student are expected to
1. Demonstrate the different type of split phase motor and its application
2. Describe its operating characteristics
CONTENT/TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Single-phase induction motors are classified depending on how this additional flux is
generated:
1. Split phase induction motor.

2. Capacitor-start inductor motor.
3. Capacitor-start capacitor-run induction motor (two-value capacitor method.
Used to both start and run the motor).
4. Permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor.
5. Shaded pole induction motor
Split Phase Induction Motor

In addition to the main winding or running winding, a single-phase induction motor’s
stator carries another winding called auxiliary winding or starting winding. A
centrifugal switch is connected in series with auxiliary winding. Figure 5-1 is a single
phase induction motor. In figure 5-2 is its wiring diagram.
This switch aims to disconnect the auxiliary winding from the main circuit when the
motor attains a speed up to 75 to 80% of the synchronous speed
In the figure 5-2 below, the variables represent:
 Irun is the current flowing through the main or running winding,
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 Istart is the current flowing in starting winding,

 VT is the supply voltage.
Figure 5-1
Figure 5-2
 Irun is the current flowing through the main or running winding,

 Istart is the current flowing in starting winding,
 VT is the supply voltage.
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Figure 5-3
For a highly resistive winding, the current is almost in phase with the voltage, and for
a highly inductive winding, the current lag behind the voltage by a large angle.
The starting winding is highly resistive so, the current flowing in the starting winding
lags behind the applied voltage by a very small angle and the running winding is
highly inductive in nature so, the current flowing in running winding lags behind
applied voltage by a large angle.
The resultant of these two current is IT—the resultant of these two current produce
rotating magnetic field which rotates in one direction.
In a split-phase induction motor, the starting and main current get split from each
other by some angle, so this motor got its name as a split-phase induction motor.
Applications of Split Phase Induction Motor

Split phase induction motors have low starting current and moderate starting torque.
These motors are available in size ranging from 1/20 to 1/2 KW and are used as;
1. Fans,
2. Blowers,
3. Centrifugal pumps,
4. Washing machines,
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5. Grinders,
6. Lathes,
7. Air conditioning fans, etc.
Capacitor Start IM and Capacitor Start Capacitor Run IM

The working principle of capacitor-start inductor motors is almost the same as
capacitor-start capacitor-run induction motors. A single-phase induction motor is not
self-starting because the magnetic field produced is not a rotating type. To produce a
rotating magnetic field, there must be some phase difference as shown in figure 5-4.
Figure 5-4
In the case of a split-phase induction motor, we use resistance for creating phase
difference, but here we use a capacitor for this purpose. We are familiar with the fact
that the current flowing through the capacitor leads to the voltage.
So, in capacitor start inductor motor and capacitor start capacitor run induction
motor, we are using two winding, the main winding, and the starting winding.
With starting winding, we connect a capacitor, so the current flowing in the capacitor,
i.e., Ist leads the applied voltage by some angle, φ st. There occur large phase angle
differences between these two currents, which produce a resultant current. This will
produce a rotating magnetic field since the torque produced by these motors depends
upon the phase angle difference, which is almost 90o.
So, these motors produce very high starting torque. In the case of capacitor start
induction motor, the centrifugal switch is provided to disconnect the starting winding
when the motor attains a speed up to 75 to 80% of the synchronous speed but in the
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case of capacitor start capacitors run induction motor, There is no centrifugal switch
so, the capacitor remains in the circuit and improves the power factor and the running
conditions of the single-phase induction motor.
Application of Capacitor Start IM and Capacitor Start Capacitor Run IM
Since these motors have high starting torque and They are available up to 6 kW hence
they are used in the following application;
1. Conveyors,
2. Grinders,
3. Air conditioners
4. Compressors, etc.
Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) Motor

It has a cage rotor and stator. The stator has two windings – main and auxiliary
winding. It has only one capacitor in series with starting winding. It has no starting
switch.
Advantages of Permanent Split Capacitor Motor

No centrifugal switch is needed. It has higher efficiency and pull-out torque.
Applications of Permanent Split Capacitor Motor
It finds applications in fans and blowers in heaters and air conditioners. It is also used
to drive office machinery.
Shaded Pole Single Phase Induction Motors
The stator of the shaded pole single-phase induction motor has salient or projected
poles. These poles are shaded by a copper band or ring, which is inductive in nature.
The poles are divided into two unequal halves. The smaller portion carries the copper
band and is called the shaded portion of the pole. This is shown in figure 5-3.
Figure 5-3
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Operating principle of shaded pole single phase induction motor
When a single-phase supply is given to a shaded pole induction motor’s stator, an

alternating flux is produced. This change of flux induces emf in the shaded coil. Since
this shaded portion is short-circuited, the current is produced in it in such a direction
to oppose the main flux.
The flux in the shaded pole lags behind the flux in the unshaded pole. The phase
difference between these two fluxes produces resultant rotating flux.
We know that the stator winding current is alternating in nature, and so is the flux
produced by the stator current. To clearly understand the working of shaded pole
induction motor, consider three regions-
1. When the flux changes its value from zero to nearly maximum positive value.
2. When the flux remains almost constant at its maximum value.
3. When the flux decreases from a maximum positive value to zero.
REGION 1:
When the flux changes its value from zero to nearly maximum positive value – In this
region, the rate of rising flux and current is very high.
According to Faraday’s law, whenever there is a change in flux emf gets induced.
Since the copper band is a short circuit, the current starts flowing in the copper band
due to this induced emf. This current in the copper band produces its own flux.
According to Lenz’s law, the direction of this current in the copper band is such that it
opposes its own cause, i.e., rise in current.
So the shaded ring flux opposes the main flux, which leads to the crowding of flux in
the non-shaded part of the stator, and the flux weakens in the shaded part.
This non-uniform distribution of flux causes the magnetic axis to shift in the middle
of the non-shaded part.
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REGION 2:
When the flux remains almost constant at its maximum value- In this region, the rate
of rising current and hence flux remains almost constant.
Hence there is very little induced emf in the shaded portion. The flux produced by this
induced emf has no effect on the main flux, and hence the distribution of flux remains
uniform, and the magnetic axis lies at the center of the pole.
REGION 3
When the flux decreases from a maximum positive value to zero – In this region, the
rate of decrease in the flux and hence current is very high. According to Faraday’s
law, whenever there is a change in flux emf gets induced.
Since the copper band is a short circuit, the current starts flowing in the copper band
due to this induced emf. This current in the copper band produces its own flux.
According to Lenz’s law, the direction of the current in the copper band is such that it
opposes its own cause, i.e., a decrease in current.
So the shaded ring flux aids the main flux, which leads to the crowding of flux in the
shaded part of the stator, and the flux weakens in the non-shaded part. This non-
uniform distribution of flux causes the magnetic axis to shift in the middle of the
pole’s shaded part.
This shifting of the magnetic axis continues for the negative cycle and leads to the
production of a rotating magnetic field. This field’s direction is from the non-shaded
part of the pole to the shaded part of the pole.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Shaded Pole Motor
The advantages of shaded pole induction motor are
1. Very economical and reliable.
2. Construction is simple and robust because there is no centrifugal switch.
The disadvantages of shaded pole induction motor are
1. Low power factor.
2. The starting torque is very poor.
3. The efficiency is very low as the copper losses are high due to the presence of
the copper band.
4. The speed reversal is also difficult and expensive as it requires another set of
copper rings.
Applications of Shaded Pole Motor

Due to their low starting torques and reasonable cost, these motors are mostly
employed in small instruments, hairdryers, toys, record players, small fans, electric
clocks, etc. These motors are usually available in a range of 1/300 to 1/20 KW.
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REFERENCES
Textbook/s :
Siskind, Charles (1966). Electrical Machines 2 nd Edition, McGraw-Hill

Kogakusha, Ltd.
Hubert, Charles (1978). Preventive Maintenance of Electrical

Equipment, McGraw-Hill Inc.

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TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS

College of _Electromechanical Engineering Technology

DEPARTMENT: _ELECTROMECHANICAL ENGINEERING

The Technological University of the Philippines shall be the premier state

The University shall provide higher and advanced vocational, technical,

The Technological University of the Philippines shall commit to provide

T - Transparent and participatory governance

GENERAL GUIDELINES/CLASS RULES

Week No.: __6__

1. Familiarize the construction; the function; and application of an Auto –

2. Discuss the operating principle of an Auto Transformer

3. Discuss the principle of operation of induction voltage regulator

A Transformer has great importance in the distribution of electricity. Without a

Electrical Symbol of Auto - Transformer

In an ordinary transformer, the primary and the secondary windings are

Figure 2. Wiring diagram of a two – winding transformer

Figure 3. Transformer Electrical Symbol

Figure 4. Auto – transformer with multiple tappings

Figure 5. Wiring Diagram of an Auto – Transformer (Step -down)

Figure 6.Wiring Diagram of an Auto – Transformer (Step – up)

Therefore, the transformation ratio:

As the secondary ampere-turns are opposite to primary ampere-turns, so the current

Saving of Copper in Auto Transformer as Compared to Ordinary Two Winding Transformer

Wa = weight of copper in section AC + weight of copper in section CB

W0 = weight of copper on its primary winding + weight of copper on its secondary

Saving of copper affected by using an auto transformer = weight of copper required in

Figure 7. Auto – Transformer with single tap

As shown in figure 6, the input voltage V 1 is connected to the complete winding AB

NBC (I2 – I1) = (NAC – NAB) (I2 – I1)

= NAC I2 - NAC I1 - NAB I2 + NAB I1

Since NAC/NBC = I2/I1

And I1 = I2 NBC/ NAC

Substituting the value of I1 in the second term of formula gives

NBC (I2 – I1) = (NAC - NBC) I2 - NAB I2 + NAB I1

But (NAC – NBC) = NAB;

NBC (I2 – I1) = NAB I2 - NAB I2 + NAB I1

NBC (I2 – I1) = NAB I1

The foregoing analysis indicates that the power transformed is

Ptrans = (V1 –V2)I1 = V2 (I2 – I1)

Since a = V1/V2 and V2 = V1/a,

Ptrans = (V1 – V1/a) I1= V1I1 (1 – 1/a)

Ptrans = Power input x (1-1/a)

Example 1: An autotransformer having a primary voltage of 116 and a secondary

Solving for the transformation ratio first;

Ptrans = 4,000 x (1 – 1/1.45) = 1, 240 watts

P conducted = 4, 000 – 1,240 = 2, 760 watts

Example 2: A conventional 3-kva 2,200/220- volt transformer is to be connected as an

a) Figure 7 illustrates how the two-winding transformer is connected for auto-

Figure 8. Wiring diagram for solution to example 2

b) Solving for transformation ratio “α”

Advantages of Auto Transformer

Disadvantages of Auto Transformer

 It can be dangerous to the load while we are utilizing an autotransformer like a

Applications of Auto Transformer

Induction Voltage Regulators

Figure9. The single phase induction motor

The Induction Voltage Regulator is primarily a step-down transformer, so constructed

A wiring diagram of the electrical connection is given in Figure 9. The maximum

Figure 10. Wiring Diagram of induction voltage regulator in a transmission lines

Figure 11. Auto Transformer in the form of Voltage regulator

Siskind, Charles (1966). Electrical Machines 2 nd Edition, McGraw-Hill

Hubert, Charles (1978). Preventive Maintenance of Electrical

Week No.: 6

Week No.: 8