DATA HANDLING

CONTENTS Ex.1

 Data =100 balloons  One symbol stands for 100 balloon

 Circle Graph or Pie Chart July =250 denotes

1/2
 Organising Data of 100

August =300
 Grouping Data
 Definitions Sept. =?

 Chance And Probability (i) How many balloons were produced in the
month of July ?
 Outcomes As Events Ans. 250
(ii) In which month were maximum number of
 Probability of An Event balloons produced ?
Ans. September
 DATA A bar graph : A display of information using
bars of uniform width, their heights being
The information collected by observation for
proportional to the respective values.
experiments is called data.
Ex.2
Data can represented graphically, by
350
No. of students in Class VIII

(i) Picto Graph 300

(ii) Bar Graph 250
200
(iii) Double Bar Graph
150
(iv) Histogram 100

(v) Polygon (Class IX) 50

and also tabular form, by O 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

Academic years
(i) Raw data
Note : Bar heights give the quantity for each
(ii) Frequency distribution table, and by Pie Chart category.
Pictograph : Pictorial representation of data Bars are of equal width with equal gaps in
using symbols. between.
 (i) What is the information given by the bar Ex.4 
graph ? Class Interval Frequency
Ans. About students of class VIII in academic 0-10 2
years
10-20 10
(ii) In which year is the increase in the number of
20-30 21
students maximum ?
30-40 19
Ans. 2004-05
40-50 7
(iii) In which year is the number of students
50-60 1
maximum?
Total 60
Ans. 2007-08
Ans.
(iv) State whether true or false :
'The number of students during 2005-06 is
22 21
twice that of 2003-04. 19
20
Ans. False (2005-06  250, 2003-04  100)
18
Double Bar Graph : A bar graph showing

Number of students
16
two sets of data simultaneously. It is useful
14
for the comparison of the data.
Ex.3 12
10
10
80
Marks obtained by a student

2005-06 2006-07 7
70 8
60
6
50
40 4
2 1
30 2
20
O 10 30 40 50 60
10 20
Maths S.Science Science English Hindi Marks of the students 
Subject The height of the bars show the frequency of
(i) What is the information given by the double the class-interval. Also, there is no gap
bar graph ? between the bars as there is no gap between
Ans. Marks of a student in various subjects in two the class-intervals.
successive academic years.
The graphical representation of data in this
(ii) In which subject has the performance
manner is called a histogram.
improved the most ?
Ans. Maths Note :
(iii) In which subject has the performance Bars of equal width with no gaps in between.
deteriorated? Height of bar gives the number of data items
Ans. English in a particular group and is the frequency.
(iv) In which subject is the performance at par ?
Ans. Hindi 
 Age of 25 teachers of a school Reading a Pie Chart
Ex.5 Let us consider the following pie chart. It
Number of teachers

represents the number of students speaking

7
6 different languages in the 3 sections of Std
6 VIII in a school.
5 5
5 The pie chart reads.
4 Language Angle
4
3 Hindi 150º
3 Punjabi 90º
2
2 Tamil 60º
1 Bengali 20º
Telugu 40º
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 If the total number of students surveyed is
Age in years 252, find the number of students for each
The range is divided language.
in equal intervals Sol. Here, we observe that 252 students are
Jagged line( )(or broken line) (of 5 years in the case)
represented by 360º
(or kink) has been used along the
horizontal line to indicate that we Bengali
are not showing the numbers Telugu
between 0 to 20. 40º 20º
Tamil
60º
 CIRCLE GRAPH OR PIE CHART 150º 90º
Hindi Punjabi
This is a very clourful way. A pie chart would
mean that the data is represented in a circle and
252
not as bars or lines. A circle has a centre and the  1º represents = 0.7 students.
360
angle around the centre is 360º. So all the data  Hence, the number of students are :
will be represented in terms of angles. The circle Language Central No. of students
is divided out into different parts. Each part is Angle
called a sector and the angle at the centre is the Hindi 150º 252
×150 = 105
360
central angle.
Punjabi 90º 252
× 90 = 63
360
Tamil 60º 252
O × 60 = 42
360
Bengali 20º 252
× 20 = 14
360
A B
Telugu 40º 252
× 40 = 28
AOB is a sector where OA and OB are the radii 360
Total 360º 252
and AOB is the central angle.
Note : When the number of students in each
category is added, the total should be the same as
total students surveyed.
Ex.6 Read the following pie chart and answer the Constructing a Pie Chart
following questions : Ex.7 In a survey, it was found that a student spends
Candidate Central Angle his 24 hours of a day in the following manner.
A 90º Draw a pie chart to represent the various
B 55º activities.
C 120º Activity Number of Hours
D 60º Sleep 8
E 35º School 7
The survey conducted in a village where 5 Games 2
candidates were standing for elections is
Homework 3
represented in the Pie chart.
(a) Who is the most popular candidate ? Others 4

(b) Which candidate is least popular ? Sol. Here the 24 hours is represented by 360º.
(c) If 2880 people were surveyed, how many 360
 1 hour is = 15º
people preferred the candidate B ? 24
Hence
55º Activity Number Angle
90º of Hours
120º 35º Sleep 8 360
60º × 8 = 120º
24
School 7 360
× 7 = 105º
Sol. 24

Candidate Angle Votes Games 2 360

× 2 = 30º
24
A 90º 2880
× 90 = 720 Homework 3 360
360 × 3 = 45º
24
B 55º 2880
× 55 = 440 Others 4 360
360 × 4 = 60º
24
C 120º 2880
× 120 = 960 Total 24 360º
360
D 60º 2880 Sleep
× 60 = 480
360
120º
E 35º 2880 105º
× 35 = 280
360 School 60º
30º 45º Others
Check to see if total votes add up to 2880. Game Home-
(a) most popular candidate is C. work

(b) least popular is E.
 Note : The data is shown as different sectors of a
(c) 440 people preferred B. circle after converting it into degrees of central
angle.
Ex.8 Adjoining pie chart gives the expenditure (in Item Sales In Central Angle
percentage) on various items and savings of a (in Rs.) Fraction
family during a month.
Ordinary 320 320 4 4
House rent = ×360º=160º
10% Education for 720 9 9
Transport children 15% Bread
5%
Biscuits 120 120 1 1
= ×360º=60º
720 6 6
Others Food
20% 25% Cakes & 160 160 2 2
= ×360º=80º
pastries 720 9 9
Savings Clothes Fruit Bread 80 80 1 1
15% 10% = ×360º=40º
720 9 9
(i) On which item, the expenditure was
maximum? Others 40 40 1 1
= ×360º=20º
(ii) Expenditure on which item is equal to the 720 18 18
total savings of the family ? Now, we make the pie chart
(iii) If the monthly savings of the family is Biscuits
Rs 3000, what is the monthly expenditure on 60º
clothes? Ordinary
Bread
Sol. (i) Expenditure is maximum on food. Cakes &
160º
Pastries
(ii) Expenditure on Education of children is 80º
the same (i.e. 15%) as the savings of the
family. Fruit Bread
Others
(iii)15% represents Rs. 3000 40º
20º
Therefore, 10% represents
3000  ORGANIS ING DATA
Rs. ×10 = Rs. 2000
15 Data available to us is in an unorganised form
Ex.9 On a particular day, the sales (in rupees) of called raw data. To draw meaningful inferences,
different items of a baker’s shop are given we need to organise the data systematically. For
below. example, a group of students was asked for their
favourite subject. The results were as listed
ordinary bread : 320
below :
fruit bread : 80
Art, Mathematics, Science, English, Mathematics,
cakes & pastries : 160
Art, English, Mathematics, English, Art, Science,
biscuits : 120 Art, Science, Science, Mathematics, Art, English,
others : 40 Art, Science, Mathematics, Science, Art.
––––––––––––––––– Which is the most liked subject and the one least
Total : 720
liked ?

Draw a pie chart for this data. It is not easy to answer the question looking at the
choices written haphazardly. We arrange the data
Sol. We find the central angle of each sector.
in Table using tally marks.
Here the total sale = Rs 720. We thus have
this table.
 Table If we make a frequency distribution table for each
observation, then the table would be too long, so,
Subject Tally marks Number of students for convenience, we make groups of observations
Art 7 say, 0-10, 10-20 and so on, and obtain a frequency
distribution of the number of observations falling
Mathematics 5
in each group. Thus, the frequency distribution
Science 6 table for the above data can be.

English 4 Groups Tally marks Frequency

0 - 10 2
The number of tallies before each subject gives
10 - 20 10
the number of students who like that particular
20 - 30 21
subject.
30 - 40 19
This is known as the frequency of that subject. 40 - 50 7
Frequency gives the number of times that a 50 - 60 1
particular entry occurs. Total 60
From Table
Data presented in this manner is said to be
Frequency of students who like English is 4
grouped and the distribution obtained is called
Frequency of students who like Mathematics is 5 grouped frequency distribution. It helps us to
The table made is known as frequency draw meaningful inferences like-
distribution table as it gives the number of times (1) Most of the students have scored between 20
an entry occurs. and 40
 GROUPING DATA (2) Seven students have scored more than 40
marks out of 50 and so on.
The data regarding choice of subjects showed the
occurrence of each of the entries several times. Each of the groups 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, etc., is

For example, Art is liked by 7 students. called a Class Interval (or briefly a class).
Mathematics is liked by 5 students and so on  DEFINITIONS
(Table). This information can be displayed
graphically using a pictograph or a bargraph. 1. Upper limit & Lower limits :
Sometimes, however, we have to deal with a large The value of classes from above examples 0, 10,
data. For example, consider the following marks 20, 30, 40, 50 are lower class limits and 10, 20,
(out of 50) obtained in Mathematics by 60 students 30, 40, 50, 60 are called upper class limits.
of Class VIII. i.e. 0 – 10
21, 10, 30, 22, 33, 5, 37, 12, 25, 42, 15, 39, 26,

32, 18, 27, 28, 19, 29, 35, 31, 24, 36, 18, 20, 38,
Lower Upper
22, 44, 16, 24, 10, 27, 39, 28, 49, 29, 32, 23, 31,
21, 34, 22, 23, 36, 24, 36, 33, 47, 48, 50, 39, 20, *Upper limit element is always count in next
7, 16, 36, 45, 47, 30, 22, 17. class.
2. Class Interval : (Upper limit-Lower limit) is (i) What is the size of the class ?
called class interval. In above eg. class interval is Ans. ‘125 – 100 = 25’
10 for all classes. This interval is called class (ii) Which class has the highest frequency ?
width or size of class.
Ans. ‘200 – 225’
3. Class marks or mid points : (iii) Which class has the lowest frequency ?
The mean number of both upper limit & lower Ans. ‘300 – 325’
limit for each class. (iv) What is the upper limit of the class interval
xy 250-275?
 If a class is "x – y" then class mark =
2 Ans. ‘275’
Ex.10 Find class marks of 112.7 – 119.9 (v) Which two classes have the same frequency ?
112.7  119.9 Ans. ‘150 – 175, 225 – 250’
Sol. Class mark =
2 Ex.12 Construct a frequency distribution table for
232.6 the data on weights (in kg) of 20 students of a
= = 116.3
2 class using intervals 30-35, 35-40 and so on.

4. Range : 40, 38, 33, 48, 60, 53, 31, 46, 34, 36, 49, 41,
55, 49, 65, 42, 44, 47, 38, 39
The range of frequency distribution data is equal
to upper limit of last class – lower limit of first Sol.

class. Classes Frequency Tally marks

Ex.11 Study the following frequency distribution
30-35 3
table and answer the questions given below.
35-40 4
Frequency Distribution of Daily Income of 40-45 4
550 workers of a factory. 45-50 5
Class Interval Frequency 50-55 1
55-60 1
(Daily Income in Rupees) (Number of workers)
60-65 1
100 – 125 45
65-70 1
125 – 150 25 

150 – 175 55  CHANCE AND PROBAB ILITY


175 – 200 125  Experiment : An operation which can produce
200 – 225 140 some well defined outcome(s)

225 – 250 55  Types of experiment :

250 – 275 35 (i) Deterministic experiment

275 – 300 50 (ii) Random experiment

(i) Deterministic experiment : which have a fixed
300 – 325 20
outcome or result no matter any number of
Total 550
times they are repeated, are known as
deterministic experiment.
 Eg. from the set of all s in a plane if  is
choosen then even without knowing the three
angles, we can definitely say that the sum of the
measures of the angles is 180º.
(ii) Random experiment : If an experiment, when
repeated under identical conditions, do not
produce the same outcome every time but the
outcome in a trial is one of the several possible
outcomes then such an experiment is known as
random experiment or an experiment whose
outcomes cannot be predicted in advance is
called a random experiment.
 Outcomes : The possible results is/are called
outcome for any experiment.
 Elementry events: If a random experiment is
performed, then each of its outcomes is known as
an elementry events.
 Sample space: The set of all possible outcomes
of a random experiment is called the sample
space.
Ex.13 A coin is tossed find the outcomes and make
sample space.
Sol. Head(H) and Tail(T) are outcomes and
sample space S = {H, T}
Ex.14 If a die is thrown. Find its outcomes and
make sample space.
Sol. 1,2,3,4,5,6 are outcomes
Sample space : {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
 Equally likely outcomes: If chance is same for
each result or outcome then it is called equally
likely outcomes.
Eg. From a well shuffled deck of cards, we put a card
Eg. From tossing a fair coin, getting H or T.
Eg. By throwing a die whose two faces having
number 4 and other four faces having 1, 2, 3, 5
then these are not equally likely outcomes.
 OUTCOMES AS EVENTS

Each outcome of an experiment or a collection of
outcomes make an event.
For example in the experiment of tossing a coin,
getting a Head is an event and getting a Tail is
also an event.
In case of throwing a die, getting each of the
outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 is an event.
Is getting an even number an event ? Since an
even number could be 2, 4 or 6, getting an even
number is also an event.
Ex.15 What will be the probability of getting an
even number on through a die.
3 Number of outcomes that make the event.
Sol.
6 Total number of outcomes of the experiment.
Ex.16 A bag has 4 red balls and 2 yellow balls. (The
balls are identical in all respects other than
colour). A ball is drawn from the bag without
looking into the bag. What is probability of
getting a red ball ? Is it more or less than
getting a yellow ball ?
Sol. There are in all (4 + 2 =) 6 outcomes of the
event. Getting a red ball consists of 4
outcomes.
Therefore, the probability of getting a red ball
4 2
is = . In the same way the probability
6 3
2 1
of getting a yellow ball = =
6 3
Therefore, the probability of getting a red ball
is more than that of getting a yellow ball.
 PROBAB ILITY OF AN EV ENT

For any event A, probability of getting A is
Favourable outcomes
P(A) =
Total outcomes
and for not getting A, P ( A ) = 1 – P(A)
 P(A )  P ( A )  1
 EXERCISE # 1
Q.1 For which of these would you use a histogram
to show the data ?
(a) The number of letters for different areas
in a postman's bag.
(b) The height of competitors in an athletics
meet.
(c) The number of cassettes produced by 5
companies.
(d) The number of passengers boarding
trains from 7 : 00 a.m. to 7 : 00 p.m. at a
Q.5 The number of hours for which students of a
particular class watched television during
holidays is shown through the given graph.
Answer the following
(i) For how many hours did the maximum
number of students watch TV ?
(ii) How many students watched TV for less
than 4 hours ?
(iii) How many students spent more than 5
hours in watching TV ?
32

Number of students
station. 32
Give reasons for each. 28
Q.2 The shoppers who come to a departmental 24 22
store are marked as : man (M), woman(W), 20
boy(B) or girl(G). The following list gives 16
the shoppers who came during the first hour
12
in the morning : 8 8
8 6
WWWGBWWMGGMMWWWW
4
GBMWBGGMWWMMWWWM 4
WBWGMWWWWGWMMWWM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
WGWMGWMMBGGW
Make a frequency distribution table using Hours of TV watched per day 
tally marks. Draw a bar graph to illustrate it. Q. 6 A survey was made to find the type of music
that a certain group of young people liked in a
Q.3 The weekly wages (in Rs) of 30 workers in a
city. Adjoining pie chart shows the findings
factory are. of this survey.
830, 835, 890, 810, 835, 836, 869, 845, 898, Semi Classical
890, 820, 860, 832, 833, 855, 845, 804, 808, 20%

812, 840, 885, 835, 835, 836, 878, 840, 868,

Classical Light
890, 806, 840 10% 40%
Using tally marks make a frequency table
with intervals as 800-810, 810-820 and so on.
Folk
Q.4 Draw a histogram for the frequency table 30%
made for the data in Question 3, and answer From this pie chart answer the following :
(i) If 20 people liked classical music, how
the following questions.
many young people were surveyed ?
(i) Which group has the maximum number of (ii) Which type of music is liked by the
workers ? maximum number of people ?
(ii) How many workers earn Rs 850 and more ? (iii) If a cassette company were to make 1000
(iii) How many workers earn less than Rs 850 ? CD's, how many of each type would they
make ?
Q.7 A group of 360 people were asked to vote for Q.9 The number of students in a hostel, speaking
their favourite season from the three seasons different languages is given below. Display
rainy, winter and summer. the data in a pie chart.

Season No. of votes Language Number of students

Hindi 40
Summer 90
English 12
Rainy 120 Marathi 9
Tamil 7
Winter 150 Bengali 4
Total 72
(i) Which season got the most votes ?
Q.10 List the outcomes you can see in these
(ii) Find the central angle of each sector.
experiments.
(iii) Draw a pie chart to show this
information. A B

A C
Q.8 The adjoining pie chart gives the marks
D
scored in an examination by a student in
Hindi, English, Mathematics, Social Science (a) Spinning a wheel
and Science. If the total marks obtained by (b) Tossing two coins together
the students were 540, answer the following
Q.11 When a die is thrown, list the outcomes of an
questions.
event of getting
S.Science
(i) (a) a prime number
Mathematics
(b) not a prime number
90º 65º
(ii) (a) a number greater than 5
80º Science
55º (b) a number not greater than 5
70º
English
Q.12 Find the
Hindi
(a) Probability of the pointer stopping on D
(i) In which subject did the student score 105
in (Question 1-(a)) ?
marks ?
(b) Probability of getting an ace from a well
(Hint : for 540 marks, the central
shuffled deck of 52 playing cards ?
angle = 360º. So, for 105 marks, what is the
(c) Probability of getting a red apple.(see
central angle ?)
figure below)
(ii) How many more marks were obtained by the
student in Mathematics than in Hindi ?
G R R
(iii) Examine whether the sum of the marks
obtained in Social Science and Mathematics R G R

is more than that in Science and Hindi. G

(Hint : Just study the central angles)
Q.13 Numbers 1 to 10 are written on ten separate Q.14
slips (one number on one slip), kept in a box
and mixed well. One slip is chosen from the
box without looking into it. What is the
probability of-
(i) getting a number 6 ?
Q.15
(ii) getting a number less than 6 ?
(iii) getting a number greater than 6 ?
(iv) getting a 1-digit number ?
If you have a spinning wheel with 3 green
sectors, 1 blue sector and 1 red sector, what is
the probability of getting a green sector ?
What is the probability of getting a non blue
sector ?
In a pack of cards there are 52 cards. 4 suits-2
black, 2 red. So each suit has 13 cards. What
is the probability of drawing a red card ?
 ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
1. (b), (d). In all these cases data can be divided 6. (i) 200 (ii) Light music
into class intervals. (iii) Classical – 100, Semi classical – 200,
2. Light – 400, Folk - 300
7. (i) Winter (ii) Winter – 150º, Rainy – 120º,
Shopper Tally marks Number Summer – 90º
(iii)
W 28

M 15 Summer
Winter
90º
5 150º
B
Rainy
120º
G 12
8. (i) Hindi (ii) 30 marks (iii) Yes
3. 9.
Bangla
Interval Tally marks Frequency 20º
Tamil
800 - 810 3 35º

2 Hindi
810 - 820 Marathi
200º
45º
820 - 830 1
English
830 - 840 9 60º
10. (a) Outcomes  A, B, C, D
840 - 850 5
(b) HT, HH, TH, TT (Here HT means Head on
first coin and Tail on the second coin and so on).
850 - 860 1 11. Outcomes of an event of getting
(i) (a) 2, 3, 5 (b) 1, 4, 6
860 - 870 3 (ii) (a) 6 (b) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
12. (a) 1/5 (b) 1/13 (c) 4/7
870 - 880 1 13. (i) 1/10 (ii) 1/2 (iii) 2/5 (iv) 9/10
3
880 - 890 1 14. Probability of getting a green sector = ,
5
4
4
890 - 900 probability of getting a non-blue sector =
5
Total 30 1
15.
4. (i) 830 – 840 (ii) 10 (iii) 20 2
5. (i) 4 – 5 hours (ii) 34 (iii) 14
10
Number of workers 

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Wages (in Rs) 

 EXERCISE # 2
Q.1 Read the following pie chart and answer the Q.3 A survey was conducted on the expenses that
questions that follow : an average man incurs through the year. Read
Game Angle the given pie chart and answer the questions
Cricket 90º given
Football 70º Item Angle
Table Tennis 80º Food 80º
Tennis 30º Clothing 60º
Hockey 90º Others 120º
If the school spent Rs 72000 on sports, Education 65º
Rent 35º
30º
80º
90º 60º
70º 80º
90º 120º 35º
65º
(a) how much did they spend on cricket ?
(b) how much more was spent on table tennis If his annual income is Rs 360000, find
than tennis ? (a) the amount spent on Education.
(c) how much did they spend on football ? (b) how much did he spend on food ?
(c) whether the amount spent on others is
Q.2 The marks in different subjects of a student of
more or less than that spent on food and
Class VIII are given in the pie chart. If the
clothing and by how much ?
total marks is 600, find his marks in each
subject. Q.4 The following pie chart represents the
expenses of a school in the month of June.
Subject Angle Calculate the central angle in each case.
Maths 150º Item Expenses (Rs)
English 60º New equipment 40000
Science 84º Furniture 6000
Social Science 36º Lib. books 10000
Language 30º Sports 12000
Others 4000
84º
60º
36º New equipment
30º
150º
Others
Sports
Lib. Dept.
books
Q.5 From the pie chart given below, find the (b)
amount spent on different sports in a club for Item Students Angle
the year. The total expense is Rs 720000. Bus 120 –
Item Angle Cycle – 90º
Athletic team 120º Car – 40º
Football team 85º Van 240 –
Volleyball team 50º Scooter – 50º
Cricket team 45º Total 720 360º
Hockey team 60º
(c)
120º Item Angle No. of
60º
students
45º 85º
50º Bhangra 90º –
Odissi – 180
Q. 6 The pie chart depicts the marks obtained by a Kathak 80º –
student in his final exams. Write what Kathakali – 150
percentage he got in each subject. Bharatanatyam – 240

Total number of students learning dance is

Item Angle
1080.
Maths 90º
Science 90º
Q.8 Find the probability of a 6 appearing when a
Lang. 50º
dice is thrown.
English 40º
Soc. Science 90º Q.9 What is the probability of drawing a red ball
in a bag with 6 red balls, 8 white and 4 blue
Soc. balls ?
Maths
Science
English Q.10 Cards are marked with the letters
Science
Lang. M, A, T, H, S and shuffled well.
What is the probability of M being taken out?
Q.7 Fill in the blanks in the following data :
Q.11 The letters of the word 'experiment' are
(a)
marked on cards. Find the probability of
Item Angle Expenses drawing the following cards marked :
Clothing – 2800 (a) e (b) m (c) t
Rent 90º –
Education – 1800 Q.12 A spinner, circular in shape, is divided into 8

Food – 3600 equal sectors. The colours red, blue, green

Travel 65º – and white are marked on two sectors each.

Total 360º 14400 Find the probability of the pointer showing

white.
Q.13 What is the probability of getting a sum of 3 Q.16 Fill in the blanks with the probability in each
when two dice are thrown together ? Write of the following cases of :
the favourable outcomes. (a) A dice
P(4) = ___________
Q.14 Write the sample space when two coins are
(b) A spinner with 18 markings
thrown together.
P(7) = __________
Q.15 What is the probability of getting one head (c) A pack of cards
when two coins are thrown together ? P(Red K) = __________
P(K) = ___________
(d) Two dice
P(Sum 5) = ___________
(e) A bag of 3 red, 2 white, 4 yellow balls
P(White ball) = ______________
 ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 2
1. (a) Rs 18000 (b) Rs 10000 (c) 140000
2. Maths = 250, English = 100, Science = 140, SST = 60, Language = 50
3. (a) Education = Rs 65000 (b) Food = Rs 80000 (c) more by Rs 80000
4. New equipment = 200º, Furniture = 30º, Library books = 50º, Sports = 60º, Other = 20º
5. Athletic = Rs 240000, Football = Rs 170000, Volleyball = Rs 100000,
Cricket = Rs 90000, Hockey = Rs 120000
6. SST = 25%, Maths = 25%, English = 11.11%, Sc = 25%, Language = 13.88 %
7. (a) 70º, 3600, 45º, 90º 2600 (b) 60º, 180, 80, 120º, 100 (c) 270, 60º, 240, 50º, 80º
8. 1/6 9. 6/18 10. 1/5 11. (a) 3/10 (b) 1/10 (c) 1/10 12. 2/8
2
13. {(2, 1), (1, 2)} 14. {HT, TH, HH, TT} 15. 2/4
36
16. (a) 1/6 (b) 1/18 (c) 2/52, 4/52 (d) 4/36 (e) 2/9