MCS-013 Solved Assignment 2023-2024 (July-January)

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Course Code MCS-013

Course Title Discrete Mathematics

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Assignment Number BCA (II)/013/Assignment/2023-24

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Maximum Marks 100

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Weightage 25%

31st October, 2023 (For July Session)

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Last Date of Submission
30 th April, 2024 (For January Session)

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Note: There are eight questions in this assignment, which carries 80 marks. Rest 20 marks are for viva-voce. Answer

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all the questions. You may use illustrations and diagrams to enhance the explanations. Please go through the

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guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format of presentation.

Q1. (a) What is Set? Explain use of Set with examples. (3)
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(b) Make truth table for followings. (4)

i) p  (~ r  q)  (~ p  r )
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ii) p  (~ r  ~ q)  ( p ~ r )
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(c) Give geometric representation for followings: (3)

i) {5, 3} 2, 2

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ii) {1,3} 2,3 1

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Q2. (a) Draw Venn diagram to represent followings: (3)

i) (A  B  C)  (A  B  C)

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ii) (A  B  C)  (B  C)

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iii) (A  B  C)

(b) Write down suitable mathematical statement that can be represented by the following symbolic properties. (4)

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i) (  x) (  y) (  z)P

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ii)  (z) (  y) (  z)Q

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(c) Show whether 7 is rational or irrational. (3)

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Q3. (a) Explain use of inclusion-exclusion principle with example. (2)

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(b) Make logic circuit for the following Boolean expressions: (4)

i) (xyz) + (xyz)' + (xz'y)

ii) ( x'yz) (xyz') (xy'z)

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(b) What is a tautology? If P and Q are statements, show whether the statement (𝑃 → 𝑄) ∨ (Q →~ 𝑃) is a tautologyor not. (4)
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Q4. (a) How many words can be formed using letter of “EXCELLENT” using each letter at most once? (2)
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i) If each letter must be used,

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ii) If some or all the letters may be omitted.

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(b) What is a relation? What are different types of relation? Explain equivalence relation with the help of example. (3)

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 n  n  1 2n  1
(c) Prove that 12  22  32  n2  ; n (3)
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(d) What is counterexample? Explain its use with the help of an example. (2)

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Q5. (a) How many different professionals committees of 8 people can be formed, each containing at least 2 Doctors, at

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least 2 Public Servants and 1 IT Expert from list of 7 Doctors, 6 Public Servants and 6 IT Experts? (4)

(b) A and B are mutually exclusive events such that P(A) = 1/2 and P(B) = 1/3 and P (AU B) = 1/4. What is the probability of

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P(A  B)? (2)

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(c) Find how many 3 digit numbers are odd? (2)

(d) Explain whether the function f(x) = x + 1 is one-one or not. (2)

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Q6. (a) How many ways are there to distribute 21 district items into 6 distinct boxes with: (3)

i) At least two empty box.

ii) No empty box.

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(b) Explain principle of multiplication with an example. (3)
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(c) Three Sets A, B and C are: A = {1, 2,3,4,5, 8,9,12,15,17}, B = { 1,2, 3 ,4,8,9, 10 } and C {1,2,7, 9, 10, 11, 13}.
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Find A  B  C ; A  ~B  C; A  B  C and (A  ~C). (4)

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Q7. (a) Explain addition theorem in probability. (3)

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(b) Make Pascal's triangle up to n = 6. (2)

(c) What is a function? Explain different types of functions with example. (3)
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(d) Write the following statements in symbolic form: (2)

(i) Mr. X is poor but happy.

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(ii) Either eat healthy food or be ready for poor health.

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Q8. (a) Find inverse of the following functions (3)

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x3  2
f  x  x3

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;
x 3

(b) Find dual of Boolean Expression for the output (Y) of the following logic circuit. (3)

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(c) What is a proper subset? Write the number of proper subsets of the Set {a, b, c, d, e, f}. (2)
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(d) “If it rains, then you will play”. Write inverse and contrapositive for this sentence. (2)
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-: Solution :-
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Q1. (a) What is Set? Explain use of Set with examples. (3)
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Solution:
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Set: A set is a collection of well-defined objects or elements, where: (i) the order of elements do not matter in a set. (ii) Each
element in a set is unique, and repetition is not allowed.

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Use of Set: Sets are used in various fields for a wide range of purposes. Here are some common uses of sets:

Mathematics: Sets are used to represent collections of numbers and to perform operations on those collections, such as

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union, intersection, and difference.

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Example: Consider two sets of numbers: A = { 1, 2, 3 } and B = { 2, 3, 4 }. We can use set operations to determine the
union operation of these two sets.

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Union: A  B = { 1, 2, 3, 4 } or intersection: A  B = { 2, 3 }.

Database Management: Sets are used in database management systems to represent collections of records and to perform

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operations on those collections, such as selecting, projecting, and joining.

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Example: Suppose we have a list of words and we want to identify every distinct word in the list. As we go through
the list iteratively, we may use a set to hold the words, adding each word to the set if it isn't there previously. All of
the list's unique terms would eventually be included in the set.

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Logic: Sets are used in logic to represent collections of propositions and to perform operations on those collections, such

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as conjunction, disjunction, and negation.

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Example: Assume we have the following three propositions: P, Q, and R. To represent logical expressions using these
concepts, we could utilise set operations. For example, the expression (P AND Q OR R) could be represented as
(P  Q  R).
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Q1. (b) Make truth table for followings. (4)

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i) p  (~ r  q)  (~ p  r )
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ii) p  (~ r  ~ q)  ( p ~ r )
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Solution:
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i) Truth Table of p  (~ r  q)  (~ p  r )

~ r q ~ pr p  (~ r  q)  (~ p  r )

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p q r ~r ~p
T T T F F F T F
T T F T F T T F

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T F T F F F T F
T F F T F F T F
F T T F T F T T

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F T F T T T T T
F F T F T F T T

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F F F T T F T T

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ii) Truth Table of p  (~ r  ~ q)  ( p ~ r )

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~ r ~ q p ~ r p  (~ r  ~ q)  ( p ~ r )

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p q r ~r ~q
T T T F F F F F
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
T
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T
F
T
F
T
T
T
T
T
T
F
T
T
T
T
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F T T F F F F T
F T F T F T F T
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F F T F T T F T
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F F F T T T F T
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Q1. (c) Give geometric representation for followings: (3)

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i) {5, 3} 2, 2

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ii) {1,3} 2,3

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Solution:

(i) Cartesian product of {5, –3} × {–2, –2} = {(5, –2), (–3, –2)}

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(ii) Cartesian product of {–1, 3} × {–2, 3} = {(–1, –2), (–1, 3), (3, –2), (3, 3)}

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Q2. (a) Draw Venn diagram to represent followings: (3)

i) (A  B  C)  (A  B  C)

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ii) (A  B  C)  (B  C)

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iii) (A  B  C)

Solution:

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i) Venn diagram of the expression (A  B  C)  (A  B  C)

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ii) Venn diagram of the expression (A  B  C)  (B  C)

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iii) Venn diagram of the expression (A  B  C)

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Q2. (b) Write down suitable mathematical statement that can be represented by the following symbolic properties. (4) 0

i) (  x) (  y) (  z)P
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ii) ( x) (  y) (  z)Q

Solution:

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(i) (  x) (  y) (  z)P :

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Mathematical statement of the above symbolic properties is “There exist values of x, y, and z such that the property P is
true.”

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ii) ( x) ( y) ( z)Q (Actual question might be wrong) :

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Mathematical statement of the above symbolic properties is “There exists a value of x and a value of y such that for all
values of z, the property Q is true.”

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Q2. (c) Show whether 7 is rational or irrational. (3)

Solution:

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Let us assume that 7 is a rational number.

So it can be expressed in the form

p
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where p, q are co-prime integers and q ≠ 0
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q

p
 7
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On squaring both the sides we get,

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 p2
7  i 
q2

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 7q 2  p 2
p2
 q2

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7
So, 7 divides p
 p is a multiple of 7

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 p  7 m  say 

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 p 2  49m 2   ii 

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From the equation (i) and (ii), we get
7 q 2  49m 2

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 q 2  7m2
 q 2 is a multiple of 7

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i.e. q is a multiple of 7

Therefore, 7 is not a rational number.

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Hence, p, q have a common factor 7. This contradicts our assumption that they are co-primes.
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Hence, 7 is an irrational number.
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Q3. (a) Explain use of inclusion-exclusion principle with example. (2)

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Solution:
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Inclusion-Exclusion principle: It states that, if A, B be any two finite sets then n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B)
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Here "include" n(A) and n(B) and we "exclude" n(A ∩ B)

2

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Example : In a town of 10000 families it was found that 40% of families buy newspaper A, 20% family buy newspaper B,
10% family buy newspaper C, 5% family buy newspaper A and B, 3% family buy newspaper B and C and 4% family buy

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newspaper A and C. If 2% families buy all the newspaper, then find the number of families which buy

(a) Number of families which buy all three newspapers.

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(b) Number of families which buy newspaper A only.

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Solution:

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(a) Number of families which buy all three newspapers:

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n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) − n(A ∩ B) − n(A ∩ C) − n(B ∩ C) + n(A ∩ B ∩ C)

or, n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = 40 + 20 + 10 − 5 − 3 − 4 + 2 = 60%
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(b) Number of families which buy newspaper A only 1

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= (40 − 7) = 33%

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Q3. (b) Make logic circuit for the following Boolean expressions: (4)

i) (xyz) + (xyz)' + (xz'y)

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ii) ( x'yz) (xyz') (xy'z)

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Solution:

(i) Logic Circuit of (xyz) + (xyz)' + (xz'y):

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s:
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(ii) Logic Circuit of ( x'yz) (xyz') (xy'z):

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s:

Q3. (c) What is a tautology? If P and Q are statements, show whether the statement (𝑃 → 𝑄) ∨ (Q →~𝑃) is a tautologyor not.
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Solution: Tautology: A tautology is a compound statement in Math which always results in Truth value. It doesn‟t matter 1
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what the individual part consists of, the result in tautology is always true. 5

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Checking whether the statement (𝑃 → 𝑄) ∨ (Q →~ 𝑃) is a tautology or not.

Now I am going to find the result of the given statement i.e. (𝑃 → 𝑄) ∨ (Q →~𝑃)

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𝑃 Q ~𝑃 𝑃→𝑄 Q →~ 𝑃 (𝑃 → 𝑄) ∨ (Q →~ 𝑃)

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T T F T F T
T F F F T T
F T F T T T

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F F F T T T

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As we can see from the truth table, the expression (𝑃 → 𝑄) ∨ (Q →~𝑃) evaluates to true (T) for all possible combinations of
truth values for 𝑃 and Q. Therefore, the expression is a tautology.

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Q4. (a) How many words can be formed using letter of “EXCELLENT” using each letter at most once? (2)

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i) If each letter must be used,

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ii) If some or all the letters may be omitted. n
Solution:
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(i) In the word “EXCELLENT”, total number of letters = 9 among which 'E' appears 3 times, „L‟ appears 2 times and other
than 'L' and 'E' all letters appearing 1 time each.
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The number of words can be formed using each distinct letters at most once of the word “EXCELLENT” is given by –
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9! 9  8  7  6  5  4  3!
  30240 (Answer)
s:

 3!   2!  3!   2 1

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(ii) Total number of distinct letters = 9 – (3 + 2) + 2 = 6

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If some or all the letters may be omitted then it can be denote as “Sum P (6, n)” where n = 0, 1, 2,…..,6
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So, the required number of words,
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= P (6, 0) + P (6, 1) + P (6, 2) + P (6, 3) + P (6, 4) + P (6, 5) + P (6, 6)

= 1 + 6 + 30 + 120 + 360 + 720 + 720

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= 1957 (Answer)

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Q4. (b) What is a relation? What are different types of relation? Explain equivalence relation with the help of example. (3)

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Solution:

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1st Part:

Relation: It is a subset of the Cartesian product of two or more non empty sets, which consists of ordered pairs of

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elements from the sets.

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For example, if we have two sets A and B, a relation R : A  B is a subset of the Cartesian product A × B, which consists of
ordered pairs (a, b) where a  A and b  B .

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2nd Part:
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Different types of Relation: There are several types of relations that can be defined on sets, including:
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Empty Relation: A relation in which there is no connection between any elements of the sets.

Universal Relation: A relation in which every element of one set is connected to every element of another set.
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Identity Relation: A relation in which every element of a set is connected only to itself.

Inverse Relation: The inverse of a relation R from set A to set B is the relation from set B to set A consisting of all ordered
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pairs (b, a) such that (a, b) is in R.

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Reflexive Relation: A relation in which every element is connected to itself.

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Symmetric Relation: A relation in which if an element a is connected to an element b, then b is also connected to a. 7

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Transitive Relation: A relation in which if an element a is connected to an element b and b is connected to an element c,
then a is also connected to c.

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3rd Part:

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A relation R on a set A is called an equivalence relation if it satisfies following three properties:

1. Relation R is Reflexive, i.e. aRa ∀ a∈A.

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2. Relation R is Symmetric, i.e., aRb ⟹ bRa

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3. Relation R is transitive, i.e., aRb and bRc ⟹ aRc.

Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 3), (4, 2), (4, 4)}. Now we can show that R is an

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equivalence relation.

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Reflexivity: Relation R is reflexive as (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) and (4, 4) ∈ R.

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Symmetricity: Relation R is symmetric because whenever (a, b) ∈ R, (b, a) also belongs to R.

Example: (2, 4) ∈ R ⟹ (4, 2) ∈ R. n in

Transitivity: Relation R is transitive because whenever (a, b) and (b, c) belongs to R, (a, c) also belongs to R.
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Example: (3, 1) ∈ R and (1, 3) ∈ R ⟹ (3, 3) ∈ R.
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So, as R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, hence, R is an Equivalence Relation.

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n  n  1 2n  1
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Q4. (c) Prove that 12  22  32  n2  ; n (3)

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Solution:
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n  n  1 2n  1 8
Let, P  n  :12  22  32  n2 
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Now,
LHS: P 1  12  1

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11  1 2 1  1 6
RHS: P 1   1
6 6

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 LHS=RHS

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Assuming P (k) is true.
k  k  1 2k  1
Therefore, P  k   12  22  32  k 2 

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P (k+1) is given by,
P  k  1  12  22  32  ......  (k  1) 2

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 12  22  32  ......k 2  (k  1) 2

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k  k  1 2k  1
  (k  1) 2  using eq. (i) 
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k  k  1 2k  1  6(k  1) 2


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 k  1  k  2k  1  6  k  1

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 k  1  2k  k  6k  6 
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2


6
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 k  1  2k  7k  6 
2


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 k  1  2k 2  4k  3k  6 
s:


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 k  1 2k  k  2   3  k  2 
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
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
 k  1 k  2  2k  3
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 k  1   k  1  1  2  k  1  1

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Therefore, P (k+1) for some value of k   whenever P (k) is true.
n  n  1 2n  1
Hence by Principle of mathematical induction 12  22  32  n2  is true for ∀ n ∈ N

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Q4. (d) What is counterexample? Explain its use with the help of an example. (2)

Solution:

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Counterexample:

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Counterexamples are often used to prove the boundaries of possible theorems. By using counterexamples to show that

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certain conjectures are false, mathematical researchers can then avoid going down blind alleys and learn to modify
conjectures to produce provable theorems. It is sometimes said that mathematical development consists primarily in
finding (and proving) theorems and counterexamples.

Example:
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Suppose I make the statement „All human beings are 5 feet tall.‟ You are quite likely to show me an example of a human
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being standing nearby for whom the statement is not true. And, as we know, the moment we have even one example for
which the statement (∀ x) p(x) is false [i.e.,(∃ x) (~ p(x)) is true], then the statement is false.
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An example that shows that a statement is false is a counterexample to such a statement. The name itself suggests that it
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is an example to counter a given statement.

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Q5. (a) How many different professionals committees of 8 people can be formed, each containing at least 2 Doctors, at
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least 2 Public Servants and 1 IT Expert from list of 7 Doctors, 6 Public Servants and 6 IT Experts? (4)

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Solution:

Given,

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Total number of Doctors = 7

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Total number of Public Servants = 6

Total number of IT Experts = 6

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The number of professionals in a committee = 8

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So, the number of different committees of 8 professionals can be formed if each committee contains at least 2 Doctors, at
least 2 Public Servants and at least 1 IT Expert is given by –

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Different Possibilities Combination Result

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2 Doctors, 2 Public Servants and 4 IT Expert 7
C2 × 6C2 × 6C4 4725

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2 Doctors, 3 Public Servants and 3 IT Expert 7
C2 × 6C3 × 6C3 8400

2 Doctors, 4 Public Servants and 2 IT Expert

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7
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2 Doctors, 5 Public Servants and 1 IT Expert 7
C2 × 6C5 × 6C1 756
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3 Doctors, 2 Public Servants and 3 IT Expert 7
C3 × 6C2 × 6C3 5250
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3 Doctors, 3 Public Servants and 2 IT Expert 7

C3 × 6C3 × 6C2 10500
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3 Doctors, 4 Public Servants and 1 IT Expert 7

C3 × 6C4 × 6C1 3150
s:

4 Doctors, 2 Public Servants and 2 IT Expert 7

C4 × 6C2 × 6C2 7875
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4 Doctors, 3 Public Servants and 1 IT Expert 7

C4 × 6C3 × 6C1 4200
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5 Doctors, 2 Public Servants and 1 IT Expert 7

C5 × 6C2 × 6C1 1890
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Total 52,271
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Hence, the number of different committees can be formed is 52,271. (Answer)

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Q5. (b) A and B are mutually exclusive events such that P(A) = 1/2 and P(B) = 1/3 and P (AU B) = 1/4. What is the
probability of P(A  B)?

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(2)

Solution:

e.
Since, A and B are mutually exclusive events.

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Therefore, P (A ∩ B) = 0 (Answer)

Note: This question has some printing mistake.

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[Reason: As A and B are two mutually exclusive events, then it must hold the relation P (A ∪B) = P (A) + P (B)

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But, as per the data given in the question, 1/4 ≠ 1/2 + 1/3.]

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Q5. (c) Find how many 3 digit numbers are odd? (2)

Solution:
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The 3-digits odd numbers are:
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101, 103, 105,......, 999

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The above sequence of numbers is an A.P. whose 1st term (a) = 101, last term (l) = 999 and common difference (d) = (103 −
101) = 2.
s:

Now, we need to find the number of terms (n).

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By the formula of number of terms (n) in an A.P. is given by –

2
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 l a
n 1
d

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999  101
n 1
2
898

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n 1
2
 n  450

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The number of 3 digit odd numbers is 450. (Answer)

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Q5. (d) Explain whether the function f(x) = x + 1 is one-one or not. (2)

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Solution:

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We have f(x) = x + 1

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Suppose we have two values x1 and x2 such that f(x1) = f(x2).

Therefore, x1 + 1 = x2 + 1 [Since, f(x) = x + 1]

or, x1 = x2
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This shows that if f(x1) = f(x2), then it must be the case that x1 = x2.
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Hence, the function f(x) = x + 1 is one-to-one.

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s:

Q6. (a) How many ways are there to distribute 21 district items into 6 distinct boxes with: (3)
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i) At least two empty box.

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ii) No empty box.

3

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Solution:

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Given, no. of distinct objects (r) = 21

Number of distinct boxes = 6

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Let, U be the possible distributions of 21 distinct objects into 6 distinct boxes.

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Also let, Ai denote the set of possible distributions with the ith box being empty.

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(i) Thus the number of distributions with at least two empty boxes is A2  A3  A4  A5  A6 .

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We have,

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N  6r where r  21
 N  621

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Also, Ai   6  2  , the number of distributions in which the objects are put into one of the remaining 4 boxes.
21
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Similarly, Ai  Aj   6  2   421 and so forth.
21
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A2  A3  A4  A5  A6  S2  S3  S4  S5  S6
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 6C2  421  6C3  321  6C4  221  6C5  121  6C6  021
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 15  421  20  321  15  221  6  121  0

s:

 16, 178, 895, 277, 824  Answer 

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(ii) The number of no empty boxes is given by –

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 A1  A2  A3  A4  A5  A6  A7  7 21  7C1  621  7C2  521  7C3  421  7C4  321  7C5  221  7C6  121  7C7  021

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 721  7  621  21 521  35  421  35  321  21 221  7  0
 721  7  621  21 521  35  421  35  321  21 221  Answer 

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e.
Q6. (b) Explain principle of multiplication with an example. (3)

Solution:

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Principle of Multiplication: In combinatorics, it states that “if there are 'm' methods to do one thing and 'n' ways to do
another, then there are 'm × n' ways to do both, according to this statement.

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Example: Imagine having 3 shirts and 2 pairs of trousers to select from when getting dressed in the morning. We can

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wear '3 × 2 = 6' ways according to principle of multiplication theory. We can select any of the 3 shirts, and there are 2
possibilities for trousers for each shirt, giving us a total of 6 outfits.

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Q6. (c) Three Sets A, B and C are: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 17}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10} and C {1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13}.

Find A  B  C; A  ~B  C; A  B  C and (A  ~C). (4)

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Solution:
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Given,
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Set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 17}

s:

Set B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10}

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Set C = {1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13}

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Universal set is not given, considering universal set is the set of all Natural numbers, i.e. U = {1, 2, 3, 4, ……} 5

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A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 17}  {1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17}

Therefore, A  B  C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17}  {1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13} = {1, 2, 9, 10}

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~B = U – B = {1, 2, 3, 4, ……} – {1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10} = {5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, …….}

A  ~B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 17}  {5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18…….} = {5, 12, 15, 17}

e.
A  ~B  C = {5, 12, 15, 17}  {1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13} = {1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17}

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A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 17}  {1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9}

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A  B  C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9}  {1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13}

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~C = U – C = {1, 2, 3, 4, ……} – {1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13} = {3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, …….}

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A  ~C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 15, 17}  {3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, …….} = {3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 15, 17}
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Hence, A  B  C = {1, 2, 9, 10} (Answer)
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A  ~B  C = {1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17} (Answer)

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A  B  C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13} (Answer)

s:

A  ~C = {3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 15, 17} (Answer)

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Q7. (a) Explain addition theorem in probability. (3)

Solution:

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The addition theorem states that for any two events A and B, the probability of their union (A ∪ B) is equal to the sum of
their individual probabilities minus the probability of their intersection (A ∩ B). Mathematically, it can be expressed as:

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P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)

e.
Here, P(A) represents the probability of event A occurring, P(B) represents the probability of event B occurring, and P(A ∩ B)
represents the probability of both events A and B occurring simultaneously.

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Q7. (b) Make Pascal's triangle up to n = 6. (2)

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Solution:

Pascal's triangle for n ≤ 6:

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s:

Q7. (c) What is a function? Explain different types of functions with example. (3)
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Solution:
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Function: A function is a relation between a set of inputs and a set of permissible outputs with the property that each 7
input is related to exactly one output.
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Let A & B be any two non-empty Sets; mapping from A to B will be a function only when every element in set A has one
end, only one image in set B.

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There are several types of functions in maths. Some important types are:

(i) Surjective Function: If the function f : A→B is such that each element in B (codomain) is the ‘f’ image of at least one

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element in A , then we say that f is a function of A „onto‟ B .Thus f: A→B is surjective if, for all b ∪B, there are some a ∪A
such that f(a) = b.

e.
Example: The function f(x) = 2x from the set of natural numbers N to the set of non negative even numbers is a surjective

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function.

(ii) Injective Function: A function f : A → B is said to be a one - one function or injective mapping if different elements of

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A have different f images in B. A function f is injective if and only if whenever f(x) = f(y), x = y.

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Example: f(x) = x + 9 from the set of real number R to R is an injective function. When x = 3,then f(x) = 12, when f(y) =
8,the value of y can only be 3, so x = y.

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(iii) Bijective Function: A function f (from set A to B) is bijective if, for every y in B, there is exactly one x in A such that
f(x) = y. Alternatively, f is bijective if it is a one - to - one correspondence between those sets, in other words, both injective
and surjective. n in
Example: If f(x) = x2 ,from the set of positive real numbers to positive real numbers is both injective and surjective. Thus, it
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is a bijective function.
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Q7. (d) Write the following statements in symbolic form: (2)

s:

(i) Mr. X is poor but happy.

(ii) Either eat healthy food or be ready for poor health.

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Solution: 2
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(i) Let P represent the statement “Mr. X is poor” and Q represent the statement “Mr. X is happy”. Then, the statement “Mr.
X is poor but happy” can be written in symbolic form as: P ∧ Q.
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(ii) Let P represent the statement “Eat healthy food” and Q represent the statement “Be ready for poor health”. Then, the
statement “Either eat healthy food or be ready for poor health” can be written in symbolic form as: P ∨ Q.

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Q8. (a) Find inverse of the following functions (3)

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x3  2
f  x  ; x3

e.
x 3

Solution:

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x2  2
f  x  y 

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x3
 x 2  2  y  x  3

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 x 2  2  xy  3 y

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 x 2  xy  2  3 y  0

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 x 2  y.x   2  3 y   0  i 
On compairing equation (i ) with the general quadratic equation i.e., ax 2  bx  c  0, we have
n
a  1; b   y; c  2  3 y
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Now, using Sridhor Acharya to solve for x 

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b  b 2  4ac
x
s:

2a
 y   y  4  1  2  3 y 
2
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x
2 1
2
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y  y  12 y  8
2
9
x
2
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 Now, swapping x and y, we get
x  x 2  12 x  8

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y
2
x  x 2  12 x  8

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 f  x 
1
 Answer 
2

e.
Q8. (b) Find dual of Boolean Expression for the output (Y) of the following logic circuit. (3)

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Solution:
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s:

From the above logic circuit, we have

The final output = (A+B)‟(A+C)‟

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Using duality principal of Boolean algebra, we have the dual of the above Boolean logic expression, 3
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0
= (A.B)’ + (A.C)’ (Answer)

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Calculation:

(A+B)‟(A+C)‟

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= (A+B)‟ + (A+C)‟ [As, P‟.Q‟ = P‟ + Q‟]

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= (A.B)‟ + (A.C)‟ [As, (P + Q)‟ = P‟ + Q‟ = P‟.Q‟]

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Q8. (c) What is a proper subset? Write the number of proper subsets of the Set {a, b, c, d, e, f}. (2)

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Solution:

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1st Part:

Proper Subset: A proper subset is a subset of a set that does not contain all the elements of the original set. In other

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words, if set A is a proper subset of set B, then every element of A is also an element of B, but B contains at least one
element that is not in A and it can be represented symbolically A  B

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2nd Part:

In our case, n = 6
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Number of proper subset in any finite set is given by 2n – 1, where n = no of elements in a given set.
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Hence, the required number of proper subset in the set {a, b, c, d, e, f} is = 26 – 1 = 63 (Answer)
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Q8. (d) “If it rains, then you will play”. Write inverse and contrapositive for this sentence. (2)
s:

Solution:
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The given sentence (i.e. “If it rains, then you will play”) is a conditional statement, which can be written in the form “If p,
then q”, where p is the antecedent (the “if” part) and q is the consequent (the “then” part). 3
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In this case, p represents the statement “It rains” and q represents the statement “You will play”. So, the given sentence
can be written as “If p, then q”.

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The inverse of a conditional statement “If p, then q” is the statement “If not p, then not q”. In this case, the inverse of the
given sentence would be “If it does not rain, then you will not play”.

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The contrapositive of a conditional statement “If p, then q” is the statement “If not q, then not p”. In this case, the
contrapositive of the given sentence would be “If you do not play, then it does not rain”.

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For more solved assignments, WhatsApp me @ 7980608289
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Learning Science
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https://learningscience.co.in
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Thank You
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